Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers – A Guide to Packaging and Barrier Materials

Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers – A Guide to Packaging and Barrier Materials
Second Edition
Liesl K. Massey
Table of Contents
Introduction
1.0 Nature of Barrier Polymeric Materials . 1
1.1 Transport of Gases and Vapors 1
1.2 Mass Transport of a Gas 1
1.3 Special Situations – Coatings and Laminates . 2
1.4 Factors Affecting Permeability 2
1.5 Polymers 101 3
1.6 Molecular Design 4
1.7 Elastomers 101 . 4
2.0 Collected Comparative Barrier Properties of Plastics and Elastomers . 5
3.0 Processing . 19
4.0 Markets and Applications for Packaging: Overview 22
4.1 Packaging Materials . 22
4.2 Markets and Applications . 23
5.0 Automotive Fuels 29
6.0 Multilayer Films . 40
6.1 General Constructions and Characteristics 40
6.2 Barrier Layers . 40
6.3 Relative Humidity of Barrier Layer 43
6.4 Application and Design . 43
6.5 Retort Sterilized Packages . 44
6.6 Illustrated Multilayer Packaging 45
7.0 Food and Beverage Packaging 49
7.1 Food and Drug Administration, FDA . 49
7.2 Barrier Resins . 49
7.3 Oriented Materials 51
8.0 Standard Measurements and Tests . 52
8.1 Units of Measurement 52
8.2 Standard Test Methods . 53
8.2.1 Gas Transmission . 53
8.2.2 Water Vapor Transmission 54
8.2.3 Rubber 55
9.0 ASTM Tests 55
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Thermoplastics
Acetal Resins
Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) – Chapter 1 . 57
Tabular Information . 57
Acrylic Resin
Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer (AMA) – Chapter 2 . 61
Tabular Information . 62
Graphical Information 64
Cellulosic Plastic
Cellulosic – Chapter 3 . 67
Tabular Information . 67
Fluoroplastic
Fluoropolymer – Chapter 4 . 69
Tabular Information . 69
Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE) – Chapter 5 . 75
Tabular Information . 75
Graphical Information 77
Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE) – Chapter 6 . 81
Tabular Information . 82
Fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer (FEP) – Chapter 7 85
Tabular Information . 85
Graphical Information 89
Perfluoroalkoxy Resin (PFA & MFA) – Chapter 8 91
Tabular Information . 92
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) – Chapter 9 95
Tabular Information . 96
Graphical Information 99
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) – Chapter 10 101
Tabular Information . 102
Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF) – Chapter 11 . 109
Tabular Information . 109
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) – Chapter 12 . 111
Tabular Information . 112
Graphical Information 117
Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, Ethylene (HTE) – Chapter 13 123
Tabular Information . 123© Plastics Design Library Table of Contents
vii
Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, Vinylidene Fluoride
Terpolymer (THV) – Chapter 14 . 125
Tabular Information . 125
Ionomer
Ionomer – Chapter 15 127
Tabular Information . 128
Parylene
Parylene – Chapter 16 . 131
Tabular Information . 132
Polyamide
Nylon Overview – Chapter 17 . 135
Tabular Information . 135
Graphical Information 136
Amorphous Nylon – Chapter 18 . 137
Tabular Information . 138
Graphical Information 141
Nylon 6 – PA6 – Chapter 19 . 145
Tabular Information . 145
Graphical Information 154
Nylon 66 – PA 66 – Chapter 20 155
Tabular Information . 156
Nylon 6/66 – PA 6/66 – Chapter 21 163
Tabular Information . 163
Nylon 6/12 – PA 6/12 – Chapter 22 165
Tabular Information . 166
Nylon 6/6.9 – PA 6/69 – Chapter 23 . 171
Tabular Information . 171
Nylon 6.6/6.10 – PA 66/610 – Chapter 24 173
Tabular Information . 173
Polyamide Nanocomposite
Polyamide Nanocomposite – Chapter 25 175
Graphical Information 175
Tabular Information . 176
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate – Chapter 26 177
Tabular Information . 177
viii
Polyester
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) – Chapter 27 . 181
Tabular Information . 181
Polyethylene Napthalate (PEN) – Chapter 28 183
Tabular Information . 183
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate (PCTG) – Chapter 29 185
Tabular Information . 185
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Ethylene Terephthalate (PETG) – Chapter 30 187
Tabular Information . 187
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) – Chapter 31 189
Tabular Information . 190
Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) – Chapter 32 . 201
Tabular Information . 202
Graphical Information 204
Polyimide
Polyimide – Chapter 33 . 205
Tabular Information . 205
Polyolefin
Polyethylene Overview – Chapter 34 . 209
Graphical Information 209
Tabular Information . 210
Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE) – Chapter 35 . 217
Tabular Information . 217
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) – Chapter 36 . 219
Tabular Information . 219
Graphical Information 226
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) – Chapter 37 . 227
Tabular Information . 228
Medium Density Polyethylene and Linear Medium Density
Polyethylene (MDPE & LMDPE) – Chapter 38 235
Tabular Information . 235
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) – Chapter 39 237
Tabular Information . 237
Graphical Information 247
Polyolefin Plastomers (POP) – Chapter 40 249
Graphical Information 249
Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) – Chapter 41 . 251
Tabular Information . 251
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA) – Chapter 42 253
Tabular Information . 254
Graphical Information 257© Plastics Design Library Table of Contents
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Graphical Information 275
Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (EAA) – Chapter 44 . 281
Tabular Information . 281
Polypropylene (PP) – Chapter 45 . 283
Tabular Information . 284
Graphical Information 290
Polybutene, Polybutylene (PB) – Chapter 46 291
Tabular Information . 291
Polyphenylene Sulfide
Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) – Chapter 47 . 293
Tabular Information . 293
Polysulfone
Polysulfone – Chapter 48 295
Tabular Information . 295
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) – Chapter 49 . 297
Tabular Information . 297
Styrenic Resin
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (ABS) – Chapter 50 299
Tabular Information . 299
Acrylonitrile-Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer (ASA) – Chapter 51 . 303
Tabular Information . 303
Polystyrene (PS) – Chapter 52 307
Tabular Information . 308
Graphical Information 310
Oriented Polystyrene (OPS) – Chapter 53 . 311
Tabular Information . 311
General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS) – Chapter 54 . 313
Tabular Information . 313
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) – Chapter 55 . 315
Tabular Information . 315
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN) – Chapter 56 317
Tabular Information . 318
Graphical Information 320
Ethylene – Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) – Chapter 43 259
Tabular Information . 259
x
Styrene-Butadiene Block Copolymer (SBS) – Chapter 57 . 323
Tabular Information . 323
Vinyl Resin
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – Chapter 58 325
Tabular Information . 326
Graphical Information 329
Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) – Chapter 59 331
Tabular Information . 332
Graphical Information 352
Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films (PVDC) Coated
Polyester Films – Chapter 60 . 355
Tabular Information . 356
Graphical Information 367
Thermoplastic Alloys
Plastic Alloy
Polyethylene/Polystyrene Alloy – Chapter 61 . 369
Tabular Information . 369
Multilayer Structures
Co-Continuous Lamellae Multilayer Systems
Co-Continuous Lamellar Structures – Chapter 62 . 371
Graphical Information 371
Tabular Information . 372
Laminar Multilayer Structure – Chapter 63 . 375
Tabular Information . 376
Graphical Information 384
Multilayer Films
Multilayer Films – Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Barrier – Chapter 64 385
Tabular Information . 385
Graphical Information 398
Multilayer Films – Polyvinylidene Chloride Barrier – Chapter 65 401
Tabular Information . 401
Graphical Information 409
Multilayer Films – Plasma Polymerization – Chapter 66 . 411
Graphical Information 411
Tabular Information . 412© Plastics Design Library Table of Contents
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Multilayer Films – Laminated Fluoropolymer Films – Chapter 67 . 413
Tabular Information . 413
Multilayer Films – General – Chapter 68 415
Tabular Information . 416
Thermosets
Epoxy Resin
Epoxy Thermoplastic – Chapter 69 419
Tabular Information . 419
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomer
Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPO) – Chapter 70 421
Tabular Information . 422
Polyether Block Amide
Polyether Block Amide (PEBA) – Chapter 71 427
Tabular Information . 427
Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer
Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) – Chapter 72 . 435
Graphical Information 435
Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer
Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer – Chapter 73 439
Tabular Information . 440
Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer
Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer – Chapter 74 443
Tabular Information . 444
Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer
Vinyl Thermoplastic Elastomer – Chapter 75 451
Tabular Information . 451
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Rubbers
Butadiene Rubber
Polybutadiene – Chapter 76 455
Tabular Information . 455
Graphical Information 457
Butyl Rubber
Butyl Rubber – Chapter 77 459
Graphical Information 460
Tabular Information . 461
Bromobutyl Rubber
Bromobutyl Rubber – Chapter 78 . 465
Graphical Information 466
Chlorobutyl Rubber
Chlorobutyl Rubber – Chapter 79 . 467
Tabular Information . 468
Polyisobutylene Rubber
Polyisobutylene Rubber – Chapter 80 . 469
Tabular Information . 469
Specialty Elastomers
Specialty Elastomers – Chapter 81 471
Chlorosulfonated Polethylene Rubber
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber (CSPE) – Chapter 82 . 473
Tabular Information . 473
Epichlorohydrin Rubber
Epichlorohydrin Rubber (ECO) – Chapter 83 475
Tabular Information . 475© Plastics Design Library Table of Contents
xiii
Ethylene-Propylene Rubber
Ethylene-Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM) – Chapter 84 477
Tabular Information . 477
Graphical Information 480
Fluoroelastomer
Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer – Chapter 85 481
Tabular Information . 481
Natural Rubber
Natural Rubber – Chapter 86 483
Tabular Information . 483
Graphical Information 486
Neoprene Rubber
Polychloroprene Rubber (CR) – Chapter 87 487
Tabular Information . 487
Nitrile Rubber
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Copolymer (NBR) – Chapter 88 489
Tabular Information . 489
Graphical Information 492
Polysulfide Rubber
Polysulfide Rubber – Chapter 89 493
Tabular Information . 493
Polyurethane Rubber
Polyurethane – Chapter 90 495
Tabular Information . 495
Graphical Information 498
Silicone Rubber
Silicone or Polysiloxane – Chapter 91 . 499
Tabular Information . 499
xiv
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) – Chapter 92 501
Tabular Information . 502
Graphical Information 504
Additional Barrier Materials – Chapter 93 . 505
Metallized Films . 505
Biodegradable or Organic Films 505
Barrier Properties 505
Tabular Information . 506
Appendices
Permeability of Gloves . 509
Permeation Rates 535
Permeability Units Conversion 553
Glossary of Terms . 557
Indices
Trade Name 587
References . 591

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