Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment

اسم المؤلف

Maxine A,Papadafcis, Stephen J, McPhee, Michael W, Rahow

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2 أبريل 2022

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585

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Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment
a LANGE medical book 2020
Edited by
Maxine A,Papadafcis,MD
Professor of Medicine Emeritus
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
Stephen J, McPhee, MD
Professor of Medicine, Emeritus
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
ds5ooflte Editor
Michael W, Rahow,MD
Professor of Medicine and Urology
Division of Palliative Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
With Associate Authors
Contents
Authors
Preface

Disease Prevention & Health Promotion
Michael Pignone, MD, MPH, & René Salazar, MD
Common Symptoms
Paul L. Nadler, MD, & Ralph Gonzales, MD, MSPH
Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Management
Hugo Q. Cheng, MD
Geriatric Disorders
G. Michael Harper, MD, C. Bree Johnston, MD, MPH, & C. Seth Landefeld, MD
Palliative Care & Pain Management
Michael W. Rabow, MD, Steven Z. Pantilat, MD, Ann Cai Shah, MD, Lawrence
Poree, MD, MPH, PhD, & Scott Steiger, MD
Dermatologic Disorders
Kanade Shinkai, MD, PhD, & Lindy P. Fox, MD
Disorders of the Eyes & Lids
Jacque L. Duncan, MD, Neeti B. Parikh, MD, Gerami D. Seitzman, MD, & Paul
Riordan-Eva, FRCOphth
Ear, Nose, & Throat Disorders
Lawrence R. Lustig, MD, & Joshua S. Schindler, MD
Pulmonary Disorders
Asha N. Chesnutt, MD, Mark S. Chesnutt, MD, Niall T. Prendergast, MD, &
Thomas J. Prendergast, MD
Heart DiseaseThomas M. Bashore, MD, Christopher B. Granger, MD, Kevin P. Jackson, MD, &
Manesh R. Patel, MD
Systemic Hypertension
Michael Sutters, MD, MRCP (UK)
Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders
Warren J. Gasper, MD, Joseph H. Rapp, MD, & Meshell D. Johnson, MD
Blood Disorders
Lloyd E. Damon, MD, & Charalambos Babis Andreadis, MD, MSCE
Disorders of Hemostasis, Thrombosis, & Antithrombotic Therapy
Andrew D. Leavitt, MD, & Tracy Minichiello, MD
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Kenneth R. McQuaid, MD
Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders
Lawrence S. Friedman, MD
Breast Disorders
Armando E. Giuliano, MD, FACS, FRCSEd, & Sara A. Hurvitz, MD, FACP
Gynecologic Disorders
Jason Woo, MD, MPH, FACOG, & Rachel K. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG
Obstetrics & Obstetric Disorders
Vanessa L. Rogers, MD, & Scott W. Roberts, MD
Rheumatologic, Immunologic, & Allergic Disorders
David B. Hellmann, MD, MACP, & John B. Imboden Jr., MD
Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders
Naomi B. Anker, MD, & Kerry C. Cho, MD
Kidney Disease
Tonja C. Dirkx, MD, & Tyler Woodell, MD, MCR23. Urologic Disorders
Mathew Sorensen, MD, MS, FACS, Thomas J. Walsh, MD, MS, & Kevin A.
Ostrowski, MD
Nervous System Disorders
Vanja C. Douglas, MD, & Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc, FRCP
Psychiatric Disorders
Kristin S. Raj, MD, Nolan Williams, MD, & Charles DeBattista, DMH, MD
Endocrine Disorders
Paul A. Fitzgerald, MD
Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia
Umesh Masharani, MB, BS, MRCP (UK)
Lipid Disorders
Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH, & Robert B. Baron, MD, MS
Nutritional Disorders
Katherine H. Saunders, MD, Leon I. Igel, MD, FACP, FTOS, & Robert B. Baron,
MD, MS
Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy
Peter V. Chin-Hong, MD, & B. Joseph Guglielmo, PharmD
HIV Infection & AIDS
Mitchell H. Katz, MD
Viral & Rickettsial Infections
Wayne X. Shandera, MD, & Eva Clark, MD, PhD
Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections
Bryn A. Boslett, MD, & Brian S. Schwartz, MD
Spirochetal Infections
Susan S. Philip, MD, MPH35. Protozoal & Helminthic Infections
Philip J. Rosenthal, MD
Mycotic Infections
Stacey R. Rose, MD, & Richard J. Hamill, MD
Disorders Related to Environmental Emergencies
Jacqueline A. Nemer, MD, FACEP, & Marianne A. Juarez, MD
Poisoning
Craig Smollin, MD, & Kent R. Olson, MD
Cancer
Patricia A. Cornett, MD, Tiffany O. Dea, PharmD, BCOP, Sunny Wang, MD,
Lawrence S. Friedman, MD, Carling Ursem, MD, Kenneth R. McQuaid, MD, &
George Schade, MD
Genetic & Genomic Disorders
Reed E. Pyeritz, MD, PhD
Sports Medicine & Outpatient Orthopedics
Anthony Luke, MD, MPH, & C. Benjamin Ma, MD
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Health
Juno Obedin-Maliver, MD, MPH, MAS, Patricia A. Robertson, MD, Kevin L.
Ard, MD, MPH, Kenneth H. Mayer, MD, & Madeline B. Deutsch, MD, MPH
e1. Anti-Infective Chemotherapeutic & Antibiotic Agents Online*
Katherine Gruenberg, PharmD, & B. Joseph Guglielmo, PharmD
e2. Diagnostic Testing & Medical Decision Making Online*
Chuanyi Mark Lu, MD
e3. Information Technology in Patient Care Online*
Russ Cucina, MD, MS
e4. Integrative Medicine Online*
Darshan Mehta, MD, MPHe5. Podiatric Disorders Online*
Monara Dini, DPM, & Charles B. Parks, DPM
e6. Women’s Health Issues Online*
Megan McNamara, MD, MSc, & Judith Walsh, MD, MPH
e7. Appendix: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Laboratory Reference Intervals, &
Pharmacogenetic Tests Online*
Chuanyi Mark Lu, MD
Index
Index
Please note that index links point to page beginnings from the print edition. Locations
are approximate in e-readers, and you may need to page down one or more times after
clicking a link to get to the indexed material.
NOTE: Page numbers in boldface type indicate a major discussion. A t following a page number indicates tabular
material, and f following a page number indicates a figure. Drugs are listed under their generic names.
AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), 1116
AA (secondary) amyloidosis, 438, 555, 964. See also Amyloidosis
AAAS gene, 1188
Abacavir, 1376t, 1379, 1379–1381, 1385. See also Antiretroviral therapy
in combination regimens, 1379, 1380t, 1381, 1385, 1386t. See also Epzicom;
Triumeq; Trizivir
HLA-B-associated drug hypersensitivity and, 899, 1379
Abaloparatide, 1181–1182, 1227
Abatacept, 856
ABCB4 gene, 744
ABCD scores, 1012, 1013
ABCDE rule/features, 115, 115f
Abciximab, 380, 385, 573t. See also Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors, drugs blocking
Abdominal abscess/infection, 670, 1335t, 1501, 1502t, 1503
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 5, 6t, 496–498
Abdominal compartment syndrome, 1589
Abdominal imaging, in poisoning/drug overdose, 1604
Abdominal pain/tenderness, 593–595. See also specific cause
Abemaciclib, 773–774, 774
Abetalipoproteinemia, vitamin E deficiency and, 1046, 1299
ABIC score, 713
Abiraterone, 1188, 1641t, 1679, 1680, 1680t
abl gene, 539, 540
Abnormal illness behaviors, 1079–1080
Abnormal sleep behaviors, 1112
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)endometrial carcinoma and, 782, 792
leiomyomas (fibroids) causing, 791
ovulatory dysfunction, 780, 781
polycystic ovary syndrome and, 799
postmenopausal, 782
premenopausal, 780–782
ABO system, 557
Abortion
anaerobic infection after, 1502
elective/induced, 810
IUDs and, 808
recurrent, 823
spontaneous, 821–823
Abortive poliomyelitis, 1411
Abscesses, 163–164, 1365, 1467t. See also specific disorder
abdominal, 670, 1335t, 1501, 1502t
anaerobic, 1335t, 1500, 1501
anorectal/perianal, 670, 671, 689–690
in bacterial rhinosinusitis, 230
brain, 220, 230, 1027–1028, 1319, 1320–1321, 1335t, 1501, 1504
in Crohn disease, 669, 670, 690
deep neck, 243
in drug users, 1324
epidural, 220, 889
intravascular. See Septic thrombophlebitis
liver
amebic, 1545, 1546, 1546–1547, 1547t
pyogenic, 733–734
lung, 280, 287–289, 1572
in mycetoma, 1579
mycobacteria causing, 1505
myocardial, endocarditis and, 1482, 1483
pancreatic, 748, 749, 751
pelvic, 1501–1502
perforated appendicitis and, 658
peritonsillar, 242–243soft tissue/subcutaneous, 1467t
in spinal tuberculosis, 890
staphylococcal, 163, 1472, 1472f
Absence (petit mal)/atypical absence seizures, 1003t, 1005. See also Seizures
Absidia (Lichtheimia) infection, 231, 1577
Abstinence syndrome, 1120
Abuse, 1112, 1113. See also specific type and Domestic violence; Violence
prevention of, 15–16
Acalabrutinib, 549
Acamprosate, 16, 1116
Acanthamoeba keratitis, 188
Acanthocytes, 931
Acanthosis nigricans, 1232, 1232f
Acarbose, 1238t, 1241–1242, 1616
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm, 393, 413
Accessory atrioventricular pathways, 403, 404–405
ACE inhibitors. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Acebutolol, 475t, 1611
Acetaminophen (paracetamol), 35, 84, 87t, 89
in analgesic nephropathy, 965
contraindications to in heat stroke, 1583
with opioid analgesics, 89, 95t
for osteoarthritis, 847
overdose/toxicity of, 702, 703, 703–704, 847, 1601t, 1604t, 1605–1606, 1605f
anion gap acidosis and, 1604
hepatotoxicity/liver failure and, 84, 89, 702, 703, 703–704, 714, 847, 1605, 1605f
Acetate, 909t
Acetazolamide, 189, 191, 209t, 1029, 1051, 1594, 1595
Acetoacetate, 923, 924
Acetohexamide, 1237, 1238t
Acetonitrile, cyanide poisoning and, 1613
Acetylcholine, 1066, 1067
Acetylcholine receptor antibodies
in cancer-related neuropathy, 1029
in myasthenia gravis, 1065, 1066
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. See Anticholinesterases
Acetylcysteine, 703, 1601t, 1604t, 1606Achalasia, 621t, 633–634
Achlorhydria, 638
Acid-antisecretory agents, 595, 623, 625, 634, 641, 645. See also Antacids; H2 receptor
blocking drugs; Proton pump inhibitors
Acid-base disorders, 911t, 921–929, 922t. See also Acidosis; Alkalosis
in kidney disease/renal failure, 911t, 935, 944f, 946
mixed, 922
step-by-step analysis and, 922
Acid-fast rods, treatment of infections caused by, 1333t
Acid-1,4-glucosidase mutation, 1069
Acid maltase deficiency, 1069
Acidosis, 921. See also Ketoacidosis
anion gap. See Anion gap/anion gap acidosis
dilutional, 925
drowning and, 1586–1587
hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronemic, 925, 925t, 926
in kidney disease/renal failure, 911t, 924, 935, 944f, 946. See also Renal tubular
acidosis
lactic, 923, 924, 1262t, 1267–1268. See also Lactic acidosis
metabolic. See Metabolic acidosis
in methemoglobinemia, 1620
in poisoning/drug overdose, 1604
renal tubular, 911t, 924–925, 925t, 926. See also Renal tubular acidosis
respiratory. See Respiratory acidosis
in respiratory failure, 331–332, 928
rewarming, 1584
salicylate overdose/toxicity causing, 1623
uremic, 924
Acids, corrosive, 208, 1606–1607
Aciduria, paradoxic, 927
Acinetobacter infections, 1331t
Acitretin, 120, 155, 212t
Aclidinium, 273
Acne/acne vulgaris, 135–137, 136f
antibiotics for, 109t, 137
inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa), 164
rosacea and, 136, 138steroid, 136
testosterone replacement therapy and, 1211
Acoustic neuroma/neurinoma (vestibular schwannoma/eighth nerve tumors), 227, 1024t,
1030
Acoustic trauma. See Noise trauma
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). See HIV infection/AIDS
Acral erythema, chemotherapy-induced, 1696
Acral-lentiginous melanoma, 115
Acrocyanosis, 862
Acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans, 1523, 1525t
Acromegaly, 1134–1136
hirsutism/virilization and, 1214
hyperprolactinemia and, 1136, 1137
Acropachy, thyroid, 1150, 1156
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Actinic dermatitis, 165
Actinic (ultraviolet) keratitis, 208
Actinic keratoses, 129, 150, 154
Actinic prurigo, 165
Actinobacillus/Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. See HACEK organisms
Actinomyces/Actinomyces israelii (actinomycosis), 1332t, 1503–1504
Actinomycetoma, 1579
Activated charcoal, 1602
Activated protein C. See Protein C
Activities of daily living (ADLs)–instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs),
assessment of, 56–57
Acupuncture, for migraine prophylaxis, 998, 998t
Acute adrenal crisis, 1187–1188, 1189, 1191
Acute angle-closure glaucoma/crisis, 189. See also Glaucoma
Acute arterial limb occlusion, 492–493
Acute cardiogenic liver injury, 732
Acute chest syndrome, 527
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie syndrome), 655–656
Acute confusional state. See Delirium
Acute coronary syndromes, 382, 383. See also Myocardial infarction; Non–ST-segment
elevation syndromes
chest pain/discomfort in, 26–29, 27t, 383risk assessment/management and, 26–27, 28, 386–387, 386t
perioperative, 47–49, 48t
without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI), 382–387, 384f, 386t. See also Non–STsegment elevation syndromes
ST-segment elevation (STEMI), 26–29, 27t, 369, 382, 387–397. See also
Myocardial infarction
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, 702–703, 842–843
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), 1411
coxsackievirus infection and, 1450
enteroviruses causing, 1411, 1451
in West Nile infection, 1415–1416
Acute idiopathic polyneuropathy. See Guillain-Barré syndrome
Acute intermittent porphyria, 1056, 1699–1700, 1700t
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), 305t
Acute kidney injury (acute renal failure), 931, 934–941, 935t. See also Kidney disease
acute tubular necrosis causing, 935t, 937–939
cardiorenal syndrome and, 941
celecoxib causing, 89, 847
cirrhosis and (hepatorenal syndrome), 721
glomerulonephritis causing, 935t, 940–941
GLP-1 receptor agonist use and, 1243
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state and, 1266
hypertensive emergency and, 485t
interstitial nephritis causing, 931, 935t, 939–940
intrinsic, 935t, 937
pancreatitis and, 746, 748
in plasma cell myeloma, 551, 552, 553, 938, 969
postoperative, 54, 54t
postrenal, 935t, 936–937
prerenal, 935, 935–936, 935t
in tumor lysis syndrome, 938, 1691
Acute leukemia, 542–545, 1629t
Acute liver failure, 702–704. See also Liver (hepatic) failure
Acute lung injury
ARDS as, 334–336, 334t
transfusion-related, 559Acute lymphoblastic/lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 543, 544, 544–545, 545, 1629t
Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 1058
Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), 1058
Acute mountain sickness (AMS), 1593, 1594
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 534, 543, 544, 545, 1629t
Acute-on-chronic liver failure, 702, 703, 704, 712
Acute pain, 83, 83–84. See also Pain; Pain management
Acute paralytic (adynamic) ileus, 654–655
Acute-phase response, 1180
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, 746
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), 543
Acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness), 1591
Acute renal failure. See Acute kidney injury
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 334–336, 334t. See also Respiratory
failure
in burn injury, 1588, 1589
gastric aspiration and, 319, 334
in MERS/MERS-CoV, 1444
in pancreatitis, 748, 749
smoke inhalation and, 319
Acute respiratory failure, 331–334, 332t. See also Acute respiratory distress syndrome;
Respiratory failure
Acute retinal necrosis, 201, 1390
Acute stress disorder, 1073
Acute tubular necrosis, 931, 935t, 937–939
rhabdomyolysis and, 869, 938
Acyclovir, 1392t
for herpes simplex infections, 117, 130, 131, 183t, 187, 240–241, 627, 841, 1312–
1313, 1356t, 1364, 1391, 1392t, 1393, 1696
for herpes zoster/VZV infection, 188, 839, 1004, 1356t, 1364, 1392t, 1397
nephrotoxicity of, 937, 1392t
during pregnancy, 839, 841, 1397
Adalimumab, 120, 668, 672–673, 676, 855, 882. See also Anti-TNF agents
Adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine), 1439, 1442
ADAMTS-13 (von Willebrand factor cleaving protease), 565, 566, 566t
Adapalene, 137
Addiction (drug). See Drug addiction; Substance use disordersAddison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency), 1187–1191. See also Adrenal
insufficiency
acute adrenal crisis/shock and, 510t, 511, 513, 1187–1188, 1189, 1191
congenital, 1188
hyperkalemia and, 912, 1190
hyponatremia and, 904, 904f, 907, 1190
perioperative corticosteroid replacement and, 54
Adductor canal, femoral artery disease and, 489
Adefovir, 705
Adenoma sebaceum, 1030
Adenomas. See specific type or structure affected
Adenomatous polyposis coli gene. See APC gene
Adenomatous polyps, 681
colorectal cancer and, 681–682, 1666, 1667, 1670, 1672
familial, 683–684
nonfamilial, 681, 681–683
screening tests for, 682, 683, 684
Adenomyomatosis, biliary tract/gallbladder, 737t, 738
Adenomyosis, 783–784
Adenopathy. See Lymphadenopathy
Adenosine, 399t, 400, 403
Adenosine deaminase, in tuberculosis, 291, 326
Adenosine deaminase 2 mutation, 873, 874
Adenosine triphosphatase, copper-transporting (ATP7B) mutation, 729
Adenosylcobalamin, 522. See also Vitamin B12
Adenovirus Ebola virus vaccine, 1426
Adenovirus infections, 1444–1445
conjunctivitis/keratoconjunctivitis, 178, 1445
diarrhea/gastroenteritis, 603t, 604, 1445
Adherence/nonadherence, 1–2. See also specific disorder
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder), 1715–1716
Adipose tissue. See Body fat
Adjustment disorders, 1071–1072
with depressed mood, 1095
illness/hospitalization and, 1125
suicide risk and, 1097Adjuvant chemotherapy. See also Chemotherapy
for bladder cancer, 1683
for breast cancer, 766–767, 768, 768–769, 768t, 1631t
in older women, 771
for colorectal cancer, 1669, 1670
for gastric adenocarcinoma, 1661
for lung cancer, 1644, 1645
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine, 1636t. See also Trastuzumab
Adolescents
antidepressant use/suicide risk and, 1098
glycemic targets in, 1253t
gynecomastia in, 1212, 1213
Adoption, for sexual and gender minorities, 1745
ADPKD1/ADPKD2 genes, 967
Adrenal adenoma, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1202
hyperaldosteronism caused by, 459, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1202
in MEN, 1205t, 1206
Adrenal carcinoma, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1214, 1632t
Adrenal cortex
diseases of, 1187–1197. See also specific disorder
in hypopituitarism, 1128
hyperplasia of, 1188
aldosteronism caused by, 459, 1195, 1197
amenorrhea and, 1217
congenital, 1188
Cushing syndrome caused by, 1192
hirsutism/virilization and, 1214, 1215, 1216
in MEN, 1206
hypoplasia/atrophy of, 1128, 1188
tumors of. See Adrenal tumors
Adrenal crisis, 1187–1188, 1189, 1191
Adrenal hemorrhage, 1188
Adrenal incidentalomas, 1196, 1198, 1202–1203
Adrenal insufficiency, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1187–1191. See also Addison disease
acute adrenal crisis and, 1187–1188, 1189, 1191
amenorrhea and, 1217
central, 1128, 1129congenital, 1188
corticosteroids causing, 1226
in HIV infection/AIDS, 1363–1364
hyperkalemia and, 912, 1190
hyponatremia and, 904, 904f, 907, 1190
hypopituitarism/pituitary surgery and, 1128
meningococcemia and (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome), 1188
perioperative corticosteroid replacement and, 54
shock and, 510t, 511, 513
Adrenal nodules, incidentally discovered, 1196, 1198, 1202–1203
Adrenal tumors
amenorrhea caused by, 1217
cancer, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1214, 1632t
cortical
ACTH-secreting, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1202
aldosterone-secreting, 459, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1202
cortisol-secreting, 1192, 1193
hirsutism/virilization caused by, 1214, 1215
medullary. See Pheochromocytoma
in MEN, 1205t, 1206
Adrenal vein sampling, in aldosteronism, 1196
Adrenocortical carcinoma, 1192, 1194, 1195
Adrenocortical insufficiency. See Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenocorticosteroids. See Corticosteroids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 1127
adrenal tumor secreting, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1202
corticosteroids affecting secretion of, 1226
Cushing syndrome (independent/dependent) and, 1193
deficiency/suppression of, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1189–1190.
See also Adrenal insufficiency
ectopic/hypersecretion of, 1191–1192, 1192–1193, 1193, 1194, 1195
gastroenteropancreatic NETs secreting, 1191, 1204
in hypercortisolism/Cushing syndrome, 1191, 1192, 1192–1193, 1193
pituitary adenoma secreting, 1191, 1193, 1194
Adrenoleukodystrophy, 1188, 1189, 1190
Aducanumab, 1041
Adult Still disease, 856Adult T-cell deficiencies, 900t
Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATL), 1423, 1423–1424
Adulthood ductopenia, idiopathic, 744
Advance care planning/advance directives, 77
lesbian/bisexual women/WSW/WSWM and, 1747
Adynamic bone disease, 945
Adynamic (paralytic) ileus, 654–655
Aerodigestive tract. See also specific structure
foreign bodies in, 251–252
Aeromonas, diarrhea and, 603t, 604, 607
Aerophagia, 602
Aerophobia, 1413
Aerosols, sniffing, 1123
Afatinib, 1637t, 1645
Affect, in schizophrenia/psychotic disorders, 1087
Aflatoxin exposure, 1649
Aflibercept, 196, 197, 1669
African American patients. See Black patients
African tick bite fever, 1453t, 1458
African trypanosomiasis, 1527–1528, 1528t
Age/aging. See also Older adults
anemia associated with, 518
breast cancer risk/prognosis and, 757, 758t, 776
cataracts and, 193
colorectal cancer risk and, 1667
dementia and, 58–61, 1039, 1039t. See also Dementia
entropion/ectropion and, 177
glycemic targets and, 1253t
hearing loss/presbyacusis and, 70–71, 213, 221
perioperative pulmonary assessment/management and, 50
sleep affected by, 1110
testosterone levels and
in men, 1208
in women, 1223
vision impairment/presbyopia and, 70
weight loss and, 36, 68
Age-related hypogonadism, 1207, 1208Age-related macular degeneration/maculopathy, 195–196
Agglutinins
cold, 530–531
febrile, 1309
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/aphrophilus. See HACEK organisms
Aggression, 1112–1113. See also Violence
Aging. See Age/aging
Agitation, 60, 74–75. See also Delirium
Agnosia, tumors causing, 1024
Agoraphobia, 1074, 1076
Agrammatic/nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia, 1039t
Agranulocytosis, 533. See also Neutropenia
clozapine causing, 1034, 1092
mirtazapine causing, 1101–1102
thiourea therapy causing, 1152
Agrin antibodies, 1066
Aid in dying (physician-assisted death), 79–80, 80t
AIDS. See HIV infection/AIDS
Air pollution, pulmonary disorders and, 255, 270
Air travel
barotrauma and, 217
lower extremity edema/venous thromboembolism and, 32, 1595, 1596
medical safety/patient selection and, 1595–1596
during pregnancy, 819, 1596
AIRE gene, 1228
Airway disorders, 254–279. See also specific type
obstruction
dyspnea and, 23, 23t, 24
by food/“café coronary,” 320
foreign body causing, 251
of lower airways, 254–255
occupational disorders and, 322
during sleep (sleep apnea), 244, 330–331, 1111
tracheostomy/cricothyrotomy for, 251
of upper airways, 254
respiratory failure and, 332tstridor and, 246
thermal injury/smoke inhalation and, 319, 1588
Airway management. See also Intubation
burn injury/smoke inhalation and, 319, 1588
for coma, 1597
tracheostomy and cricothyrotomy in, 251
AJCC/UICC stage classification, 1643
Akathisia, 1093
Akinetic mutism (persistent vegetative state), 1049
AL (primary) amyloidosis, 438, 439, 555, 964. See also Amyloidosis
Al-Anon, 1116
ALADIN protein, 1188
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 692, 693t, 694t. See also specific disorder affecting
Albendazole
for ascariasis, 1558
for clonorchiasis/opisthorchiasis, 1554
for cutaneous larva migrans, 1562
for cysticercosis, 1556
for enterobiasis/pinworms, 1560
for filariasis, 1564
for giardiasis, 1550
for hookworm disease, 1559
for hydatid disease, 1557
for microsporidiosis, 1549
for strongyloidiasis, 1560
for toxocariasis, 1562
for trichinosis, 1561
for trichuriasis/whipworm, 1558
Albinism, 168
Albinism-associated storage pool disease, 572
Albumin. See also Hypoalbuminemia
ascitic fluid, 617–618. See also Serum-ascites albumin gradient
calcium levels and, 913, 915
in liver disease/jaundice, 693t, 712, 719
monitoring, in gender-affirming hormone therapy, 1761t
for peritonitis, 619
in protein-losing enteropathy, 659Albuminuria, 932, 963, 1255. See also specific cause and Proteinuria
Albuterol
for asthma, 261t, 262, 262t
for COPD, 273, 274
for cystic fibrosis, 278
for hyperkalemia, 914t
Alcaftadine, 183t
Alclometasone, 107t
Alcohol, for neurolysis, 104–105
Alcohol-based antiseptics/hand sanitizers, 1316, 1440, 1441
Alcohol use disorder (alcohol misuse/alcoholism), 3t, 16–17, 1114–1120, 1118–1119f
acute intoxication/poisoning, 1114, 1604t, 1615–1616
aggressive/violent behavior and, 1112
amnestic syndrome and, 1124
at-risk/risky drinking and, 16, 1114, 1116
breast cancer risk and, 758
cardiomyopathy and, 432, 433
cirrhosis and, 711–714, 719
hepatocellular carcinoma and, 713, 717, 724, 1649, 1650
coma and, 1262t, 1598
complications associated with, 1115–1116, 1124t
Cushing syndrome/hypercortisolism and, 1193
delirium caused by, 1115, 1119, 1124t
depression and, 1096
differential diagnosis of, 1115
fatty liver and, 712
folic acid deficiency and, 524
gastritis/dyspepsia and, 594, 595, 637
hepatitis and, 711–714
hypertension and, 10, 458, 462t
hyperuricemia/gout and, 848, 850
hypoglycemia and, 1119, 1268t, 1269, 1274
hypophosphatemia and, 918
immunization recommendations in, 1341t
ketoacidosis and, 924, 926
in lesbian/bisexual women/WSW/WSWM, 1750–1751
lipid abnormalities and, 1277liver disease and, 711–714
Mallory-Weiss syndrome/tears and, 610, 628
management of, 16, 1116–1120, 1118–1119f
metabolic acidosis/osmolar gap and, 1115, 1603
methotrexate use and, 854
neuropathy and, 1057
pancreatitis and, 745, 746, 750, 751, 753
platelet function affected by, 573t
pregnancy and, 816, 1115
prevention/screening tests and, 3t, 16–18, 17t, 1114
psychiatric/psychotic disorders and, 1115, 1116–1117
in PTSD, 1073
rhabdomyolysis and, 870
self-treatment and, 1074, 1076, 1115
sleep-wake disorders and, 1110
suicide and, 1097
thiamine deficiency/supplement and, 712, 924, 926, 1047, 1115, 1117, 1296, 1598
Wernicke encephalopathy/Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and, 712, 926, 1047, 1115,
1117
withdrawal and, 1114–1115, 1117–1120, 1118–1119f
delirium caused by, 1115, 1119, 1124t
seizures caused by, 1008–1009, 1115, 1119
Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), 16, 17t, 711, 1114
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, 1114–1115, 1117–1120, 1118–1119f
Alcoholic brain syndromes, chronic, 1047, 1115, 1119
Alcoholic (organic) hallucinosis, 1115, 1116–1117
Alcoholic hepatitis. See Hepatitis
Alcoholic ketoacidosis, 924, 926
Alcoholics Anonymous, 1116
Aldesleukin, 1641t. See also Interleukin-2
Aldicarb poisoning, 1621–1622
Aldosterone. See also Aldosteronism; Hypoaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma/hyperplasia secreting, 459, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1202
drugs blocking receptors for. See also Spironolactone
in cardiomyopathy, 433
for heart failure, 392, 396, 421f, 422, 422t, 423, 427
for hypertension, 469–474, 472t, 482, 482t, 483in hypertension, 458–459, 459, 483, 1195, 1195–1196
potassium balance and, 910, 1195, 1196
in primary aldosteronism, 1195, 1196, 1197
Aldosterone:plasma renin activity ratio, 1196
Aldosteronism (hyperaldosteronism), 1195–1197
glucocorticoid-remediable, 911t
hypertension and, 458–459, 459, 483, 1195–1197
saline-unresponsive metabolic alkalosis and, 928
Alectinib, 1637t, 1645
Alemtuzumab, 1045t, 1636t
Alendronate, 212t, 1175, 1180, 1227. See also Bisphosphonates
Alfieri procedure, 356, 436
Alfuzosin, 210t, 993, 993t
Alimentary hypoglycemia, functional, 1272
Alimentary tract cancers, 1656–1674. See also specific type or structure affected
Alirocumab, 9, 1281t, 1282
Aliskiren/aliskiren-combinations, 466t, 469, 480
ALK1 gene, 1707
ALK mutation/rearranged lung cancer, 1645
Alkali administration. See Bicarbonate
Alkalies, caustic/corrosive, 208, 1607
Alkaline phosphatase, 692, 693t, 1178, 1184, 1186
Alkalosis, 921
contraction, 927
metabolic. See Metabolic alkalosis
posthypercapnia, 928
respiratory. See Respiratory alkalosis
salicylate overdose/toxicity causing, 1623
saline-responsive, 927, 927–928, 927t, 928
saline-unresponsive, 927, 927t, 928
Alkylating agents, 1633–1634t
All-trans-retinoic acid, 543, 1640t. See also Tretinoin
Allergens. See Allergies/allergic disorders/reactions; Avoidance therapy
Allergic alveolitis, extrinsic (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), 321–322, 321t
Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis/aspergillosis, 271, 277, 897t, 1576
Allergic conjunctivitis, 180
Allergic contact dermatitis, 134, 134f, 135, 898Allergic eye disease, 180
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), 231–233
nasal polyps and, 232, 235
Allergic vasculitis, 173t
Allergies/allergic disorders/reactions, 894–899, 897t
anaphylactic, 510t, 513, 895
asthma and, 255, 261
to drugs. See Drug allergy
eosinophilic esophagitis and, 628, 629
in HIV infection/AIDS, 1351
household molds and, 1579
to insulin, 1254
testing for, 895, 896, 898
in topical dermatologic therapy, 112
in topical ophthalmic therapy, 209, 209f
Allgrove (triple A) syndrome, 1188, 1190
Allodynia, 98
Alloimmunization
platelet transfusion and, 559
Rhesus, 819
transfusion graft-versus-host disease and, 559
Alloislet transplant, 1248–1249
Allopurinol
hypersensitivity reaction to, 850–851, 899
for hyperuricemia/gout, 850–851
in cancer patients, 1693t
in polycythemia, 536
in transplant patients, 851
urinary stones and, 983
ophthalmic effects of, 212t
for tumor lysis syndrome, 1691, 1693t
Almotriptan, 997
Alogliptin, 1239t, 1243, 1244
Alopecia (areata/totalis/universalis), 169–170
androgenic (male pattern), 170, 1213, 1215
chemotherapy causing, 1696in syphilis, 1515
Alosetron, 662–663, 1695
Alpelisi, 774
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
for retrograde ejaculation, 989
for Tourette syndrome, 1038
Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs
for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 68, 991–993, 992t, 993t
cataract surgery and, 193, 212, 474, 993
for hypertension, 474, 477t
pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma surgery and, 474, 1200–1201
squamous cell cancer and, 479
ureteral stone expulsion and, 984
weight changes and, 1289t
Alpha-1-antiprotease/antitrypsin
in COPD/emphysema, 270, 274
in hepatocellular carcinoma, 1649
in protein-losing enteropathy, 659
Alpha-delta storage pool disease, 572
Alpha-fetoprotein
in Down syndrome, 1700
in hepatocellular carcinoma, 1649, 1650, 1651
testicular tumors producing, 1686
Alpha-gal (galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose) hypersensitivity, 895–896
Alpha-globin gene/chain, 519, 519–520, 519t, 520
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, 1238t, 1241–1242, 1289t, 1616
Alpha-1,4-glucosidase mutation, 1069
Alpha interferon. See Interferon-alpha
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), 1187, 1189
5-Alpha-reductase inhibitors. See Finasteride
Alpha-thalassemia syndromes, 519–520, 519t, 520, 521
sickle cell disease and, 528, 528t, 529
ALPL gene, 1184
Alprazolam, 1031, 1075t, 1076, 1615
Alprenolol, 1611
Alprostadil, 987, 1257
Alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator/tPA), 390t, 391. See also Fibrinolytic therapy;Thrombolytic therapy
for acute arterial occlusion of limb, 492
for myocardial infarction, 390t
for pulmonary embolism, 314, 591t
for stroke, 1016
Altered mental status. See Cognitive disorders
Alternaria, 1579
Altitude-related illness, 1592–1596
Aluminum preparations
for hyperphosphatemia, 919, 945
osteomalacia caused by, 945, 1184
Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes, 25, 318
Alveolar hydatid disease, 1556, 1557
Alveolar hyperventilation, 329–330
Alveolar hypoventilation, obesity and (Pickwickian syndrome), 330
Alveolar proteinosis, 307
Alveolitis, 303
extrinsic allergic (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), 321–322, 321t
Alvimopan, 655
Alzheimer disease, 58–61, 1039, 1039t, 1041. See also Dementia
deaths attributable to, 2t
neuroimaging in, 59, 1040, 1041
screening for, 59
seizures in, 1006
treatment of, 60–61, 1041–1042
Alzheimer’s Association/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, 60
Amanita mushroom poisoning, 702, 703, 1620–1621
Amantadine
in coma/stupor, 1049
for Huntington disease, 1035
influenza/influenza resistance and, 1439, 1442
for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1093
for Parkinson disease/parkinsonism, 1032
Amatoxin mushroom poisoning, 702, 703, 1620–1621
Amaurosis fugax (“fleeting blindness”), 199, 493, 1015
Ambiguous genitalia, 1189, 1217, 1225
Ambrisentan, 317, 448Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, 456, 457f, 457t
Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, 31, 375
Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring, 622, 623, 626
Amebiasis (entamoeba infection), 1336t, 1545–1547, 1546f, 1547t
extraintestinal/hepatic, 1545, 1546, 1546–1547, 1547t
in gay/bisexual men/MSM, 1755
intestinal, 603t, 604, 604t, 607, 609, 1336t, 1545, 1546, 1547t
ophthalmic effects of drugs used for, 211t
Amebicides, 211t
Ameboma, 1545
Amenamevir, 1397
Amenorrhea, 1216–1224
in anorexia nervosa, 1294, 1295
in hyperprolactinemia, 1137, 1217, 1218, 1219
hypothalamic, 1128, 1216–1217
in polycystic ovary syndrome, 799, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1218
premature, 1219
primary, 1216–1218
secondary, 1218–1224. See also Menopause; Pregnancy
in Turner syndrome, 1208, 1217, 1224, 1225
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control
(UICC) stage classification, 1643
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), 633, 1529–1530
screening blood for, 558, 1530
American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index, 990, 990t
Amifostine, 1697–1698
Amikacin, 181t, 281t, 288t, 1504, 1505
Amiloride/amiloride-HCTZ, 422, 472t, 473t, 1107, 1107t
Aminocaproic acid, 574t, 576
Aminoglutethimide, 1680t
Aminoglycosides
acetylcholine affected by, 1067
nephrotoxicity/acute kidney injury and, 937
neuromuscular transmission affected by, 1066, 1067
ototoxicity of, 222
for pneumonia, 281t
Aminophylline, lithium interactions and, 1107t5-Aminosalicylic acid, 666, 672, 675, 676
Aminotransferase levels, 692, 693t, 694t. See also specific disorder affecting
Amiodarone
for arrhythmias, 393, 396, 397, 398t
atrial fibrillation, 393, 407, 410
supraventricular tachycardia, 393, 396, 404
ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, 393, 414, 414–415
epididymitis and, 979
hyperthyroidism/Graves disease caused by, 1148, 1151, 1155
hypothyroidism caused by, 1142
levothyroxine therapy and, 1146
ophthalmic effects of, 210t
pregnancy and, 450
Amitriptyline, 1099t, 1289t. See also Antidepressants
for interstitial cystitis, 980
for migraine prophylaxis, 998t
for neuropathic pain/diabetic neuropathy, 101, 101t, 1055, 1256
Amlodipine/amlodipine combinations. See also Calcium channel blocking drugs
for angina, 377
for hypertension, 466t, 467t, 468t, 469, 471t
overdose/toxicity of, 210t, 471t, 1611
pregnancy and, 450
Ammonia, in liver failure/hepatic encephalopathy, 703, 704, 722
Amnestic syndrome, 1124. See also Memory impairment
Amniocentesis, 817
Amodiaquine, 1535t, 1536
with artesunate (ASAQ), 1536, 1536t, 1537t, 1539
with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar), 1539
Amoebic keratitis, 188
Amoxapine, 1099t
Amoxicillin/amoxicillin-clavulanate, 1336t
for anaerobic infections, 289, 1501
for bacterial rhinosinusitis, 229–230, 1336t, 1358
for endocarditis/endocarditis prophylaxis, 1484t
in H pylori eradication, 642, 642t, 643
for Lyme disease, 1525, 1525t, 1526
for peritonsillar abscess, 242for pharyngitis, 242, 1336t, 1466
pneumococcal resistance and, 1470
for pneumonia, 281t, 283, 289, 1336t, 1470
rash caused by, 1400
for rosacea, 138
for skin and soft tissue infections, 1467, 1467t
for urinary tract infection, 973t
Amphetamines
abuse/overdose/toxicity of, 210t, 1121–1122, 1607–1608
during pregnancy, 817, 1122
for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 1109
Amphotericin B, 1568t, 1579–1580
for aspergillosis, 1313, 1577
for blastomycosis, 1578
for candidiasis, 1568
for coccidioidomycosis, 1572
for cryptococcal meningitis, 1355t, 1359, 1575
for fungal sinusitis, 231
for histoplasmosis, 1571
for leishmaniasis, 1531, 1532
for mucormycosis, 1577
nephrotoxicity/acute kidney injury and, 937
for ophthalmic disorders, 183t
for paracoccidioidomycosis, 1578
for sporotrichosis, 1578
Ampicillin/ampicillin-sulbactam, 1335t
allopurinol interactions and, 851
for anaerobic infections, 289t, 1501
for endocarditis/endocarditis prophylaxis, 1484t, 1485
for listeriosis, 1481
for meningitis, 1319t, 1335t
for pneumonia, 281t, 1335t
rash caused by, 851, 1338, 1400
for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 619
for urinary tract infection, 838, 973t
Amprenavir, 1382, 1383, 1391. See also Antiretroviral therapy
Ampulla of Vater, carcinoma of (ampullary/periampullary carcinoma), 1654–1656,1664
Amputation
in acute arterial limb occlusion, 493
in peripheral artery aneurysms, 500
in tibial/pedal occlusive disease, 491
Amrinone, 513
Amyl nitrite, abuse of, 1123
Amylase
ascitic fluid, 618
in pancreatic enzyme supplements, 752t
in pancreatitis, 618, 746, 748, 751
pleural fluid, 326
Amyloid angiopathy, cerebral, 1017
Amyloid protein, 438, 555, 556. See also Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis, 555–556
cardiac/cardiomyopathy and, 438, 439, 556
dialysis-related (beta-2-microglobulin), 555
hereditary (transthyretin/TTR), 438, 439, 555, 1056
LECT2, 555
localized, 555
myeloma and, 552, 556, 969
neuropathy and, 555, 556, 1056
primary (AL), 438, 439, 555, 964
PrP, 1420
renal/nephrotic spectrum disorders and, 556, 952t, 964
secondary (AA), 438, 555, 964
senile, 555
systemic, 555, 1420
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1053, 1054
Amyotrophy
diabetic, 1057, 1257
neuralgic, 1065
Anabolic steroids
abuse of, 1122–1123, 1211
aggression/violence and, 1112, 1122
gynecomastia and, 1212
for HIV wasting, 1353Anaerobic infections, 286, 287–289, 1335t, 1336t, 1500–1503, 1502f, 1502t. See also
specific organ or structure involved
Anagrelide, 537
Anakinra, 39, 849–850
Anal dysplasia/cancer, 1633t, 1674
in HIV infection/gay/bisexual men/MSM, 1367, 1674, 1755, 1756t, 1757
Anal fissures, 613, 669, 670, 670–671, 689
Anal fistulas, 670, 670–671
Anal sphincter, fecal incontinence and, 688, 689
Anal syphilis, 687, 1510
Anal warts. See Venereal (genital) warts
Analgesia/analgesics. See specific type and Pain management
Analgesic nephropathy, 965, 966
ureteral/renal pelvis cancer and, 1684
Analgesic rebound headache, 1000
Anaphylactoid reactions, 895, 896, 897t
Anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock, 510t, 513, 895. See also Anaphylactoid reactions
food causing, 895
insulin allergy causing, 1254
penicillin allergy causing, 1338
transfusion causing, 558
venom allergy causing, 896
Anaplasma capra/equi/phagocytophilum (anaplasmosis), 1453t, 1459–1460
coinfections and, 1460, 1525
Anasarca, 617, 1286
Anastrozole, 211t, 758, 770–771, 773, 773t, 1640t. See also specific disorder
for endometriosis, 795
for gynecomastia, 1213
Anavip, 1624
Ancylostoma braziliense/caninum/duodenale, 1558, 1559, 1562
Andes virus, 1430
Andexanet, 611, 1608
Androgen blockade/deprivation. See also Antiandrogens
in cancer chemotherapy, 1640t, 1680t
complete, 1679
in feminizing hormone therapy, 1758, 1759t
for prostate cancer, 1679, 1679–1680, 1680tAndrogen insensitivity/resistance, 1208, 1217
Androgenetic (male pattern) alopecia, 170, 1213, 1215
Androgenic steroids. See Anabolic steroids
Androgens. See also Antiandrogens; Testosterone
acne and, 135
for aplastic anemia, 532
deficiency of. See also Hypogonadism
pseudohermaphroditism/amenorrhea and, 1217
in women, 1131
excess of. See Hyperandrogenism
in male breast cancer, 779
replacement therapy with. See Testosterone replacement therapy
Anejaculation, 986, 989, 1083. See also Erectile dysfunction/impotence
Anemias, 515–534, 516t. See also specific cause or type
in cancer chemotherapy, 1693t, 1694
of chronic disease, 517, 518–519, 946
classification of, 515, 516t
in erythroparvovirus infection, 1446
in fish tapeworm infection, 522, 1555
in folic acid deficiency, 518, 524
in kidney disease, 517, 519, 931, 935, 944f, 946
in malabsorption, 608, 648t
in myelodysplastic syndromes, 532, 532–533, 541, 542
in myelofibrosis, 538
in myeloma, 552
in older adults, 518
of organ failure, 518
in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 525
perioperative evaluation/management and, 51–52
during pregnancy, 818, 832–833
retinal/choroidal disease and, 201
sickle cell. See Sickle cell anemia/syndromes
thiazolidinediones causing, 1241
in vitamin B12 deficiency, 522, 523
in Waldenstr?m macroglobulinemia, 554
Anergy testing. See Skin test anergy
Anesthesia/anestheticslocal
intrathecal delivery of, 103
ophthalmic, precautions for use of, 208
malignant hyperthermia caused by, 35, 1316
Aneuploidy screening, 817
Aneurysms, 496–502. See also specific type and artery involved and Aortic aneurysms;
Intracranial aneurysm
inflammatory, 496, 497
in Kawasaki disease, 1463
mycotic, 1020, 1325
ruptured, 496, 497, 499
Angiitis, primary, of central nervous system, 880–881
Angina
intestinal (visceral artery insufficiency), 494–495
Ludwig, 243
pectoris, 369, 373–382, 378f, 381t. See also Coronary heart disease
alteration in before myocardial infarction, 373, 387
aortic valve disease and, 358, 362
in apathetic hyperthyroidism, 1149, 1156
chest pain/discomfort in, 26–29, 373
chronic stable, 369, 373–382, 378f, 381t
coronary vasospasm and, 373, 382
drugs in management of, 376–379, 378f
with normal arteriogram, 382
postinfarction, 393
Prinzmetal (variant), 382
risk reduction and, 379
thiazolidinedione use and, 1241
unstable. See Acute coronary syndromes
Vincent (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis), 240
Angiodysplasias, 610, 613
Angioectasias, 610, 613
Angioedema, 142–144, 897t
ACE inhibitors causing, 142, 144, 465
hereditary, 143, 897t
Angiofibroma, in MEN, 1205t, 1206Angiography/arteriography. See specific type or disorder
Angiomas/angiomatosis
bacillary, 1365, 1365f, 1500
in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 1030
Angiomyolipomas, of kidney, 1685, 1686
Angioplasty. See also Endovascular surgery/prostheses
carotid. See Carotid surgery
coronary. See Percutaneous coronary intervention
for renal artery stenosis/renal vascular hypertension, 949, 950
Angiosarcoma, of liver, 715, 1649
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 465, 466–467t, 1289t
acute kidney injury/renal failure and, 423, 936
angioedema and, 142, 144, 465
in black patients, 482, 482t
for cardiomyopathy, 433, 437f, 439
in cardiovascular/heart disease prevention, 372, 479
chronic kidney disease and, 465, 482, 942, 944
diabetes/diabetic nephropathy and, 465, 481, 960, 963, 1236, 1255, 1258
for heart failure, 421f, 422, 422–423, 422t, 427, 465
infarct-associated, 392, 396, 397
hyperkalemia caused by, 465, 912
for hypertension, 465, 466–467t, 479, 480, 482, 482t, 484, 1258
hypoglycemia risk and, 1273
lithium interactions and, 1107, 1107t
lung cancer and, 479
for myocardial infarction, 392
for nephrotic syndrome/nephrotic spectrum disorders, 960
perioperative kidney injury and, 49, 54
pregnancy and, 450, 465, 836
Angiotensin II, for shock, 513
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents
angioedema and, 142, 144, 1289t
for aortic regurgitation, 363
in black patients, 465, 482, 482t
for cardiomyopathy, 433, 437f, 439
in cardiovascular/heart disease prevention, 465, 479
chronic kidney disease and, 482, 942, 944diabetes/diabetic nephropathy and, 481, 960, 963
for heart failure, 421f, 422t, 423, 427, 465
infarct-related, 392, 397
hyperkalemia caused by, 465, 482, 482t, 912
for hypertension, 465, 467–468t, 479, 480, 482
for nephrotic syndrome/nephrotic spectrum disorders, 960
perioperative kidney injury and, 49, 54
pregnancy and, 836
Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), 421f, 422t, 423, 433
Angle closure, pupillary dilation and, 189, 208
Angle-closure glaucoma. See Glaucoma
Angular cheilitis, 239, 239f, 1361, 1361f
Anhedonia, 1095. See also Depression
Anhidrosis and asthenia (tropical), 141
Anicteric leptospirosis, 1521, 1522
Anidulafungin, 1568, 1568t, 1569, 1570, 1577, 1580
Aniline toxicity, 1620
Animal bites, 1321–1322. See also Insect bites/stings
anaerobic skin infections and, 1321–1322, 1502
poisonous snake, 1601t, 1624–1625
rabies and, 1321, 1412–1413
Anion gap/anion gap acidosis, 922, 922–923, 923t. See also Urinary anion gap
alcoholic ketoacidosis and, 924, 926
decreased, 923, 923t
diabetic ketoacidosis and, 923–924, 924, 1265
increased, 922, 923–924, 923t, 926
lactic acidosis and, 923, 1268
normal, 923t, 924–927, 925t, 926. See also Normal (hyperchloremic) anion gap
acidosis
with osmolar gap, 924, 926, 1604
in poisoning/drug overdose, 1604
with methanol or ethylene glycol, 1604, 1619
with salicylates, 1623
in renal failure (uremic), 924
in renal tubular acidosis, 924, 925t, 926
toxins causing, 924
Anisakiasis (Anisakis marina), 593, 639Ankle-brachial index (ABI/ABPI)
in aortoiliac occlusive disease, 488
in femoral/popliteal occlusive disease, 490
in tibial/pedal occlusive disease, 491
in venous insufficiency/leg ulcers, 33, 167
Ankle injuries/sprains, 1739–1741, 1739t
Ankylosing spondylitis, 881–883
Annuloplasty, for tricuspid regurgitation, 366
Anogenital/perianal pruritus, 157–158, 690, 1560
Anogenital warts. See Venereal (genital) warts
Anorectal disorders, 685–690. See also specific cause and Genital ulcers
anal dysplasia/cancer, 1633t, 1674
bleeding in, 613, 615, 686. See also Rectal bleeding
in Crohn disease, 670, 670–671, 690
fecal incontinence and, 688–689
fissures/abscesses/fistula, 613, 670, 670–671, 689–690
hemorrhoids, 613, 686–687
infections, 687–688
lymphogranuloma venereum, 687, 1508
pruritus, 157–158, 690, 1560
warts. See Venereal (genital) warts
Anorectal manometry, 600, 688–689
Anorexia
in HIV infection/AIDS, 1353
nervosa, 1294–1295, 1295
Anorexia-cachexia syndrome, 78
Anorgasmia, 800, 801, 1083. See also Orgasm, loss of
Anoscopy, 614, 686
Anosmia, 233, 1024, 1051. See also Olfactory dysfunction
Anosognosia, 1024
Anovulation, 780
infertility and, 802, 803
in polycystic ovary syndrome, 799, 1213, 1214
Anserine (pes anserine) bursa/bursitis, 1728
Antacids
antidepressant drug interactions and, 1104tbenzodiazepine interactions and, 1077t
for GERD, 623, 625
integrase inhibitor therapy and, 1384
for peptic ulcer disease, 641
Anterior chest wall syndrome, 376
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 1728, 1729, 1729–1734, 1730t
Anterior drawer test
ACL injury and, 1730t, 1733
ankle sprain and, 1739
Anterior hypopituitarism, 1127–1132
Anterior interosseous syndrome, 1060
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 202
Anterior (patellofemoral) knee pain, 1729, 1736–1737
Anterior talofibular ligament, in ankle sprains, 1739, 1740
Anterior tibiofibular ligament, in ankle sprains, 1740
Anthracyclines, 1635t
for breast cancer, 765, 769
cardiotoxicity/toxicity of, 431, 1635t, 1693t, 1697
Anthrax, 1332t, 1478–1480
Anthrax vaccine, 1479
Anti-140 antibody, 866t
Anti-155/140 antibody, 865, 866t
Anti-adrenal antibodies, 1189
Anti-AMPA receptor antibody, 1028
Anti-amphiphysin antibody, 1028
Antiandrogens
in cancer chemotherapy, 1640t, 1680t
in feminizing hormone therapy, 1758, 1759t
gynecomastia and, 1213
for prostate cancer, 1679, 1679–1680, 1680t
Antianginal drugs, 47, 376–379, 378f
Antianxiety drugs, 1075–1077, 1075t, 1077t. See also specific type
Antiarrhythmic drugs, 397–400, 398–399t. See also specific agent and arrhythmia
for cardiomyopathy, 433, 436
in heart failure, 425
overdose/toxicity of, 398–399t, 400
in poisoning/drug overdose, 1599postinfarction, 396
Antibacterial agents. See Antibiotics; Antimicrobial therapy
Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies
in antiphospholipid syndrome, 833, 860
in SLE, 858t, 860
Antibiotic-associated/C difficile colitis/diarrhea, 603t, 604, 604t, 605, 606, 607, 663–
665, 1316, 1327t
Antibiotic lock therapy, 1317
Antibiotics, 1331–1338, 1331–1333t, 1335t, 1336–1337t. See also specific disorder
and under Antimicrobial
adverse reactions/toxicity and, 211t, 1337
clinical response to, 1334
colitis/diarrhea (C difficile) associated with use of, 603t, 604, 604t, 605, 606, 607,
663–665, 1316, 1327t
cost of, 1338
CSF analysis and, 1319, 1320
duration of treatment and, 1334
in fever management, 35, 1314
hypersensitivity and, 1338
intravenous, 1337, 1337–1338
in neutropenic patient, 534, 1314
perioperative, surgical site infections and, 55, 1317
principles of use of, 1331–1338, 1331–1333t, 1335t, 1336–1337t
promptness of response to, 1334
prophylactic. See Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis
resistance to. See Drug resistance
routes of administration for, 1337–1338
susceptibility testing and, 1334
thrombocytopenia/platelet function and, 570t, 573t
topical, 109t
Antibodies. See Immunoglobulins
Antibody deficiency disease (specific/functional antibody deficiency), 901
Anti-CADM 140 antibody, 866t
Anticardiolipin antibodies
in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 833, 860
in DVT/PE (venous thromboembolic disease), 308
in SLE, 857t, 858tAnti-Caspr2 antibody, 1028
Anti-CCP antibodies, 853, 882
Anticentromere antibody, 858t, 863
Anticholinergic agents. See also specific disorder
for allergic disorders/rhinitis, 232
antidepressant drug interactions and, 1104t
for asthma, 261–262t, 264t, 265
for COPD, 273
for irritable bowel syndrome, 662
for nausea and vomiting, 597
overdose/toxicity of, 209t, 210t, 1601t, 1610–1611
for Parkinson disease/parkinsonism, 1034
Anticholinergic syndrome/effects/delirium, 1603
antidepressants causing, 1099t, 1626
antipsychotics causing, 1089, 1090t, 1091
hallucinogens causing, 1618, 1619
Anticholinergic-type mushroom poisoning, 1610
Anticholinesterases/acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 60, 1041, 1066, 1601t, 1621–1622
Anticipatory anxiety, 1074
Anticoagulant, lupus. See Lupus anticoagulant
Anticoagulation therapy, 578–591, 580–581t, 582t, 583–584t, 584t, 585t, 586t, 587t,
588t, 589t, 590t. See also specific agent or disorder and Antiplatelet therapy;
Direct-acting oral anticoagulants; Fibrinolytic therapy; Thrombolytic therapy
for ACS (NSTEMI/STEMI), 384f, 385, 391, 392–393
for acute arterial limb occlusion, 492
antidepressant drug interactions and, 1104t
for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 833–834, 861
for atrial fibrillation/stroke prevention, 406t, 407, 407–410, 408t, 409t, 1016–1017
in hyperthyroidism, 1155
in mitral stenosis, 351, 352, 368t
for atrial flutter, 412
bleeding caused by, 314, 391, 409, 410, 562t, 581t, 587, 589t, 611, 1608
bridging, 52, 368t
after cardiac valve replacement, 359, 360, 367–369, 368t
classes of drugs in, 578–584, 580–581t
for DVT/PE (venous thromboembolic disease), 313–314, 582–591, 582t, 583–584t,
584t, 585t, 586t, 587t, 588t, 589t, 590tdrug/patient selection and, 584–591, 585t, 586t, 587t, 588t, 589t, 590t
duration of, 313–314, 588–591, 589t, 590t
prevention and, 312, 313–314, 582–584, 582t, 583–584t, 584t
treatment and, 313–314, 584–591, 585t, 586t, 587t, 588t, 589t, 590t
in endocarditis, 368t, 1486
GI bleeding/peptic ulcer disease and, 391, 644
for heart failure/cardiomyopathy, 425, 433, 451
hematuria in patient taking, 971
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and, 568, 568t
for hepatic venous outflow obstruction (Budd-Chiari syndrome), 731
for intracranial venous thrombosis, 1021
after joint replacement, 1728
in nephrotic syndrome/nephrotic spectrum disorders, 960
overdose/toxicity and, 210t, 314, 391, 409, 410, 581t, 587, 589t, 611, 1608
for patent foramen ovale, 342
perioperative management and, 52, 52t, 367–368, 368t, 385
for portal vein thrombosis, 733
in pregnancy, 367, 368t, 369, 450–451, 833–834, 861
for pulmonary hypertension, 317, 448
for stroke, 1016–1017
for superficial thrombophlebitis, 504
thrombocytopenia caused by, 562t
for TIAs, 1012
Anti-contactin associated protein-like 2 antibody, 1028
Anticonvulsant therapy, 1000–1003t, 1008, 1009, 1600
for migraine prophylaxis, 998t
for myoclonus, 1037
nonadherence and, 1008, 1009
osteomalacia and, 1183
overdose/toxicity/side effects and, 1000–1003t, 1289t, 1609
for personality disorders, 1086
in postherpetic neuralgia, 1004
during pregnancy/teratogenicity and, 838, 1008
for status epilepticus, 1009
for trigeminal neuralgia, 1001
Anti-CTLA-4 agents, 1127, 1149
Anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibody, 1028Anticystosolic 5pr-nucleotidase 1A antibodies, 1069
Anti-D, 564, 564f, 565
Antidepressants, 1098–1103, 1099t, 1100f, 1102t, 1104t. See also specific type and
agent
with antipsychotic agents, 1090, 1091, 1098, 1103
for anxiety/panic disorder, 1075–1076, 1076
aripiprazole with, 1090, 1098, 1103
arrhythmias and, 1102, 1599, 1626, 1626f
atypical, 1098–1102, 1099t
bupropion augmenting, 1098
combination therapy and, 1103
for dementia, 1041
dispensing, 1098
dose tapering and, 1103
drug interactions of, 1104t
for dyspepsia, 595
for irritable bowel syndrome, 662
lithium and, 1098, 1104t
maintenance therapy with, 1103
for migraine prophylaxis, 998t
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 1098, 1099t, 1102–1103, 1102t, 1104t. See
also Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
for neuropathic pain/painful diabetic neuropathy, 100–101, 101t, 1004, 1055, 1082,
1256
for OCD, 1078
in older adults, 62, 1101
overdose/toxicity/side effects of, 211t, 1098, 1099t, 1101, 1102, 1289t, 1598, 1599,
1600t, 1626–1627, 1626f
for personality disorders, 1086
for phobic disorders, 1076
for postherpetic neuralgia, 1004
during pregnancy, 1101
for premenstrual syndrome, 783
for pruritus, 111t, 112
for psychotic depression, 1098
for PTSD, 1073
seizures and, 1102, 1600t, 1626sexual dysfunction caused by, 1084, 1101, 1102
SNRIs, 1098, 1098–1102, 1099t. See also Serotonin (serotonin-selective)
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
SSRIs, 1098, 1098–1102, 1099t. See also Serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors
stimulants as, 1104
suicide and, 1098, 1626
switching agents and, 1103
for terminally ill/dying patient, 81
thyroid medication/liothyronine augmenting, 1098
tricyclic, 1098, 1099t, 1102, 1104t, 1256. See also Tricyclic antidepressants
Antidiabetic agents, 1237–1245, 1238–1239t, 1251–1252, 1252f. See also specific type
and Insulin therapy
in chronic kidney disease, 947, 963
clinical studies of, 1235–1236
combination regimens and, 1244–1245, 1251–1252, 1252f
hospitalization/surgery and, 53, 1259–1260, 1260t
hypoglycemia and, 1235, 1252f
with insulin therapy, 1251–1252, 1252f
overdose/toxicity/side effects of, 212t, 1289t, 1601t, 1616
during pregnancy, 835, 835t
Antidiarrheal agents, 606, 609
for chemotherapy-associated diarrhea, 1696
for Crohn disease, 672
for fecal incontinence, 689
for irritable bowel syndrome, 662
for microscopic colitis, 679
for short bowel syndrome, 653
for traveler’s diarrhea, 606
Anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6, 1029
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 1127. See also Vasopressin
in diabetes insipidus/hypernatremia, 908, 909, 1132, 1133
hyponatremia and, 903, 904, 904f
inappropriate secretion of (SIADH). See Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Antidotes, 1601, 1601t. See also specific agent
Anti-double-stranded (anti-ds)-DNA, 126, 858
Anti-DPPX encephalitis, 1028
Antidromic reentrant tachycardia, 404–405, 405Anti-EGFR therapy. See EGFR (epidermal growth factor) mutations/inhibitors
Antiemetics, 74, 597–598, 598t
for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, 74, 597, 1695
for HIV-associated nausea, 1354
for hyperemesis gravidarum, 821
for opioid-induced nausea and vomiting, 98
Antiendomysial antibodies, 649
Antiepilepsy drugs. See Anticonvulsant therapy
Anti-factor V antibodies, 577
Antifibrinolytics. See Fibrinolytic therapy; Thrombolytic therapy
Antifolates. See also Methotrexate
for malaria, 1539
Antifreeze. See Ethylene glycol
Antifungal agents, 110t, 1568–1569t, 1579–1580. See also specific agent or disorder
for candidiasis
esophageal, 627, 1354, 1356t, 1362, 1568–1569
oral disease, 239, 1361
vulvovaginal, 1356t, 1367, 1569
in fever management, 35, 1314
in immunocompromised host, 1313
for invasive sinusitis, 231
in neutropenia, 534, 1313
for ophthalmic disorders, 183t
for skin disorders/topical, 110t, 123, 124, 125
Anti-GABA receptor antibodies, 1029
Antigen-antibody complexes. See Immune complexes
Antigenic drift/shift
influenza and, 1438
norovirus and, 1449
Antiglaucoma agents, 185–186t
Antigliadin antibodies, 649
Antiglobulin test. See Coombs test
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, in glomerulonephritis/Goodpasture
syndrome, 318, 940, 951t, 953f, 956–957
Anti-GQ1b antibodies, 1058
Anti-HAV, 695f, 696
Anti-HBc, 697f, 698, 698tscreening blood for, 558, 698
Anti-HBe, 697f, 698t, 705, 706
Anti-HBs, 697f, 698, 698t, 706
Anti-HCV, 700, 700f, 706
in hepatocellular carcinoma, 1649
screening blood for, 558, 698
Anti-HDV, 701, 705
Anti-HEV, 702
Antihistamines. See also specific disorder
abuse/overdose/side effects/toxicity of, 1122, 1289t, 1610
for allergic eye disease, 180, 183t
for allergic rhinitis, 232
antidepressant drug interactions and, 1104t
for insomnia, 1111
for nausea and vomiting, 597
nefazodone interactions and, 1101
for pruritus, 106–112, 157
for scombroid poisoning, 1624
for urticaria, 143, 175
Anti-HMG-CoA reductase, 866t, 867
Anti-Hu antibody, 1010, 1028, 1029
Antihyperglycemic agents. See Antidiabetic agents
Antihypertensive drug therapy, 462–464, 463t, 465–483, 466–468t, 470–471t, 472–
473t, 475–476t, 477–478t, 480t, 481t, 482t, 484–487, 485t, 486t. See also
specific class or agent
aldosterone receptor antagonists in, 469–474, 472t, 483
alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists in, 474, 477t
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in, 465, 466–467t, 479, 480
angiotensin II receptor blocking agents in, 465, 467–468t, 479, 480
in aortic dissection/regurgitation, 363, 461, 485t, 500, 501
arteriolar dilators in, 478t, 479
beta-adrenergic blocking agents in, 474, 475–476t, 479, 480, 482t, 484
in black patients, 469, 479, 481t, 482, 482t
calcium channel blocking drugs in, 469, 470–471t, 479, 480
cancer risk and, 479
in cardiomyopathy, 433
cocaine use and, 474, 484, 485tcombination products in, 466t, 467t, 468t, 473t, 480
demography and, 480, 481t
depression caused by, 1096
developing regimen for, 479–480, 480t, 481t
in diabetes mellitus, 479, 480, 481, 1235–1236, 1258
complication rate/diabetic nephropathy and, 465, 481, 960, 963, 1235–1236, 1255
diuretics in, 469, 472t, 473t, 479, 482, 485
follow-up and, 483
gender considerations in, 481
goals of, 463–464
heart disease/failure and, 10, 378f, 396, 460, 485t
nonadherence and, 480–481, 483
in older adults, 463t, 481t, 482–483
patient selection for, 462–463, 463t
peripheral sympathetic inhibitors in, 478t, 479
pheochromocytoma/pheochromocytoma surgery and, 474, 484, 1200–1201
in poisoning/drug overdose, 1599
for preeclampsia/eclampsia, 485t, 828
during pregnancy, 450–451, 485t, 836
preoperative/perioperative, 49
in renal disease/failure, 481–482, 485t
renin inhibitors in, 465–469, 466t
resistant hypertension and, 481t, 483, 483t, 944
step care approach to, 480, 480t
stroke/stroke prevention and, 10, 460, 464, 482, 485t
sympatholytics in, 474–479, 477t, 1613
in urgencies/emergencies, 484–487, 485t, 486t
vasodilators in, 478t, 479
weight changes and, 1289t
Anti-IgA antibodies, 899
Anti-IL-12/23 antibody, 668, 673
Anti-inflammatory drugs. See Corticosteroids; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Anti-insulin antibodies
in autoimmune/immunopathologic hypoglycemia, 1268t, 1269, 1273
in diabetes, 1228, 1229t, 1249
insulin therapy causing, 1254
Anti-insulin receptor antibodiesin diabetes/insulin resistance, 1230
in hypoglycemia, 1268t, 1269, 1273
Anti-integrins, 668, 673, 676
Anti-intrinsic factor antibodies, 638
Anti-Jo-1 antibody, 858t, 865, 866t
Anti-leucine rich glioma inactivated 1 antibody, 1028
Antileukocyte antibodies, transfusion-related acute lung injury caused by, 559
Antileukotriene agents. See Leukotriene modifiers
Anti-LKM1 (liver-kidney microsome type 1 antibodies), 710
Anti-Ma2 antibody, 1028
Anti-MAG antibodies, 1029, 1057
Antimalarial agents, 1456t, 1535–1536, 1535t, 1536–1540, 1537t, 1540t
G6PD deficiency and, 526, 1535, 1538
for lupus/SLE, 127, 859
for malaria, 1456t, 1535–1536, 1535t, 1536–1540, 1537t, 1540t
chemoprophylaxis, 1535t, 1540–1541, 1540t
non-falciparum, 1535
self-treatment, 1541
severe disease, 1535t, 1536, 1537t, 1538, 1539
treatment, 1456t, 1535–1536, 1535t, 1536–1540, 1537t
uncomplicated falciparum, 1535–1536, 1536t
ophthalmic effects of, 211t, 212
rabies vaccine and, 1414
resistance to, 1535, 1536, 1538
for rheumatoid arthritis, 855
Anti-MDA5 antibody, 865, 866t
Antimetabolites, 1634–1635t
Anti-Mi-2 antibody, 865, 866t
Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis, 1312. See also specific disorder and Antimicrobial
therapy
for anthrax, 1479
for aspergillosis, 1313, 1576
for bite wounds, 1322
in bronchiectasis, 276
in burn injury, 1589
for candidiasis (invasive), 1570
for CMV infection, 1313, 1375, 1403, 1404in COPD, 273
for cystitis, 973
for endocarditis, 1483–1484, 1483t, 1484t. See also Endocarditis
for esophageal varices, 631
in fever management, 35, 1314
for group B streptococcal infection, in pregnancy, 818, 839, 1468
for herpes simplex infection, 131, 1312–1313, 1364, 1393
for high-altitude illness, 1595
for histoplasmosis, 1571
for influenza, 1440, 1442–1443
for Lyme disease, 1525
for MAC infections, 1352, 1374, 1375, 1505
for malaria, 820, 1535t, 1540–1541, 1540t. See also Antimalarial agents
rabies vaccine and, 1414
in neutropenia, 534, 1313
for opportunistic infections, 1312–1313, 1355–1356t, 1373t, 1374, 1375t
for otitis media, 218
for plague, 1497
for Pneumocystis infection/pneumonia, 877, 1312, 1352, 1374, 1375t, 1573, 1574
for Q fever, 1462
for relapsing fever, 1520
for rheumatic fever, 441, 1466
sexual violence (rape/sexual assault) and, 811, 812, 1323–1324
for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 619
for surgical site infections, 55, 1317
for toxoplasmosis, 1374, 1545
for traveler’s diarrhea, 1330
for tuberculosis, 297–298, 840, 1372
Antimicrobial therapy, 1331–1338, 1331–1333t, 1335t, 1336–1337t. See also specific
disorder and Antibiotics; Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis
adverse reactions/toxicity and, 211t, 1337
clinical response to, 1334
cost of agents and, 1338
duration of, 1334
empiric, 1334, 1335t, 1336–1337t
in fever management, 35, 1314, 1325
hypersensitivity and, 1338in immunocompromised host, 1313, 1314
intravenous, 1337, 1337–1338
in neutropenic patient, 35, 534
principles of, 1331–1338, 1331–1333t, 1335t, 1336–1337t
promptness of response to, 1334
resistance to. See Drug resistance
routes of administration for, 1337–1338
susceptibility testing and, 1334
thrombocytopenia caused by, 570t
Antimicrotubule agents, 1635t
Antimitochondrial antibodies, in primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis, 725
Antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary (autoimmune) cholangitis, 725
Antimonials, pentavalent, 1531–1532, 1532
Antimullerian hormone, in infertility workup, 802
Antimuscarinic agents, 67
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NNMDA) receptor-associated encephalitis, 1028,
1416
Anti-nAChR, in cancer-related neuropathy, 1029
Anti-native DNA antibody, 857t, 858t
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), 858t
in autoimmune hepatitis, 710
in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome), 951t,
953f, 956
in glomerulonephritis (pauci-immune), 876, 940, 951t, 953f, 956
in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis), 858t, 875, 875–876,
876, 951t, 953f, 956
in microscopic polyangiitis, 877, 878, 951t, 953f, 956
in primary sclerosing cholangitis, 744
Anti-NMDA receptor-associated encephalitis, 1028, 1416
Antinuclear antibody (ANA), 858t
in autoimmune hepatitis, 710
in glomerulonephritis, 953f
in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis), 858t, 956
in hyperthyroidism/Graves disease, 1150
in lupus/SLE, 126, 857, 857t, 858, 858t, 860, 953f
in polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 858t, 865
in rheumatoid arthritis, 853, 858tin scleroderma/CREST syndrome, 858t, 863
in Sj?gren syndrome, 858t, 868
Antiobesity medications, 1288–1293, 1290–1292t. See also specific agent
Antioxidants, 10, 196. See also Vitamin C; Vitamin E
Antiparkinsonism drugs, 1032–1034, 1093
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents
for bladder cancer, 1683
diabetes insipidus caused by, 1132
for Hodgkin lymphoma, 551
hypophysitis caused by, 1127
for lung cancer, 1645, 1645–1646
for renal cell carcinoma, 1685
thyroid disease caused by, 1149
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome/antiphospholipid antibodies, 590t, 833–834, 860–
861
DVT/PE (venous thromboembolic disease) and, 308, 577, 588, 590, 590t, 833, 860,
861
factor II antibodies and, 577
false-positive syphilis tests and, 857t, 860
livedo reticularis/racemosa and, 881
pregnancy loss and, 823, 833–834, 860, 861
SLE and, 857t, 858, 858t
stroke and, 860, 1016
Antiplatelet antibody
heparin-associated, 567, 568
in immune thrombocytopenia, 563
in posttransfusion purpura, 571
Antiplatelet therapy. See also Anticoagulation therapy; Aspirin
for ACS (NSTEMI/STEMI), 383–384, 384f, 389, 396
for angina, 378f, 379
for atrial fibrillation/stroke prevention, 406t, 407–410, 408t, 409t
in cardiovascular/heart disease prevention, 372
GI bleeding/peptic ulcer disease and, 391, 640, 643, 644
after PCI, 389
perioperative discontinuation of, 385
for stroke/TIA, 406t, 407–410, 408t, 409t, 1012–1013
thrombocytopenia caused by, 570tfor transient monocular visual loss, 199
Antiprotease/antitrypsin, alpha-1. See Alpha-1-antiprotease/antitrypsin
Antiproteinase-3 ANCA. See Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Antipruritic agents, 106, 106–112, 110–111t
Antipsychotic drugs, 1088–1094, 1089t, 1090t, 1092t. See also specific type and agent
abnormal movements caused by, 1037
adherence/nonadherence issues and, 1090, 1091
for aggressive/violent behavior, 1113
for alcoholic hallucinosis, 1117
with antidepressants, 1090, 1091, 1098, 1103
atypical. See Atypical antipsychotics
for bipolar disease/mania, 1105
breast cancer and, 1092
catatonia caused by, 1088, 1093
clinical indications for, 1090–1091
for delirium, 63, 75
delirium caused by, 1091
for dementia-associated behavior problems, 60, 1042, 1090
for depression, 1090, 1091, 1098
dosage forms and patterns for, 1091
for Huntington disease, 1035
intranasal administration of, 1091
long-acting (decanoate/enanthate) forms of, 1091
neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by, 34, 35, 1092–1093, 1600, 1609, 1610
overdose/toxicity/side effects of, 1089, 1090t, 1091–1094, 1092t, 1289t, 1609–1610
for Parkinson disease/parkinsonism, 1034
parkinsonism (reversible) caused by, 1031, 1093
for personality disorders, 1086
in pregnancy, 1092
for psychedelic/hallucinogen abuse/toxicity, 1121, 1619
thrombocytopenia caused by, 570t
for Tourette syndrome, 1038, 1090
Antipyretic drugs, 35
contraindications to in heat stroke, 1583
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), 1375–1388, 1376–1378t, 1380t, 1386t, 1387f. See also
specific agent
adherence and, 1, 1385, 1385–1386antituberculous drug interactions and, 295–296, 295t, 1357, 1382
CD4 counts and, 1352, 1375
CMV disease control and, 1375, 1403, 1404
combinations/regimens for, 1375–1386, 1376–1378t, 1380t, 1386t
choosing, 1379–1385, 1380t, 1386t
constructing
alternative regimen, 1386t, 1388
initial regimen, 1385, 1386t
fixed dose preparations and, 1379, 1380t
drug-drug interactions and, 1362, 1382, 1388
drug holidays/treatment interruptions and, 1387
drug resistance and, 1375–1378, 1385, 1385–1387, 1387–1388
gender-affirming hormone therapy and, 1762
gynecomastia and, 1212
hepatitis B and, 705–706, 1362, 1379
hepatitis C and, 700, 1362
HIV prognosis and, 1348, 1388
inflammatory reactions/immune reconstitution and, 1368
initiation of, 1375–1379
Kaposi sarcoma and, 156, 1356t, 1366
lactic acidosis caused by, 923
lipid abnormalities/lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy and, 1368, 1379, 1382
monitoring, 1385–1388, 1387f
myopathy caused by, 888, 1360
after needle stick, 1371
neuropathy caused by, 1360, 1379, 1381
opportunistic infection/malignancies and, 1379
oral contraceptive drug interaction and, 804
postexposure, 4, 811, 812, 1324, 1370–1371, 1756t, 1757
preexposure, 4, 1324, 1369–1370, 1370t, 1756, 1756t, 1762
pregnancy/newborn and, 840, 1350, 1371, 1385
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and, 1359, 1422
prophylactic, 1324, 1369–1370, 1370t, 1371
sexual violence (rape/sexual assault) and, 811, 812, 1324
syphilis and, 1518
toxicity and, 1376–1378t, 1378, 1385, 1387
transmission prevention and, 4, 1324, 1369tuberculosis outcomes and, 1379
Anti-Rh
o (D) antibody, 817, 818, 819
Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody, in scleroderma, 863
Anti-SAE antibody, 866t
Anti-SCL-70 antibody, 858t, 863
Antiseizure medications. See Anticonvulsant therapy
Anti-signal recognition particle (anti-SRP) antibody, 865, 866t
Anti-SLA, 710
Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibody, 126, 857t, 858, 858t
Antisocial personality disorder, 1085, 1085t, 1086
Antispasmodic agents, for irritable bowel syndrome, 662
Anti-SRP antibody, 865
Anti-SS-A/Ro antibody, 858t
in lupus/SLE, 127, 858, 858t
in Sj?gren syndrome, 858t, 868
Anti-SS-B/La antibody, 858t
in lupus/SLE, 127, 858, 858t
in Sj?gren syndrome, 858t, 868
Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titers, 440, 954
Antisynthetase syndrome/antibodies, 865, 866t
Antithrombin deficiency, DVT/PE (venous thromboembolic disease) and, 308, 590t
Antithrombotic therapy, 578–592, 580–581t, 582t, 583–584t, 584t, 585t, 586t, 587t,
588t, 589t, 590t, 591t. See also Anticoagulation therapy; Antiplatelet therapy;
Fibrinolytic therapy; Thrombolytic therapy
for ACS (NSTEMI/STEMI), 383–384, 384f, 390–391, 390t, 392–393
for atrial fibrillation/stroke prevention, 406t, 407–410, 408t, 409t
PCI and, 380, 389
Antithymocyte globulin, 532, 542
Antithyroid (antithyroglobulin/antithyroperoxidase) antibodies, 1139, 1140, 1143t,
1150, 1158, 1161. See also Thyroid testing
Anti-TNF agents. See also specific agent
adverse effects of, 668, 855–856, 1311, 1312, 1313
for ankylosing spondylitis, 882
histoplasmosis in patient taking, 1571
infection in patient taking, 668, 855, 1311, 1312, 1313
for inflammatory bowel disease, 666, 667–668, 670, 671, 672–673, 676, 677
for psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, 120, 883for rheumatoid arthritis, 855–856
tuberculosis reactivation and, 668, 855, 1313
Antitoxin
botulism, 1067, 1478
diphtheria, 1480
Anti-Tr antibody, 1028
Antitrypsin/antiprotease, alpha-1. See Alpha-1-antiprotease/antitrypsin
Anti-tTG (transglutaminase/tissue transglutaminase) antibody
in autoimmune/Hashimoto thyroiditis, 1140
in celiac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis, 133, 608, 649–650
Antituberculous drugs, 293–298, 295t, 296t
adherence/nonadherence and, 294
antiretroviral drug interactions and, 295–296, 295t, 1357, 1382
directly observed therapy (DOT) and, 294, 296, 297
for extrapulmonary disease, 296
in fixed dose combinations, 295
in HIV-negative persons, 294–295, 295t, 296t
in HIV-positive persons, 295–296, 1357
in latent disease/chemoprophylactic, 297–298, 840
for MAC infections, 299, 1504
monitoring therapy with, 297
during pregnancy/lactation, 294, 296, 297, 840
resistance and, 294, 296, 297, 1357
in spinal tuberculosis, 890
treatment of contacts and, 297
for tuberculous meningitis, 1506
for tuberculous pericarditis, 443
Anti-VEGF therapy. See also specific agent
for age-related macular degeneration, 196
cardiac toxicity and, 1697
for diabetic retinopathy, 200
for esophageal cancer, 1658
for renal cell carcinoma, 1685
for retinal vein occlusion, 197
Antivenin/antivenom, 1601t
for black widow spider bites, 1625
for scorpion stings, 1625for snake bites, 1624, 1624–1625
Antiviral agents, 183t, 211t, 1392t. See also specific agent or infection
Anti-voltage-gated calcium channel antibody, 1028
Anti-voltage-gated potassium channel antibody, 1028
Anti-Yo antibody, 1028
Anti-Zic antibody, 1028
Anton syndrome, 1025
Anus. See also under Anal
cancer of, 1633t, 1674
in HIV infection/gay/bisexual men/MSM, 1367, 1674, 1755, 1756t, 1757
rectum protruding through (rectal prolapse), 686
Anxiety/anxiety disorders, 1074–1077, 1075t
chest pain/discomfort and, 28
chronic pain and, 1081, 1081f
drugs for management of, 1075–1077, 1075t, 1077t
in gay/bisexual men/MSM, 1755
hospitalization/illness and, 1124, 1125, 1126
hyperventilation/respiratory alkalosis and, 929
palpitations in, 29, 30, 31
pre- and postsurgical, 1125, 1126
Anxiolytic drugs, 1075–1077, 1075t, 1077t. See also specific type
Aorta. See also under Aortic
atherosclerotic/occlusive disease of, 488–489
coarctation of, 339–340
diseases affecting, pregnancy and, 450, 451f, 452–453, 452t
in Marfan syndrome, 362, 1706
traumatic injury of, 450
Aortic aneurysms
abdominal, 5, 6t, 496–498
dissection and, 501, 502
in syphilis, 498, 1516, 1517f
thoracic, 498–499
Aortic arch, coarctation of, 339
Aortic dissection, 500–502
aortic root size and, 363–364
chest pain/discomfort in, 27, 500hypertension/hypertension management and, 461, 485t, 500, 501
in pregnancy, 452, 452–453
Aortic regurgitation, 347–349t, 362–364, 363t. See also Valvular heart disease
hypertension and, 362, 363, 461
in Marfan syndrome, 1706
Aortic root disease/dilation
in aortic regurgitation, 362, 363
in aortic stenosis, 357, 359
dissection and, 363–364
in Marfan syndrome, 362, 1706
Aortic sclerosis, 357
Aortic stenosis, 347–349t, 350t, 356–362, 357t, 358t, 360f, 361f. See also Valvular
heart disease
Aortic valve
repair/replacement of, 358–361, 358t, 360f, 361f, 363–364, 363t. See also Valve
replacement
in rheumatic fever/heart disease, 362, 439
traumatic rupture of, 450
Aortoenteric fistula, 610
Aortoiliac occlusive disease, 488–489
APACHE II score, 746
Apallic state (persistent vegetative state), 1049
Apalutamide, 1640t
Apathetic hyperthyroidism, 1149, 1156
Apathy, in dementia, 1040
APC gene, 681, 683, 684, 1666, 1667
Aphasia. See also specific cause
dementia and, 1039t
nonfluent/agrammatic variant, 1039t
semantic variant, 1039t
stroke and, 1015
tumors causing, 1024
Aphthous ulcers, 240, 879, 880, 1361, 1362f
API2-MALT1 gene translocation, 1662
Apical ballooning syndrome. See Stress cardiomyopathy
Apicitis, petrous, 219–220
Apixaban, 579, 580–581t, 583t, 585t, 588for atrial fibrillation/stroke prevention, 408–409, 409t
for DVT/PE (venous thromboembolic disease), 580–581t, 583t, 585t, 588
overdose/toxicity of, 409, 579, 581t, 611, 1608
perioperative management of, 52t, 409
for TIAs, 1012
Aplastic anemia, 531–533, 531t
thrombocytopenia and, 531, 532, 561, 563
Aplastic crises, 520, 527
in erythroparvovirus infection, 1446
Apnea, sleep. See Sleep apnea hypopnea
Apnea test, 1049
Apneustic breathing, 1048
APOB mutation, 1702
APOE-e4 (APOE episilon-4) gene, in Alzheimer disease, 59, 1041
APOL1 gene
in HIV-associated nephropathy, 964
in kidney disease/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 460, 941, 959, 961, 962
Apotransferrin, 515
Appendectomy, 658
in pregnant patient, 843
ulcerative colitis risk and, 674
Appendiceal carcinoids, 1204, 1664, 1665
Appendicitis, 657–658
in pregnancy, 657, 658, 843
ulcerative colitis risk and, 674
Appetite, genetic control of, 1287
Apprehension sign, 1737
Apprehension test, 1712t
Apraclonidine, 185t, 191, 1613
Apraxia, 1024, 1040, 1041
Apremilast, 155, 880, 883–884
Aprepitant, 157, 597, 598t, 1695
Aqua glycolic, 111t
Aquaphor, 111t
Aquaporin-4, in neuromyelitis optica, 202, 1045
Aqueous deficiency, 179
Arachnodactyly, in Marfan syndrome, 1706Arbovirus encephalitides, 1415–1417
Arcing (flash) burns, 1590
ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Arenaviruses, hemorrhagic fever caused by, 1426
Arformoterol, 273
Arg133Trp (PAX-4) mutation, 1229
Argatroban, 568, 568t
Arginine vasopressin. See Vasopressin
Argyll Robertson pupils, 1517
ARH mutation, 1702
Aripiprazole, 1089, 1089t, 1090, 1090t, 1092t
for aggressive/violent behavior, 1113
with antidepressants, 1090, 1098, 1103
for bipolar disease/mania, 1090, 1105
for depression, 1090
overdose/toxicity/side effects of, 210t, 1090t, 1092t, 1289t, 1609–1610
Arm edema, in breast cancer/postmastectomy, 777–778
Armodafinil, 38, 1112
Arnold-Chiari malformation, 1053
Aromatase inhibitors/inactivators (AIs)
adverse effects of, 211t, 758, 771, 773, 1640t
in cancer chemotherapy, 1640t
for breast cancer treatment/prevention, 759, 770–771, 773
for endometriosis, 795
for gynecomastia, 1213
Arousal (excitement) stage of sexual activity, 800, 801, 1083. See also Sexual
dysfunction
Arrhythmias, 397–418, 398–399t. See also specific type and Electrocardiogram
antidepressants causing, 1102, 1599, 1626, 1626f
in COPD, 271, 274
in heart failure, 425
in hypercalcemia, 916, 1172
in hypocalcemia, 915, 1169
in hypothermia/rewarming, 1584
inherited, 415–416
myocardial infarction and, 387, 393–394
palpitations and, 29, 30–31perioperative evaluation/management of, 49
in pheochromocytoma, 1197, 1198, 1200, 1201
in poisoning/drug overdose, 1599–1600, 1599t. See also specific agent
with antidepressants, 1102, 1599, 1626, 1626f
with antipsychotics, 1092, 1609, 1610
seizures differentiated from cerebral hypoperfusion caused by, 1007
sudden death in athletes and, 453, 455t
syncope and, 417
in tetralogy of Fallot, 345, 346
treatment of
catheter ablation for, 400, 404, 412, 413, 414, 415
pharmacologic, 397–400, 398–399t. See also Antiarrhythmic drugs
Arsenic poisoning, 1601t, 1610
Arsenic trioxide, 543, 1639t
Artemether
for malaria, 1535t, 1537t, 1539
with lumefantrine (Coartem/Riamet), 1535t, 1536t, 1537t, 1539, 1540
for schistosomiasis chemoprophylaxis, 1553
Artemisinins (qinghaosu)/artemisinin derivatives/combinations (ACTs), 1535, 1535t,
1536t, 1539, 1541
Arterial aneurysms. See specific type and Aneurysms
Arterial blood gases
in acid-base disorders, 921
in ARDS, 334, 335
in asthma/asthma exacerbation, 258, 258t, 267, 268f
in carbon monoxide poisoning, 319, 1612
COPD/home oxygen therapy and, 270, 271t, 272, 272t
in cystic fibrosis, 278
in drowning, 1586–1587
in dyspnea evaluation, 24
in metabolic acidosis, 922t
in metabolic alkalosis, 922t, 927, 928
in methemoglobinemia, 1620
in Pneumocystis pneumonia, 1354, 1573
in pulmonary embolism, 309
in pulmonary hypertension, 316
in respiratory acidosis, 922t, 928in respiratory alkalosis, 922t, 929
in respiratory failure, 331
in shock, 512
ventilatory control and, 329
Arterial graft/prosthesis. See Revascularization procedures
Arterial lines, infection and, 1316
Arterial occlusion
acute limb, 492–493
atherosclerotic. See Atherosclerosis
Arterial thrombosis. See Thrombosis
Arteriography. See specific type or disorder
Arteriolar dilators, 425, 478t, 479
Arteriovenous fistulae, spinal dural, 1022
Arteriovenous malformations
gastrointestinal (angioectasias), bleeding from, 610, 613, 615
in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 1707
intracranial, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020–1021
Arteritis. See also Polyarteritis
giant cell. See Giant cell (temporal/cranial) arteritis
in Kawasaki disease, 1463
Takayasu, 873
Artesunate, 1535t, 1537t, 1539
with amodiaquine (ASAQ), 1536, 1536t, 1537t, 1539
with mefloquine, 1536t, 1537–1538, 1539
with pyronaridine, 1535t, 1536t, 1537
with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar), 1536t, 1539
Arthritis/arthralgia. See also specific disorder causing
in ankylosing spondylitis, 882
arthroplasty/joint replacement for, 847, 1727–1728, 1738–1739. See also specific
joint
in Behçet syndrome, 880, 884
calcium pyrophosphate deposition and, 851–852
cancer-associated, 854, 893
in chikungunya fever, 85, 888, 1434, 1435
chondroitin for, 847, 1738
in Crohn disease, 670, 885
crystal deposition, 847–852, 848f, 848t, 850tdegenerative, 844–847, 846f. See also Osteoarthritis
in diabetes, 1259
in erythroparvovirus infection, 854, 888, 1446
extra-articular manifestations and, 844
glucosamine for, 847, 1738
gonococcal, 884, 887–888, 1335t, 1498, 1499
gouty. See Gout/gouty arthritis
in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis), 854, 875
in hemophilia, 573t
in hepatitis, 854, 888
of hip, 845, 847, 885, 1727–1728
in HIV infection/AIDS, 888, 1360
infectious, 885–888, 1325
inflammatory intestinal diseases and, 670, 885
joint involvement pattern and, 844, 845, 845t, 846
of knee, 845, 846, 847, 885, 1728, 1729, 1737–1739
leukemic, 893
Lyme. See Lyme disease
mutilans, 883
neck pain caused by, 1720, 1721
nongonococcal acute bacterial (septic), 885–887, 1325, 1335t
pneumococcal, 1469
in polychondritis, 879
pseudoseptic, 886
psoriatic, 119, 883–884
reactive, 884–885, 884f, 887
in rheumatic fever, 439, 440t
rheumatoid. See Rheumatoid arthritis
rubella and, 888, 1410
in sarcoidosis, 306, 891
septic. See Arthritis/arthralgia, nongonococcal acute bacterial
in SLE, 854, 857, 857t
staphylococcal, 885, 886, 1335t
in Still disease, 856
streptococcal, 885, 1468
tophaceous, 848, 851tuberculous, 891
in ulcerative colitis, 670, 885
viral, 888
in Whipple disease, 651, 885
Arthritis-dermatitis syndrome, 1499
Arthrocentesis, 844. See also specific disorder
Arthropathy, neurogenic. See Neurogenic arthropathy
Arthroplasty. See Joints, replacement of
Arthropods, skin lesions caused by, 161–162
Artificial insemination, 803, 989
for lesbian/bisexual women/WSW/WSWM, 1745–1746
Artificial nutrition. See Nutritional support
Artificial pancreas. See Closed loop systems
Artificial sweeteners, 1236–1237
Artificial tears, 179–180, 868
Aryepiglottic folds, cancer of, 249
Arytenoid cartilage, contact ulcers/granulomas of, 248
5-ASA, 666, 672, 675, 676
ASAQ (artesunate-amodiaquine), 1536, 1536t, 1537t, 1539
Asbestosis (asbestos exposure), 321, 321t, 323, 1648
Asboe-Hansen sign, 148f
Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis), 1557–1558
Ascites, 616–618, 617t. See also specific cause
bacterial peritonitis and, 616, 617t, 618–620
in cirrhosis/liver disease, 616, 617, 617t, 618–620, 719–720, 732
malignant, 616, 617t, 620
neutrocytic, 617, 618, 619
Ascites albumin gradient, serum (SAAG), 617–618, 617t, 719, 732. See also Ascites
Ascitic fluid analysis, 617–618, 619. See also specific disorder and Paracentesis
Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C
Asenapine, 1089, 1089t, 1090, 1092t
Aseptic meningitis, 1318–1319, 1318t. See also Meningitis
coxsackieviruses causing, 1318, 1449–1450
echoviruses causing, 1318, 1451
herpes simplex causing, 1318, 1320, 1391
leptospiral, 1318–1319, 1521, 1522
in Lyme disease, 1319, 1523, 1526mumps/mumps vaccine and, 1319, 1408
in syphilis, 1319, 1514
Asfotase alfa, 1185
Asherman syndrome, 1218
Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, 1639t
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 692, 693t, 694t. See also specific disorder affecting
Aspergilloma, 1576, 1577
Aspergillus/Aspergillus fumigatus (aspergillosis), 1576–1577
allergic bronchopulmonary, 271, 277, 897t, 1576
chemoprophylaxis for, 1313, 1576
in immunocompromised host/HIV infection/AIDS, 231, 1313, 1576
invasive, 1576, 1577
sinusitis and, 231, 1576, 1577
Aspiration, 319–320, 1336t. See also Pneumonia, aspiration
in drug users, 1325
enteral nutritional support and, 1304
of food/“café coronary,” 320
foreign body, 251, 320
of gastric contents
acute (Mendelson syndrome), 319, 1316
chronic, 320
of inert material, 320
of toxic material/petroleum distillates, 320, 1622
Aspirin, 35, 87t, 89. See also Antiplatelet therapy; Salicylates
for ACS (NSTEMI/STEMI), 383, 384f, 389, 390t, 391, 392, 393, 396
in analgesic nephropathy, 965
for angina, 378f, 379
atrial fibrillation/stroke prevention and, 408, 410
cardiac valve replacement and, 360, 368t, 369
in cardiovascular/heart disease prevention, 6t, 10, 372, 464, 1258
for chemoprevention, 6t, 10. See also specific disorder
in colorectal cancer prevention, 6t, 10, 1667
contraindications to in heat stroke, 1583
coronary stenting and, 380, 392
direct-acting oral anticoagulant use and, 410
for DVT/PE (venous thromboembolic disease), 584tfor essential thrombocytosis, 537
GI/diverticular bleeding associated with, 89, 610, 611, 613, 614, 616, 640
for Kawasaki disease, 1463
nasal polyps and asthma as contraindication to, 235
with opioid analgesics, 95t
overdose/toxicity of, 89, 1623
for pain management, 87t, 89
in peptic ulcer disease, 640, 643, 644. See also Peptic ulcer disease, NSAIDinduced
for pericarditis, 443
platelet function affected by, 573t, 847
for polycythemia, 536
respiratory disease associated with sensitivity to, 255, 896–898
Reye syndrome and, 89, 1397, 1398, 1438
for rheumatic fever, 441
for TIAs, 1012
for transient monocular visual loss, 199
Aspirin (NSAID) exacerbated respiratory disease, 255, 896–898
Asplenia, immunization recommendations in, 1341t, 1342t, 1343t
Assisted reproductive technologies, 803, 989
for lesbian/bisexual women/WSW/WSWM, 1745–1746
Astemizole, antidepressant drug interactions and, 1104t
Astereognosis, 1024
Asterixis, 617
Asthenozoospermia, 988, 988f
Asthma, 19, 21, 21t, 255–269
allergic, 255, 261
allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis/aspergillosis and, 277, 1576
aspirin triggering, 255
“cardiac,” 255, 259
catamenial, 255
classification/diagnosis of, 256–259, 256f, 257t, 258t, 259–261, 260f
complications of, 259
COPD differentiated from, 259, 271
cough in, 19, 21, 21t, 255
differential diagnosis of, 259
drugs causing, 255, 323texacerbations of
classification/assessment of severity/control and, 256f, 257–258, 257t, 258, 258t,
259, 260f
treatment of, 256f, 257t, 266–269, 267f, 268f
exercise-induced, 255
“functional,” 259
lesbian/bisexual women/WSW/WSWM and, 1749
NAEPP 3 diagnosis/management guidelines for, 256f, 257t, 258t, 259–261, 260f,
261–262t, 263t, 266, 267f, 268f
occupational, 255, 322
during pregnancy, 837–838
pulmonary function testing in, 256f, 257t, 258–259, 258t, 266, 268f, 269
severity/control of, 256f, 257t, 258, 258t, 259, 260f
treatment of, 256f, 257t, 259–261, 260f, 261–266, 261–262t, 263t, 264–265t, 266–
269, 267f, 268f
antibiotics in, 269
desensitization/immunotherapy in, 266
in emergency department setting, 266, 268f, 269
for exacerbations, 256f, 257t, 266–269, 267f, 268f
at home, 266, 267f
inhalation therapy, 261t, 262, 262t, 263, 264t, 268f, 269
in intensive care setting, 268f, 269
long-term control medications for, 260f, 261, 264–265t
pharmacologic, 61–66, 256f, 257t, 261, 261–262t, 263t, 264–265t, 266–269,
267f, 268f
in pregnant patient, 837
quick relief medications for, 256f, 261, 261–262t
stepwise approach to, 256f, 257t, 260f, 266
triad, 235, 898
vaccinations for patients with, 266
zanamivir contraindications and, 1440
Asthma action plan, 259
Astrocytoma, 1023t, 1632t
Astroviruses, diarrhea/gastroenteritis caused by, 603t
ASXL1 mutation, 541, 543
Asymmetric septal hypertrophy, 435
At-risk/risky drinking, 16, 1114, 1116. See also Alcohol use disorderAtactic breathing, 1048
Ataxia
fragile-X tremor-ataxia syndrome and, 1702
Friedreich, 1056
tumors causing, 1025
VZV infection causing, 1396
Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM) mutation
in breast cancer, 757
in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 546
in pancreatic/periampullary carcinoma, 1654
Atazanavir, 1377t, 1383, 1385. See also Antiretroviral therapy
with cobicistat, 1377t, 1382, 1383
with ritonavir, 1383, 1385
Atelectasis
in bronchial obstruction, 255
mechanical ventilation and, 333
in right middle lobe syndrome, 301–302
Atenolol/atenolol combinations, 48t, 450, 475t, 820t, 1289t
Atezolizumab, 775, 1142, 1148, 1636t, 1645–1646, 1646, 1683
Atherosclerosis, 488–495. See also specific structure affected and Cardiovascular
disorders; Vascular disorders
acute limb occlusion and, 492–493
aneurysms and, 498
aortoiliac disease and, 488–489
cerebrovascular occlusive disease and, 493–494, 494f. See also Stroke
cholesterol/lipoproteins (lipid hypothesis) and, 1275, 1275–1276, 1277–1279,
1278t
coronary artery/heart disease and, 369–397. See also Coronary heart disease
in diabetes mellitus, 1258
femoral/popliteal artery disease and, 489–490
homocysteine/hyperhomocysteinemia and, 1704
hypertension and, 461
lipid-lowering therapy and. See Lipid-lowering therapy
mesenteric vascular disease and, 494–495
renal artery stenosis/renal vascular hypertension and, 459, 949
TIAs and, 1011
tibial/pedal artery disease and, 490–492visceral artery insufficiency and, 494–495
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). See Atherosclerosis; Coronary heart
disease
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk calculator, 369
Athletes
cardiovascular screening of, 453–455, 454t, 455t
head injury/concussion in, 1051
sports medicine injuries and, 1708–1741
sudden death of, 436, 453
Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), 124–125, 124f, 125f, 146, 147
Athletic hypertrophy, 435, 454
Atlanta classification, revised, 747
ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia) mutation
in breast cancer, 757
in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 546
in pancreatic/periampullary carcinoma, 1654
Atomoxetine, 1109
Atonic seizures (epileptic drop attacks), 1005. See also Seizures
Atopic dermatitis, 116–117. See also Eczema
Atopic disease (atopy), 894. See also specific disorder and Allergies/allergic
disorders/reactions
allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis and, 277
allergic rhinitis and, 232, 233
asthma and, 255
eosinophilic esophagitis and, 628, 629
Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 180
Atorvastatin, 371t, 1276, 1280, 1281t, 1282. See also Statins
with amlodipine, 471t
HIV infection/antiretroviral therapy and, 1382
peripheral arterial disease and, 489
for polycystic ovary syndrome, 1216
Atovaquone
for malaria, with proguanil (Malarone), 820, 1535t, 1537t, 1539, 1540, 1540t
for P jirovecii infection, 1355t, 1375t, 1574
ATP7B mutation, 729
Atraumatic shoulder instability, 1714, 1715
Atrial fibrillation, 405–411, 406t, 408t, 409t. See also Arrhythmiasarterial emboli and, 406
anticoagulation and, 407, 407–410, 408t, 409t, 1155
limb occlusion and, 492
retinal artery occlusion and, 197, 198
stroke and, 406, 406t, 407–411, 408t, 409t, 493, 1016
TIAs and, 1011, 1012
asymptomatic/“subclinical,” 406
with bradyarrhythmia (“tachy-brady syndrome”), 401
in cardiomyopathy, 433, 436
catheter ablation of, 400
in hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis, 1149, 1155
lone, 407
in mitral regurgitation, 352
in mitral stenosis, 350, 351
in myocardial infarction, 393
recurrent paroxysmal, 406, 407–408, 411
reentry/preexcitation and, 404, 405
refractory, 411
transient, 407–408, 493
treatment of, 398t, 406–411, 408t, 409t
Atrial flutter, 398t, 406, 411–412
Atrial gallop. See Heart sounds
Atrial myxoma, 449
Atrial (supraventricular) premature beats, 393, 412
Atrial septal aneurysm, 341, 342
Atrial septal defect, 340–342
Atrial septal lipoma, 449
Atrial tachycardia, 412
Atrioventricular (heart) block, 401–402
in atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale, 341
in Lyme disease, 1523, 1525t, 1526
in myocardial infarction, 393–394
in poisoning/drug overdose, 1599t, 1611
Atrioventricular (AV) dissociation, 402
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), 403
Atrioventricular pathways, accessory, 403, 404–405
Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), 403, 405Atripla (tenofovir [TDF]/emtricitabine/efavirenz), 1380t, 1381, 1385, 1386t
Atrophic gastritis, 638, 648, 1659
Atrophic urethritis, 66
Atrophic vaginitis, 66, 813
Atrophie blanche, 32
Atropine
for calcium channel blocker overdose, 1611
for cholinesterase inhibitor (anticholinesterase) poisoning, 1601t, 1622
for nerve agent exposure, 1612
overdose/toxicity of, 1610–1611
Attention, compromise of in dementia, 58
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 1038, 1108–1109
Atypical absence seizures, 1005
Atypical antidepressants, 1098–1102, 1099t. See also Antidepressants
Atypical antipsychotics, 1088–1089, 1091. See also Antipsychotic drugs
for dementia/dementia-associated behavior problems, 60, 1042
for depression, 1090, 1091, 1098
diabetes and, 1092, 1092t, 1231
for Huntington disease, 1035
overdose/toxicity/side effects of, 1089, 1091–1094, 1092t, 1609–1610
for Parkinson disease/parkinsonism, 1034
for Tourette syndrome, 1038, 1090
Atypical (complement-mediated) hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 566, 566t, 567
Atypical facial pain, 1004
Atypical major depression, 1096, 1098
Atypical measles, 1394t
Atypical mycobacteria. See Nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria
Atypical nevi/mole, 113, 113f
Atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (ASC-US), 15, 787t, 788
AUA symptom index, 990, 990t
Audiology, 213–214
Audiovestibular disorders, 222, 224, 226–227. See also Vertigo; Vestibular disorders
AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), 16, 17t, 711, 1114
Auditory canal. See Ear canal
Auer rods, 544
Augmentation mammoplasty. See Breast implants
Augmented voiding techniques, 68Aura
in migraine headache, 42, 996, 1007
pre-seizure, 1006
Auricle, disorders of, 214
Austin Flint murmur, 362
Austrian triad, 1469
Autism spectrum disorder, 1109–1110
fragile X mental retardation and, 1702
vaccines and, 1407
Autoimmune adenopathy, 252
Autoimmune cholangitis, 725
Autoimmune cytopenia, 901
Autoimmune disorders, 852–870. See also specific disease
adrenal insufficiency/Addison disease and, 1188
breast implants and, 757
common variable immunodeficiency and, 901
diabetes and, 1228–1229, 1229t
epilepsy and, 1006
fever/FUO and, 1308, 1309
hearing loss in, 222
in HIV infection/AIDS, 1351
neurocognitive disorders/delirium caused by, 1124t
paraneoplastic, 1028
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 529–530
Autoimmune hepatitis, 710–711
Autoimmune hypoglycemia, 1273
Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism, 1168
Autoimmune myocarditis, 429, 429t, 431
Autoimmune neutropenia, 533
Autoimmune pancreatitis, 750, 751, 752
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS/autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy [APECED]), 1139, 1168, 1188
Autoimmune regulatory (AIRE) gene, 1228
Autoimmune thyroiditis, 834, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142. See also Thyroiditis
Autologous packed red blood cells, transfusion of, 557. See also Transfusion
Automatisms/postepileptic automatisms, 1005
Automobile accidentscardiac injury and, 449–450
prevention of injury caused by, 15, 15–16
Automobile driving
distracted, accidents and, 15, 16
by patients with dementia, 60–61, 1042
by patients with epilepsy/seizures, 1008
by patients with syncope/ventricular tachycardia/sudden cardiac arrest, 417–418
by suicidal patients, 1098
Autonomic dysfunction. See Dysautonomia
Autonomic failure, pure, 1010
Autonomic neuropathy, 1010
cancer-related/chemotherapy-induced, 1010, 1029, 1696
in diabetes, 1257. See also Diabetic neuropathy
dysautonomia and, 1010
in porphyria, 1056, 1699
Autonomic testing
in dysautonomia, 1010
in syncope, 417
Autophony
patulous eustachian tube and, 217
in superior semicircular canal dehiscence, 226
Autopsy, 82
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 967–968, 967t, 968f
Autosomal recessive syndromes, in diabetes, 1230
AV dissociation, 402
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), 403
AV reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), 403, 405
Avanafil, 986
Avascular necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis), 894, 1181
corticosteroid use and, 894, 1227
in HIV infection/AIDS, 1360
of jaw, bisphosphonate use and, 11, 894, 1181
Avatrombopag, 722
Aveeno, 111t
Avelumab, 1132, 1683, 1685
Avian influenza, 1438, 1441–1443. See also Influenza
AVNRT (AV nodal reentrant tachycardia), 403Avoidance therapy
for allergic rhinitis, 232–233
for contact dermatitis, 135
for rosacea, 138
Avoidant personality disorder, 1085t, 1086
AVRT (AV reciprocating tachycardia), 403, 405
Axicabtagene, 549
Axilla, radial nerve compression at, 1060
Axillary lymph nodes, in breast cancer, 761
adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy and, 768
arm edema and, 777, 778
dissection of, 767
evaluation of, 760–761, 761, 761f
prognosis/recurrence and, 768t, 776, 776t, 777
Axitinib, 1149, 1637t, 1685
Axonal injury, diffuse, 1050t
Axonal neuropathies, 1055, 1058. See also specific type and Guillain-Barré syndrome;
Neuropathies
in critically ill patient, 1058
plasma cell myeloma/paraproteinemias and, 1057
toxic, 1058
Azacitidine, 542, 1634t
Azarcon toxicity, 1614t
Azathioprine
for autoimmune hepatitis, 710–711
for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis), 877
for inflammatory bowel disease, 666–667, 672, 676
for myasthenia gravis, 1066
for myasthenic syndrome, 1067
for neuromyelitis optica, 1045
for pemphigus, 149
thiopurine methyltransferase variants and, 667
Azelaic acid, 169
Azelastine, 183t, 232. See also Antihistamines
Azidothymidine (AZT). See Zidovudine
Azilsartan/azilsartan and chlorthalidone, 467t
Azithromycin, 1335t, 1336t. See also Macrolidesfor diarrhea, 606, 1326, 1331, 1492
for endocarditis/endocarditis prophylaxis, 1484t
for gonococcal infections, 887, 1499
for Lyme disease, 1522, 1525
for MAC infections, 299, 1374, 1504, 1505
for non-sexually transmitted treponematoses, 1519
for ophthalmic disorders, 181t
for pharyngitis, 242, 1336t, 1466
for pneumonia, 281t, 1335t, 1336t, 1470, 1490
for RSV, 1437
for syphilis, 1513
for urinary tract infection, 974t
Azo compounds, 666
Azoospermia, 988, 988f, 989
artificial insemination for, 803, 989
in cystic fibrosis, 278
Azotemia, 931, 935t. See also specific cause and Kidney disease/injury
in hepatorenal syndrome, 721
hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism and, 1175, 1175–1176
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state and, 1266
hypocalcemia/hyperphosphatemia/hypoparathyroidism and, 1169–1170
pancreatitis and, 746, 748
parenteral nutritional support and, 1306t
postrenal, 935t, 936–937
prerenal, 935, 935–936, 935t
Aztreonam, 288t
B19 parvovirus infection. See Erythroparvovirus infection
B-cell lymphoma, 548, 548t. See also Lymphoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
common variable immunodeficiency and, 901
Epstein-Barr virus and, 1401
gastric, 1662
intestinal, 1664
B cells
defects in, common variable immunodeficiency and, 901
pancreatic
in diabetes, 1228, 1229hypoglycemia caused by tumors of, 1268t, 1269–1272, 1269t, 1270t. See also
Insulinomas
B-raf/BRAF gene/mutations
GI cancer and, 682, 1666, 1669
hairy cell leukemia and, 547
lung cancer and, 1645
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP/beta)
in aortic regurgitation, 363
in aortic stenosis, 358
in cardiac trauma, 450
in cardiomyopathy, 432, 438, 451
in dyspnea, 23
in heart failure, 419–420, 732
in myocarditis, 430, 431
perioperative cardiac complications risk and, 47
in pulmonary embolism, 310
recombinant. See Nesiritide
Babesia divergens/duncani/microti/venatorum (babesiosis), 1541–1542, 1542f
coinfections and, 1460, 1525, 1541
Bacillary angiomatosis, 1365, 1365f, 1500
Bacillary dysentery (Shigella dysentery/gastroenteritis), 603t, 604, 1326, 1328t, 1330,
1332t, 1336t, 1493
in HIV infection/gay/bisexual men/MSM, 1363, 1755
Bacillus, 1332t
anthracis, 1332t, 1478, 1479
cereus, 603t, 604, 1326, 1327t
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. See under BCG
Bacitracin/bacitracin-polymyxin, 181t
Back pain, 84, 1716–1718, 1717t, 1719–1720. See also specific cause
in ankylosing spondylitis, 881, 882
disk-related, 1719–1720
spinal cord compression causing, 1688, 1718
spinal stenosis causing, 1718–1719
Background (nonproliferative) retinopathy, 199, 199–200, 1254
Baclofen, 1001, 1046, 1615
Bacteremia. See also Sepsis/septic shock
anaerobic, 1502in bartonellosis, 1500
Campylobacter causing, 1495
gram-negative, 1490–1491
health care-associated, 1315, 1316, 1317
listeriosis and, 1481
osteomyelitis and, 889
salmonella, 1332t, 1491, 1493
staphylococcal, 1473–1474
transfusion and, 558
vibrios causing, 1495
Bacterial infections, 1331–1333t, 1465–1507. See also specific type and Sepsis/septic
shock
actinomycosis, 1332t, 1503–1504
dermatitides, in HIV infection/AIDS, 1365, 1365f
diarrhea in, 603t, 604t, 1326, 1327–1328t
drugs for. See Antibiotics; Antimicrobial therapy
endocarditis,

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