Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook 2nd English Edition

Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook 2nd English Edition
Ulrich Fischer, Roland Gomeringer, Max Heinzler, Roland Kilgus, Friedrich Naher, Stefan Oesterle, Heinz Paetzold, Andreas Stephan
Table of Contents
1 Mathematics
1.1 Numerical tables
Square root, Area of a circle 10
Sine, Cosine 11
Tangent, Cotangent . 12
1.2 Trigonometric Functions
Definitions 13
Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cotangent 13
Laws of sines and cosines . 14
Angles, Theorem of intersecting
lines . 14
1.3 Fundamentals of Mathematics
Using brackets, powers, roots 15
Equations 16
Powers of ten. Interest calculation 17
Percentage and proportion
calculations 18
1.4 Symbols, Units
Formula symbols, Mathematical
symbols 19
Sl quantities and units of
measurement 20
Non-SI units . 22
2 Physics
2.1 Motion
Uniform and accelerated motion . 34
Speeds of machines . 35
2.2 Forces
Adding and resolving force vectors . 36
Weight. Spring force . 36
Lever principle, Bearing forces . 37
Torques, Centrifugal force . 37
2.3 Work, Power, Efficiency
Mechanical work . _ 38
Simple machines . 39
Power and Efficiency _ . . _ . 40
2.4 Friction
Friction force . _ . _ . 41 Coefficients offriction . . 41
Friction in bearings . 41
2.5 Pressure in liquids and gases
Pressure, definition and types . 42
Buoyancy . _ . _ . 42
Pressure changes in gases 42
2.6 Strength of materials
Load cases. Load types _ . 43
Safety factors, Mechanical
strength properties _ 44
Tension, Compression,
Surface pressure . 45
Shear, Buckling 46
9
1.5 lengths
Calculations in a right triangle . 23
Sub-dividing lengths, Arc length . 24
Flat lengths, Rough lengths . 25
1.6 Areas
Angular areas 26
Equilateral triangle, Polygons,
Circle 27
Circular areas . 28
1.7 Volume and Surfac. area
Cube, Cylinder, Pyramid 29
Truncated pyramid, Cone.
Truncated cone, Sphere . 30
Composite solids 31
1.8 Mass
General calculations 31
Linear mass density 31
Area mass density . 31
1.9 Centroids
Centroids of lines . 32
Centroids of plane areas 32
33
Bending, Torsion . 47
Shape factors in strength _ . 48
Static moment, Section modulus,
Moment of inertia 49
Comparison of various
cross-sectional shapes 50
2.7 Thermodynamics
Temperatures. Linear
expansion, Shrinkage . 51
Quantity of heat . 51
Heat flux, Heat of combustion . 52
2.8 Electricity
Ohm’s Law, Conductor resistance 53
Resistor circuits _54
Types of current . 55
Electrical work and power . 56Table of Contents
3 Technical drawing
3.1 Basic geometric constructions
Lines and angles . 58
Tangents. Circular arcs, Polygons 59
Inscribed circles. Ellipses, Spirals . 60
Cycloids, Involute curves, Parabolas 61
3.2 Graphs
Cartesian coordinate system 62
Graph types . 63
3.3 Drawing elements
Fonts 64
Preferred numbers, Radii, Scales . 65
Drawing layout 66
Line types . fil
3.4 Representation
Projection methods 69
Views 71
Sectional views 73
Hatching . 75
3.5 Entering dimensions
Dimensioning rules 76
Diameters, Radii, Spheres, Chamfers,
Inclines, Tapers, Arc dimensions . 78
Tolerance specifications . 80
Types of dimensioning . 81
Simplified presentation in drawings 83
4 Materials science
4.1 Materials
Material characteristics of solids . 116
M aterial characteristics of liquids
and gases 117
Periodic table ofthe elements 118
4.2 Designation system for steels
Definition and classification of steel . 120
Material codes, Designation 121
4.3 Steel types. Overview 126
Structural steels 128
Case hardened, quenched and tempered, nitrided, free cutting steels 132
Tool steels . 135
Stainless steels, Spring steels . 136
4.4 Finished st.eel products
Sheet, strip, pipes . 139
Profiles 143
4.5 Heat treatment
Iron-Carbon phase diagram 153
Processes . 154
4.6 Cast iron materials
Designation, Material codes 158
Classification . 159
Cast iron . 160
Malleable cast iron, Cast steel 161
57
3.6 Machine elements
Gear types 84
Roller bearings . 85
Seals . 86
Retaining rings, Springs . 87
3.7 Workpiece elements
Bosses, Workpiece edges . 88
Thread runouts, Thread undercuts . 89
Threads, Screw joints . 90
Center holes, Knurls, Undercuts 91
3.8 Welding and Soldering
Graphical symbols . 93
Dimensioning examples 95
3.9 Surfaces
Hardness specifiCations in drawings 97
Form deviations, Roughness . 98
Surface testing, Surface indications 99
3.10 ISO Tolerances and Fits
Fundamentals 102
Basic hole and basic shaft systems 106
General Tolerances, Roller
bearing frts .110
Fit recommendations . 111
Geometric tolerancing .112
GO&T (Geometric
Dimensioning & Tolerancing) . 113
115
4.7 Foundry technology
Patterns, Pattern equipment 162
Shrinkage allowances,
Dimensional tolerances 163
4.8 Light alloys, Overview of AI alloys 164
Wrought aluminum alloys . 166
Aluminum casting alloys . 168
Aluminum profiles . 169
Magnesium and titanium alloys 172
4.9 Heavy non-ferrous metals,
Overview 173
Designation system 174
Copper alloys 175
4.10 Other metallic materials
Composite materials,
Ceramic materials . 177
Sintered metals 178
4.11 Plastics, Overview 179
Thermoplastics 182
Thermoset plastics, Elastomers 184
Plastics processing 186
4.12 Material testing methods,
Overview 188
Tensile testing 190
Hardness test 192
4.13 Corrosion, Corrosion protection 196
4.14 Hazardous materials 197
56 Table of Contents
5 Machine elements
5.1 Threads (overview) 202
Metric ISO threads . 204
Whitworth threads, Pipe threads 206
Trapezoidal and buttress threads 207
Thread tolerances . 208
5.2 Bolts and screws (overview) . 209
Designations, strength 210
Hexagon head bolts & screws . 212
Other bolts & screws 215
Screw joint calculations . 221
Locking fasteners . 222
Widths across flats, Bolt and
screw drive systems . 223
5.3 Countersinks . 224
Countersinks for countersunk
head screws . 224
Counterbores for cap screws 225
5.4 Nuts (overview) . 226
Designations, Strength . 227
Hexagon nuts . 228
Other nuts . 231
5.5 Washers (overview) 233
Flat washers . 234
HV, Clevis pin, Conical spring washers . 235
5.6 Pins and clevis pins (overview) . 236
Dowel pins, Taper pins, Spring pins . 237
6 Production Engineering
6.1 Quality management
Standards, Terminology . 274
Quality planning, Quality testing 276
Statistical analysis . 277
Statistical process control 279
Process capability . 281
6.2 Production planning
‘Time accounting according to REFA . 282
Cost accounting 284
Machine hourly rates 285
6.3 Machining processes
Productive time . 287
Machining coolants 292
Cutting tool materials, Inserts,
Tool holders . 294
Forces and power . 298
Cutting data: Drilling, Reaming,
Turning . 301
Cutting data: Taper turning . 304
Cutting data: Milling . 305
Indexing . 307
Cutting data: Grinding and honing . 308
6.4 Material removal
Cutting data 313
Processes . 314
6.5 Separation by cutting
Cutting forces 315
201
Grooved pins, Grooved drive studs,
Clevis pins 238
5.7 Shaft-hub connections
Tapered and feather keys 239
Parallel and woodruff keys 240
Splined shafts, Blind rivets 241
Tool tapers . 242
5.8 Springs, components of jigs
and tools
Springs 244
Drill bushings 247
Standard stamping parts 251
5.9 Drive elements
Belts . 253
Gears . 256
Transmission ratios . 259
Speed graph . 260
5.10 Bearings
Plain bearings (overview) . 261
Plain bearing bushings 262
Antifriction bearings (overview) . 263
Types of roller bearings 265
Retaining rings . 269
Sealing elements 270
Lubricating oils 271
Lubricating greases . 272
273
Shearing 316
Location of punch holder shank . 317
6.6 Forming
Bending . 318
Deep drawing 320
6.7 Joining
Welding processes 322
Weld preparation . 323
Gas welding 324
Gas shielded metal arc welding . 325
Arc welding 327
Thermal cutting 329
Identification of gas cylinders . 331
Soldering and brazing . 333
Adhesive bonding 336
6.8 Workplace safety and environmental
protection
Prohibitive signs 338
Warning signs . 339
Mandatory signs,
Escape routes and rescue signs . 340
Information signs . 341
Danger symbols 342
Identification of pipe lines 343
Sound and noise . 344Table of Contents 7
7 Automation and lnfonnation Technology 345
7.1 Basic terminology for control
engineering
Basic terminology, Code letters,
Symbols . 346
Analog controllers . 348
Discontinuous and digital controllers 349
Binary logic 350
7.2 Electrical circuits
Circuit symbols . 351
Designations in circuit diagrams . 353
Circuit diagrams 354
Sensors . 355
Protective precautions . 356
7.3 Function charts and function diagrams
Function charts 358
Function diagrams 361
7.4 Pneumatics and hydraulics
Circuit symbols . 363
Layout of circuit diagrams . 365
Controllers . 366
Hydraulic fluids . 368
Pneumatic cylinders . 369
Forces,Speeds, Po~er 370
Precision steel tube . 372
7.5 Programmable logic control
PLC programming languages . 373
ladder diagram (LO) 374
Function block language (FBU 374
8 Material chart, Standards
8.1 International mat.erial
comparison chart 407
8.2 DIN, DIN EN, ISO etc. standards 412
Subject index
Structured text (STI . 374
Instruction list . 375
Simple functions . 376
7.6 Handling and robot systems
Coordinate systems and axes . 378
Robot designs 379
Grippers, job safety . 380
7.7 Numerical Control INC) technology
Coordinate systems . 381
Program structure according to DIN 382
Tool offset and Cutter compensation . 383
Machining motions as per DIN . 384
Machining motions as per PAL
(German association) 386
PAL programming system for turning . 388
PALprogramming system for milling . 392
7.8 Information technology
Numbering systems . 401
ASCII code . 402
Program flo~ chart, Structograms 403
WORD- and EXEL commands 405
Subject index
Abrasives 309
ABS (IICrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
copolymers) 181. 187
Acceleration 34
Ac<:oloration due to gravity . 36 Acceleration Ioree 36 Acceptance quality level (AOl) 280 Acceptance SBmpling . 280 Ac<:idont prevention regulations with regard to noise protection 344 Ace1yleno cylinders, color coding 332 Acme screw threads . 203 Acrylonitrole butadiene rubber (NBAI 185 Address codes, CNC controls 382 Adhesive bonding . 336 Adhesives. microencapsulated 222 Air consumption or pneumatic cylinders . 369 Air pressure . 42 Aluminum alloys, heat treatment 157 Aluminum casting alloys . 168 Aluminum Cllstings. designation . 168 Aluminum profiles 169- 171 Aluminum profiles, overview 169 Aluminum tubes . 171 Ball bearings . 265, 266 Ball knobs . 248 Basic dimensions 81 Basic geometrical constructions . 58- 61 Basic hole 103 Basic polymers, designation . 180 Basic quantities 20 Basic shaft . 103 Basic units 20 Beam cutting . 329, 330 Beam cutting, areas of application . 329 Bearing foroes 37 Belt drive. transmission ratio . 259 Bending 318,319 Bending load . 47 Bending stress 47 Bending, bending radius 318 Bending, Clllculation of blanks 31B, 319 Bending, spring back . 319 Bevel gears, Clllculation 258 Binary logic . 350 Binary number system . 401 Binomialformula . 15 Blind rivet 241 Block and tackle . 39 A B Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, overview 164 Aluminum, welding fillers 326 Amino plastic molding materials 164 Analog controllers . 348 AND operation . 350, 375, 376 Angular-contact ball bearings . 265 Anti-rotation lock lor SCfOWS 222 Aramide fibers 187 Arc length, dimensionong 78 Arc welding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 327. 328 Arc welding. weld design 328 Area graphs . 63 Argon cylinders, color coding 332 Arrow projection method 70 ASOI code . 402 Austenite . 153 Austenitic steels . 136 Automation 345-406 Auxiliary dimensions 81 Average speed of crank mechanism 35 Axial deep groove ball bearings . 266 Axonometric representation . 69 Boiling temperature . 116, 117 Bolt thread as inclined plane . 39 Bolts and screws 209-221 Bolts and screws for T-slots . 250 Bolts and screws, designation 210 Bolts and screws, head styles . 223 Bolts and screws, overview 209, 210 Bolts, tightening torques . 221 Bonded joints, preparation . 336 Bonded joints. representation 96 Bonded joints, !.Osting . 337 Bonded joints. types . 337 Bosses on turned parts . 88 BA (butadiene rubber) . 185 Brazing materials . 333 Breakeven point . 286 Brinell hardness test . 192 Buckling, load 46 Buoyant force 42 Buttress threads . 207418 Subject index Subject index Cabinet projec1ion 69 Calculations with brackets 15 Captive fastener . 222 Car·bon dioxide cylinders. color coding . 332 Carbon fibers 187 Cartesian coordinate system . 62 Case hardening steels 132 Case hardening steels. heat treatment 155 Case-hardening 154 Cast copper alloys 176 Cast iron with flake graphite 159, 160 Cast iron with spheroidal graphite 159, 160 Cast iron, bainitic . 159 Cast iron, designation system 158 Cast iron, dimensional tolerances . 163 Cast steel 159, 161 Casting tolerance grade 163 Castle nuts . 232 Cavalier projection 69 Cellulose acetate plastics (CAl 181 Cellulose acetobutyrate plastics ICABI . 181 Centrifugal force 37 Centroids, lines 32 Centroids, plane areas 32 Ceramic materials 177 Chamfers, dimensioning . 78 Change in volume . 51 Character sizes . 64 Character types . 64 Chemicals used in metal technology 119 Chlorepoxypropane rubber (COl 185 Circle, area 10. 27 Circle, circumference 27 Circle, finding the center of . 60 Circlips . 269 Circuit diagrams 354 Circuit diagrams, hydraulic 365, 367 Circuit diagrams, pneumatic 365, 366 Circuits, elec1rical . 351- 354 Circular movements of CNC machines . 384. 385 Circularring (annulus), area 28 Circular sector, area 28 Circular segment, area 28 Circumferential velocity, calculating . 34, 35 Clearance fit . 102 Clearance holes for bolts . 211 Clevis pins . 238 Closed loop control, general terms 346 Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act . 197 Coarse threads . 204 Coefficient of linear expansion . 116, 117 c Coeffocient of thermal conductivity 111 Coefficient of volumetric expansion . 116, 117 Coeffocients of friction . 41 Cold work steels 135 Cold work steels. heat treatment 155 Combination signs 341 Combined dimensioning . 82 Composite materials . 177 Compressed-gas cylinders 324 Compressed’iJaS cylinders, color coding . 332 Compression springs 245 Compressive load . 45 Compressive stress . 45 Conductor resistance 53 Cone. surface area and volume . 30 Conical seats 250 Conical spring washers 235 Continuous controllers . 348 Contribution margin 286 Control charact.ers of computers 394 Control dimensions 81 Controlled systems 349 Controllers . 346- 349 Coordinate axes in programming 381 Coordinate dimensioning . 82 Coordinate systems of CNC machines . 381 Copper-tin alloys . 175 Copper-zinc alloys . 175 Corrosion . 196 Corrosion protection 196 Cosine 11.13 Cost accounting . 284 Cost calculation . 284 Cost comparison method . 286 Cotangent . 12, 13 Cotter pins . 232 Counterbores for cap screws and hexagon head bolts 225 Counter nut 222 Countersink depth, calculating . 225 Countersinking, productive time . 289 Countersinks for countersunk head screws 224 Countersinks for screws . 224, 225 Countersunk head screws, slotted 217 Countersunk screws, hexagon socket 216 CR (chloroprene rubber) 185 Cross-section area 73 CSM (chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomers) . 185 Cube root 15 Current density . 54 Currents . 356 Cutting data, drilling . 301Subject index 419 Subject index Cun ing data, grinding 308, 311 Cuning data, honing 312 Cuning date. milling . 305 Cuning data, reaming . 302 Cunlng data, tapping 302 Cunlng data, turning . 303 Cunlng force . 46 Cutting force. drilling 298 D.contro llers 348 Danger critena . 342 Danger symbols . 342 Data processong, graphical symbols . 403. 404 Deceleration force . 36 Decimal system 393 Deep drawing force . 321 Deep drawing, blank diameters 320 Deep drawing, deep drawing force . 321 Deep drawing. drawing gap 320 Deep dr11wing, drawing ratio . 321 Deep drawing, drawing steps 321 Deep drawing, tool radii . 320 Deep groove ball bearings 265 Deep-drawing. hold-down force 321 Defect che n . 281 Deflection . 47 Density, values 116. 117 Description of hazards 342 Detent edged ring 222 Deviations . 102 Diame ter, dime nsioning . 78 Diametric projection . 69 Die clearance 316 Die dimensions 316 EC Directive on Hazardous Substances . 198, 199 Effective length of bent pans . 318, 319 Elastomers . 179, 185 Electric current . 53, 54 Electrical circuit symbols . 351, 352 Electrical circuits 353, 354 Electrical conductance . 53 Electrical engineering, fundamentals . 53- 55 Electricity, quantities and units . 22 Electrochemical series . 196 Electrohydraulic controls . 367 Electropneumatic controls 366 Ellipse. area . 28 Ellipse, constructing 60 Embedding matenals (matrix) for plastics . 187 Energy of position 38 D E Cuning force, face milling 300 Cuning force, specifoc 299 Cuning force, turning 298 Cuning power in face milling . 300 Cuning power, drilling 298 Cutting power, turning . 298 Cuning speed, calcula ting 35 Cutting tool materi&ls . 294, 295 Differential indexing . 307 Digital controllers 349 Dimension lines 76 Oomension num bers 76 Dimensioning rules .n Dimensioning systems 75 Direct costing . 286 Direct costs . 284 Direct Current lOCI 55, 351 Direct indexing 307 Disoontinuous controllers . 349 Disk springs . 246 Disposal of substances . 197 Dividing head . 307 Divisions. dimensioning . 79 Drain plugs . 219 Dnll bushings 247 Drilling cycles 389 Drilling screws . 210 Drilling, cuning data . 301 Drilling, cutting force and cutting powe r . 299 Drilling. problems 306 Drilling, productive time . 289 Dry machining . 293 Energy. kinetic . 38 Energy, potential . 38 EPA (ethylene propylene rubber, EPOM) 185 Equations, solving . 15 Equipment. electrical 353 Erichsen cupping test 191 Escape route and rescue signs 340 Euclidean theorem . 23 Eutectic . 153 Eutectoid 153 EXCEL. commands . 406 Exlension lines . 76 Exlrusion . 186 Eye bolls 219 Eye nuts 231420 Subject index Subject index F110e milling. cutting fOropo<tional-integral) controller 348
PIO (Proportional-integral-differential) controller . 348
Pillar presses . 252
Pins 236-238
Pins. locating . 249
Pins, overview 236
Pins, seating 249
Pipe lines, identification 343
Pipe threads 206
Piston speeds 371
Plain bearing . 261,262
Plain bearing bushings 262
Plain bearing materials 261
Plasma cuning, standard values 329
Plastic prooessing, settings . 186
Plastic processing, tolerances . 186
Plastics 179-187
Plastics testing 195
Plastics, cuning . 301-305
Plastics, distinguishing characteristics 181
Plastics, hardness test 195
Plastics, identification 181
Plastics, material testing . 195
Plastics. tensile load . 195
Plastics, thermal behavior 179
Plateau honing . 312
Plates for pillar presses 251
PLC. controls . 373- 377424 Subject index
Subject index
PLC. programming . 373-376
PLC. programming languages 373- 376
PMMA lpolymethylmethacrylatel plastics 181, 182
Pneumatic circuit symbols 363, 364
Pneumatic cylinders, air consumption . 369
Pneumatic cylinders, dimensions . 369
Pneumatic cylinders, piston forces 369
Pneumatics . 362- 371
Polar coordinate system 63
Polar coordinates in drawings . 82
Polyblends 187
Polyetherctherketone (PEEK) . 187
Polygon. constructlng . 59
Polygon, irregular 27
Polygon, regular 27
Polyimide (PII resin 187
Polyoxidemethylcne (POM, polyacetall resin . 181, 182
Polyphcnyleno sulfide IPPSI plastics . 187
Polystyrene plastics . 180-182
Polysulfone iPSUI plastics 187
Position lolerances 114
Positional dimensions in drawings 81
Positional tolerances 114
Potable water lines, identification marking 343
Potential energv 38
Pour point . 368
Power factor . 56
Power, electrical 56
Power, mechanical 40
Powers lexponentiationl . 15
PP lpolypropylenel plastics 181, 182
PP molding materials 183
PPE & PS plastics . 187
Precision steel1ubes for hydraulic and
pneumatic applications 372
Precision steel tubes, seamless . 142
Preferred numbers 65
Pressed joints, representation . 96
Pressure 42
Pressure intensifoer 370
Pressure units 42
Primary profile IP profile) 98
Prime cost . 284
Probability . 276
Quadratic function . 16
Quality and process capability 281
Quality control 276
Quality control chan . 279
Quality control circle . 276
Quality inspection and testing 276
Quality management . 274-281
a
Pr~bility network . 277
Process capability . 281
Process steps . 280
Production COSts 284
Production engineering 273- 344
Productive time, countersinking 289
Productive time, drilling , . 289
Productive time, grinding 291
Productive time, honing 289
Productive time. material removal processes 313
Productive time, milling . 290
Productrve tome, reaming . 289
Productive time, thread aming 287
Productive lime, 1uming . 287
Productive lime, lurning W1th V consL 288
Program flowchan 404
Program structure of CNC machines . 382
Programmable logic conlroiiPLCI . 373- 377
Prohibitive signs 338
Projec1ion methods . 69, 70
Property classes of bolts and screws . 211
Proportion, calculatmg 18
Proportional conuoller . , . 348
PrOieelive measuresagainst dangerous currents . 356
Proximity sensors . 355
PTFE .181, 187
Pulley, fixed . 39
Pulley, movable 39
Pumping capacity . 371
Pumps, power 371
Punch dimensions 316
Punch holder shanks 251
Punch holder shanks, loc111ion 317
Punches . 251
PUR (polyurethane) foam 185
PUR lpolyurethane) plaslics . 181
Pure aluminum . 164, 166
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastics . 181, 182
PVC·Pplastics (plasticized PVC! . 182
Pyramid. slant height . 29
Pyramid, volume . 29
Pythagorean theorem 23
Pythagorean theorem of heigh! 23
Oualil)’ management. definitions . 275
Quality management, standards . 274
Quality planning 276
Quantity of heat 51
Quenched and 1empered steels . 133
Quenched and tempered steels. heatlreatmenl 156
Quenching and tempering 154Subject index 425
Subject index
A-Phrases lnformatOfY notes on possible hazards
and nslts. 11oc. to the German Hazardous
Substances Regulations IGefStoffV) 199
Radial seals (rotary shaft seals! 270
Radius 65
Radius, dimensioning . 78
Raisod head countersunk screws 217
Raised head countersunk tapping screws . 217
Raised he&d tapping screws 218
Random sample tests, 111tribute testing 280
Random samples . 278
Range (ol samples! 278
Rawdata 277
R11w data chart 279
Reaming, cutting data . 302
Reaming, productive time 289
Recommended safety measures . 200
Recrystallization annealing 153
Rectangle, area . 26
Reference lines . 77
Reference po1nts ol CNC machines 381
Reinforcing fibers . 187
Retaining rings . 269
Retaining rings, representation . 87
Rhomboid, area 26
Rhombus. area . 26
Safety colors 338
Safety factors 44
Safety measures lor robot systems 380
Safety signs 338- 341
Sales price . 284
SAN (styrene-acrylonitrilel copolymers 181, 182
S8 (Styrene-butadiene! copolymers . 180-182, 187
SBA (Styrene-butadiene! rubber . 185
Scales . 65
SCAAA robots . 379
Screw joints, calculation . 221
Screw joints, representation 90
Screw thread standards ofvarious countries 203
Screw threads 202- 208
Seals, representation 86
Second moment olinertia 49
Sectional views 73, 74
Sections, comparison of load capacity . 50
Selection of fits 111
Sensors 355
Sequential charts 359
Sequential control 358. 360, 367
Series circuit 54
Serrated lock washers 222
R
s
Robot axes . 378
Rockwell hardness test . 193
Rod electrodes, designatron 327
Roller bearing fits . 110
Roller bearings 263- 268
Roller bearings, designation 264
Roller bearings, dimension series 264
Roller bearings, overview 263
Roller bearings, representation 85
Roller bearings, selection 263
Rolling friction . 41
Roman numerals . 64
Roots, extracting 15
Rotation, kinetic energy 38
Rough dimensions in drawings . 81
Roughness depth in turning operations . 303
Roughness parameters . 98
Roughness profile (A·prolilel 98
Round bar steels. bright , . 145
Round bar steels, polished . 145
Round steel bar, hot-rolled 144
AS flip-flop 350, 352
Rubbers . 185
Rule-of-ten (for costS) . 276
Run-out tolerances 114
Running dimensioning 82
Serrations, representation 87
Set screws, hexagon socket . 220
Set suews, slotted . 220
Shape dimensions . 81
Shear cutting Ioree . 315
Shearcutting work . 315
Shear load . 46
Shear strength 46
Shear stress 46
Shear test 191
Shearing . 316, 317
Shearing, design of press . 315
Shearing, die dimensions . 316
Shearing, edge width . 3 16
Shearing,edgewidth . 316
Shearing, location of clamping pin . 317
Shearing, punch dimensions . 316
Shearing, utilization of strip stock . 317
Shearing. web width . 316
Sheet and strip metal, overview 139
Sheet metal. cold-rolled 140
Sheet metal, hoi-dip galvanized 141
Sheet metal. hot-rolled . 141
Sheet. hOI·dip galvanized 141426 Subject index
Subject index
Shewhllrt quality control chart 279
Shore hardness test . 195
Shrinkage 51
Shrinkage etlowances 163
Shrinkage chucks 243
Sl quantities and units . 20
Silicone rubber (SIR) . 185
Simple Indexing 307
Sino 11. 13
Simored metals 178
Size factor . 48
Sliding fri<:tion .41
Slip type jig bushong . 247
Slot tenons 250
Slo15, dimensioning . 79
Software con1rollers . 349
Soldering . 335
Solders . 333. 334
Solid lubricants 272
Solids, characteristics 116, 117
Sound level 344
Sound, definitions . 344
SPC (statistical process control) . 279
Special characters, CNC machines 382
Special characters, computers 402
Speciroc cuning force standard values . 298
Specific heat 116, 117
Speed graph . 260
Speeds of machines . 35
Sphere, dimensioning . 78
Sphere, surface area and volume . 30
Spherical segment, surface area and volume 30
Spherical washers . 250
Spiral, construction . 60
Spllned shaft joints 241
Splines, representation 87
Spreadsheets . 406
Spring back in bending 319
Spring force .36
Spring lodt washers 222
Spring pins 237
Spring rate . 244, 245
Spring steel wire 138
Spring steel, hot-rolled . 138
Spring washers 222
Springs, representation 87
Springs: tension, compression, disk 244-246
Sprockets, representation 84
Spur gears, calculating 256, 257
Square prism, area . 29
Square prism, volume . 29
Square root 10, 15
Square steel bar, hot-rolled 144
Square, area . 26
Square, dimensioning .n
Stainless steels . 136, 137
Standard deviation 2’78
Standardization, regulation body . 8
Star knob 249
Static friction 41
Statistical analysis 2n
Statistical process control . 279
Steel bars, bright 145
Steel bars, hot-rolled . 144
Steel channel 146
Steel sections. hot·rolled 143
Steel sheet . 139-141
Steel tubes . 142, 372
Steel tubes, hot·rolled 151
Steel tubes, seamless 142, 372
Steel tubes, welded . 151
Steel wire for springs, patented drawn . 138
Steels for name and induction hardening . 134
Steels, alloying elements . 129
Steels, classification . 120
Steels, identifiCIItion codes 122-125
Steels, numbering system . 121
Steels, overview . 126, 127
Steep tape< shanks . 242
Strength of mat.erials . 43- 50
Stress concentration 48
Stress limits 43
Stress relief anneal 153, 154
Stress. allowable 41, 48
Strip steel, cold-rolled . 139, 140
Strip stock utilization in shearing . 317
Structural steels. carbon . 130
Structural steels, quenched and tempered 131
Structural steels. selecting . 128, 129
S1ructural tee steel, equal legs 146
Structured tex1 (ST) . 373, 374
Stub-Aane screw threads 203
Studs . 219
Sub-dividing lengths 24
Surface profile . 98
Surface areas. calculation 29, 30
Surface condition factor . 48
Surface finish 99
Surface indications . 99, 100
Surface pressure, stress . 45
Surface protection . 196
Surface roughness, attainable . 101
Switching controllers 349
Symbols. mathematical 19-22
Syrochronous belts 255
Synchronous pulleys 255
Systems for rots . 103Subject index 427
Subject index
T·slots . 250
Tally sheet 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2n
Tangent 12
Top hole diameter for tapping screws 218
Tap holes. drill . 204
Taper pins . 237
Taper turning 304
Tapered keys . 239
Tapered roller bearings . oo oo 267
Tapered threads . 205
Tapers, dimensioning . 00 78
Tapers, nomenclature . 00 304
Tapping drill holes, diameter 204
Tapping screw threads 00 00 00 . 00 00 00 00 . 202
Tapping screws 00 00 00. 00 00. 00. 00 00 . 00. 217, 218
Technical drawing . 57-114
Temperature 0 0 51
Theorem of Intersecting lines . 14
Thermal conduction 52
Thermal conductivity, definition . 52
Thermal conductivity, values . 116, 117
Thermodynamic temperature (Kelvin! . 51
Thermodynamics 00 00 . 00 . 00 00 00 22. 51, 52
Thermoplastics 00 00 00 . 00 00. 179, 182, 183
Thermoplastics, amorphous 179
Thermoplastics, semi~alline 179
Thermoset molding materials . 184
Thermoset plastics 00 00. 00 . 00 oo 00.00 00 179
Thread cunlng, productive time 287
Thread forming screws . 218
Thread molding, cuning data 302
Thread runouts . 89
Thread topping, cuning data . 00 . 302
Thread tolerance 0 208
Thread types, overview 202. 203
Thread undercuts 0 00 0 00 0 89
Threads, dimensioning 0 . 79
Threads, multiple start 0 00 . 202
Threads, representation 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 90
Three steps for direct proportions 18
Three·phase current 55
UF (urea formaldehyde) resin . 180, 181
UF molding materials . 184
UF PMC molding materials 00 0 00 00 00 00 184
UF/MF-PMC plastics o. 0 0 0 0 184
UNC screw threads . 00 00 00 00. 00. 00 00 . 203
Undercuts 00 00 92
UNEF screw threads . 0 00 0. 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 . 0 00. 203
UNF screw threads 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 203
Unit prefixes 0. 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 00 . 17, 22
T
u
Three-phase power . 00 00 00 . 00 00 00 00 56
Three-point controller , . 00 349
Thrust pads 0 248
litle block in drawings . 00 00 00 00 66
Tolerance class . 00 00 0 00 102
Tolerance grade . , . 102
Tolerance lnd~ations in drawings , . 80
Tolerancesofform oooooooooo oo oo oo o 113
Tolerances of POSition 00 00 00 00 00 00 114
Tolerances, dimensioning 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80
Tolerances. ISO system 00 00. 00 00 00 00 103
Tool holders for inde)(able tnserts 297
Torque 0 0 . 37
Torsion, loading 00 00 00 00 00 . 0 00 00 0 47
Total run-out tolerances . 114
Transformers . 56
Transition fir 00 00 00 00 . 00 00 102
Transmission ratios 259
Trapezoid, area . 26
Trapezoidal screw threads . 207
Triangle, area 26
Triangle, constructing circumscribed circle 0 60
Triangle. constructing inscribed circle . 60
Triangle. equilateral . 00 0 27
Truncated cone, surface area and volume 30
Truncated pyramid, volume . 30
Tubes . 142, 151
Turning cycles . 0. 0 0 388- 391
Turning with v= const productive rime 288
Turning, cuning data . 00 00 00 00 00 00 303
Turning. cuning force and cuning power 0 0 0 0 0 298
Turning, cycles ace. to PAL
(German association) . 388- 391
Turning, problems . 0 306
Turning, pmductive time 00 00 00 00 00. 00 00. 00 00 287
Turning, roughness depch 00. 00 00 00. 00 00 0 00 303
Types of adhesives 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 336
Units of measurement 0 20
UNS screw threads 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 203
UP (unsaturated polyester resin) 0 0 0 0 180, 181
UPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride! . 181, 182
Urea fonnaldehyde molding materials 184
Urea{melamine IO<maldehyde molding
materials 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 184
Utilization time ace. to REFA
(German association for work time studies) . 283428 Subject index
Subject index
V·bolt , , . 253, 254
V·belt pulleys 254
Variable costs 286
Velocity . 34, 308
V1bration tost . 222
Vickers hardness test . 193
Views in drawings . 71, 72
Warning signs . 339
Washers . 233- 235
Washers for cap screws 234
Washers for channels and 1-beams 235
Washers for clevis p4ns . 235
Washers for hexagon bolts and nuts . 233. 234
Washers for steel st ructures 234. 235
Waste Disposal Act (Germani 197
Web width in shear cutting . 316
Wedge as en Inclined plane 39
Weight 36
Weld design for arc welding . 328
Weld nuts, hexagonal . 232
Weld preparation . 323
Weldable fine-grain structural steels . 131
Welding . 322- 330
Welding and soldering, dimensioning 95, 96
Welding and soldering, graphical symbols . 93- 95
Welding and soldering, representation . 93- 95
Welding fillers for aluminum . 326
Welding methods . 322
Xenon cylinders. color coding 332
v
w
X
V1scosity grade . 271
VISCOSity, kinematic 368
Voltage 53. 54
Vohage drop . 54
Volume of compound solids 31
Volume. calculaling 31
Volume, units 20
Welding pOSotlons . 322
Welding, general tolerances . 322
White cast iron . 159
Widths across Rats. dimension series 223
Widths across Rats. dimensioning . n
Wire electrodes . 325
Wire, electrical . 353
Woodruff keys 240
Word processing 405
Work. electrical 56
Work. mechanical . 38
Worm drive. calculating 258
Worm drive, transmission ratio 259
Wrought aluminum alloys, designation . 165
Wrought aluminum alloys, heat treatable . 167
Wrought aluminum alloys, matenal codes . 165
Wrought aluminum alloys, non-heat treatable . 166
Wrought capper-aluminum alloys 176
Wrought copper-nickel-zinc alloys . 176
Wrought titanium alloys . 172

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