Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys
Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys
Edited by
Liming Liu
Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Part I General 1
1 Introduction to the welding and joining of magnesium 3
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
1.1 Background 3
1.2 Characteristics of magnesium alloy welded joints
under dynamic load 4
1.3 Efficient gas metal arc welding of magnesium alloys 5
1.4 Dissimilar welding of magnesium alloys to other metals 6
1.5 References 7
2 Welding metallurgy of magnesium alloys 9
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Weldability of magnesium alloys 10
2.3 Weldability of magnesium alloys to other metals 12
2.4 References 14
3 Preparation for welding of magnesium alloys 16
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Surface treatment of magnesium alloys 16
3.3 Welding groove for magnesium alloys 18
3.4 Preheating and postweld treatments for magnesium alloys 20
3.5 References 22vi Contents
4 Welding materials for magnesium alloys 23
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Hot extrusion process of welding materials 27
4.3 Component design of welding materials 32
4.4 Hot pull process of welding materials 34
4.5 Microstructure and strength of welding materials 35
4.6 References 36
5 Welding and joining of magnesium alloys to
aluminum alloys 38
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
5.1 Introduction 38
5.2 Hybrid laser-tungsten inert gas welding of magnesium
and aluminum 39
5.3 Diffusion bonding magnesium to aluminum technology 44
5.4 Laser weld bonding magnesium to aluminum technology 49
5.5 Conclusion and future trends 60
5.6 References 61
6 The joining of magnesium alloy to steel 63
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Existing problems in the joining of magnesium alloys to steel 64
6.3 Welding principles for the joining of magnesium alloys to steel 66
6.4 Direct joining of magnesium alloys to mild steel 69
6.5 Nickel-added joining of magnesium alloys to steel 74
6.6 Conclusion and future trends 77
6.7 References 77
7 Corrosion and protection of magnesium alloy welds 79
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
7.1 Introduction 79
7.2 Corrosion characteristics of magnesium alloy weldment 80
7.3 Improvement in the corrosion resistance of magnesium
alloy weldment 86
7.4 Conclusion and future trends 92
7.5 References 93Contents vii
Part II Particular welding and joining techniques 95
8 Brazing and soldering of magnesium alloys 97
T. WaTanabe, Niigata University, Japan
8.1 Surface preparation of magnesium alloys before joining 97
8.2 Brazing of magnesium alloys using flux and filler metal 103
8.3 Ultrasonic brazing of magnesium alloys with no flux 112
8.4 Soldering of magnesium alloys 117
8.5 References 120
9 Mechanical joining of magnesium alloys 122
M. Heger, b?llhoff, Germany and M. HorsTMann,
Hella KGaA Hueck & Co., Germany
9.1 Introduction 122
9.2 Technologies with pre-punching operation and one-sided
accessibility 123
9.3 Technologies with pre-punching operation and two-sided
accessibility 130
9.4 Technologies without pre-punching operation and one-sided
accessibility 133
9.5 Technologies without pre-punching operation and two-sided
accessibility 138
9.6 Linear technology: hemming 145
9.7 References 147
10 Adhesive bonding of magnesium alloys 149
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
10.1 Introduction 149
10.2 Surface treatments of magnesium alloys 149
10.3 Adhesive for the bonding of magnesium alloys 154
10.4 Cure for the bonding of magnesium alloys 154
10.5 Applications of the bonding of magnesium alloys 154
10.6 Future trends 158
10.7 References 158
11 Gas-tungsten arc welding of magnesium alloys 160
L. Liu, Dalian University of Technology, China
11.1 Introduction 160
11.2 Gas-tungsten arc welding of magnesium alloys
without filling wire 161
11.3 Gas-tungsten arc filler welding of magnesium alloys 168
11.4 References
viii Contents
12 Metal inert gas welding of magnesium alloys 178
g. song, Dalian University of Technology, China
12.1 Introduction 178
12.2 Pulsed metal inert gas welding for magnesium alloys 179
12.3 Alternating current metal inert gas welding for magnesium
alloys 185
12.4 Conclusion and future trends 194
12.5 References 194
13 Variable polarity plasma arc welding of magnesium alloys 197
Z.D. ZHang, Dalian University of Technology, China
13.1 Introduction 197
13.2 Variable polarity plasma arc welding of magnesium alloys 199
13.3 Variable polarity plasma arc weld bonding of magnesium
alloys 211
13.4 Conclusion and future trends 226
13.5 References 227
14 Hybrid laser-arc welding of magnesium alloys 229
g. song, Dalian University of Technology, China
14.1 Introduction 229
14.2 Low-power laser/arc hybrid welding of magnesium 230
14.3 Hybrid welding process with filler metal 244
14.4 Practical application 250
14.5 Conclusion and future trends 251
14.6 References 251
15 Activating flux tungsten inert gas welding of
magnesium alloys 253
Z.D. ZHang, Dalian University of Technology, China
15.1 Introduction 253
15.2 Welding mechanism 254
15.3 Welding parameters 258
15.4 Microstructure of welding joints 267
15.5 Mechanical properties 271
15.6 Future trends 272
15.7 References 272
16 Friction stir welding of magnesium alloys 274
H. ZHang, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
16.1 Introduction 274
16.2 Welding parameters and procedures 276
16.3 Welding tools and equipment
Contents ix
16.4 Materials that have been or are being friction stir welded 282
16.5 Typical microstructures of friction stir welded magnesium
alloys 282
16.6 Properties of friction stir welded magnesium alloys 289
16.7 Weld defects of friction stir welded magnesium alloys 295
16.8 Applications of friction stir welded magnesium alloys 300
16.9 Future trends and sources of further information and advice 301
16.10 Acknowledgements 301
16.11 References 301
17 Laser welding of magnesium alloys 306
J. sHan, Tsinghua University, China
17.1 Introduction 306
17.2 Character of the laser welding process and influence
of laser welding parameters 307
17.3 Laser welding of magnesium alloys 318
17.4 Microstructure and properties of laser welding of magnesium
alloys 322
17.5 Typical defects of laser welding of magnesium alloys 332
17.6 Outlook and future trends 346
17.7 References 347
18 Resistance spot welding of magnesium alloys 351
L. Liu, University of Waterloo, Canada, J. Feng, Harbin Institute
of Technology, China and Y. ZHou, University of Waterloo, Canada
18.1 Introduction 351
18.2 Fundamentals of resistance spot welding 351
18.3 Welding conditions: surface 354
18.4 Welding conditions: welding parameters 358
18.5 Nugget growth and microstructure 359
18.6 Welding of magnesium alloys to other alloys 362
18.7 Equipment for the welding of magnesium alloys 363
18.8 Future trends 364
18.9 References 365
19 Electromagnetic pulse welding of magnesium to
aluminium sheets 367
s. Kore, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India and J. iMberT,
Y. ZHou and M. WorsWicK, University of Waterloo, Canada
19.1 Introduction 367
19.2 Fundamental theory of electromagnetic welding 368
19.3 Equipment for electromagnetic welding 369
19.4 Welding technique and materials 372
19.5 Mechanical and metallurgical testing of welds 374x Contents
19.6 Safety guidelines while handling the electromagnetic
welding setup 377
19.7 References
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