Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers

Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers 3rd ed
Laurence McKeen
Table of contents
Dedication
Series Page
Preface

1. Introduction to Permeation of Plastics and Elastomers
   1.1. History
   1.2. Transport of Gases and Vapors through Solid Materials
   1.3. Multiple-Layered Films
   1.4. Permeation of Coatings
   1.5. Permeation and Vapor Transmission Testing
   1.6. Summary
2. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers
   2.1. Polymerization
   2.2. Copolymers
   2.3. Linear, Branched, and Cross-Linked Polymers
   2.4. Polarity
   2.5. Unsaturation
   2.6. Steric Hindrance
   2.7. Isomers
   2.8. Inter- and Intramolecular Attractions in Polymers
   2.9. General Classifications
   2.10. Plastic Compositions
   2.11. Summary
3. Production of Films, Containers, and Membranes
   3.1. Extrusion
   3.2. Blown Film
   3.3. Calendering
   3.4. Casting Film Lines
   3.5. Post Film Formation Processing
   3.6. Web Coating
   3.7. Lamination
   3.8. Orientation
   3.9. Membrane Production
   3.10. Molding of Containers
   3.11. Fluorination
   3.12. Coatings
   3.13. Summary
4. Markets and Applications for Films, Containers, and Membranes
   4.1. Barrier Films in Packaging
   4.2. Containers
   4.3. Automotive Fuel Tanks and Hoses
   4.4. Coatings
   4.5. Gloves
   4.6. Membranes
5. Styrenic Plastics
   5.1. Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Copolymer
   5.2. Acrylonitrile–Styrene–Acrylate
   5.3. Polystyrene
   5.4. Styrene–Acrylonitrile Copolymer
6. Polyesters
   6.1. Liquid Crystalline Polymers
   6.2. Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
   6.3. Polycarbonate (PC)
   6.4. Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate
   6.5. Polyethylene Naphthalate
   6.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
7. Polyimides
   7.1. Polyamide–Imide
   7.2. Polyetherimide
   7.3. Polyimide
8. Polyamides (Nylons)
   8.1. Amorphous Polyamide (Nylon)
   8.2. Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6)
   8.3. Polyamide 11 (Nylon 11)
   8.4. Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12)
   8.5. Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66)
   8.6. Polyamide 66/610(Nylon 66/610)
   8.7. Polyamide 6/12 (Nylon 6/12)
   8.8. Polyamide 666 (Nylon 666 or 6/66)
   8.9. Polyamide 6/69 (Nylon 6/6.9)
   8.10. Polyarylamide
   8.11. Polyphthalamide/High Performance Polyamide
9. Polyolefins, Polyvinyls, and Acrylics
   9.1. Polyethylene
   9.2. Polypropylene
   9.3. Polybutadiene
   9.4. Polymethylpentene
   9.5. Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
   9.6. Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
   9.7. Ethylene–Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
   9.8. Polyvinyl Butyral
   9.9. Polyvinyl Chloride
   9.10. Polyvinylidene Chloride
   9.11. Polyacrylics
   9.12. Acrylonitrile–Methyl Acrylate Copolymer
   9.13. Ionomers
   Chapter 10. Fluoropolymers
   10.1. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
   10.2. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
   10.3. Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA)
   10.4. Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene Terpolymer (HTE)
   10.5. Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymer (THV™)
   10.6. Amorphous Fluoropolymer (AF)—Teflon AF®
   10.7. Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)
   10.8. Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
   10.9. Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
   10.10. Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE)
   10.11. Ethylene–Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE)
10. High-Temperature and High-Performance Polymers
    11.1. Polyether Ether Ketone
    11.2. Polysiloxane
    11.3. Polyphenylene Sulfide
    11.4. Polysulfone
    11.5. Polyethersulfone
    11.6. Polybenzimidazole
    11.7. Parylene (poly(p-xylylene))
    11.8. Polyoxymethylene (POM or Acetal Homopolymer)/Polyoxymethylene Copolymer (POM-Co or Acetal Copolymer)
11. Elastomers and Rubbers
    12.1. Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers (TPU)
    12.2. Olefinic TPEs (TPO)
    12.3. Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers (TPE-E or COPE)
    12.4. Thermoplastic Polyether Block Polyamide Elastomers (PEBA)
    12.5. Styrenic Block Copolymer (SBC) TPEs
    12.6. Ethylene Acrylic Elastomers (AEM)
    12.7. Bromobutyl Rubber
    12.8. Butyl Rubber
    12.9. Chlorobutyl Rubber (Polychloroprene)
    12.10. Ethylene–Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM)
    12.11. Epichlorohydrin Rubber (CO, ECO)
    12.12. Fluoroelastomers (FKM)
    12.13. Natural Rubber
    12.14. Acrylonitrile–Butadiene Copolymer (NBR)
    12.15. Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
12. Environmentally Friendly Polymers
    13.1. Cellophane™
    13.2. Nitrocellulose
    13.3. Cellulose Acetate
    13.4. Ethyl Cellulose
    13.5. Polycaprolactone
    13.6. Poly(Lactic Acid)
    13.7. Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate
13. Multilayered Films
    14.1. Metalized Films
    14.2. Silicon Oxide Coating Technology
    14.3. Co-continuous Lamellar Structures
    14.4. Multilayered Films
    Appendix A. Conversion Factors
    Appendix B. Reference Fuel Compositions
    Appendix C
    Index
    Index
    Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.
    2-layer barrier film structures: oxygen permeation
    through EVOH/LDPE, 314t
    3-layer barrier film structures:
    oxygen permeation through EVOH and PVDC barrier
    layers, 310t, 311t, 312t, 313t
    oxygen permeation through nylon/EVOH/LDPE,
    314t
    oxygen permeation through PET/EVOH/LDPE,
    314t
    3-layer blown film die, 42f
    9-layer blown film die, 43f
    10-layer stacked die, 40f
    A
    ABS see acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    Accelerated Keeping Test (AKT), 56, 57t
    acetal copolymer, 247e250
    acetal homopolymer, 247e250
    Aclar Multilayer films (Honeywell), 315t
    Aclar PCTFE film (Honeywell), 217t, 218t
    acrylics, 145, 145f
    acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer (NBR), 281e284
    applications, 281
    monomer/polymer structure, 281f
    acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 77e80
    gas permeation, 78t, 79t, 80f
    INEOS ABS Lustran 246 ABS, 80f
    permselectivity vs. temperature, 80f
    Sabic Innovative Plastics Cycolac ABS, 78t
    water vapor permeation, 78t, 79t
    acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate (AMA), 188e189
    applications, 188
    carbon dioxide permeation, 189f
    chemical structure, 188f
    gas permeation, 188t
    INEOS Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate
    Copolymers, 188t
    oxygen permeation, 189f
    water vapor permeation, 188t
    acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), 80e82
    gas permeation, 81t, 82t
    water vapor permeation, 82t
    addition polymerization, 21
    additives, 31e37
    Adflex PP (LlyondellBasell):
    carbon dioxide permeation, 158t
    oxygen permeation, 158t
    adhesion tests, 17e19
    Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene TPO:
    gas permeation, 256t
    water vapor transmission, 256t
    Aegis Nylon 6 films (Honeywell), 128t
    Aegis Nylon 6/66 films (Honeywell), 139t
    AEM see ethylene acrylic elastomers
    AF see amorphous fluoropolymer
    agricultural chemicals/films, 60e65
    AKT see Accelerated Keeping Test
    alkenes, 145
    alternating copolymers, 22
    AMA see acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate
    American Society for Testing and Materials see ASTM
    amide-imide polymers, 108t, 109t
    amino acids, 122f
    amorphous fluoropolymer (AF), 214e215
    applications, 215
    chemical structure, 214f
    pure gas permeation, 214t
    amorphous PET, 105f
    amorphous plastics, 29e30
    See also individual plastics
    amorphous polyamide (nylon), 122e126
    applications, 123
    carbon dioxide permeation, 123t
    chemical structure, 122f
    nitrogen permeation, 123t
    oxygen permeation, 123t, 125f, 126f
    water vapor permeation, 123t
    amorphous regions, 196
    Ansell gloves: permeation/degradation resistance chart,
    323e328
    antiblock additives, 34
    antistats, 36e37
    Arkema PEBAX Breathable PEBA films,
    262f
    329Arkema PEBAX films:
    helium permeation, 260t
    oxygen permeation, 260t
    propane permeation, 261t
    water vapor permeation, 259t, 261t
    Arkema Rilsan PA11, 132t
    Arkema Voltalef PCTFE film, 219t
    Arrhenius equation, 8e9
    ASA see acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate
    Asahi Glass AFLAS Fluoroelastomer, 278f
    Ashland Aqualon Ethyl Cellulose, 299t
    ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials):
    reference fuels, 321
    standards, 11te12t
    atactic polypropylene, 26
    atlas cell test, 17, 18f
    atmospheric gases, 59e60
    automotive fuel hoses/tanks, 67e68
    B
    bags, 62, 60e65
    ball-and-stick model: molecules, 24e25
    barrier coatings see coatings
    barrier films, 59e65
    See also films
    BASF AG Lupolen V EVA, 161f
    BASF AG Polystyrol 168 N GPPS film, 84t
    BASF AG Terluran ABS films:
    gas permeation, 79t
    water vapor permeation, 79t
    BASF AG Ultradur PBT, 93t
    BASF Elastollan TPUs:
    gas permeation, 253t
    water vapor permeation, 254t
    BASF Luran SAN:
    oxygen permeation, 87t
    water vapor permeation, 87t
    BASF Luran S ASA films:
    gas permeation, 81t, 82t
    water vapor permeation, 82t
    BASF Styrolux films:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 262t
    nitrogen permeation, 262t
    oxygen permeation, 262t
    BASF Udel PSU:
    gas permeation, 239t
    water vapor permeation, 239t
    BASF Ultramid A5 Nylon 66 film:
    oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation, 135t
    water vapor permeation, 136t
    BASF Ultramid C35 Nylon6/66 film, 140t
    Bayer Lanxess Butyl Butyl Rubber, 268t
    Bayer Lanxess Krylene Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, 284t
    Bayer Lanxess Krynac Nitrile Rubber:
    air permeation, 282t
    air vs. temperature, 283f
    gas permeation, 282t
    Bayer MaterialScience Makrolon PC:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 96te97t
    nitrogen permeation, 95te96t
    oxygen permeation, 94te95t
    Bayer MaterialScience Texin TPU, 254f, 255f
    beer packaging, 65
    belt film casting machines, 44f
    BESNO P40TL Nylon 11 (Rilsan), 132f, 133f
    BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) model, 6e7, 6f
    biaxial orientation, 51
    biodegradable plastics, 287
    See also environmentally friendly polymers
    bisphenol diamine PMDA polyetherimide, 114f
    blends, 30e31
    blistering, 18f, 16
    blister packs, 62, 64f
    block copolymers, 22
    blocking, 34
    blow molding, 54
    blown film:
    orientation, 52, 53f
    process, 39e41
    bottles, 60e65
    BPADA-DDS polyetherimide sulfone, 114f
    BPADA monomer structure, 114f
    BPADA-PPD polyetherimide, 113f
    Brampton Engineering 10-layer stacked die, 40f
    branched polymers, 22e23
    bromobutyl rubber, 264e266
    applications, 264e266
    crosslinking, 265f
    structural units, 264f
    bromoisobutylene-isoprene copolymer, 266f
    Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, 6e7, 6f
    butyl rubber, 266
    air permeation, 267t, 268f
    applications, 266e268
    chemical structure, 266f
    Exxon Butyl Rubber, 267t
    gas permeation, 267t, 268t
    oxygen permeation, 267t
    C
    calendering, 41e42, 43f, 44f
    Capran Oxyshield 1545 and 2545 (Honeywell), 313t
    Capran Oxyshield Plus (Honeywell), 313t
    Capron Nylon 6 films (Honeywell):
    gas permeation, 128t
    water vapor permeation, 128t
    caps, 67
    Carbon-Filled DuPont Teflon PTFE, 199t
    casting film lines, 42e44, 44f
    catalysts, 35
    330 INDEXCelazole PBI membrane (PBI Performance
    Products Inc.):
    carbon dioxide permeation, 245f
    hydrogen permeation, 244f
    Celcon M25/M90/M270 POM Copolymer (Ticona),
    248t
    cellophane, 291e292
    applications, 291
    gas permeation, 292t
    oxygen/water vapor transmission, 292t
    cellulose acetate, 294
    applications, 294
    chemical structure, 294f
    common gas permeation, 295f, 296f
    Dense and High-Flux, 294t
    gas permeation, 294t, 295f, 296f
    hydrogen sulfide permeation vs. temperature, 297f
    noble gas permeation, 295f, 296f
    cellulose to viscose conversion, 291f
    chain entanglement, 27e28
    chemical product packaging, 60e65
    Chevron Philips Marlex HDPE, 154t
    Chevron Philips Ryton PPS films:
    gas permeation, 238t
    liquid vapor transmission, 238t
    chlorobutyl rubber (polychloroprene), 268e270
    Exxon Chlorobutyl 1068 Chlorobutyl Rubber, 270t
    chloroprene polymerization, 268f
    closures, 67
    coatings, 68
    corrosion protection, 10
    gravure coating, 45e46
    immersion coating, 47, 49f
    knife on roller coating, 46
    metering rod coating, 47, 48t
    permeation, 10
    testing, 15e19
    reverse roller coating, 46
    slot die coating, 47
    vacuum deposition coating, 47e48, 49f
    web coating, 44e49
    COC see cyclic olefin copolymer
    co-continuous lamellar structures, 306e310
    CO, ECO see epichlorohydrin rubber
    coefficient of friction (COF), 34
    coextrusion, 39, 40
    combustion modifiers, 33
    composites, 31e33
    compression film polypropylene, 60e65
    condensation polymerization, 21, 22f
    condiment bottles, 60e65
    containers, 65e67
    molding, 53e56
    permeation tests, 56e57
    production, 39
    conversion factors, 319e320
    COPE (thermoplastic copolyester elastomers),
    257e259
    copolymers, 21e22
    corrosion, 10
    coupling agents, 36
    crosslinking:
    chemical structure, 265f
    polymers, 22e23
    crystalline plastics/polymers, 29e30
    cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), 160e161
    applications, 160
    chemical structure, 160f
    Topas Advanced Polymers TOPAS COC, 160t
    water vapor permeation, 160t, 161t
    Cycolac ABS (Sabic Innovative Plastics), 78t
    D
    Daikin Industries Neoflon PCTFE film, 218t
    Daikin Neoflon FEP film, 207f
    dairy containers, 66
    Darcy’s law, 1e2, 2f
    Dartek Nylon 66 films (Exopack Performance
    Films Inc.), 135t
    degree of unsaturation (DoU), 24
    Delrin POM Homopolymer (DuPont), 249t
    deposition coating, vacuum, 47e48, 49f
    Deutsches Institut fu¨r Normung see DIN
    device packaging, 62e65
    diacids, 122f
    dialysis membranes, 69e70
    diamines, 122f
    dimethylsilicone rubber, 235t
    DIN (German Institute for Standardization) standards,
    13t, 321e322
    dip coating, 47, 49f
    dope, 43
    DoU see degree of unsaturation
    Dow Calibre PC:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 97t
    nitrogen permeation, 97t
    oxygen permeation, 97t
    Dow Chemical Attane Blown film:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 150t
    oxygen permeation, 150t
    water vapor permeation, 150t
    Dow Chemical Low Acrylonitrile ABS film, 78t
    Dow Chemical Low-Density Polyethylene:
    gas permeation, 151t
    solvent vapor permeation, 152t
    Dow Chemical Medium Acrylonitrile Content
    ABS film, 78t
    Dow Chemical Styron PS film, 85f
    Dow Chemical Trycite Oriented PS film, 84t
    Dow Chemical Tyril Low Acrylonitrile Content SAN, 87t
    INDEX 331Dow Ethocel ethyl cellulose film, 298f
    Dow Saranex 25 Co-extruded Barrier film, 315t
    Dow Saranex 650, 652 Co-extruded Barrier film,
    315t
    Dow Saranex PVDC, 185f
    Dow Saranex PVDC Multilayer films:
    oxygen permeation, 183t
    water permeation, 183t
    Dow Saran PVDC films:
    gas permeation, 184t
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 185f
    oxygen permeation, 182t
    water vapor permeation, 184t
    drink containers, 66
    drug encapsulation, 67
    dual-mode sorption, 7, 7f
    DuPont Delrin POM Homopolymer, 249t
    DuPont Elastomers Vamac AEM, 263f, 264t
    DuPont Elastomer Viton Elastomers, 276t, 277t
    DuPont Elvax EVA:
    oxygen permeation, 162t
    water vapor permeation, 162t
    DuPont Fluorocarbon FEP film:
    gas permeation, 203t
    vapor permeation, 203te204t
    DuPont Hyrtel Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer,
    257t, 258t
    DuPont Kapton film:
    gas permeation, 119t
    oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 119f
    water vapor permeation, 119t, 120t
    DuPont Lamellar Structured Containers:
    oxygen permeation, 308t
    water vapor transmission, 308t
    DuPont Mylar PET, 105f
    DuPont Nafion, 192, 192f
    DuPont nylon, 6, 130f
    DuPont Nylon/HDPE Lamellar Structured Containers:
    oxygen permeation, 308t
    water vapor transmission, 308t
    DuPont Performance Elastomers Neoprene
    Polychloroprene Rubber Vulcanizate, 269t,
    270t
    DuPont Selar amorphous polyamide:
    oxygen permeation vs. relative humidity, 126f
    oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 125f
    DuPont Selar with nylon 6, 127f
    DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon, 124t
    DuPont Selar RB Polyolefin Lamellar Structured
    Containers, 309t, 310t
    DuPont SP TTR10AH9 Transparent High Gloss
    PVF film, 216t
    DuPont Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer film:
    oxygen permeation, 191t
    water vapor permeation, 191t
    DuPont Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer film:
    oxygen permeation, 190t
    water vapor permeation, 191t
    DuPont Tedlar PVF, 216t
    DuPont Teflon AF, 214e217, 214t
    chemical structure, 214f
    pure gas permeation coefficients, 214t
    DuPont Teflon FEP copolymer:
    ammonia permeation, 205t
    gas permeation, 206f
    hydrogen permeation, 204t
    oxygen permeation, 205t
    DuPont Teflon NXT, 200t, 202t
    DuPont Teflon PFA film, 208t
    DuPont Teflon PTFE:
    ammonia permeation, 198t
    carbon-filled, 199t
    hydrogen permeation, 197t
    nitrogen permeation, 197t, 199t
    oxygen permeation, 198t
    DuPont Tefzel, 224t
    DuPont Teijin films Mylar PET films:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 101t
    nitrogen permeation, 101t
    oxygen permeation, 101te102t
    water vapor permeation, 102t
    DuPont Viton Fluoroelastomer, 275t
    DuPont Zytel 42 Nylon 66 film, 136t
    dyes, 36
    Dyneon 500 THV:
    hydrogen chloride permeation, 213t
    oxygen permeation, 213t
    water vapor permeation, 213t
    Dyneon 1700 HTE:
    gas permeation, 212t
    water vapor transmission, 212t
    Dyneon 6235G ETFE:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 225t
    oxygen permeation, 224t
    water vapor permeation, 225t
    Dyneon 6510N PFA:
    gas permeation, 209t
    water vapor permeation, 209t
    Dyneon FEP, 206t
    Dyneon TF 1750 PTFE, 199t
    Dyneon TFM 1700 PTFE, 201t
    gas permeation, 200t
    water vapor permeation, 201t
    Dyneon TFM 1750 PTFE, 201t
    Dyneon TFM PTFE, 201t
    E
    Eastman Eastar 5445 PCTG Copolyester film, 99t
    Eastman Ecdel 9966 Thermoplastic Copolyester
    Elastomer, 258t
    332 INDEXeasy-peel film, 60e65
    Ecdel 9966 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer
    (Eastman), 258t
    ECO see epichlorohydrin rubber
    ECTFE see ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
    effusion, 2e3
    egg cartons, 66
    EIS (electro-impedance spectroscopy), 16
    Elastollan TPUs (BASF):
    gas permeation, 253t
    water vapor permeation, 254t
    elastomers, 31, 251e284
    definition, 251
    ethylene acrylic elastomers, 263e264
    olefinic TPEs, 256e257
    styrenic block copolymer TPEs, 262
    thermoplastic copolyester elastomers, 257e258
    thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers,
    259e262
    thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, 251e255
    See also individual makes
    Electometer Payne permeability cups, 10t, 15, 15f
    electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 16
    electronegativity, 23
    Elvax EVA (DuPont):
    oxygen permeation, 162t
    water vapor permeation, 162t
    EMS Chemie Grivory G16 Amorphous Nylon:
    carbon dioxide and nitrogen permeation, 123t
    oxygen permeation, 123t
    water vapor permeation, 123t
    EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 25 Nylon 12 Resin, 134t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 13 SBG, 141t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 20 SBG, 137t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon F 34 Type 6 Nylon, 129t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon F 50 Type 6 Nylon, 129t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon Nylon 6/12 films,
    137t, 138t
    water vapor permeation, 139t
    environmentally friendly polymers, 287e304
    cellophane, 291e292
    cellulose acetate, 294
    ethyl cellulose, 295e299
    nitrocellulose, 293
    poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, 303e304
    polycaprolactone, 299e301
    polylactic acid, 301e303
    trademarks, 288te290t
    EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubbers), 270e271
    epichlorohydrin rubber (CO, ECO), 272e273
    applications, 273
    gas permeation, 273f
    monomer/polymer structure, 272f
    Zeus Chemicals Hydrin Epichlorohydrin Polymers,
    272t, 273t
    epichlorohydrin terpolymer (GECO), 272f
    EPM, EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubbers), 270e271
    EPS (expanded polystyrene), 82e83
    ETFE see ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
    Ethocel ethyl cellulose film (Dow), 298f
    ethyl cellulose, 295e299
    applications, 295
    chemical structure, 297f
    Dow Ethocel film, 298f
    gas permeation, 298t, 298f, 299t
    ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), 190
    applications, 190
    chemical structure, 190f
    ethylene acrylic elastomers (AEM), 263e264
    gas permeation, 263t, 264t
    liquid permeation, 264t
    structural units, 263f
    ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE),
    226e230
    ammonia permeation, 227t
    applications, 226
    carbon dioxide permeation, 229f
    chemical structure, 226f
    chlorine permeation, 230f
    helium permeation, 229f
    hydrogen chloride/sulfide permeation, 230f
    nitrogen permeation, 227t, 229f
    oxygen permeation, 229f
    solvent permeation, 228t
    water vapor permeation, 228f
    See also Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE
    ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPM, EPDM), 270e271
    ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE),
    223e226
    applications, 224
    carbon dioxide permeation, 225t
    chemical structure, 223f
    chlorine gas permeation, 223f
    gas permeation, 226f
    oxygen permeation, 224t
    water vapor permeation, 225t
    ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), 161e163
    applications, 163
    oxygen permeation, 161f, 162t
    polymer structures, 161f
    water vapor permeation, 162t, 163f
    ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 163e178
    applications, 164
    chemical structure, 163f
    copolymer/PE multilayer film, 317f
    See also EVAL.; Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH
    EVA see ethylene-vinyl acetate
    EVAL EF-XL Biaxially Oriented EVOH film:
    organic solvents, 171t
    oxygen permeation, 169t
    INDEX 333EVAL E Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 176f
    gas permeation, 168t
    organic solvents, 172t
    oxygen permeation, 170t
    oxygen transmission, 166t
    EVAL Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH):
    fluorocarbon permeation, 166t
    Polymer Grade Series, 164t
    Resin Grades, 164te165t
    EVAL EVOH films, 174f, 175f, 176f
    EVAL EVOH Grades, 168t
    EVAL F Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins:
    organic solvents, 172t
    oxygen permeation, 170t, 171t
    oxygen transmission rate, 165t
    EVAL G Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins, 167t
    EVAL H Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins:
    gas permeation, 169t
    oxygen permeation, 167t
    EVAL K Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins, 167t
    EVOH see ethylene-vinyl alcohol
    Exopack Performance films Inc. Dartek Nylon 66 films,
    135t
    Exopack Scairfilm LWS-1/LWS-2 Laminating MDPE
    films, 153t
    Exopack Sclairfilm LX-1 LLDPE film, 151t
    expanded polystyrene (EPS), 82e83
    Extem XH 1015 PEI membranes, 116t
    extenders, 36
    extruded polystyrene (XPS), 82e83
    extrusion, 39, 47
    blow molding, 54
    blown film process, 39e41
    consumer packaging polystyrene, 60e65
    Exxon Butyl Rubber, 267t
    Exxon Chlorobutyl 1068 Chlorobutyl Rubber, 270t
    ExxonMobil Chemical Model Formula Compounds, 265t
    Exxon Vistalon Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer
    (EPM) Rubbers, 271t
    F
    fabric film laminates, 62e65
    FEP see fluorinated ethylene propylene
    Ferro-Advanced Polymer Alloys Alcryn AEM:
    gas permeation, 263t
    liquid permeation, 264t
    fiber extruder process, 53f
    fiber spinning process, 53f
    Fick’s law of diffusion, 3, 4
    fillers, 31e33
    film dies, 40f, 42f, 43f
    films:
    lamination, 49e50
    post-production, 44e45
    production, 39e57
    purpose, 59
    solvent-casting process, 42e44, 44f
    See also barrier films; individual makes of film;
    membranes; polymer films
    fire retardants, 33
    FKM see fluoroelastomers
    flame lamination, 49e50
    flame retardants, 33
    flavor permeation: packaging, 60
    Flory-Huggins model, 6, 6f
    fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 203e207
    ammonia permeation, 205t
    applications, 203
    chemical structure, 203f
    fuel vapor permeation, 206t
    gas permeation, 203t, 206f, 207f
    helium permeation, 206f
    hydrogen permeation, 204t
    nitrogen permeation, 206f
    oxygen permeation, 205t
    vapor permeation, 203te204t
    fluorination, 56e57
    Fluorocarbon FEP film (DuPont):
    gas permeation, 203t
    vapor permeation, 203te204t
    fluoroelastomers (FKM), 273e278
    applications, 275
    curing chemistry, 274t, 275t
    monomer structures, 274f
    Solvay Solexis Tecnoflon FKM Fluoroelastomers, 276t
    fluoropolymers, 195e230
    amorphous fluoropolymer, 214e215
    ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, 226e230
    ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, 223e226
    fluorinated ethylene propylene, 203e207
    hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene
    terpolymer, 212
    melting point ranges, 196t
    monomer structures, 195f
    perfluoroalkoxy, 207e210
    polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 217e219
    polytetrafluoroethylene, 196e202
    polyvinyl fluoride, 215e217
    polyvinylidene fluoride, 219e222
    Teflon AF, 214e215
    tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene
    fluoride terpolymer, 212e214
    foam extrusion thermoforming, 62e65
    food wrap film, 62e65
    334 INDEXFord reference fuels, 321e322
    form fill and seal packaging, 60e65
    fruit trays, 66
    fuel composition references, 321e322
    fuel hoses/tanks, 67e68
    G
    gases:
    effusion, 2e3
    transport through solid materials, 2e9
    gas permeation:
    history, 1, 2
    test cells, 14
    gas separation membranes, 71
    GECO (epichlorohydrin terpolymer), 272f
    general purpose polystyrene see polystyrene
    geomembranes, 62e65
    geometric isomers, 25e26
    Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film (Polyone), 180f
    German Institute for Standardization see DIN
    glassy polymers, 8f
    gloves, 68e69
    permeation/degradation resistance chart, 323e328
    GPPS (general purpose polystyrene) see polystyrene
    graft copolymers, 22
    Graham’s law, 2e3
    Graham, Thomas, 1, 2
    gravure coating, 45e46
    ’green’ polymers see environmentally friendly polymers
    Grilon see EMS-Grivory Grilon.
    Grivory see EMS.
    H
    Halar ECTFE see Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE
    HDPE see high-density polyethylene
    head-to-tail isomers, 25
    heat resistant film, 62e65
    heat seal resins, 62e65
    heat-shrinkable polypropylene film, 62e65
    Henry’s law, 3, 4, 6f
    hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene
    terpolymer (HTE), 212
    gas permeation, 212t
    water vapor transmission, 212t
    high-clarity LLDPE film, 62e65
    high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 153e156
    ammonia permeation, 155t
    fuel tanks, 67
    gas permeation, 154t, 156f
    hydrogen permeation, 154t
    nitrogen permeation, 155t
    NOVA Chemicals Sclair HDPE films, 154t
    oxygen permeation, 154t, 155t
    high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 22, 83, 83f
    high-performance polyamide, 142e144
    high-performance/temperature polymers, 233e250
    HIPS see high-impact polystyrene
    history, 1e2
    hollow fiber modules, 72e73
    homopolymer PTFE, 197e202
    homopolymers, 21e22, 156, 197e202
    Honeywell Aclar Multilayer films, 315t
    Honeywell Aclar PCTFE film, 217t, 218t
    Honeywell Aegis Nylon 6/66 films, 139t
    Honeywell Capran Oxyshield 1545 and 2545, 313t
    Honeywell Capran Oxyshield Plus, 313t
    Honeywell Plastics Aegis Nylon 6 films, 128t
    Honeywell Plastics Capron Nylon 6 films:
    gas permeation, 128t
    water vapor permeation, 128t
    Honeywell Series R PMP films, 160t
    hoses: fuel, 67e68
    Hostaform POM Copolymer (Ticona), 249t, 250f
    Hostaphan RN 25 Biaxially Oriented PET Release film
    (Mitsubishi):
    aroma permeation, 104t
    gas permeation, 103t
    vapor permeation, 104t
    hot roll/belt lamination, 49, 50f
    HTE see hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene,
    ethylene terpolymer
    Hydrin Epichlorohydrin Polymers (Zeus Chemicals),
    272t, 273t
    hydrogen bonding, 27
    Hyflon MFA (Solvay Solexis):
    oxygen and water permeation, 211f
    vapor permeation, 210te211t
    Hyflon PFA (Solvay Solexis), 210f
    Hyrtel Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (DuPont),
    257t, 258t
    I
    IBM (injection blow molding), 54
    immersion coating, 47, 49f
    impact copolymers, 156
    impact modifiers, 35
    Imperm 105 nanoclay-filled nylon-MXD6 PAA films
    (Nanocor), 143f
    industrial films, 62e65
    INEOS ABS Lustran 246 ABS:
    gas permeability coefficients, 80f
    permselectivity vs. temperature, 80f
    INEOS Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate
    Copolymers:
    gas permeation, 188t
    water vapor permeation, 188t
    injection blow molding (IBM), 54
    Innovative Plastics see Sabic
    Innovia Cellophane films, 292t
    instron peel test, 18, 18f
    INDEX 335inter/intramolecular attractions, 27e28
    ionomers, 190e192
    IPA (isophthalic acid), 142e143
    isomers, 25e27
    geometric isomers, 25e26
    stereoisomers, 26e27
    structural isomers, 25
    isophthalic acid (IPA), 142e143
    isoprene, 278f
    ISO standards, 12te13t
    isotactic polypropylene, 26
    J
    JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), 13t
    juice packaging, 66
    K
    Kapton film (DuPont):
    gas permeation, 119t
    oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 119f
    water vapor permeation, 119t, 120t
    kinetic diameter, 3, 3t
    knife on roller coating, 46
    L
    lactic acid to polylactic acid conversion, 301f
    lamellar structures, 306e310
    injection molding, 307t
    oxygen permeation, 308t
    solvent permeation, 309t, 310t
    water vapor transmission, 308t
    See also DuPont Lamellar Structured Containers;
    DuPont Nylon/HDPE Lamellar Structured
    Containers; DuPont Selar RB Polyolefin Lamellar
    Structured Containers
    lamination, 49e50
    flame lamination, 49e50
    hot roll/belt lamination, 49, 50f
    Langmuir model, 6e7, 6f
    Lanxess Baypren Polychloroprene Rubber Vulcanizate,
    269t
    Lanxess Butyl Butyl Rubber (Bayer), 268t
    Lanxess Krylene Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bayer), 284t
    Lanxess Krynac Nitrile Rubber (Bayer):
    air permeation, 282t
    air vs. temperature, 283f
    gas permeation, 282t
    LCP see liquid crystalline polymers
    LDPE see low-density polyethylene
    linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 151
    linear polymers, 22e23
    liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), 89e92
    applications, 89
    carbon dioxide permeation, 92t
    chemical structure, 90f
    hydrogen permeation, 91t
    oxygen permeation, 91t
    Ticona Vectra A950 LCP, 90f, 91t
    Ticona Vectra LCP films, 91t, 92t
    water vapor transmission, 92t
    LISIM Technology, 52f
    LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 151
    LlyondellBasell Adflex PP:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 158t
    oxygen permeation, 158t
    LlyondellBasell polyolefins polypropylene, 157t
    LlyondellBassell polyolefins polyethylene:
    gas permeation, 147f
    solvent vapor transmission, 148f
    water vapor transmission, 147f
    low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 151e152
    gas permeation, 151t
    solvent vapor permeation, 152t
    lubricants, 34
    Lubrizol Estane Breathable TPU, 252t
    Lubrizol Estane TPU:
    gas/vapor permeation, 252t
    solvent vapor permeation, 253t
    Lucite Diakon Polymethyl Methacrylate:
    gas permeation, 186t
    water vapor permeation, 187t
    Lupolen V EVA (BASF AG), 161f
    Luran SAN (BASF):
    oxygen permeation, 87t
    water vapor permeation, 87t
    Luran S ASA films (BASF):
    gas permeation, 81t, 82t
    water vapor permeation, 82t
    M
    machine direction orientation (MDO), 51
    Makrolon PC (Bayer MaterialScience), 94te95t,
    95te96t, 96te97t
    Marlex HDPE (Chevron Philips), 154t
    MDO (machine direction orientation), 51
    MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), 153e156
    measurement:
    diffusivity units, 4
    permeability, 14
    solubility units, 4
    standard units, 4
    vapor transport, 14
    meat trays, 66
    medical molds/packaging, 62e65
    medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 153e156
    melting points: fluoropolymers, 196t
    membranes:
    commercial processes, 69e75
    dialysis, 69e70
    gas separation, 71
    336 INDEXpervaporation, 70e71
    processes, 69e75
    production, 39e57, 52e53
    purpose, 59
    reverse osmosis, 70
    structures, 72e75
    See also films
    metalized films, 305
    oxygen/water vapor transmission, 306t
    Vacmet Metalized Plastic films, 306t
    metering rod coating, 47, 48t
    Meyer rod coating, 47, 48t
    MFA copolymer, 210e212
    mica, 36
    milk packaging, 66
    Mirrex PVC (VPI):
    oxygen permeation, 180t
    water vapor permeation, 180t
    Mitsubishi gas chemical nylon-MXD6 PAA films, 142f
    Mitsubishi Polyester film Hostaphan RN 25 Biaxially
    Oriented PET Release film:
    aroma permeation, 104t
    gas permeation, 103t
    vapor permeation, 104t
    modified atmosphere packaging, 62e65
    modified PTFE, 202
    moisture protection: packaging, 59
    molding of containers, 53e56
    molecules:
    dipole moments, 23t
    molecular weight, 28e29
    steric hindrance, 24e25
    See also polymers
    monomers: molecular arrangement, 22
    mulch films, 60e65
    multilayered films, 9, 39, 40, 65, 65fe66f, 305e317
    lamellar structures, 306e310
    metalized films, 305
    oxygen permeation vs. relative humidity,
    316f, 317f
    silicon oxide coating technology, 305e306
    xylene permeation, 316f
    multiphase polymer blends, 30e31
    Mylar PET (DuPont), 105f
    N
    Nafion (DuPont), 192, 192f
    Nanocor Imperm 105 nanoclay-filled nylon-MXD6 PAA
    films, 143f
    natural rubber, 278e280
    air permeation, 279f, 279t
    gas permeation, 280f
    NBR see acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer
    Neoflon FEP film (Daikin), 207f
    Neoflon PCTFE film (Daikin Industries), 218t
    Neoprene Polychloroprene Rubber Vulcanizate (DuPont),
    269t, 270t
    network polymers, 22e23
    nine-layer blown film die, 43f
    Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH:
    chloroform permeation, 174t
    kerosene permeation, 174t
    oxygen permeation vs.
    ethylene content, 177f
    film thickness, 177f
    relative humidity, 178f
    temperature, 178f
    water vapor permeation, 173t
    nitrile rubber, 282te283t, 283f
    nitrocellulose, 293
    chemical structure, 293f
    gas permeation, 293t
    Nollet, Jean-Antoine, 1
    non-Fickian diffusion, 5
    nonporous dense polymer membranes, 4
    NOVA Chemicals Sclair HDPE films, 154t
    nylons see polyamide.
    O
    odor permeation: packaging, 60
    olefinic TPEs (TPO), 256e257
    applications, 256
    gas permeation, 256t
    water vapor transmission, 256t
    OPS films, 83
    optical brighteners, 35
    orientation of polymers, 30, 50e52
    oriented/un-oriented nylon 6, 129t
    P
    packaging:
    ASTM standards, 11te12t
    atmospheric gas transmission, 59e60
    barrier films, 59e65
    categories, 59
    DIN standards, 13t
    flavor permeation, 60
    ISO standards, 12te13t
    JIS standards, 13t
    odor permeation, 60
    oxygen transmission, 59e60
    water vapor protection, 59
    PAI see polyamide-imide
    parylene (poly(p-xylylene)), 245e247
    applications, 247
    gas permeation, 246t
    polymer molecule structures, 246f
    water vapor permeation, 247t
    PB see polybutadiene
    PBI see polybenzimidazole
    INDEX 337PBI Performance Products Inc. Celazole
    PBI membrane:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 245f
    hydrogen permeation, 244f
    PBT see polybutylene terephthalate
    PC see polycarbonate
    PCT see polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate
    PCTFE see polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    PDMS see polydimethyl siloxane
    PE see polyethylene
    PEBA see thermoplastic polyether block polyamide
    elastomers
    PEBAX films see Arkema
    PEEK see polyetheretherketone
    PEI see polyetherimide
    PEN see polyethylene naphthalate
    perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 207e211
    applications, 208
    chemical structure, 208f
    comonomers, 207t
    gas permeation, 208t, 209t, 210f
    Solvay Solexis Hyflon PFA, 210f
    water vapor permeation, 209t
    perfluoropolymers see fluoropolymers
    perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), 192
    permeability coefficients:, 319e320
    permeability cups, 10t, 15, 15f
    permeants: Arrhenius equation parameters, 8t
    permeation: definition, 1
    permselectivity, 71
    pervaporation membranes, 70e71
    PES see polyethersulfone
    PE shrink film, 62e65
    PET see polyethylene terephthalate
    PFA see perfluoroalkoxy
    PFSA see perfluorosulfonic acid
    PGA see polyglycolic acid
    PH3B, 303f
    PHA see poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
    pharmaceutical blister packs, 62, 64f
    PHBV: chemical structure, 303f
    PHV: chemical structure, 303f
    PI see polyimide
    pigments, 36
    PLA see polylactic acid
    plastic beads, 39, 39f
    plastic compositions, 30e37
    plasticizers, 7f, 35
    plate and frame modules, 72
    PMMA see polymethyl methacrylate
    PMP see polymethylpentene
    polarity, 23
    poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHA), 303e304
    applications, 303e304
    permeability coefficients, 304t
    polyacrylics, 186e187
    polyamide 6 (nylon 6), 126e131
    applications, 127
    carbon dioxide permeation, 130f
    chemical structure, 127f
    gas permeation, 128t, 129t
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 130f
    oxygen permeation, 127f, 129t
    water vapor permeation, 128t
    polyamide 6/12 (nylon 6/12), 137e139
    applications, 137
    chemical structure, 137f
    oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation,
    137t, 138t
    water vapor permeation, 139t
    polyamide 6/69 (nylon 6/69), 140e141
    polyamide 11 (nylon 11), 131e133
    applications, 131
    chemical structure, 131f
    gas permeation, 132f, 132t, 133f
    polyamide 12 (nylon 12), 133e134
    chemical structure, 133f
    gas permeation, 134t, 134f
    natural gas permeation vs. temperature, 134f
    water vapor permeation, 134t
    polyamide 66 (nylon 66), 135e136
    applications, 135
    carbon dioxide permeation, 135t
    chemical structure, 135f
    gas permeation, 136t
    oxygen permeation, 135t
    water vapor permeation, 135t, 136t
    polyamide 66/610 (nylon 66/610), 136e137
    applications, 136
    chemical structure, 136f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 137t
    polyamide 666 (nylon 666 or 6/66), 139e140
    polyamide-imide (PAI), 107e113
    applications, 107
    carbon dioxide permeation, 112f
    chemical structures, 107f, 108f
    gas permeation, 110t, 111f
    methane permeation, 113f
    nitrogen permeation, 111f
    oxygen permeation, 112f
    polyamides (nylons), 121e144
    amino acids, 122f
    amorphous polyamide, 122e123
    diacids, 122f
    diamines, 122f
    generalized reaction, 121f
    monomers, 121t
    polyamide 6, 126e131
    polyamide 6/12, 137e139
    polyamide 6/69, 140e141
    338 INDEXpolyamide 11, 131e133
    polyamide 12, 133e134
    polyamide 66, 135e136
    polyamide 66/610, 136e137
    polyamide 666, 139e140
    polyarylamide, 141e142
    polyphthalamide, 142e144
    polyanhydrides, 287e288, 287f
    polyarylamide, 141e142
    applications, 142
    chemical structure, 141f
    polybenzimidazole (PBI), 243e245
    applications, 244
    carbon dioxide permeation, 245f
    chemical structure, 244f
    hydrogen permeation, 244f
    PBI Performance Products Inc. Celazole PBI
    membrane, 244f, 245f
    polybutadiene (PB), 158e159
    applications, 159
    nitrogen and helium permeation coefficients, 159f
    structural isomers, 158f
    polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 92e93
    applications, 93
    chemical structure, 93f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 93t
    polycaprolactone, 299e301
    applications, 299
    chemical structure, 299f
    oxygen permeation, 300t, 301t
    starch and glycerol blends, 300t, 301t
    water vapor permeation, 300t
    polycarbonate (PC), 93e99
    applications, 94
    carbon dioxide permeation, 96te97t, 99f
    chemical structure, 89f, 93f, 94f
    helium permeation, 98f
    methane permeation, 98f
    nitrogen permeation, 95te96t, 97t
    oxygen permeation, 94te95t, 97t
    polychloroprene, 268e270
    polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 217e219
    applications, 217
    chemical structure, 217f
    gas permeation, 218t, 219t
    water vapor permeation, 217t, 218t
    polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate (PCT), 99
    applications, 99
    chemical structure, 99f
    polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS):
    gas permeation, 235f, 237f
    gas separation, 236f
    helium and nitrogen permeation, 236f
    polyesters, 89e105
    liquid crystalline polymers, 89e92
    polybutylene terephthalate, 92e93
    polycarbonate, 93e99
    polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate, 99
    polyethylene naphthalate, 100
    polyethylene terephthalate, 100e105
    polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 233
    amorphous/crystalline permeation, 234t
    chemical structure, 233f
    VICTREX Morphology PEEK-Based APTIV film,
    234t, 234t
    water vapor transmission, 234t
    polyetherimide (PEI), 113e118
    applications, 115
    chemical structures, 113f, 114f, 114f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 115t, 116t, 118f
    hydrogen/ethane, hydrogen/methane and hydrogen/
    nitrogen permeation vs. pressure differential,
    117f
    hydrogen/propane permeation selectivity vs. pressure
    differential, 117f
    Sabic Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PEI, 116t
    Westlake Plastics Tempalux PEI film, 115t
    polyethersulfone (PES), 241e243
    applications, 241
    carbon dioxide permeation, 243f
    chemical structure, 241f
    gas permeation, 242t
    helium permeation, 242f
    methane permeation, 243f
    Sabic Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PES, 242t
    polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 100
    applications, 100
    chemical structure, 100f
    polyethylene (PE), 145e156
    applications, 146
    crystal structure, 146f
    gas permeation, 147f, 149f
    high-density polyethylene, 153e156
    linear low-density polyethylene, 151
    low-density polyethylene, 151e152
    medium-density polyethylene, 153
    solvent vapor transmission, 148f
    sulfur dioxide permeation, 149f
    types, 146f
    ultra-low density polyethylene, 150
    unclassified polyethylene, 146e149
    water vapor transmission, 147f
    polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 100e105
    applications, 101
    aroma permeation, 104t
    carbon dioxide permeation, 101t
    chemical structure, 100f
    containers, 66
    gas permeation, 105f, 103t
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 105f
    INDEX 339polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (Continued)
    Mitsubishi Polyester Film Hostaphan RN Biaxially
    Oriented PET Release film, 103t, 104t
    nitrogen permeation, 101t
    oxygen permeation, 101te102t
    vapor permeation, 104t
    water vapor permeation, 102t
    polyglycolic acid (PGA), 288, 288f
    polyhydro-xyalkanoates, 303f
    polyimide (PI), 118e120
    applications, 118
    chemical structures, 118f
    monomer structures, 118f
    polyimides, 107e120
    monomer structures, 115f
    polyamide-imide, 107e113
    polyetherimide, 113e118
    polyimide, 118e120
    polyisoprene, 278f
    polyketones see polyetheretherketone
    polylactic acid (PLA), 301e303
    applications, 301
    carbon dioxide/methane permselectivity vs.
    temperature, 303f
    carbon dioxide permeation coefficient vs. temperature,
    302f
    conversion from lactic acid, 301f
    methane permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 302f
    nitrogen permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 302f
    oxygen permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 303f
    polymer films:
    ASTM standards, 11te12t
    DIN standards, 13t
    ISO standards, 12te13t
    JIS standards, 13t
    pore-flow model, 4
    solution-diffusion model, 4, 4f
    polymerization, 21
    polymers:
    additives, 31e37
    Arrhenius equation parameters, 8t
    blends, 30e31
    chain entanglement, 27e28
    classification, 28e30
    definition, 21
    film-casting processes, 45t
    fluorination, 56e57
    hydrogen bonding, 27
    inter/intramolecular attractions, 27e28
    molecular weight, 28e29
    orientation, 30, 50e52
    polarity, 23
    unsaturation, 23e24
    Van der Waals forces, 27
    See also molecules
    polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 186
    chemical structure, 186f
    gas permeation, 186t
    Lucite Diakon Polymethyl Methacrylate,
    186t
    permeability data, 187f
    water vapor permeation, 187t
    Wood-Adams polymethyl methacrylate, 187f
    polymethylpentene (PMP), 159e160
    applications, 159e160
    chemical structure, 159f
    water transmission, 160t
    polyolefins, 145e192
    LlyondellBasell polyolefins polyethylene,
    147f, 148f
    LlyondellBasell polyolefins polypropylene,
    157t
    monomer structures, 145f
    Polyone Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film, 180f
    polyoxymethylene (POM), 247e248
    polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 234e237
    applications, 237
    chemical structure, 237f
    gas permeation, 238t
    liquid vapor transmission, 238t
    polyphthalamide (PPA), 142e144, 143f
    polypropylene (PP), 26, 156e158
    applications, 156
    carbon dioxide permeation, 158t
    gas permeation, 157t
    oxygen permeation, 158t
    poly(p-xylylene), 245e247
    polysiloxane, 233e234
    chemical structure, 234f
    helium permeation, 235f
    polystyrene (PS), 82e86
    chemical structure, 82f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 84t, 85f, 86f
    Polystyrol 168 N GPPS film (BASF AG), 84t
    polysulfone (PSU), 237e241
    applications, 237e238
    carbon dioxide permeation, 240f, 241f
    chemical structure, 238f
    gas permeation, 239t
    helium permeation, 239f
    methane permeation, 240f
    water vapor permeation, 239t
    polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 196e202
    ammonia permeation, 198t
    chemical structure, 196f
    gas permeation, 200t
    hydrogen chloride permeation, 201t
    hydrogen permeation, 197t
    nitrogen permeation, 197t, 199t
    oxygen permeation, 198t, 199t
    340 INDEXpermeation comparisons, 200t
    sulfur dioxide permeation, 202f
    water vapor permeation, 201t
    polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), 182e186
    chemical structure, 182f
    gas permeation, 184t, 186f
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 185f
    oxygen permeation, 182t, 183t
    oxygen transmission, 185f
    water permeation, 186f, 183t
    water vapor permeation, 184t
    polyvinyl butyral (PVB), 179
    chemical structure, 179f
    gas permeation, 179t
    polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 179e181
    applications, 179
    carbon dioxide permeation, 180f
    hydrogen permeation, 180f
    oxygen permeation, 180t
    oxygen permeation vs.
    plasticizer level, 181f
    temperature, 181f
    Polyone Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film, 180f
    VPI Mirrex PVC, 180t
    water vapor permeation, 180t
    polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 215e217
    applications, 215
    chemical structure, 215f
    gas permeation, 216t
    hydrogen permeation, 217f
    vapor permeation, 216t
    polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC):
    applications, 182
    coated cellophane film, 291t
    coated nylon/EVOH copolymer/PE multilayer film,
    316f
    Dow Saranex PVDC, 185f
    Dow Saranex PVDC Multilayer films, 183t
    Dow Saran PVDC, 182t, 184t, 185f
    polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 219e223
    applications, 219
    Arrhenius plot, 9f
    chemical structure, 219f
    gas permeation, 221f, 220t
    Solvay Solexis Solef 1008 PVDF, 220t
    Solvay Solexis Solef PVDF film, 221f, 222f
    water permeation, 222f
    water vapor permeation, 221f
    polyvinyls, 145e192
    monomer structures, 145f
    POM (polyoxymethylene), 247e250
    pore-flow model, 3e9
    post film formation processing, 44e45
    poultry trays, 66
    PP see polypropylene
    PPA (polyphthalamide), 142e144
    PP/EVOH copolymer/PE multilayer film, 317f
    PP liners, 60e65
    PPS see polyphenylene sulfide
    pressure: solution-diffusion, 5e8
    PS see polystyrene
    PSU see polysulfone
    PTFE see polytetrafluoroethylene
    pull-off adhesion tests, 18e19, 19
    PVB see polyvinyl butyral
    PVC see polyvinyl chloride
    PVDC see polyvinylidene chloride
    PVDC-coated nylon/EVOH copolymer/PE multilayer
    film, 316f
    PVDF see polyvinylidene fluoride
    PVF see polyvinyl fluoride
    R
    random copolymers, 22, 156
    reference fuel compositions, 321e322
    reinforced plastics, 31e33
    release agents, 33e34
    renewable plastics, 287
    reverse osmosis membranes, 70
    reverse roller coating, 46
    Rilsan BESNO P40TL Nylon, 11, 132f, 133f
    Rilsan PA11 (Arkema), 132t
    Riteflex Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (Ticona),
    257f
    rotational molding/rotomolding, 55e56
    rubbers, 251e284
    acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, 281e283
    bromobutyl rubber, 264e266
    butyl rubber, 266e268
    chlorobutyl rubber, 268e270
    epichlorohydrin rubber, 272e273
    ethylene-propylene rubbers, 270e271
    fluoroelastomers, 273e278
    natural rubber, 278e280
    styrene-butadiene rubber, 283e284
    See also individual rubbers
    rubbish bags, 62e65
    Ryton PPS films (Chevron Philips):
    gas permeation, 238t
    liquid vapor transmission, 238t
    S
    Sabic Innovative Plastics Cycolac ABS, 78t
    Sabic Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PEI, 116t
    Sabic Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PES, 242t
    salt spray/humidity test, 16e17
    SAN see styrene-acrylonitrile
    sauce bottles, 60e65
    SBC see styrenic block copolymer
    SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), 283e284
    INDEX 341Scairfilm LWS-1/LWS-2 Laminating MDPE films
    (Exopack), 153t
    Scairfilm LX-1 LLDPE film (Exopack), 151t
    Sclair HDPE films (NOVA Chemicals), 154t
    Sealed House for Evaporation (SHED) test, 67
    Selar amorphous polyamide (DuPont), 125f, 126f
    Selar with nylon 6 (DuPont), 127f
    Selar PA Amorphous Nylon (DuPont), 124t
    Selar RB Polyolefin Lamellar Structured Containers
    (DuPont), 309t, 310t
    SHED (Sealed House for Evaporation) test, 67
    sheeting standards, 11te12t, 12te13t
    shipping sacks, 62e65
    shrink bundling film, 62e65
    silage films, 60e65
    silicone rubber, 233
    silicon oxide coating technology, 305
    simultaneous stretching line (LISIM Technology), 52f
    single-layer film: time-lag plot, 5f
    SiOx-Coated PET film, 306t
    SiOx coating, 305
    slip additives, 34
    slot die coating, 47
    smoke suppressants, 33
    Soarnol EVOH see Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH
    Solef 1008 PVDF (Solvay Solexis), 220t
    Solef PVDF film (Solvay Solexis):
    gas permeation, 221f
    water permeation, 222f
    Solexis see Solvay Solexis.
    solid materials: transport of gases/vapors, 2e9
    solubility pressure, 5e8
    solution-diffusion model, 2e9
    Solvay Advanced Polymers Amodel PPA, 144t
    Solvay Solexis AQUIVION PFSA Membranes, 192t
    Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE:
    ammonia permeation, 227t
    carbon dioxide permeation, 229f
    chlorine permeation, 230f
    helium permeation, 229f
    hydrogen chloride/sulfide permeation, 230f
    nitrogen permeation, 227t, 229f
    oxygen permeation, 229f
    solvent permeation, 228t
    water vapor permeation, 228f
    Solvay Solexis Hyflon MFA:
    oxygen and water permeation, 211f
    vapor permeation, 210te211t
    Solvay Solexis Hyflon PFA, 210f
    Solvay Solexis Solef 1008 PVDF, 220t
    Solvay Solexis Solef PVDF film:
    gas permeation, 221f
    water permeation, 222f
    Solvay Solexis Tecnoflon FKM Fluoroelastomers, 276t
    solvent-casting process, 42e44, 45t
    soprene-based structural units, 264f
    spectroscopy, 16
    spiral wound modules, 73e75
    stacked dies, 40f
    standards:
    ASTM, 11te12t
    DIN standards, 13t
    JIS standards, 13t
    stationery films, 62e65
    stereoisomers, 26e27
    steric hindrance, 24e25
    sterile packaging, 62e65
    stretch blow molding, 54e55
    stretch film, 62e65
    structural isomers, 25
    styrene: chemical structure, 77f
    styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), 77, 86e87
    chemical structure, 86f
    gas permeation, 87t
    water vapor permeation, 87t
    styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 283e184
    styrenic block copolymer (SBC) TPEs, 262
    applications, 262
    carbon dioxide permeation, 262t
    nitrogen permeation, 262t
    oxygen permeation, 262t
    styrenic plastics, 77e87
    Styrolux films (BASF):
    carbon dioxide permeation, 262t
    nitrogen permeation, 262t
    oxygen permeation, 262t
    Styron PS film (Dow Chemical), 85f
    Styron Styron PS, 83t
    sugar drink containers, 66f
    Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer film (DuPont):
    oxygen permeation, 191t
    water vapor permeation, 191t
    Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer film (DuPont):
    oxygen permeation, 190t
    water vapor permeation, 191t
    syndiotactic polypropylene, 26e27
    T
    Tedlar PVF (DuPont), 216t
    Teflon see DuPont Teflon.
    Tefzel (DuPont), 224t
    Teijin films Mylar PET films (DuPont):
    carbon dioxide permeation, 101t
    nitrogen permeation, 101t
    oxygen permeation, 101te102t
    water vapor permeation, 102t
    Tempalux PEI film (Westlake Plastics), 115t
    ten-layer stacked die, 40f
    tenter frames, 52f, 51
    terephthalic acid (TPA), 142e143
    342 INDEXTerluran ABS films (BASF AG):
    gas permeation, 79t
    water vapor permeation, 79t
    terpolymers, 21e22
    tests:
    Accelerated Keeping Test, 56, 57t
    adhesion tests, 17e19
    atlas cell test, 17, 18f
    coatings, 15e19
    electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 16
    fluorinated containers, 56e57
    gas permeation test cells, 14
    humidity test, 16e17
    instron peel test, 18f, 18
    permeation, 10e19
    pull-off adhesion tests, 18e19
    salt spray/humidity test, 16e17
    SHED test, 67
    vapor permeation cup tests, 14e15
    vapor transmission, 10e19
    tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene
    fluoride terpolymer (THV), 212e214
    applications, 213
    hydrogen chloride permeation, 213t
    oxygen permeation, 213t
    water vapor permeation, 213t
    Texin TPU (Bayer MaterialScience), 254f, 255f
    thermal stabilizers, 36
    thermoplastic copolyester elastomers (TPE-E or COPE),
    257e258
    thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers
    (PEBA), 259e262
    applications, 259
    helium permeation, 260t
    oxygen permeation, 260t
    propane permeation, 261t
    water vapor permeation, 259t, 261t
    thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU), 251e255
    gas permeation, 252t, 253t, 255f
    Lubrizol Estane Breathable TPU, 252t
    Lubrizol Estane TPU, 252t, 253t
    molecular structure, 252f
    solvent vapor permeation, 253t
    water vapor permeation, 252t, 254t
    water vapor transmission, 254f
    thermoplastics, 29
    thermosets, 29
    three-layer barrier film structures:
    oxygen permeation through EVOH and PVDC barrier
    layers, 310t, 311t, 312t, 313t
    oxygen permeation through nylon/EVOH/LDPE, 314t
    oxygen permeation through PET/EVOH/LDPE, 314t
    three-layer blown film die, 42f
    THV see tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene,
    vinylidene fluoride terpolymer
    Ticona Celcon M25/M90/M270 POM Copolymer,
    248t
    Ticona Hostaform POM Copolymer, 249t, 250f
    Ticona Riteflex Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer,
    257f
    Ticona Vectra A950 LCP:
    chemical structure, 90f
    oxygen permeation, 91t
    Ticona Vectra LCP films:
    carbon dioxide permeation, 92t
    hydrogen permeation, 91t
    water vapor transmission, 92t
    time-lag measurement, 4, 5, 5f
    Topas Advanced Polymers TOPAS COC, 160t, 161t
    tortuous path effect, 32, 33f
    tougheners, 35
    TPA (terephthalic acid), 142e143
    T-Peel Test, 18, 18f
    TPE-E (thermoplastic copolyester elastomers), 257e258
    TPO see olefinic TPEs
    TPU see thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers
    transport of gases/vapors, 2e9
    transverse direction orientation, 51
    trash bags, 62e65
    Trycite Oriented PS film (Dow Chemical), 84t
    tubular membrane modules, 73, 74f
    two-layer barrier film structures: oxygen permeation
    through EVOH/LDPE, 314t
    Tyril Low Acrylonitrile Content SAN
    (Dow Chemical), 87t
    U
    UBE 303 XA Nylon 12 Resin, 134t
    UBE Industries Upilex films:
    gas permeation, 120t
    water vapor permeation, 120t
    Udel PSU (BASF):
    gas permeation, 239t
    water vapor permeation, 239t
    Ultem 1000 PEI (Sabic Innovative Plastics), 116t
    Ultem 1000 PES (Sabic Innovative Plastics), 242t
    Ultradur PBT (BASF AG), 93t
    ultrafiltration, 73
    ultra-low density polyethylene, 150
    Ultramid C35 Nylon 6/66 film, 140t
    unclassified polyethylene, 146e149
    units see measurement
    unsaturation, 23e24
    Upilex films (UBE Industries), 120t
    UV stabilizers, 35
    V
    Vacmet Metalized Plastic films, 306t
    vacuum deposition coating, 47e48, 49f
    Vamac AEM (DuPont), 264t
    INDEX 343Van der Waals forces, 27
    vapor permeation:
    cup testing, 14e15
    rates, 320
    vapor transmission, 2e9
    ASTM standards, 11te12t
    DIN standards, 13t
    ISO standards, 12te13t
    JIS standards, 13t
    tests, 10e19
    Vectra LCP films (Ticona):
    carbon dioxide permeation, 92t
    hydrogen permeation, 91t
    water vapor transmission, 92t
    vegetable trays, 66
    VICTREX Morphology PEEK-Based APTIV film:
    amorphous/crystalline permeation, 234t
    water vapor transmission, 234t
    vinyl benzene see styrene
    viscose: conversion from cellulose, 291f
    Vistalon Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer Rubbers
    (Exxon), 271t
    Viton Elastomers (DuPont), 276t, 277t
    Viton Fluoroelastomer (DuPont), 275t
    Voltalef PCTFE film (Arkema), 219t
    VPI Mirrex PVC:
    oxygen permeation, 180t
    water vapor permeation, 180t
    vulcanization, 265f
    W
    water permeation: history, 1
    water vapor protection: packaging, 59
    web coating, 44e49
    Westlake Plastics Tempalux PEI film, 115t
    wet adhesion, 10
    Wood-Adams polymethyl methacrylate, 187f
    X
    XPS (extruded polystyrene), 82e83
    Z
    Zeus Chemicals Hydrin Epichlorohydrin Polymers,
    272t, 273t
    Zytel 42 Nylon 66 film (DuPont), 136t

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