The Effect of Creep and other Time Related Factors on Plastics and Elastomers

The Effect of Creep and other Time Related Factors on Plastics and Elastomers
Laurence W. McKeen
Table of Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments

1. Introduction to Creep, Polymers, Plastics and Elastomers
   1.1 Introduction
   1.2 Types of Stress
   1.3 Basic Concepts of Creep
   1.4 Plastics and Polymers
   1.5 Plastic Compositions
   1.6 Mechanisms of Creep of Plastics
   1.7 Poisson’s Ratio
   1.8 Using Creep Data in Plastic Product Design
   1.9 Summary
   References
2. Styrenic Plastics
   2.1 Polystyrene
   2.2 Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
   2.3 Styrene Acrylonitrile
   2.4 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
   2.5 Methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
   2.6 Styrene Maleic Anhydride
   2.7 Styrenic Block Copolymers
   2.8 Styrenic Blends and Alloys
   References
3. Polyether Plastics
   3.1 Polyoxymethylene (POM or Acetal Homopolymer)
   3.2 Polyoxymethylene Copolymer (POM-Co or Acetal Copolymer)
   3.3 Modified Polyphenylene Ether/Polyphenylene Oxides
   References
4. Polyesters
   4.1 Polycarbonate
   4.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate
   4.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate
   4.4 Liquid Crystalline Polymers
   4.5 Polycyclohexylene-Dimethylene Terephthalate
   4.6 Polyphthalate Carbonate
   4.7 Polyester Blends and Alloys
   References
5. Polyimides
   5.1 Polyetherimide
   5.2 Polyamide-Imide
   5.3 Polyimide
   5.4 Imide Polymer Blends
   References
6. Polyamides (Nylons)
   6.1 Nylon 6 (PA 6)
   6.2 Nylon 11 (PA 11)
   6.3 Nylon 12 (PA 12)
   6.4 Nylon 46 (PA 46)
   6.5 Nylon 66 (PA 66)
   6.6 Nylon 610 (PA 610)
   6.7 Nylon 612 (PA 612)
   6.8 Nylon 6/66
   6.9 Nylon Amorphous
   6.10 Polyarylamide
   6.11 Polyphthalamide
   References
7. Polyolefins and Acrylics
   7.1 Polyethylene
   7.2 Polypropylene
   7.3 Polymethylpentene
   7.4 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
   7.5 Rigid PVC
   7.6 Polyacrylics
   References
8. Thermoplastic Elastomers
   8.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers
   8.2 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers
   8.3 Thermoplastic Polyether Olefin Elastomers
   8.4 Thermoplastic Polyether Block Amide Elastomers
   References
9. Fluoropolymers
   9.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene
   9.2 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene
   9.3 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
   9.4 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
   9.5 Perfluoro Alkylvinylether (PFA/MFA)
   9.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
   9.7 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
   References
10. High-Temperature Polymers
    10.1 Polyketones
    10.2 Polyethersulfone
    10.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide
    10.4 Polysulfone
    10.5 Polyphenylsulfone
    References
    Appendix 1. Abbreviations
    Appendix 2. Unit Conversion Tables
    Pressure, Stress, Modulus
    Strain
    Index
    Accelerating creep stage, 5
    Accumulated creep strain, 10
    Acetal copolymer. See Polyoxymethylene Copolymer
    (POM-Co)
    Acetal polymers. See Polyoxymethylene (POM)
    homopolymer
    Acrylics, 293-296
    Acrylite” H15, 294-295
    Diakon™ CLG356, 295
    Diakon’ CMG302, 295
    Diakon™ LG 156, 293
    Diakon’ ST45G8, 295
    product comparisons, 295-296
    Acrylite” H15, 294-295
    Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 22, 34, 55-61.
    See also Lustran” ABS 446; Magnum’ 1040
    Cycolac” G360, 57
    Cycolac'” X37, 58
    direct comparison of ABS resins, 61
    Toyolac” 100, 57
    Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), 33-34,42-47.
    See also Luran'” S 757 R; Luran'” S 776 S;
    Luran'” S 778 T
    Addition polymerization, 19
    Additives, 23-25, 27
    Adipic Acid, 198
    Alloys, polyester, 118, 161-165
    Alternating copolymer, 19
    American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
    17-18
    ASTM D 1693-08, 18
    ASTM D2561, 18
    ASTM D2990-01, 17
    ASTM D5592-94(2002)el, 17
    ISO 1167, 17
    ISO 1167-1:2006, 17
    ISO 1167-2:2006, 17
    ISO 22088-1 :2006, 18
    ISO 3384:2005, 17
    ISO 6914:2004,17
    ISO 899-1 :2003, 17
    ISO 899-2:2003, 17
    Amilan’ CMlO11G-30, 207
    Amilan’ CM1011G-45, 208
    Aminolauric acid, 198
    Aminoundecanoic acid, 198
    Amodel'” A-1133 HS, 246-247
    Amodel'” A-1145 HS, 249
    Amodel” A-1160 HS, 254
    Amodel'” ET-I000, 243
    Amorphous nylon, 201
    chemical structure of, 202
    Amorphous polyamide, 240-241
    Grilamid” TR55, 241
    Grilamid'” TR90, 241
    Trogamid” T5000, 240
    Antiblocking agents, 23
    Antistatic agents, 24
    Apparent creep modulus, 8-9
    Apparent modulus, 9
    Axial or longitudinal stress, 3
    Bayblend'” T85, 67-70
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 67
    at 40°C, 67
    at 60°C, 68
    at 80°C, 68
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 68
    at 40°C, 69
    at 60°C, 69
    at 80°C, 70
    Bayblend'” T88-2N, 72-74
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 72
    at 40°C, 72
    at 60°C, 72
    at 90°C, 72
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 73
    at 40°C, 73
    at 60°C, 74
    at 90°C, 74
    Bayblend” T88-4N, 75-77
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 75
    at 40°C, 75
    at 60°C, 75
    at 90°C, 75
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 76
    at 40°C, 76
    at 60°C, 77
    at 90°C, 77
    Bending stress. See Flexural stress
    Index
    395396
    Biphenol Diamine (BP Diamine), 169
    Biphenol diamine PMDA polyetherimide, 168
    4, 4′-Bisphenol A dianhydride (BPADA)-PPD
    polyetherimide, 168
    BPADA-DDS polyetherimide, 168
    BPADA-MPD polyetherimide, 168
    BPADA-PMDA-MPD copolyetherimide, 169
    Blends, 22
    polyester blends, 118, 161-165
    styrenic blends, 35, 67-81. See also Bayblend” T85;
    Bayblend'” T88-2N; Bayblend” T88-4N; Cycoloy
    C1000; Luran S KR 2861-1; Terblend'” N NM-19;
    Terblend® N NG-02
    Block copolymer, 19-20
    Branched polymers, 20
    creep mechanisms for, 26
    Cantilever beam bending, 2-3
    Capro1actam, 198
    Catalysts, 23-24
    Celanex'” 2300 GV/30, 131
    Celanex'” 2500, 123
    Celanex'” 3210, 129
    Celanex” 3300,131-132, 140
    Celazole” PBI, 339
    Celcon” GB25, 106
    Celcon'” GC25A, 104
    Celcon” M90™, 94-95
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°C, 94
    at 40°C, 94
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 94
    at 40°C, 95
    Celcon'” M270™, 93
    Celcon” TX90PLUS, 98
    Combustion modifiers, 23
    Composites, 23-24
    Compressive stress, 1-2
    Condensation polymerization, 19-20
    Copolymers, 19-20
    alternating, 19
    block, 19
    graft, 19
    random, 19
    Coupling agents, 25
    Crastin” LW9020, 163
    Crastin” LW9030, 164
    Crastin” S600FlO NCOlO, 123
    Crastin” SK601, 129
    Crastin'” SK603, 130
    Crastin” SK605, 134
    Crastin” SK609, 138
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°C, 138
    at 60°C, 138
    Crastin'” ST820 NCOlO, 128
    Crastin'” T805, 135
    Crastin” T841FR, 139
    Crastin'” T843FR, 139
    Creep
    basic concepts, 4-18
    categories, 5-6
    of metals, 4
    regions of, 5-6
    stages, 5-6
    Crosslinked polyethylene (PEX), 265,
    278-279
    commercial methods for producing, 265
    generic PEX, 278-279
    Crosslinked polymers, 20
    creep mechanisms for, 26
    Crystalline versus amorphous plastics, 21-22
    Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), 266-267, 293
    Cycolac'” G360, 57
    Cycolac” X37, 58
    Cycoloy C1000, 70-72
    tensile creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 70
    at 60°C, 71
    at 90°C, 71
    Data, creep
    categories, 5
    first stage of, 5
    isochronous creep, 7
    isometric curves, 8
    primary, 5
    steady state, 5
    tertiary creep, 5
    three-dimensional plot, 7
    two-dimensional plots, 7
    Delrin” 100, 500, 900, 84-86
    isochronous flexural stress-strain
    at 23°C, 84
    at 45°C, 85
    at 85°C, 85
    at 100°C, 85
    Delrin® 100ST NCOlO, 86-88
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 86
    at 40°C, 86
    at 60°C, 87
    at 80°C, 87
    Delrin” 510GR NCOOO, 88-90
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 88
    at 40°C, 88
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 89
    at 60°C, 89
    at 90°C, 90
    INDEXINDEX
    Delrin® 520MP NCOIO, 90-91
    isochronous stress-strain
    at zs-c, 90
    at 60°C, 90
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 91
    at 60°C, 91
    Diakon’ CLG356, 295
    Diakon’ CMG302, 295
    Diakon’ LG156, 293
    Diakon’ ST45G8, 295
    Diamino Diphenyl Sulfone (DDS), 169
    1, 12-Dodecanediotic Acid, 198
    Dyes, 25
    Dylark'” 480P16, 63-64
    flexural creep strain versus time at noc, 63
    tensile creep strain versus stress at 23°C, 64
    Dylark” SMA resins, 64
    Elastic modulus, 8-9
    Elastic recovery, 4
    Elastollan'” 1164 D, 299
    Elastollan'” 1185 A, 299
    Elastollan'” C 64 D, 300
    Elastollan” C 85 A, 300
    Elastollan” R 3000, 301
    Elastomers, 1-30,22-23
    Environmental stress cracking (ESC), 12-17
    performance expectations, 16-17
    generalizations about, 16
    tests for, 12-17
    single cantilever test, 13-14
    tensile creep rupture test, 15-16
    three point bending test, 14
    Equivalent stress, 3
    Ethylene-methacrylic acid (EMAA), 267
    Extenders, 25
    Extruded polystyrene (XPS), 33
    Failure, creep, 10
    Fiberloc ™87241, 291
    Fillers, 23
    Finite element analysis, 29-30
    Fire retardants, 23
    Flame retardants, 23
    Flexural creep, 4
    Flexural stress, 2-3
    cantilever beam bending, 2-3
    occurrence, 2
    simple bending, 2
    Fluon® G163, 317
    Fluon® PAI025Z, 318
    Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 310-311,
    323-327. See also Teflon” FEP
    Fluoropolymers, 309-336. See also Fluorinated ethylene
    propylene (FEP); Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
    397
    melting points of, 312
    perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 311
    polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 311
    polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (E-CTFE), 310,
    319-321
    polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 310
    polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 311-312
    THV™,312
    Fortron'” 1140L4, 349-354
    isochronous stress-strain of
    at noc, 349
    at 120°C, 349
    at 150°C, 350
    at 200°C, 350
    tensile creep modulus versus time of
    at 23°C, 352
    at 120°C, 353
    at 150°C, 353
    at 200°C, 354
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at noc, 350
    at 120°C, 351
    at 150°C, 351
    at 200°C, 352
    Fortron” 6165A4, 357-361
    isochronous stress-strain of
    at zs-c, 357
    at 120°C, 357
    at 150°C, 357
    at 200°C, 357
    tensile creep modulus versus time of
    at 23°C, 360
    at 120°C, 360
    at 150°C, 361
    at 200°C, 361
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at zs-c, 358
    at 120°C, 358
    at 150°C, 359
    at 200°C, 359
    Generic PEX, 278-279
    GHR® 8110, 288-289
    GHR® UHMWPE, 289-290
    Graft copolymer, 19-20
    Grilamid” LV-3H, 219
    Grilamid” TR55, 241
    Grilamid'” TR90, 241
    Grivory” GC-4H, 248
    Grivory” GM-4H, 248
    Grivory'” GV-5H, 250-251
    Grivory” GV-6H, 255
    Grivory” HT2V-3H, 245
    Grivory” HT2V-5H, 252
    Grivoryf HTV-3Hl, 244
    Grivory” HTV-5Hl, 253398
    Grivory'” XE3876, 244-245
    GUR® 4120,286-287
    GUR® 4152,287-288
    GUR®, 289-290
    Ha1ar® E-CTFE, 319-321
    stress relaxation versus temperature of, 321
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at 23°C, 319
    at 75°C, 319
    at 125°C, 320
    at 150°C, 320
    Hard phase plastic properties, 297
    Heterophasic copolymers, 265
    High density polyethylene (HDPE), 264, 267-269
    density 0.945 g/cm’, isochronous stress-strain of, 267
    at 23°C, 267
    at 40°C, 267
    at 80°C, 268
    density 0.948 g/cm”, tensile creep modulus
    versus time
    at 23°C, 268
    at 40°C, 269
    density 0.954 g/cm”, isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 272
    at 40°C, 272
    at 80°C, 272
    density 0.960 g/cm”, isochronous stress-strain of
    at 23°C, 275
    at 40°C, 275
    at 80°C, 275
    High impact polystyrene (HIPS), 20, 33
    creep curves
    at 20°C, 40
    in stress cracking testing of, 42
    High-temperature polymers, 337-372
    Homophasic copolymers, 265
    Homopolymers, 265
    Hoop stress, 3-4
    Hostaform'” C 2521, 95
    Hostaform'” C 9021, 92-93, 105
    flexural creep modulus at various temperatures, 93
    tensile creep curves at 23°C, 92
    time compression stress curves at 20°C, 92
    Hostaform'” S 9063, 99
    Hostalen” CRP 100, 273-274
    hoop stress versus time at various
    temperatures of, 274
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 273
    at 40°C, 274
    Hostalen” GM 5010 T3, 269-270
    hoop stress versus time at various temperatures of, 270
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 269
    at 40°C, 270
    Hostalen” H1022, 282
    INDEX
    Hostalen'” H2150, 279-280
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 279
    at 40°C, 279
    at 60°C, 280
    at 80°C, 280
    Hostalen” H2222, 280
    Hostalen” H2250, 281
    Hostalen'” H52l6, 281
    Hyflon® PFA M620, 330
    Hyflon” PFA M720, 331
    Hyflon'” PFA P220, 329
    Hyflon'” PFA P420, 330
    Hytrel®5526, 303-304
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 303
    at 40°C, 303
    at 80°C, 303
    Hytrelf 6356, 304-305
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 304
    at 40°C, 304
    at 80°C, 305
    Hytrel” 7246, 306-307
    Imide polymer blends, 170-171
    Immiscible blends, 22
    Impact copolymers (heterophasic copolymers), 265
    Impact modifiers, 23-24
    Impet” 330R, 144
    Impetf 61OR, 142
    Isochronous creep, 7
    Isometric curves, 8-9
    Isophthalic acid (IPA), 201
    Isophthalic Acid, 198
    IXEF® 1022, 260
    IXEF® 1032,261
    Kynar'” PVDF, 336
    Lexan'” 101, 119
    Lexan'” 141R, 119-120
    Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), 264
    Linear polymers, 20
    creep mechanisms for, 26
    Liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs), 116-118,
    157-160
    monomers to make, 117
    Vectra” ABO, 157
    Vectra” B130, 159
    Vectra” C130, 159
    Vectra” E130i, 160
    Vectra” H140, 160
    Zenite'” 6130 BKOlO, 158
    Log-log scales, 9
    Low density polyethylene (LDPE), 264
    Lubricants, 23INDEX
    Lubricomp” DFL-4036, 121-122
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°e, 121
    at zo-e. 122
    at 120oe, 122
    Lupolen'” 5031L, 271
    isochronous stress-strain of
    at 23°e, 271
    at ao-c, 271
    Lupolen'” 5261Z, 273
    Lupolen” 6031M, 276
    Luran S KR 2861-1,81
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 81
    at so-c, 81
    Luran'” 378 P G7, 50-53
    creep modulus versus time
    at 23°e, 51
    at -o-c, 52
    at so-c, 52
    at so-c, 53
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 50
    at 40oe, 50
    at so-c, 51
    at so-c, 51
    Luran'” 378 P, 47-50
    creep modulus versus time
    at 23°e, 48
    at 40 oe, 49
    at 60 oe, 49
    at so-c, 50
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 47
    at 40 oe, 47
    at 60 oe, 48
    at 80oe, 48
    Luran’P S 757 R, 42-45
    creep modulus versus time
    at 23°e, 43
    at 40oe, 44
    at 60 oe, 44
    at 80oe, 45
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°e, 42
    at 40 oe, 42
    at 60 oe, 43
    at 80oe, 43
    Luran'” S 776 S, 47
    Luran” S 778 T, 45-46
    creep modulus versus time
    at 23°e, 46
    at 60oe, 46
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 45, 47
    at 60 oe, 45
    at 70oe, 47
    Lustran” ABS 446, 55-56
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°e, 55
    at -o-c, 55
    at 60oe, 56
    at so-c, 56
    Magnum™ 1040,58-60
    creep modulus versus time
    at 23°e, 59
    at 50oe, 60
    at 80°C, 60
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 58
    at so-c, 58
    at so-c, 59
    Maximum surface strain, 14
    Measures of creep, 6-18
    Medium density polyethylene (MDPE), 264
    Melting points of fluoroplastics, 312
    Mesh,29
    Metals, creep properties, 4
    Methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    (MABS), 34, 62-63. See also Terlux” 2802 TR
    Methylene dianiline (MDA), 169
    Mica, 25
    Minlon'” lOB140 NeOlO, 228-229
    creep strain in flexure versus time of
    at 23°e, 229
    isochronous stress-strain of
    at 23°e, 228
    at so-c, 228
    at so-c, 228
    at too-c. 228
    Minlon® 11e40 NeOlO, 229
    Minlon® 12T, 227
    Minlon'” 20B, 230
    Minlon'” 73M30 NeOlO, 207-208
    Modulus, creep, 8-9
    Moire fringe extensometer, 15
    Molecular weight, polymers, 20-21
    M-Phenylene Diamine (MPD), 169
    Multiphase polymer blends, 22
    Neoflon” M-300H, 332
    Neoflon’ M-400H, 332
    Nodes, 29
    Non-fibrous fillers, 23
    Normal stress, 1
    Noryl'” 731, 112
    Noryl’? GFN1, 113
    Noryl'” GFN2, 113
    Noryl'” GTX964W, 111
    Nylon 6,198-199
    characteristics of, 198
    chemical structure of, 199
    Nylon 11, 199
    399400
    Nylon 12, 199
    Nylon 46, 201
    chemical structure of, 206
    Nylon 66, 199-200
    Nylon 610, 200
    structure of, 20 I
    Nylon 612, 200-201
    structure of, 20 I
    Nylon 666 or 66/6, 201
    Oxydianiline (aDA), 169
    Particulate fillers, 23
    Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 311, 328-331. See also Hyflon”
    PFA P220; Teflon® PFA
    Hyflon” PFA M620, 330
    Hyflon'” PFA M720, 331
    Hyflon” PFA P420, 330
    PFA resins, comparison, 331
    Peroxide (or Engel) method (PEX-a), 265
    Pigments, 25
    Plasticizers, 24-25
    Plastics, 1-30,33-81. See also Styrenic plastics
    creep in, mechanisms, 25-27
    branched or crosslinked polymers, 26
    linear polymers, 26
    reinforced plastics, 26
    Poisson’s ratio, 27-28
    Polyacrylics, 267
    Polyamide (PA), 35
    Polyamide 6 (PA 6, Nylon 6), 204-208
    Amilan’ CMIOIIG-30, 207
    Amilan’ CMIOIIG-45, 208
    Minlon” 73M30 NCOIO, 207-208
    Stat-Kon® PC-I006, 206
    Thermocomp'” PF-1004, 204
    Thermocomp'” PF-I006 (PF006), 206
    Ultramid” B5, 204
    Zytel® 73G30L NCOIO, 205
    Polyamide II (PA II, Nylon 11),209-210
    Rilsan® PA II resins, 209
    Polyamide 12 (PA 12, Nylon 12),210-219.
    See also Vestamid” L2140; Vestamid'” L2124;
    Vestamid'” L-GF30
    Grilamid” LV-3H, 219
    Polyamide 46 (PA 46, Nylon 46),242-243
    generic grades of, comparison, 243-259
    Stanyl'” PA 46, 243
    Stanyl” TW200F8, 242
    Stanyl” TW300, 242
    Polyamide 66 (PA 66, Nylon 66), 220-232.
    See also Ultramid’P A 3K; Zytel'” 101
    Minlon” 10B140 NCOIO, 228-229
    Minlon'” l1C40 NCOIO, 229
    Minlon'” 12T, 227
    Minlon'” 20B, 230
    Ultramid'” A 3WG10, 232
    Zytel® 408HS, 223
    Zytel® 408L, 223
    Zytel® 70G13, 224
    Zytel'” 70G30HSLR, 225
    Zytel® 70G33HSIL, 227
    Zytel® 70G33L 33, 226
    Zytel® 70G43L, 231
    Polyamide 610 (PA 610, Nylon 610), 233-234
    Thermocornp” QF006 (QF-I006), 233
    Thermocomp” QF008 (QF-1008), 233
    Thermocomp'” QF012 (QF-100-12), 234
    Polyamide 612 (PA 612, Nylon 612), 234-239.
    See also Vestamid'” D16; Zytel'” 158L NCOIO
    Vestamid” VX7099, 238
    Zytel” 77G43L, 239
    Polyamide-imide (PAl), 167-170, 187-192
    Torlon'” 4203L, 187
    Torlon® 4275, 189-190
    Torlon” 4301, 188
    Torlon® 4375, 189
    Torlon® 5030, 190
    Torlon” 7130, 191-192
    Polyamides/Nylons, 197-262. See also individual
    Nylon entries
    diacids used to make, 198
    diamines used to make, 198
    monomers used to make, 197
    Polyarylamide (PAA), 202, 260-261
    IXEF® 1022, 260
    IXEF® 1032,261
    Polybenzimidazole (PBI), 339
    Polybutadiene, 22
    Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 22, 115-116,
    123-141,170
    Celanex” 2300 GV/30, 131
    Celanex’? 2500, 123
    Celanex'” 3210, 129
    Celanex'” 3300, 131-132
    Crastin'” S600FIO NCOI0, 123
    Crastin” SK601, 129
    Crastin'” SK603, 130
    Crastin'” SK605, 134
    Crastin” SK609, 138
    Crastin” ST820 NCOIO, 128
    Crastin” T805, 135
    Crastin'” T841FR, 139
    Crastinf T843FR, 139
    performance properties, 115
    product comparisons of PBT Resins, 140-141
    Ultradur'” B4300 G6, 135-136
    Ultradurf B4520, 127-128
    Vestodur'” 2000, 124-125
    Vestodur” GF30, 132-134
    Vestodur'” HI19, 126-127
    Vestodur'” HI19-GF30, 137-138
    INDEXINDEX
    Polycarbonate (PC), 35,115,119-122
    Lexan'” 101, 119
    Lexan” 141R, 119-120
    Lubricomp'” DFL-4036, 121-122
    performance properties, 115
    Thermocomp” DF-1006, 120-121
    Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 311, 332
    Polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCT), 118
    Polyesters, 115-165. See also Liquid crystalline
    polymers (LCPs); Polycarbonate (PC); Polybutylene
    terephthalate (PBT); Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
    formation, 115-116
    Polyether block amide (PEBA) elastomers, 298
    Polyether plastics, 83-113
    modified polyphenylene ether/polyphenylene oxides
    (PPE or PPO), 84
    Polyoxymethylene (POM), 83
    Polyoxymethylene Copolymer (POM-Co), 83-84,
    92-110
    Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 170, 337, 340-343
    Victrex” 450CA30, 341
    Victrex'” 450G, 340
    Polyetherimide (PEl), 167, 171-186. See also Ultem'”
    1000; Ultem® 2200; Ultem® 2400; Ultem® PEl resins;
    Vespel® TP-8054; Vespel” TP-8130; Vespel'” TP-8212;
    Vespel” TP-8311; Vespel® TP-8395; Vespel® TP-8549;
    Vespel'” TP-8792
    PEl resins, product comparison, 184-186
    Ultem” CRS5001, 181-182
    Ultem” XH6050, 183-184
    Polyethersulfone (PES), 337-338, 343-348
    Radel® A-200A, 345
    Radel” AG-230, 346-347
    Sumika Excel'” 4101GL30, 347-348
    Ultrason” E 2010 G4, 346
    Ultrason” E 2010 G6, 348
    Ultrason'” E 2010, 343-344
    Polyethylene (PE), 263-265, 267-278
    classifications, 263
    High density polyethylene (HDPE), 264,
    267-269
    Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), 264
    Low density polyethylene (LDPE), 264
    Medium density polyethylene (MDPE), 264
    Ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE), 263
    Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), 264
    crystallinity, 264-265
    Hostalen'” CRP 100, 273-274
    Hostalen” GM 5010 T3, 269-270
    Lupolen'” 5031L, 271
    Lupolen'” 5261Z, 273
    Lupolen'” 6031M, 276
    products, comparison, 277-278
    Polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (E-CTFE), 310,
    319-321
    Halar® E-CTFE, 319-321
    401
    Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 19, 116, 142-157, 170
    Impet'” 330R, 144
    Impet” 61OR, 142
    Rynite” 415HP, 142-143
    Rynite” 530, 145-146
    Rynite'” 545,153-154
    Rynite” 555,154-157
    Rynite” 935, 147-149
    Rynite” 940, 149-150
    Rynitef FR515, 143-144
    Rynite” FR530, 146-147
    Rynite'” FR943, 150-151
    Rynite” SST35, 152-153
    Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), 310, 321-322
    Tefzel'” ETFE HT-2004, 322
    Tefzel” ETFE, 321
    Polyimide (PI), 170, 192-195
    Vespel” SPl, 192-193
    Vespel” SP21, 193-194
    Vespel” SP22, 194-195
    Polymerization, 19. See also Addition polymerization;
    Condensation polymerization; Copolymers
    Polymers, 18-25
    Polymethyl methacrylate, 22
    Polymethylpentene (PMP), 266, 286
    Polyolefins, 263-296
    Polyoxymethylene (POM) homopolymer, 83, 84-91.
    See also Delrin® 100, 500, 900; Delrin” 100ST
    NCOIO; Delrin'” 510GR NCOOO; Delrin® 520MP
    NCO10
    Polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM-Co), 83-84,
    92-110. See also Hostaform” C 9021; Ultraformf
    N2200 G43; Ultraform'” N2200 G53
    Celcon'” M270™, 93
    Celcon” M90™, 94-95
    Celcon'” TX90PLUS, 98
    Hostaform” C 2521, 95
    Hostaform'” S 9063, 99
    Ultraform'” H4320, 97
    Ultraform” N2320 003,96-97
    Polyphenylene ether (PPE), 84
    Polyphenylene oxides (PPO), 84
    Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 338, 349-363.
    See also Fortron” 1140L4; Fortron'” 6165A4;
    Ryton'” R-4
    cured PPS, 338
    generic and product comparison, 362-363
    HMW branched PPS, 338
    HMW linear PPS, 338
    properties of, 338
    regular PPS, 338
    Ryton” A-200PPS, 349
    Ryton'” R-7, 356
    Ryton” R-IO, 356
    Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 339, 369-372.
    See also Radel” R-5000402
    Polyphthalamide/high-performance polyamide (PPA),
    201-202,243-259
    Amodel” A-1133 HS, 246-247
    Amodel'” A-I 145 HS, 249
    Amodel'” A-1160 HS, 254
    Amodel'” ET-l 000, 243
    Grivory” Ge-4H, 248
    Grivory'” GM-4H, 248
    Grivory’? GV-5H, 250-251
    Grivory'” GV-6H, 255
    Grivory'” HT2V-3H, 245
    Grivory'” HT2V-5H, 252
    Grivory'” HTV-3Hl, 244
    Grivory” HTV-5Hl, 253
    Grivory” XE3876, 244-245
    PPA resins, comparison, 256-259
    apparent flexural creep modulus versus time,
    256-259
    flexural creep strain versus time by dynamic
    mechanical analysis, 256
    Polyphthalamides, 203
    Polyphthalate carbonate (PPC), 118, 161
    Polypropylene (PP), 265-266, 279-285
    homopolymers, 265
    Hostalen'” H1022, 282
    Hostalen'” H2150, 279-280
    Hostalen'” H2222, 280
    Hostalen'” H2250, 281
    Hostalen'” H5216, 281
    impact copolymers (heterophasic copolymers), 265
    random copolymers (homophasic copolymers), 265
    Verton” MV006S, 283
    Verton” MV008S, 284-285
    Verton” MVOOAS, 285
    Polystyrene (PS), 22, 33, 36-42
    extruded polystyrene (XPS), 33
    general-purpose PS resins, 41
    generic products and direct comparison of PS resins,
    40-42
    high impact polystyrene (HIPS), 33
    polystyrene 168 N, 39
    creep strain curves at 20°C, 40
    polystyrene 454 C, 37-39
    creep modulus versus time at 23°C of, 38
    creep modulus versus time at 40°C of, 38
    creep modulus versus time at 60°C of, 39
    isochronous stress-strain at 23°C of, 37
    isochronous stress-strain at 40°C of, 37
    isochronous stress-strain at 60°C of, 37
    polystyrene 456 F, 40
    creep rupture curves at various temperatures, 40
    polystyrol 143 E, 36
    creep modulus versus time at 23°C of, 36
    isochronous stress-strain at 23°C of, 36
    Poly sulfone (PSU), 338-339, 364-369
    Udel® P-1700, 366-368
    INDEX
    Ultrason” S 2010, 364-365
    Ultrason” S 2010 G4, 368
    Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 309-310, 313-318
    Fluon'” 0163,317
    Fluon® PA1025Z, 318
    Teflon® PTFE, 313-316
    Poly trimethylene terephthalate (PTT), 118
    Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 291-292
    Fiberloc’ 87241, 291
    rigid PVC, 266
    Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 311-312, 333-336.
    See also Solef'” 1010
    Kynar'” PVDF, 336
    Solef'” 8088/0902, 336
    P-Phenylene diamine (PPD), 169
    Primary creep region, 5
    Product design, plastic, using creep data in, 27-30
    Pseudo elastic design method, 28-29
    Pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), 169
    Radel® A-200A, 345
    Radel® AG-230, 346-347
    Radel” R-5000, 369-372
    apparent creep modulus versus time of, 372
    isochronous stress-strain curves of
    at 23°C, 369
    at 95°C, 369
    at 160°C, 370
    tensile creep modulus versus time of
    at 23°C, 370
    at 95°C, 371
    at 160°C, 371
    Radial stress, 3
    Radiation or electron-beam method (PEX-c), 265
    Random copolymer, 19-20, 265
    Rapra tensile creep machine, 15-16
    Reinforced plastics, creep mechanisms for, 26
    Reinforcing fillers, 23
    Release agents, 23
    Rilsan® PA 11 resins, 209
    Rupture
    creep rupture, 10-11
    in air and aggressive environments, 12
    strength, 9-12
    stress rupture, 10-11
    Rynite'” 415HP, 142-143
    Rynite'” 530, 145-146
    Rynite'” 545, 153-154
    Rynite'” 555,154-157
    flexural creep strain versus time
    at a stress of 6.9 MPa, 154, 156
    at a stress of 13.8 MPa, 155, 156
    atastressof27.6MPa, 155, 157
    Rynite” 935,147-149
    flexural creep strain versus time
    at a stress of 6.9 MPa, 147INDEX
    at a stress of 13.8 MPa, 148
    at a stress of 27.6 MPa, 149
    Rynite” 940, 149-150
    Rynite” FR515, 143-144
    Rynite'” FR530, 146-147
    Rynite'” FR943, 150-151
    Rynite” SST35, 152-153
    Ryton” A-200 PPS, 349
    Ryton” R-4, 354-355
    Ryton” R-7, 356
    Ryton” R-lO, 356
    Sebacic Acid, 198
    Secant modulus, 28
    Semi-crystalline polyamide (PACM 12),202-203,
    261-262
    Trogamid” CX7323, 261
    Shear stress, 1-2
    Silane method (PEX-b), 265
    Single cantilever test, 13-14
    Slip, 23
    Smoke suppressants, 23
    Soft phase elastomeric properties, 297
    Solef® 1010,333-335
    hoop stress versus time of, 334
    isochronous stress-strain versus time of
    at 23°C, 333
    at 120°C, 333
    at 140°C, 334
    Solef® 8088/0902, 336
    Stanyl'” TW200F8, 242
    Stanyl'” TW300, 242
    Stat-Ken” PC-1006, 206
    Steady state region, 5
    Strain versus time creep behavior, 6
    Strain, measurement, 6-8
    Strength, creep, 9-12. See also Rupture strength
    Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 14
    Stress, measurement, 6-8
    Stress. See also individual entries
    types of, 1-4
    Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), 33134, 47-54.
    See also Luran” 378 P; Luran” 378 P G7
    generic products and direct comparison of
    SAN resins, 53-54
    Styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), 34-35, 63-64.
    See also Dylark'” 480P16; Dylark'” SMA resins
    production, 35
    Styrenic block copolymer (SBC), 35,65-67.
    See also Styrolux'” 656C
    Styrenic plastics, 33-81
    acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 34,
    55-61
    acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), 33-34,
    42-47
    blends, 35, 67-81. See also Blends, styrenic
    403
    methy1methacrylate-aerylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    (MABS), 34, 62-63
    polystyrene, 33, 36-42
    styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), 34, 47-54
    styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), 34-35, 63-64
    styrenic block copolymers (SBCs), 35, 65-67
    Styrolux” 656C, 65-67
    creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 66
    at 40°C, 66
    at 60°C, 67
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 65
    at 40°C, 65
    at 60°C, 65
    Sumika Excel®4101GL30, 347-348
    Surlyn®, 267
    Teflon® FEP, 323-327
    creep strain in compression versus time of
    at 23°C, 325
    at 100°C, 325
    stress relaxation versus time of
    at 23°C, 327
    at 100°C, 327
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at -54°C, 323
    at 23°C, 323
    at 100°C, 324
    at 175°C, 324
    torsional creep strain versus time of
    at 23°C, 326
    at 100°C, 326
    Teflon® NXT resins, 309
    Teflon® PFA, 328-329
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at 23°C, 328
    at 100°C, 328
    at 200°C, 329
    Teflon” PTFE, 313-316
    compressive creep strain versus time of
    at 23°C, 315
    at 100°C, 315
    shear creep strain versus time of
    at 23°C, 316
    at 100°C, 316
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at -54°C, 313
    at 23°C, 313
    at 100°C, 314
    at 200°C, 314
    Tefzel'” ETFE HT-2004, 322
    Tefzel® ETFE, 321
    Tensile creep rupture test, 15-16
    Tensile creep, 4-5
    Tensile stress, 1-2404
    Terblend” N NG-02, 79-80
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 79
    at 60°C, 79
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 80
    at 60°C, 80
    Terblend'” N NM-19, 78-79
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 78
    at 40°C, 78
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 78
    at 60°C, 79
    Terephthalic acid (TPA), 198,201
    Terlux'” 2802 TR, 62-63
    creep modulus versus time at 60°C, 63
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 62
    at 40°C, 62
    at 60°C, 62
    Tertiary creep region,S
    Thermal stabilizers, 25
    Thermocomp'” DF-1006, 120-121
    Thermocomp” PF-I004, 204
    Thermocomp” PF-I006 (PF006), 206
    Thermocomp'” QF006 (QF-1006), 233
    Thermocomp'” QF008 (QF-1008), 233
    Thermocomp'” QF012 (QF-100-12), 234
    Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers
    (TPE-Es or COPEs), 301-307
    Hytrel” 5526, 303-304
    Hytrel® 6356, 304-305
    Hytrel'” 7246, 306-307
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 301
    at 40°C, 302
    at 80°C, 302
    Thermoplastic elastomers, 297-307
    ‘hard phase’ plastic properties, 297
    ‘soft phase’ elastomeric properties, 297
    polyether block amide (PEBA) elastomers, 298
    Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPUs), 297-301
    Elastollan'” 1164 D, 299
    Elastollan® 1185 A, 299
    Elastollan® e 64 D, 300
    Elastollan® e 85 A, 300
    Elastollan® R 3000, 301
    Thermosets versus thermoplastics, 21
    Three point bending test, 14
    THV™, 312
    Ticona Vectra® A950 Lep, 117
    Time, measurement, 6-8
    Topas'”, 293
    Torlon” 4203L, 187
    Torlon®4275, 189-190
    Torlon” 4301, 188
    INDEX
    Torlon'” 4375, 189
    Torlon” 5030, 190
    Torlon'” 7130, 191-192
    Torque, 2
    Torsional constant (K), 2
    Torsional stress, 2
    Tougheners, 23
    Toyolac” 100, 57
    TPX™ PMP Resin, 286
    Trogamid'” eX7323, 261
    Trogamid'” T5000, 240
    Udel® P-1700, 366-368
    Ultem® 1000, 171-173
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 171
    at 60°C, 172
    at 100°C, 173
    at 150°C, 173
    Ultem” 2200,173-175
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 173
    at 60°C, 174
    at 100°C, 174
    at 150°C, 175
    Ultem” 2400,175-177
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 175
    at 60°C, 176
    at 100°C, 176
    at 150°C, 177
    Ultem® eRS5001, 181-182
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 181
    at 60°C, 181
    at 100°C, 182
    at 150°C, 182
    Ultem® PEl resins
    apparent creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C and 34.5 MPa, 185
    at 23°C and 48.3 MPa, 184
    at 82°C and 23.6 MPa, 186
    at 82°C and 34.5 MPa, 185
    flexural creep strain versus time
    at 23°C and 48 MPa, 186
    Ultem® XH6050, 183-184
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 183
    at 127°C, 183
    at 150°C, 184
    Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE),
    266,286-290
    GHR® 8110, 288-289
    GHR® UHMWPE, 289-290
    GUR® 4120,286-287
    GUR® 4152,287-288
    GUR®, 289-290INDEX
    Ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE), 263
    Ultradur'” B4300 G6, 135-136
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 135
    at so-c, 135
    tensile creep strain versus time
    at 23°e, 136
    at 100oe, 137
    Ultradur'” B4520, 127-128
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 127
    at so-c, 127
    at 100oe, 128
    Ultraform” H4320, 97
    Ultraformf N2200 G43, 99-101
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°e, 99
    at «rc, 99
    at so-c, 100
    at 100oe, 100
    at 120oe, 100
    Ultraform” N2200 G53, 101-103
    creep modulus versus time curves
    at 23°e, 103
    at 40oe, 103
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°e, 101
    at -o-c, 101
    at so-c, 102
    at so-c, 102
    at 100°C, 102
    at 120oe, 102
    Ultraform” N2320 003, 96–97
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°e, 96
    tensile creep strain versus time
    at 23°e, 96
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°e, 97
    Ultraform'” N2720 M21O, 106–107
    creep modulus versus time curves
    at 23°e, 107
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°e, 106
    at so-c, 106
    at 120oe, 107
    Ultraform” N2720 M63, 108-109
    creep modulus versus time curves
    at 23°e, 109
    at «rc, 109
    isochronous stress-strain curves
    at 23°e, 108
    at -o-c, 108
    at so-c, 108
    at 100oe, 108
    Ultramid’P A 3K, 222
    Ultramid'” A 3WG10, 232
    Ultramid® B5, 204
    Ultrason'” E 2010 G4, 346
    Ultrason” E 2010 G6, 348
    Ultrason'” E 2010,343-344
    Ultrason” S 2010 G4, 368
    Ultrason'” S 2010, 364–365
    UV stabilizers, 24
    Valox'” 508, 161-163
    creep strain versus time
    at 23°e, 161
    at so-c, 162
    at 82°e, 162
    at 121°e, 163
    Vectra'” ABO, 157
    Vectra'” B130, 159
    Vectra” e130, 159
    Vectra'” E130i, 160
    Vectra'” H140, 160
    Verton* MV006S, 283
    Verton” MV008S, 284–285
    Verton* MVOOAS, 285
    Very low density polyethylene
    (VLDPE), 264
    Vespel'” SPl, 192-193
    Vespel® SP21, 193-194
    Vespel® SP22, 194-195
    Vespel® TP-8054, 177
    Vespel® TP-8130, 178
    Vespel” TP-8212, 178
    Vespel'” TP-8311, 179
    Vespel'” TP-8395, 179
    Vespel® TP-8549, 180
    Vespel'” TP-8792, 180
    Vestamid” D16, 234–237
    tensile creep strain versus time of
    at 23°e, 234
    at so-c, 235
    at 100oe, 235
    tensile creep modulus versus time of
    at 23°e, 236
    at so-c, 236
    at 100oe, 237
    Vestamid'” L2124, 213-216
    tensile creep strain at various stresses of
    at 23°e, 213
    at so-c, 214
    at 100oe, 214
    tensile creep modulus at various stresses of
    at 23°e, 215
    at so-c, 215
    at 100oe, 216
    Vestamid'” L2140, 210-213
    tensile creep strain at various stresses of
    at 23°e, 210
    at eo-c. 211
    at 100oe, 211
    405406
    tensile creep modulus at various
    stresses of
    at 23°C, 212
    at 60°C, 212
    at 100°C, 213
    Vestamid” L-GF30, 216-219
    tensile creep strain at various
    stresses of
    at 23°C, 216
    at 60°C, 217
    at 100°C, 217
    tensile creep modulus at various
    stresses of
    at 23°C, 218
    at 60°C, 218
    at 100°C, 219
    Vestamid” VX7099, 238
    Vestodur’? 2000, 124-125
    tensile creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 124
    at 100°C, 124
    tensile creep modulus curves
    at 23°C, 125
    at 100°C, 125
    Vestodur” GF30, 132-134
    tensile creep strain versus time
    at 23°C, 132
    at 100°C, 133
    tensile creep modulus
    at 23°C, 133
    at 100°C, 134
    Vestodur” HIl9, 126-127
    tensile creep strain versus time
    at 100°C, 126
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 126
    at 100°C, 127
    Vestodur'” HIl9-GF30, 137-138
    tensile creep modulus versus time
    at 23°C, 137
    at 100°C, 138
    Victrex” 450CA30, 341
    Victrex” 450G
    Viscoelasticity, 30
    Von Mises equivalent stress formula, 3
    Xenoy” 6370, 164-165
    Young’s modulus, 28
    Zenite” 6130 BKOIO, 158
    Zytel® 101,220-222
    apparent flexural creep modulus
    versus time
    at 23°C, 221
    at 60°C, 222
    flexural creep strain versus time at 23°C, 221
    flexural isochronous stress-strain at 23°C, 220
    isochronous stress-strain of
    at 23°C, 220
    at 60°C, 220
    at 100°C, 220
    Zytel” 158L NCOIO, 237
    Zytel'” 408HS, 223
    Zytel'” 408L, 223
    Zytel'” 70G 13, 224
    Zytel'” 70G30HSLR, 225
    Zytel® 70G33HSu, 227
    Zytel” 70G33L 33, 226
    Zytel'” 70G43L, 231
    Zytel'” 73G30L NCOIO, 205
    isochronous stress-strain
    at 23°C, 205
    at 60°C, 205
    at 90°C, 205
    Zytel'” 77G43L, 239
    INDEX

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