Make – Wearable Electronics – Design, prototype, and wear your own interactive garments

Make – Wearable Electronics – Design, prototype, and wear your own interactive garments
Kate Hartman
Table of ContentsConductive Thread . 38
Properties of Conductive Thread 39
Working with Conductive Thread . 40
Types of Conductive Thread . 40
Conductive Fabric 40
Properties of Conductive Fabric . 41
Working with Conductive Fabric 42
Types of Conductive Fabrics . 42
Other Conductive Materials . 43
Conductive Yarn 43
Conductive Fiber . 44
Conductive Felt . 44
Conductive Ribbon . 44
Conductive Fabric Tape . 45
Conductive Hook and Loop . 46
Conductive Paint . 46
Everyday Stuff 46
Choosing Conductive Materials . 47
Experiment: Wearable Circuits . 48
What’s Next 49

3. Switches . 51
   Understanding Switches 51
   Poles and Throws . 52
   Types of Switches . 53
   Off-the-Shelf Switches 53
   Tactile Buttons 54
   Latching Buttons . 54
   Toggle Switches 54
   Slide Switches 55
   Microswitches 55
   Tilt Switches 55
   DIY Switches 56
   Sandwich Switch . 56
   Contact Switch . 58
   Bridge Switch . 61
   Pinch Switch 62
   Other DIY Switches . 62
   Experiment: Social Switches . 63
   Conclusion . 64
4. E-Textile Toolkits . 65
   LilyPad . 65
   Modules 66
   Experiment: Let’s Get Twinkly . 68
   vi Make: Wearable ElectronicsExperiment: Let’s Get Tiny . 69
   Flora . 70
   Modules 70
   Aniomagic 71
   Modules 71
   Experiment: Let’s Get Sparkly . 72
   Thinking Beyond . 76
5. Making Electronics Wearable 77
   Why Wear It 77
   What Makes Something Wearable . 77
   Comfort 78
   Durability 79
   Usability 81
   Aesthetics 82
   Designing a Wearable . 82
   Choosing a Form . 82
   Choosing Materials . 86
   Choosing Components . 86
   Creating a Layout . 86
   Iterative Design . 88
   Experiment: Eight-Hour Wearable . 89
6. Microcontrollers . 91
   Hardware . 92
   Software . 95
   Hello World . 98
   Experiment: Gettin’ Blinky . 100
   Digital Output . 101
   The Circuit 101
   The Code 102
   Power . 103
   Experiment: Morse Code Messages 103
   Digital Input . 104
   The Circuit 105
   The Code 106
   Experiment: Button as Controller . 107
   Analog Input 108
   The Circuit 108
   The Code 109
   Experiment: Sensor as a Switch 110
   Analog Output 110
   The Circuit 110
   The Code 111
   Experiment: Sensitive System 111
   Table of Contents viiWhat’s Next . 112
7. Sensors . 113
   Working with Sensors . 113
   Getting to Know Your Sensor 113
   Voltage Divider Circuit . 115
   Communicating with I2C 116
   Working with Sensor Data . 117
   Thresholds 117
   Mapping 119
   Calibration 120
   Constraining 121
   Smoothing 122
   Experiment: Wooo! Shirt . 122
   What to Sense . 124
   Flex . 124
   Force 126
   Stretch 127
   Movement, Orientation, and Location 128
   Heart Rate and Beyond 131
   Proximity 133
   Light 135
   Color 136
   Sound 137
   Temperature 138
   DIY Sensors . 141
   Experiment: Body Listening 142
   Other Sensors . 143
8. Actuators . 145
   Light 145
   Basic LEDs . 145
   Addressable LEDs . 149
   Fiber Optics . 153
   Electroluminescent Materials 158
   Experiment: Be Safe, Be Seen 162
   Sound . 163
   Buzzers . 163
   Tones . 165
   Audio Files 168
   Experiment: Wearable Instrument 171
   Motion 172
   Vibrating Motors 172
   Servo Motors 174
   Gearhead Motors 177
   viii Make: Wearable ElectronicsExperiment: Shake, Spin, or Shimmy . 187
   Temperature 188
   Fans 188
   Heat 190
   Experiment: It’s Gettin’ Hot in Here . 191
   Conclusion 191
9. Wireless . 193
   Bluetooth . 193
   Experiment: Communicating with Bluetooth . 194
   Hello XBees . 200
   Configuring XBees . 200
   Experiment: XBee and Arduino . 206
   Experiment: XBee Direct Mode . 210
   Other Wireless Options 212
   Thinking Beyond 212
   Appendix A. Tools 213
   Appendix B. Batteries 221
   Appendix C. Resources . 229
   Appendix D. Other Neat Things 233
   Appendix E. Microcontroller Options 241
   Index 247

Other MicrocontrollersSymbols

• (plus sign), positive side of a
  component, 8
• (minus sign), negative side of
  a component, 8
  3D printing, 239
  A
  AC (alternating current)
  converting DC to, 161
  working with, 162
  accelerometers, 129
  analog and digital, 129
  Flora, 70
  LilyPad, 67
  accuracy (sensors), 114
  actuators, 145–191
  in Aniomagic toolkit, 72
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  light, 145
  addressable LEDs, 149
  basic LEDs, 145
  electroluminescent materials, 158
  fiber optics, 153
  incorporating into a
  wearable, 162
  motion, 172
  experiment, shake, spin,
  or shimmy, 187
  servo motors, 177
  vibrating motors, 172
  sound, 163
  buzzers, 163
  playing audio files, 168
  tones, 165
  wearable instrument experiment, 171
  temperature, 188
  climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191
  fans, 188
  heat, 190
  Adafruit Industries
  Arduino IDE and Flora NeoPixels, 150
  Flora e-textile toolkit, 70
  Getting Started with Flora
  guide, 96
  LED Ampli-Tie project, 153
  Adafruit Wave Shield, 168
  Adafruit_NeoPixel() command,
  151
  aesthetics, considerations for
  wearable electronics, 82
  alligator clips, 35
  advantages/disadvantages
  of alligator clip circuits,
  32
  connecting to a sandwich
  switch, 58
  constructing a circuit with,
  13
  analog input, 108
  circuit for, 108
  Index 247
  Indexcode for reading, 109
  sensor as a switch experiment, 110
  analog input/output, sensitive
  system experiment, 111
  analog output, 110
  circuit for, 110
  code, 111
  analog versus digital inputs,
  108
  analogRead() command, 109
  analogWrite() command, 111,
  186
  Aniomagic, 71
  features distiguishing it
  from other e-textile toolkits, 71
  Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, using Sparkle Kit,
  72
  anode, 8
  Arduino, 241
  (see also microcontrollers,
  options)
  Adafruit’s version of the
  IDE, 150
  Bluetooth radios for use
  with, 194
  boards, 92
  compatible tools enabling
  palyback of audio files,
  168
  defined, 92
  LilyPad Arduino 328, 241
  Products and Specs Comparison pages, 92
  programming for Bluetooth
  light sensor example,
  198
  programming LilyPad for
  Bluetooth wireless communications, 195
  programming to control
  gearhead motor, 185
  sensor data, sending via
  XBees to a computer,
  206
  Servo library, 175
  software, 95
  Blank sketch, 96
  Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100
  guides to environment
  and syntax, 98
  screen areas, 97
  sketches, 97
  Arduino Fio, 206, 245
  connecting a light sensor,
  207
  preparing circuit with light
  sensor, 208
  programming, 207
  soldering FTDI headers, 206
  Arduino Micro, 245
  Arduino Uno, 93, 245
  pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110
  AT commands, 202
  entering in CoolTerm, 203
  Audience Jacket Tutorial, 209
  audio file playback, using to
  create wearables, 170
  audio files, 168
  B
  base pin, NPN transistors, 178
  batteries, 221
  as power source, 2
  choosing a battery or battery pack for your
  project, 226
  connecting to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 103
  for XBees Direct Mode, 211
  in series and parallel connections, 7
  types of, 221
  battery holders, 222
  CR2032 battery holder, 27
  in electroluminescent designs, 161
  in LilyPad, 67
  blowback voltage, 179
  Bluetooth, 193
  communicating sensor data
  to computer, 194
  pairing on a Mac, 196
  pairing on a Windows
  machine, 197
  preparing Bluetooth circuit to pair, 196
  preparing LilyPad Simple
  Power board, 194
  sending light sensor data, 198
  soldering headers to
  Bluetooth Mate, 195
  radios for use with Arduino,
  194
  Bluetooth Mate Gold, 194
  Bluetooth Mate Silver, 194
  soldering headers to, 195
  without headers, 195
  board type, setting in Arduino,
  99
  breadboards, 37
  advantages/disadvantages
  of breadboard circuits,
  32
  constructing a breadboard
  circuit, 18
  bridge switches, 61
  Buechley, Leah, 65
  buses, 37
  buttons
  button as controller experiment, 107
  latching buttons (tactile
  on/off buttons), 54
  LilyPad push button, 67
  tactile buttons as momentary switches, 54
  248 Indexbuzzers, 163
  electromagnetic, 163
  simple circuit, 164
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  piezoelectric, 165
  with microcontroller, 164
  C
  cable replacement technique,
  212
  calibration, 120
  cameras, 219
  cathode, 8
  Charlieplexing, 148
  chat test with XBees, 205
  Chiclet Board (Aniomagic), 71
  circuit boards
  Arduino, 92
  uploading programs to,
  99
  choosing for wearable electronics, 86
  LilyPad modules versus, 66
  printed circuit boards
  (PCBs), 239
  circuit diagrams, 2
  basic circuit with battery
  and LED (example), 2
  LED circuit with switch, 51
  circuit symbol for basic switch,
  51
  circuits, 1–33
  Arduino Fio with light sensor connected via alligator clips, 208
  circuit design software, 101,
  240
  connecting speaker or piezoelectric buzzer to an
  Arduino, 165
  constructing, 11
  advantages and disadvantages of different
  types, 32
  alligator clip circuit, 13
  breadboard circuit, 18
  conductive fabric circuit,
  30
  conductive thread circuit, 25
  protoboard circuit, 22
  wire circuit, 14
  with hard or soft materials, 86
  DC motor circuit layout, 178
  electroluminescent, 162
  essential concepts, 2
  Flora NeoPixels, multiple
  NeoPixels, 151
  for electromagnetic buzzers, 164
  for microcontroller analog
  input, 108
  for microcontroller analog
  output, 110
  for microcontroller digital
  input, 105
  for servos, 175
  for XBee Direct Mode, 210
  layout in wearable electronics, preventing shorts, 80
  learning more about, 11
  microcontroller digital output, 101
  modularity, in wearable
  electronics, 81
  protoboard transistor circuit, 179
  resistors, 5
  series and parallel, 6
  using a multimeter, 8
  conductivity test, 9
  continuity test, 9
  measuring current, 11
  measuring resistance, 10
  measuring voltage, 10
  voltage divider, 115
  wearable circuits experiment, 48
  closed switch, 52
  clothing, hacking for wearables, 83
  coatings, providing spot insulation in wearable electronics, 80
  collector pin, NPN transistors,
  178
  color
  conductive fabric, 42
  conductive thread, 39
  purple LilyPad modules, 66
  thermochromic materials,
  236
  color charts for resistors, 6
  color sensors, 136
  Flora, 70
  comfort of wearable electronics, 78
  placement of components,
  79
  size, weight, and shape of
  components, 78
  comments in Arduino, 98
  compartment boxes, 216
  conductive fabric, 40
  advantages/disadvantages
  of conductive fabric circuits, 33
  comparison of different
  types, 42
  creating a circuit with, 30
  intended uses, 44
  properties of, 41
  working with, 42
  conductive fabric tape, 45
  conductive felt, 44
  conductive fiber, 44
  conductive hook and loop, 46
  conductive materials, 35–49
  alligator clips, 35
  breadboards, 37
  choosing, 47
  conductive fabric, 40
  conductive thread, 38
  other, 43
  protoboards, 37
  Index 249repurposing everyday stuff,
  46
  resources for, 229
  wearable circuits experiment, 48
  wire, 35
  conductive paint, 46
  conductive ribbon, 44
  conductive thread, 38
  advantages/disadvantages
  of conductive thread circuits, 33
  Aniomagic basic circuit
  with, 73
  comparison of types available in small quantities,
  40
  constructing a circuit with,
  25
  intended uses, 44
  LilyTwinkle circuit made
  with, 69
  multiple Flora NeoPixels
  sewn with, 151
  nonconductive thread providing insulation for, 80
  properties of, 39
  using to construct conductive fabric circuit, 32
  working with, 40
  conductive yarn, 43
  conductivity, testing, 9
  conductors, 2
  conferences and events, 231
  connections
  diagram for LilyTwinkle, 69
  Flora NeoPixels, 150
  servo motors, 175
  connector type (sensors), 113
  connectors, 222
  for electroluminescent materials, 161
  in LilyPad, 67
  in LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  94
  constraining sensors, 121
  contact points for switches, 56
  contact switches, 58
  continuity, 8
  checking, using a multimeter, 9
  CoolTerm, 200
  configuring XBee B, 204
  putting XBee into Command Mode, 203
  setting up to configure
  XBees, 202
  typing AT commands, 203
  crocodile clips (see alligator
  clips)
  current, 4
  excessive, 4
  measuring with a multimeter, 11
  D
  datasheets, 4
  finding for components, 5
  DC (direct current), 162
  converting to AC, 161
  delays, setting in Arduino programs, 100
  desoldering tools, 214
  digital fabric printing, 238
  digital versus analog inputs,
  108
  digitalRead() function, Arduino, 106
  digitalWrite() function, Arduino, 102
  diodes, 8, 178
  adding to protoboard transistor circuit, 184
  DIY sensors, 141
  DIY switches, 56
  DIY Wearable Technology documentation, 142
  documentation tools, 219
  durability of wearable electronics, 79
  insulation, 80
  modularity, 81
  protection of circuits, 81
  strain relief, 79
  E
  e-textile (electronic textile), 65
  e-textile toolkits, 65–76
  Aniomagic, 71
  Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, 72
  constructing circuits with
  hard and soft materials,
  86
  Flora, 70
  modules, 70
  LilyPad, 65
  Let’s Get Tiny experiment, 69
  Let’s Get Twinkly experiment, 68
  modules, 66
  tutorials on, 231
  electroencephalography
  (EEG), 133
  electroluminescent materials,
  158
  aesthetics of, in wearables,
  160
  starter kits for working
  with, 162
  tape and panels, 159
  wire, 158
  working with, system concepts, 161
  electromagnetic buzzers, 163
  3V, panelmount and with
  wires, 163
  electromyography (EMG), 132
  electronics supplies, 229
  electronics tutorials, 231
  250 Indexelse clause in if statements,
  107
  emitter pin, NPN transistors,
  178
  end-glow fiber optics, 153
  Ethernet cable, 37
  example sketches (Arduino),
  97
  experiments, xiii
  F
  fabric, 218
  (see also conductive fabric)
  digital fabric printing, 238
  fans, 188
  using in climate-controlled
  wearable, 191
  fiber optics, 153
  handling fiber-optic fabric,
  156
  incorporation through
  weaving, examples, 154
  LEDs as light sources, 153
  manufactured fiber-optic
  fabrics, 155
  flat-nosed pliers, 214
  flex sensors, 124, 141
  factors to consider when
  choosing, 124
  positioning and protecting,
  125
  flexibility (conductive materials), 48
  floating pins, 105
  Flora, 70
  modules, 70
  sensors communicating
  with I2C, 116
  working with, 96
  Flora Color Sensor, 136
  Flora Gemma, 244
  Flora Lux Sensor, 136
  Flora Main Board, 244
  Flora RGB Smart NeoPixel, 149
  multiple pixel example, 151
  one NeoPixel example, 150
  tutorial, 151
  force-sensing resistors (FSRs),
  126
  forms of wearable electronics,
  82
  forward voltage (Vf), 4
  Fritzing circuit design software, 101
  FSRs (force-sensing resistors),
  126
  FTDI board (5V), 95
  FTDI drivers for operating systems, 95
  G
  galvanic skin response (GSR),
  132
  gearhead motors, 177
  controlling, 185
  examples of, in wearables,
  186
  gloves with conductive fingertips, modifying to make
  contact switches, 59
  glow-in-the-dark materials,
  234
  GPS
  Flora GPS module, 71
  in wearables, 130
  ground, 2
  grouped wire, 36
  GSR (galvanic skin response),
  132
  GUI (graphical user interface),
  Aniomagic toolkit, 71
  H
  hacking wearables, 82
  hardware (Arduino), 92
  heart monitors, 132
  heart rate sensors, 131
  heat gun, 215
  heat shrink nonconductive
  tubing, 16
  using to attach LED to fiberoptic bundle, 156
  heat, actuator providing, 190
  heating pads, 190
  using in climate-controlled
  wearable, 191
  Heatit, 189
  “Hello World” programs, 98
  helping hands, 24, 214
  hiding electronics in wearables, 82
  hoodies, hacking for wearables, 83
  I
  I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit),
  116
  Flora Lux Sensor, 136
  if statements (Arduino), 107
  infrared (IR) sensors, 134
  inputs, 104
  Instructables, 80
  insulation
  conductive materials, 48
  conductive thread, 39
  heat shrink, 16
  in wearable electronics, 80
  nonconductive thread providing in wearables, 80
  insulators, 3
  Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C),
  116
  Flora Lux Sensor, 136
  inverters, 161
  iron, 217
  iron-on conductive fabric, 30,
  42
  ironing conductive fabric, 31
  Index 251L
  lasercutting, 238
  latching buttons, 54
  layers and linings, providing
  insulation for conductive
  fabrics, 80
  layout, creating for wearable
  circuits, 86
  Learning Page (Arduino website), 98
  learning, resources for, 229
  LEDs, 8
  addressable, 149
  multiple pixel example,
  151
  one NeoPixel example,
  150
  use of Adafruit NeoPixels
  with LilyPad Pixel
  Board, 154
  attaching to fiber-optic
  bundle, 156
  basic, 145
  controlling, 146
  lighting in multiple colors, 148
  packaging types, 146
  blinking, beating, fading, or
  breathing with LilyTiny,
  69
  connecting a LilyPad LED to
  LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  101
  determining polarity, 8
  fiber optic light source, 153
  finding forward voltage
  and current required on
  datasheet, 4
  in Flora Smart NeoPixels
  module, 70
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  in series and parallel circuits, 7
  lighting with LilyTwinkle, 69
  wearing, 149
  with alligator clip connections, 14
  light boards (Aniomagic), 72
  light sensors, 135
  connecting sensor to Arduino Fio, 207
  Flora Lux Sensor, 70, 136
  for analog input, 108
  reading values, 109
  LilyPad, 67
  photocell, 135
  sending data via Bluetooth
  to a computer, 198
  working with data from,
  117
  light-emitting diodes, 8
  (see also LEDs)
  LilyPad, 65
  differences from traditional
  circuit boards, 66
  Let’s Get Tiny experiment,
  69
  light sensor, 108
  modules, 66
  ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96
  sewable microcontrollers,
  241
  LilyPad Arduino, 93
  LilyPad Arduino 328, 241
  LilyPad Arduino Simple, 93,
  242
  battery connections, 103
  circuits connecting speaker
  or piezoelectric buzzer
  to, 165
  connecting a LilyPad LED
  to, 101
  controlling LEDs, 146
  digital input circuits, 105
  FTDI drivers, 95
  LEDs connected in parallel,
  102
  pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110
  setting as Arduino board
  type, 99
  with digital input and output, 107
  with light sensor, 109
  with LilyPad Vibe board,
  173
  with panelmount 3V electromagnetic buzzer, 164
  LilyPad Arduino SimpleSnap,
  242
  LilyPad Arduino USB, 243
  LilyPad Arduino with FTDI
  board, programming, 195
  LilyPad Button board, 164
  LilyPad Buzzer, 165
  LilyPad MP3 board, 168
  connecting components for
  audio file playback, 168
  programming as MP3 player, 170
  LilyPad Pixel Board, using Adafruit NeoPixel library, 154
  LilyPad Protoboard Small, 179
  assembling the transistor
  circuit, 182
  preparing for transistor circuit, 180
  LilyPad Simple Power board,
  194, 210
  LilyPad Temperature Sensor,
  139
  LilyPad TriColor LED, 148
  LilyPad Vibe board, 172
  LilyPad XBee, 200, 206
  preparing to use for configuring XBee radios, 201
  LilyTiny, 69
  LilyTwinkle, 68
  load, 2
  loop() function, 98
  252 IndexM
  Mac computers
  Bluetooth pairing on, 196
  Bluetooth serial port, 199
  magnetic modules, 3
  maintained switches, 53
  map() function, 119
  mapping, 119
  materials, 233
  (see also conductive materials)
  acting as variable resistor,
  141
  glow-in-the-dark, 234
  moldable, 237
  reflective, 233
  shape memory, 236
  thermochromic, 236
  materials research, 231
  measuring tools, 218
  meshes, conductive, 47
  microcontrollers, 91–112
  analog input, 108
  circuit, 108
  code, 109
  sensor as a switch experiment, 110
  analog input and output,
  sensitive system experiment, 111
  analog output, 110
  circuit, 110
  code, 111
  Aniomagic microcontroller
  modules, 71
  Arduino hardware, 92
  Arduino software, 95
  buzzer with, 164
  comparison chart, 245
  digital input, 104
  code, 106
  digital input and output,
  button as controller experiment, 107
  digital output, 101
  circuit, 101
  Morse Code messages
  experiment, 103
  power, 103
  Gettin’ Blinky experiment,
  100
  Hello World Arduino program, 98
  LilyPad options for, 66
  options, 241
  parts, 91
  working with the Flora, 96
  microphones, 137
  microSD card, preparing and
  connecting to LilyPad MP3
  board, 168
  microservos, 174
  microswitches, 55
  modularity in wearable electronics, 81
  modules, 65
  Aniomagic, 71
  Flora e-textile toolkit, 70
  in LilyPad toolkit, 66
  moldable materials, 237
  momentary switches, 53
  tactile buttons, 54
  Morse Code messages experiment, 103
  motion, 172
  shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187
  using gearhead motors,
  177
  using servo motors, 174
  using vibrating motors, 172
  motors
  gearhead, 177
  servo, 174
  shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187
  small motors suited for
  wearables, 172
  vibrating, 172
  using transistor board
  with, 186
  movement, sensors for, 128
  multiaxis tilt switches, 55
  multimeters, 215
  conductivity test, 9
  continuity test, 9
  measuring current, 11
  measuring resistance, 10
  measuring voltage, 10
  tutorials on, 230
  using, 8
  multiplexing, 148
  N
  needle threader, 216
  needles, 216
  for sewing with conductive
  thread, 25
  New function, 97
  normally closed (NC) momentary switches, 53
  normally open (NO) momentary switches, 53
  NPN transistors, 178
  O
  ohm symbol (Ω), 4
  ohms, 4
  Ohm’s law, 4
  online learning resources, 230
  open function, 97
  open switch, 52
  operating systems
  Arduino software on, 95
  FTDI drivers for, 95
  optical programming, Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 71
  organza, converting to conductive fabric, 47
  output (sensors), 115
  Index 253outputs, 104
  P
  pads, 23
  pancake motors, 172
  panels, EL, 159
  starter kits for, 162
  parallel circuits, 7
  LilyTiny LEDs in, 70
  part numbers, xiv
  perf boards (see protoboards)
  petals (LilyPad), 66
  phone cable, 37
  photocells, 135
  piezoelectric buzzers, 163, 165
  pinch switches, 62
  pinMode, setting in Arduino,
  102, 106
  pins
  analog output, 110
  floating, 105
  for fabric, 217
  functions in LilyTiny, 69
  functions on transistor
  module, 185
  in Aniomagic Sparkle
  Board, 72
  in LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  94
  outputs and inputs, 104
  pitches, 167
  placement of wearable electronic components, 79, 87
  plating (conductive fabric), 42
  pliers, flat-nosed, 214
  Polar heart rate monitor, 132
  polarity, 8
  determining for LEDs, 8
  poles, 52
  power, 2
  for Bluetooth radio, 194
  for microcontroller digital
  output, 103
  for servos, 174
  power source, 2
  printed circuit boards (PCBs),
  239
  programming
  Arduino, 98
  for Aniomagic Sparkle
  Board, 73
  projects, xiii
  protection for wearable electronic circuits, 81
  protoboards, 37
  advantages/disadvantages
  of protoboard circuits,
  33
  constructing a protoboard
  circuit, 22
  LilyPad, 67
  ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96
  prototyping boards (see protoboards)
  proximity sensors, 133
  pull-up or pull-down resistors,
  105
  pulse sensors, 131
  pulse width modulation
  (PWM), 110
  in RGB LEDs, 148
  R
  radios
  Bluetooth, for use with Arduino, 194
  XBees, 200
  rapid prototyping techniques,
  238
  3D printing, 239
  digital fabric printing, 238
  lasercutting, 238
  printed circuit boards, 239
  reflective materials, 233
  resetting Aniomagic Sparkle
  board, 75
  resistance, 4
  determining using Ohm’s
  law, 4
  measuring with a multimeter, 10
  of conductive materials, 48
  of conductive thread, 39
  resistor apps for smartphones,
  6
  resistors, 5
  color bands displayed on, 5
  force-sensing resistors
  (FSRs), 126
  LEDs in parallel circuit with
  resistors, 7
  pull-up or pull-down, 105
  variable, 115
  resources, 229
  books on wearable electronics, 229
  conductive materials, 229
  general electronics supplies, 229
  online learning resources,
  230
  sewing gear, 229
  revealing electronics in wearables, 82
  RGB LEDs, 148
  ribbon cable, 36
  RN-41 chip, 194
  RN-42 chip, 194
  rounded edges, LilyPad
  boards, 66
  Roving Network’s RN-42 chip,
  194
  S
  safety glasses, 213
  sandwich switches, 56
  Save As function, 97
  Save function, 97
  scissors, 217
  screwdrivers, 215
  254 Indexsensitivity (sensors), 114
  sensors, 113–143
  body listening experiment,
  142
  color sensors, 136
  communicating data wirelessly via Bluetooth to
  computer, 194
  communicating with I2C,
  116
  DIY, 141
  flex sensors, 124
  Flora, 70
  getting to know, 113
  heart rate and other biometrics, 131
  electroencephalography
  (EEG), 133
  electromyography
  (EMG), 132
  galvanic skin response
  (GSR), 132
  in Aniomagic toolkit, 72
  light sensors, 135
  (see also light sensors)
  LilyPad parts, 67
  movement, orientation,
  and location, 128
  accelerometers, 129
  GPS, 130
  proximity sensors, 133
  sending data via XBees to a
  computer, 206
  sound sensors, 137
  stretch sensors, 127
  temperature sensors, 138
  voltage divider circuit, 115
  Wooo! Shirt experiment,
  122
  working with data from,
  117
  calibration, 120
  constraints, 121
  mapping, 119
  smoothing, 122
  thresholds, 117
  sequencers
  in electroluminescent circuits, 162
  programming EL sequencer, 162
  Serial Monitor function, 97
  serial monitor in Arduino
  light sensor readings on,
  199
  microcontroller analog input in, 109
  using to display input to
  the microcontroller, 106
  serial port, setting in Arduino,
  99
  Serial.begin() command, 106
  Serial.println() command, 106
  series circuits, 6
  servo motors, 174
  Arduino Servo library, 175
  attachments, 174
  microservos, 174
  power, ground, and signal
  connections, 175
  programming Arduino to
  control, 176
  setup() function, 98
  sew holes, 25, 66
  sew tabs, 66
  in LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  94
  sewable LilyPad modules, 66
  sewing
  EL (electroluminescent)
  wire, 158
  resources for, 229
  tools for, 216
  tutorials on, 230
  sewing conductive fabric, 42
  sewing with conductive
  thread, 27, 39
  hand sewing, 40
  nonconductive thread providing insulation, 80
  using a sewing machine, 40
  shape memory materials, 236
  shape, size, and weight (sensors), 114
  short circuits, 3
  from conductive fabric, 42
  preventing when using
  conductive thread, 40
  reducing in wearable electronics, approaches to,
  80
  untrimmed conductive
  thread tails leading to,
  29
  side-glow fiber optics, 153
  silver-plated nylon thread, 39
  single pole double throw
  switches (see SPDT
  switches)
  single pole single throw
  switches (see SPST
  switches)
  sketches, 97
  Blank Arduino sketch, 96
  Blink, Arduino example, 98
  code details, 102
  Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100
  uploading, 100
  LilyPad MP3 test sketch,
  168
  most basic sketch, Bare
  Minimum, 98
  slide switches, 55
  small snips, 215
  Smart NeoPixels module
  (Flora), 70
  smoothing, 122
  social switches experiment, 63
  soft circuitry
  creating a layout for, 87
  using conductive fabric, 30
  using conductive thread, 25
  soldering
  tutorials on, 15, 230
  wire circuit example, 14
  soldering irons, 213
  solid core wire, 36
  Index 255sound, 163
  buzzers, 163
  playing audio files, 168
  tones, 165
  wearable instrument experiment, 171
  sound sensors, 137
  in Aniomagic, 72
  source voltage (Vs), 4
  SparkFun Electronics, 65
  EL Sequencer, 162
  SparkFun MP3 Shield, 168
  Sparkle Board (Aniomagic), 71
  Sparkle Kit (Aniomagic), 72
  SPDT switches, 52
  speaker cable, 36
  speakers, 165
  circuit connecting speaker
  to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 165
  for audio file playback, 168
  connecting to LilyPad
  MP3 board, 169
  SPST switches, 52
  stainless steel thread, 39
  strain relief, 79
  stranded wire, 36
  stretch (conductive fabric), 42
  stretch sensors, 127
  strip.setPixelColor() command,
  151
  strip.show() command, 151
  substrate (conductive fabric),
  42
  supplier codes in part numbers, xiv
  surface mount LEDs, 146
  surface resistance (conductive
  fabric), 42
  switches, 51–64
  bridge, 61
  contact, 58
  in microcontroller digital input circuit, 105
  latching buttons, 54
  LilyPad parts, 67
  making your own, 56
  microswitches, 55
  other DIY switches, 62
  pinch, 62
  poles and throws, 52
  sandwich, 56
  sensors acting as, 110
  slide, 55
  social switch experiment,
  63
  tactile buttons, 54
  testing, 59
  tilt, 55
  toggle, 54
  types of, 53
  symbols in circuit diagrams, 2
  T
  tactile buttons, 54
  tape, EL, 159
  temperature
  actuators providing heating
  or cooling effect, 188
  climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191
  fans, 188
  heat, 190
  temperature sensors, 138
  LilyPad, 67
  terminal program (CoolTerm),
  200
  testing
  switches, 59
  user testing wearable electronics, 81
  thermistors, 139
  thermochromic materials, 236
  thickness
  conductive fabric, 42
  conductive thread, 39
  thin LilyPad circuit boards,
  66
  third hands, 24
  thread, 218
  (see also conductive
  thread)
  three-axis accelerometers, 129
  thresholds, 117
  through-hole LEDs, 146
  throws, 52
  tilt switches, 55, 128
  toggle switches, 54
  tone() function, 166
  tones, 165
  circuits for, 165
  code for, 166
  tutorials and examples for,
  167
  toolkits, 65
  tools, 213–219
  transistors, 177
  functionality in Heatit tool,
  189
  functions of pins on transistor module, 185
  NPN Bipolar Transistor
  (PN2222) and TIP120
  Power Darlington Transistor, 178
  NPN transistors, pins and
  their functions, 178
  protoboard transistor circuit, 179
  using in fan actuator, 189
  using in heating pad actuator, 190
  trimming conductive thread
  tails, 29
  tripods, 219
  Troubleshooting page (Arduino website), 100
  U
  ultrasonic sensors, 134
  Upload function, 97
  usability of wearable electronics, 81
  256 IndexUSB Bluetooth dongle, 193
  USB mini-B cable, 95
  V
  variable resistors, 115
  developing a material that
  acts as, 141
  variables, 102
  Verify function, 97
  vibrating motors, 172
  completely enclosed (pancake motors), 172
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  using transistor board with,
  186
  with exposed heads, 172
  voltage, 4
  changes in, simulation by
  analog output pins, 110
  finding difference between
  source voltage and forward voltage, 4
  measuring with a multimeter, 10
  preventing blowback voltage, 179
  voltage divider circuit, 115
  voltage drop, 7
  W
  wearable circuits experiment,
  48
  wearable electronics, xi, 77
  collaborating with others to
  produce, 86
  designing, 82
  choosing a form, 82
  choosing components,
  86
  choosing materials, 86
  creating a layout, 86
  eight-hour wearable experiment, 89
  iterative design process,
  88
  making wearables, 84
  factors to consider, 77
  aesthetics, 82
  comfort, 78
  durability of circuits, 79
  modularity, 81
  protection, 81
  usability, 81
  future of, 212
  why wear it, 77
  wearables blogs, 231
  weight (conductive fabric), 42
  welted piping, EL wire, 158
  Windows systems
  Bluetooth pairing on, 197
  Bluetooth serial port, 199
  wire
  advantages/disadvantages
  of wire circuits, 32
  as conductive material, 35
  constructing a wire circuit,
  14
  grouped, 36
  solid core, 36
  stranded, 36
  types of, 36
  wire strippers, 15, 214
  wireless, 193–212
  Bluetooth, 193
  communicating with,
  194
  LilyPad XBee, 68
  other wireless options, 212
  XBees, 200
  chat test experiment,
  205
  configuring, 200
  sending Arduino sensor
  data to a computer,
  206
  using XBee Direct Mode,
  210
  X
  XBee Explorer, 202
  XBees, 200
  chat test experiment, 205
  configuring, 200
  XBee A, 202
  XBee B, 204
  other ways to use with Arduino, 209
  using to send sensor data
  to a computer, 206
  using XBee Direct Mode,
  210
  assembing the circuit,
  210
  configuring the XBees,
  210
  connecting, 211
  troubleshooting, 211Symbols
• (plus sign), positive side of a
  component, 8
• (minus sign), negative side of
  a component, 8
  3D printing, 239
  A
  AC (alternating current)
  converting DC to, 161
  working with, 162
  accelerometers, 129
  analog and digital, 129
  Flora, 70
  LilyPad, 67
  accuracy (sensors), 114
  actuators, 145–191
  in Aniomagic toolkit, 72
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  light, 145
  addressable LEDs, 149
  basic LEDs, 145
  electroluminescent materials, 158
  fiber optics, 153
  incorporating into a
  wearable, 162
  motion, 172
  experiment, shake, spin,
  or shimmy, 187
  servo motors, 177
  vibrating motors, 172
  sound, 163
  buzzers, 163
  playing audio files, 168
  tones, 165
  wearable instrument experiment, 171
  temperature, 188
  climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191
  fans, 188
  heat, 190
  Adafruit Industries
  Arduino IDE and Flora NeoPixels, 150
  Flora e-textile toolkit, 70
  Getting Started with Flora
  guide, 96
  LED Ampli-Tie project, 153
  Adafruit Wave Shield, 168
  Adafruit_NeoPixel() command,
  151
  aesthetics, considerations for
  wearable electronics, 82
  alligator clips, 35
  advantages/disadvantages
  of alligator clip circuits,
  32
  connecting to a sandwich
  switch, 58
  constructing a circuit with,
  13
  analog input, 108
  circuit for, 108
  Index 247
  Indexcode for reading, 109
  sensor as a switch experiment, 110
  analog input/output, sensitive
  system experiment, 111
  analog output, 110
  circuit for, 110
  code, 111
  analog versus digital inputs,
  108
  analogRead() command, 109
  analogWrite() command, 111,
  186
  Aniomagic, 71
  features distiguishing it
  from other e-textile toolkits, 71
  Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, using Sparkle Kit,
  72
  anode, 8
  Arduino, 241
  (see also microcontrollers,
  options)
  Adafruit’s version of the
  IDE, 150
  Bluetooth radios for use
  with, 194
  boards, 92
  compatible tools enabling
  palyback of audio files,
  168
  defined, 92
  LilyPad Arduino 328, 241
  Products and Specs Comparison pages, 92
  programming for Bluetooth
  light sensor example,
  198
  programming LilyPad for
  Bluetooth wireless communications, 195
  programming to control
  gearhead motor, 185
  sensor data, sending via
  XBees to a computer,
  206
  Servo library, 175
  software, 95
  Blank sketch, 96
  Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100
  guides to environment
  and syntax, 98
  screen areas, 97
  sketches, 97
  Arduino Fio, 206, 245
  connecting a light sensor,
  207
  preparing circuit with light
  sensor, 208
  programming, 207
  soldering FTDI headers, 206
  Arduino Micro, 245
  Arduino Uno, 93, 245
  pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110
  AT commands, 202
  entering in CoolTerm, 203
  Audience Jacket Tutorial, 209
  audio file playback, using to
  create wearables, 170
  audio files, 168
  B
  base pin, NPN transistors, 178
  batteries, 221
  as power source, 2
  choosing a battery or battery pack for your
  project, 226
  connecting to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 103
  for XBees Direct Mode, 211
  in series and parallel connections, 7
  types of, 221
  battery holders, 222
  CR2032 battery holder, 27
  in electroluminescent designs, 161
  in LilyPad, 67
  blowback voltage, 179
  Bluetooth, 193
  communicating sensor data
  to computer, 194
  pairing on a Mac, 196
  pairing on a Windows
  machine, 197
  preparing Bluetooth circuit to pair, 196
  preparing LilyPad Simple
  Power board, 194
  sending light sensor data, 198
  soldering headers to
  Bluetooth Mate, 195
  radios for use with Arduino,
  194
  Bluetooth Mate Gold, 194
  Bluetooth Mate Silver, 194
  soldering headers to, 195
  without headers, 195
  board type, setting in Arduino,
  99
  breadboards, 37
  advantages/disadvantages
  of breadboard circuits,
  32
  constructing a breadboard
  circuit, 18
  bridge switches, 61
  Buechley, Leah, 65
  buses, 37
  buttons
  button as controller experiment, 107
  latching buttons (tactile
  on/off buttons), 54
  LilyPad push button, 67
  tactile buttons as momentary switches, 54
  248 Indexbuzzers, 163
  electromagnetic, 163
  simple circuit, 164
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  piezoelectric, 165
  with microcontroller, 164
  C
  cable replacement technique,
  212
  calibration, 120
  cameras, 219
  cathode, 8
  Charlieplexing, 148
  chat test with XBees, 205
  Chiclet Board (Aniomagic), 71
  circuit boards
  Arduino, 92
  uploading programs to,
  99
  choosing for wearable electronics, 86
  LilyPad modules versus, 66
  printed circuit boards
  (PCBs), 239
  circuit diagrams, 2
  basic circuit with battery
  and LED (example), 2
  LED circuit with switch, 51
  circuit symbol for basic switch,
  51
  circuits, 1–33
  Arduino Fio with light sensor connected via alligator clips, 208
  circuit design software, 101,
  240
  connecting speaker or piezoelectric buzzer to an
  Arduino, 165
  constructing, 11
  advantages and disadvantages of different
  types, 32
  alligator clip circuit, 13
  breadboard circuit, 18
  conductive fabric circuit,
  30
  conductive thread circuit, 25
  protoboard circuit, 22
  wire circuit, 14
  with hard or soft materials, 86
  DC motor circuit layout, 178
  electroluminescent, 162
  essential concepts, 2
  Flora NeoPixels, multiple
  NeoPixels, 151
  for electromagnetic buzzers, 164
  for microcontroller analog
  input, 108
  for microcontroller analog
  output, 110
  for microcontroller digital
  input, 105
  for servos, 175
  for XBee Direct Mode, 210
  layout in wearable electronics, preventing shorts, 80
  learning more about, 11
  microcontroller digital output, 101
  modularity, in wearable
  electronics, 81
  protoboard transistor circuit, 179
  resistors, 5
  series and parallel, 6
  using a multimeter, 8
  conductivity test, 9
  continuity test, 9
  measuring current, 11
  measuring resistance, 10
  measuring voltage, 10
  voltage divider, 115
  wearable circuits experiment, 48
  closed switch, 52
  clothing, hacking for wearables, 83
  coatings, providing spot insulation in wearable electronics, 80
  collector pin, NPN transistors,
  178
  color
  conductive fabric, 42
  conductive thread, 39
  purple LilyPad modules, 66
  thermochromic materials,
  236
  color charts for resistors, 6
  color sensors, 136
  Flora, 70
  comfort of wearable electronics, 78
  placement of components,
  79
  size, weight, and shape of
  components, 78
  comments in Arduino, 98
  compartment boxes, 216
  conductive fabric, 40
  advantages/disadvantages
  of conductive fabric circuits, 33
  comparison of different
  types, 42
  creating a circuit with, 30
  intended uses, 44
  properties of, 41
  working with, 42
  conductive fabric tape, 45
  conductive felt, 44
  conductive fiber, 44
  conductive hook and loop, 46
  conductive materials, 35–49
  alligator clips, 35
  breadboards, 37
  choosing, 47
  conductive fabric, 40
  conductive thread, 38
  other, 43
  protoboards, 37
  Index 249repurposing everyday stuff,
  46
  resources for, 229
  wearable circuits experiment, 48
  wire, 35
  conductive paint, 46
  conductive ribbon, 44
  conductive thread, 38
  advantages/disadvantages
  of conductive thread circuits, 33
  Aniomagic basic circuit
  with, 73
  comparison of types available in small quantities,
  40
  constructing a circuit with,
  25
  intended uses, 44
  LilyTwinkle circuit made
  with, 69
  multiple Flora NeoPixels
  sewn with, 151
  nonconductive thread providing insulation for, 80
  properties of, 39
  using to construct conductive fabric circuit, 32
  working with, 40
  conductive yarn, 43
  conductivity, testing, 9
  conductors, 2
  conferences and events, 231
  connections
  diagram for LilyTwinkle, 69
  Flora NeoPixels, 150
  servo motors, 175
  connector type (sensors), 113
  connectors, 222
  for electroluminescent materials, 161
  in LilyPad, 67
  in LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  94
  constraining sensors, 121
  contact points for switches, 56
  contact switches, 58
  continuity, 8
  checking, using a multimeter, 9
  CoolTerm, 200
  configuring XBee B, 204
  putting XBee into Command Mode, 203
  setting up to configure
  XBees, 202
  typing AT commands, 203
  crocodile clips (see alligator
  clips)
  current, 4
  excessive, 4
  measuring with a multimeter, 11
  D
  datasheets, 4
  finding for components, 5
  DC (direct current), 162
  converting to AC, 161
  delays, setting in Arduino programs, 100
  desoldering tools, 214
  digital fabric printing, 238
  digital versus analog inputs,
  108
  digitalRead() function, Arduino, 106
  digitalWrite() function, Arduino, 102
  diodes, 8, 178
  adding to protoboard transistor circuit, 184
  DIY sensors, 141
  DIY switches, 56
  DIY Wearable Technology documentation, 142
  documentation tools, 219
  durability of wearable electronics, 79
  insulation, 80
  modularity, 81
  protection of circuits, 81
  strain relief, 79
  E
  e-textile (electronic textile), 65
  e-textile toolkits, 65–76
  Aniomagic, 71
  Let’s Get Sparkly experiment, 72
  constructing circuits with
  hard and soft materials,
  86
  Flora, 70
  modules, 70
  LilyPad, 65
  Let’s Get Tiny experiment, 69
  Let’s Get Twinkly experiment, 68
  modules, 66
  tutorials on, 231
  electroencephalography
  (EEG), 133
  electroluminescent materials,
  158
  aesthetics of, in wearables,
  160
  starter kits for working
  with, 162
  tape and panels, 159
  wire, 158
  working with, system concepts, 161
  electromagnetic buzzers, 163
  3V, panelmount and with
  wires, 163
  electromyography (EMG), 132
  electronics supplies, 229
  electronics tutorials, 231
  250 Indexelse clause in if statements,
  107
  emitter pin, NPN transistors,
  178
  end-glow fiber optics, 153
  Ethernet cable, 37
  example sketches (Arduino),
  97
  experiments, xiii
  F
  fabric, 218
  (see also conductive fabric)
  digital fabric printing, 238
  fans, 188
  using in climate-controlled
  wearable, 191
  fiber optics, 153
  handling fiber-optic fabric,
  156
  incorporation through
  weaving, examples, 154
  LEDs as light sources, 153
  manufactured fiber-optic
  fabrics, 155
  flat-nosed pliers, 214
  flex sensors, 124, 141
  factors to consider when
  choosing, 124
  positioning and protecting,
  125
  flexibility (conductive materials), 48
  floating pins, 105
  Flora, 70
  modules, 70
  sensors communicating
  with I2C, 116
  working with, 96
  Flora Color Sensor, 136
  Flora Gemma, 244
  Flora Lux Sensor, 136
  Flora Main Board, 244
  Flora RGB Smart NeoPixel, 149
  multiple pixel example, 151
  one NeoPixel example, 150
  tutorial, 151
  force-sensing resistors (FSRs),
  126
  forms of wearable electronics,
  82
  forward voltage (Vf), 4
  Fritzing circuit design software, 101
  FSRs (force-sensing resistors),
  126
  FTDI board (5V), 95
  FTDI drivers for operating systems, 95
  G
  galvanic skin response (GSR),
  132
  gearhead motors, 177
  controlling, 185
  examples of, in wearables,
  186
  gloves with conductive fingertips, modifying to make
  contact switches, 59
  glow-in-the-dark materials,
  234
  GPS
  Flora GPS module, 71
  in wearables, 130
  ground, 2
  grouped wire, 36
  GSR (galvanic skin response),
  132
  GUI (graphical user interface),
  Aniomagic toolkit, 71
  H
  hacking wearables, 82
  hardware (Arduino), 92
  heart monitors, 132
  heart rate sensors, 131
  heat gun, 215
  heat shrink nonconductive
  tubing, 16
  using to attach LED to fiberoptic bundle, 156
  heat, actuator providing, 190
  heating pads, 190
  using in climate-controlled
  wearable, 191
  Heatit, 189
  “Hello World” programs, 98
  helping hands, 24, 214
  hiding electronics in wearables, 82
  hoodies, hacking for wearables, 83
  I
  I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit),
  116
  Flora Lux Sensor, 136
  if statements (Arduino), 107
  infrared (IR) sensors, 134
  inputs, 104
  Instructables, 80
  insulation
  conductive materials, 48
  conductive thread, 39
  heat shrink, 16
  in wearable electronics, 80
  nonconductive thread providing in wearables, 80
  insulators, 3
  Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C),
  116
  Flora Lux Sensor, 136
  inverters, 161
  iron, 217
  iron-on conductive fabric, 30,
  42
  ironing conductive fabric, 31
  Index 251L
  lasercutting, 238
  latching buttons, 54
  layers and linings, providing
  insulation for conductive
  fabrics, 80
  layout, creating for wearable
  circuits, 86
  Learning Page (Arduino website), 98
  learning, resources for, 229
  LEDs, 8
  addressable, 149
  multiple pixel example,
  151
  one NeoPixel example,
  150
  use of Adafruit NeoPixels
  with LilyPad Pixel
  Board, 154
  attaching to fiber-optic
  bundle, 156
  basic, 145
  controlling, 146
  lighting in multiple colors, 148
  packaging types, 146
  blinking, beating, fading, or
  breathing with LilyTiny,
  69
  connecting a LilyPad LED to
  LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  101
  determining polarity, 8
  fiber optic light source, 153
  finding forward voltage
  and current required on
  datasheet, 4
  in Flora Smart NeoPixels
  module, 70
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  in series and parallel circuits, 7
  lighting with LilyTwinkle, 69
  wearing, 149
  with alligator clip connections, 14
  light boards (Aniomagic), 72
  light sensors, 135
  connecting sensor to Arduino Fio, 207
  Flora Lux Sensor, 70, 136
  for analog input, 108
  reading values, 109
  LilyPad, 67
  photocell, 135
  sending data via Bluetooth
  to a computer, 198
  working with data from,
  117
  light-emitting diodes, 8
  (see also LEDs)
  LilyPad, 65
  differences from traditional
  circuit boards, 66
  Let’s Get Tiny experiment,
  69
  light sensor, 108
  modules, 66
  ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96
  sewable microcontrollers,
  241
  LilyPad Arduino, 93
  LilyPad Arduino 328, 241
  LilyPad Arduino Simple, 93,
  242
  battery connections, 103
  circuits connecting speaker
  or piezoelectric buzzer
  to, 165
  connecting a LilyPad LED
  to, 101
  controlling LEDs, 146
  digital input circuits, 105
  FTDI drivers, 95
  LEDs connected in parallel,
  102
  pins performing pulsewidth modulation, 110
  setting as Arduino board
  type, 99
  with digital input and output, 107
  with light sensor, 109
  with LilyPad Vibe board,
  173
  with panelmount 3V electromagnetic buzzer, 164
  LilyPad Arduino SimpleSnap,
  242
  LilyPad Arduino USB, 243
  LilyPad Arduino with FTDI
  board, programming, 195
  LilyPad Button board, 164
  LilyPad Buzzer, 165
  LilyPad MP3 board, 168
  connecting components for
  audio file playback, 168
  programming as MP3 player, 170
  LilyPad Pixel Board, using Adafruit NeoPixel library, 154
  LilyPad Protoboard Small, 179
  assembling the transistor
  circuit, 182
  preparing for transistor circuit, 180
  LilyPad Simple Power board,
  194, 210
  LilyPad Temperature Sensor,
  139
  LilyPad TriColor LED, 148
  LilyPad Vibe board, 172
  LilyPad XBee, 200, 206
  preparing to use for configuring XBee radios, 201
  LilyTiny, 69
  LilyTwinkle, 68
  load, 2
  loop() function, 98
  252 IndexM
  Mac computers
  Bluetooth pairing on, 196
  Bluetooth serial port, 199
  magnetic modules, 3
  maintained switches, 53
  map() function, 119
  mapping, 119
  materials, 233
  (see also conductive materials)
  acting as variable resistor,
  141
  glow-in-the-dark, 234
  moldable, 237
  reflective, 233
  shape memory, 236
  thermochromic, 236
  materials research, 231
  measuring tools, 218
  meshes, conductive, 47
  microcontrollers, 91–112
  analog input, 108
  circuit, 108
  code, 109
  sensor as a switch experiment, 110
  analog input and output,
  sensitive system experiment, 111
  analog output, 110
  circuit, 110
  code, 111
  Aniomagic microcontroller
  modules, 71
  Arduino hardware, 92
  Arduino software, 95
  buzzer with, 164
  comparison chart, 245
  digital input, 104
  code, 106
  digital input and output,
  button as controller experiment, 107
  digital output, 101
  circuit, 101
  Morse Code messages
  experiment, 103
  power, 103
  Gettin’ Blinky experiment,
  100
  Hello World Arduino program, 98
  LilyPad options for, 66
  options, 241
  parts, 91
  working with the Flora, 96
  microphones, 137
  microSD card, preparing and
  connecting to LilyPad MP3
  board, 168
  microservos, 174
  microswitches, 55
  modularity in wearable electronics, 81
  modules, 65
  Aniomagic, 71
  Flora e-textile toolkit, 70
  in LilyPad toolkit, 66
  moldable materials, 237
  momentary switches, 53
  tactile buttons, 54
  Morse Code messages experiment, 103
  motion, 172
  shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187
  using gearhead motors,
  177
  using servo motors, 174
  using vibrating motors, 172
  motors
  gearhead, 177
  servo, 174
  shake, spin, or shimmy experiment, 187
  small motors suited for
  wearables, 172
  vibrating, 172
  using transistor board
  with, 186
  movement, sensors for, 128
  multiaxis tilt switches, 55
  multimeters, 215
  conductivity test, 9
  continuity test, 9
  measuring current, 11
  measuring resistance, 10
  measuring voltage, 10
  tutorials on, 230
  using, 8
  multiplexing, 148
  N
  needle threader, 216
  needles, 216
  for sewing with conductive
  thread, 25
  New function, 97
  normally closed (NC) momentary switches, 53
  normally open (NO) momentary switches, 53
  NPN transistors, 178
  O
  ohm symbol (Ω), 4
  ohms, 4
  Ohm’s law, 4
  online learning resources, 230
  open function, 97
  open switch, 52
  operating systems
  Arduino software on, 95
  FTDI drivers for, 95
  optical programming, Aniomagic Sparkle Board, 71
  organza, converting to conductive fabric, 47
  output (sensors), 115
  Index 253outputs, 104
  P
  pads, 23
  pancake motors, 172
  panels, EL, 159
  starter kits for, 162
  parallel circuits, 7
  LilyTiny LEDs in, 70
  part numbers, xiv
  perf boards (see protoboards)
  petals (LilyPad), 66
  phone cable, 37
  photocells, 135
  piezoelectric buzzers, 163, 165
  pinch switches, 62
  pinMode, setting in Arduino,
  102, 106
  pins
  analog output, 110
  floating, 105
  for fabric, 217
  functions in LilyTiny, 69
  functions on transistor
  module, 185
  in Aniomagic Sparkle
  Board, 72
  in LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  94
  outputs and inputs, 104
  pitches, 167
  placement of wearable electronic components, 79, 87
  plating (conductive fabric), 42
  pliers, flat-nosed, 214
  Polar heart rate monitor, 132
  polarity, 8
  determining for LEDs, 8
  poles, 52
  power, 2
  for Bluetooth radio, 194
  for microcontroller digital
  output, 103
  for servos, 174
  power source, 2
  printed circuit boards (PCBs),
  239
  programming
  Arduino, 98
  for Aniomagic Sparkle
  Board, 73
  projects, xiii
  protection for wearable electronic circuits, 81
  protoboards, 37
  advantages/disadvantages
  of protoboard circuits,
  33
  constructing a protoboard
  circuit, 22
  LilyPad, 67
  ProtoSnap LilyPad Development Board, 96
  prototyping boards (see protoboards)
  proximity sensors, 133
  pull-up or pull-down resistors,
  105
  pulse sensors, 131
  pulse width modulation
  (PWM), 110
  in RGB LEDs, 148
  R
  radios
  Bluetooth, for use with Arduino, 194
  XBees, 200
  rapid prototyping techniques,
  238
  3D printing, 239
  digital fabric printing, 238
  lasercutting, 238
  printed circuit boards, 239
  reflective materials, 233
  resetting Aniomagic Sparkle
  board, 75
  resistance, 4
  determining using Ohm’s
  law, 4
  measuring with a multimeter, 10
  of conductive materials, 48
  of conductive thread, 39
  resistor apps for smartphones,
  6
  resistors, 5
  color bands displayed on, 5
  force-sensing resistors
  (FSRs), 126
  LEDs in parallel circuit with
  resistors, 7
  pull-up or pull-down, 105
  variable, 115
  resources, 229
  books on wearable electronics, 229
  conductive materials, 229
  general electronics supplies, 229
  online learning resources,
  230
  sewing gear, 229
  revealing electronics in wearables, 82
  RGB LEDs, 148
  ribbon cable, 36
  RN-41 chip, 194
  RN-42 chip, 194
  rounded edges, LilyPad
  boards, 66
  Roving Network’s RN-42 chip,
  194
  S
  safety glasses, 213
  sandwich switches, 56
  Save As function, 97
  Save function, 97
  scissors, 217
  screwdrivers, 215
  254 Indexsensitivity (sensors), 114
  sensors, 113–143
  body listening experiment,
  142
  color sensors, 136
  communicating data wirelessly via Bluetooth to
  computer, 194
  communicating with I2C,
  116
  DIY, 141
  flex sensors, 124
  Flora, 70
  getting to know, 113
  heart rate and other biometrics, 131
  electroencephalography
  (EEG), 133
  electromyography
  (EMG), 132
  galvanic skin response
  (GSR), 132
  in Aniomagic toolkit, 72
  light sensors, 135
  (see also light sensors)
  LilyPad parts, 67
  movement, orientation,
  and location, 128
  accelerometers, 129
  GPS, 130
  proximity sensors, 133
  sending data via XBees to a
  computer, 206
  sound sensors, 137
  stretch sensors, 127
  temperature sensors, 138
  voltage divider circuit, 115
  Wooo! Shirt experiment,
  122
  working with data from,
  117
  calibration, 120
  constraints, 121
  mapping, 119
  smoothing, 122
  thresholds, 117
  sequencers
  in electroluminescent circuits, 162
  programming EL sequencer, 162
  Serial Monitor function, 97
  serial monitor in Arduino
  light sensor readings on,
  199
  microcontroller analog input in, 109
  using to display input to
  the microcontroller, 106
  serial port, setting in Arduino,
  99
  Serial.begin() command, 106
  Serial.println() command, 106
  series circuits, 6
  servo motors, 174
  Arduino Servo library, 175
  attachments, 174
  microservos, 174
  power, ground, and signal
  connections, 175
  programming Arduino to
  control, 176
  setup() function, 98
  sew holes, 25, 66
  sew tabs, 66
  in LilyPad Arduino Simple,
  94
  sewable LilyPad modules, 66
  sewing
  EL (electroluminescent)
  wire, 158
  resources for, 229
  tools for, 216
  tutorials on, 230
  sewing conductive fabric, 42
  sewing with conductive
  thread, 27, 39
  hand sewing, 40
  nonconductive thread providing insulation, 80
  using a sewing machine, 40
  shape memory materials, 236
  shape, size, and weight (sensors), 114
  short circuits, 3
  from conductive fabric, 42
  preventing when using
  conductive thread, 40
  reducing in wearable electronics, approaches to,
  80
  untrimmed conductive
  thread tails leading to,
  29
  side-glow fiber optics, 153
  silver-plated nylon thread, 39
  single pole double throw
  switches (see SPDT
  switches)
  single pole single throw
  switches (see SPST
  switches)
  sketches, 97
  Blank Arduino sketch, 96
  Blink, Arduino example, 98
  code details, 102
  Gettin’ Blinky experiment, 100
  uploading, 100
  LilyPad MP3 test sketch,
  168
  most basic sketch, Bare
  Minimum, 98
  slide switches, 55
  small snips, 215
  Smart NeoPixels module
  (Flora), 70
  smoothing, 122
  social switches experiment, 63
  soft circuitry
  creating a layout for, 87
  using conductive fabric, 30
  using conductive thread, 25
  soldering
  tutorials on, 15, 230
  wire circuit example, 14
  soldering irons, 213
  solid core wire, 36
  Index 255sound, 163
  buzzers, 163
  playing audio files, 168
  tones, 165
  wearable instrument experiment, 171
  sound sensors, 137
  in Aniomagic, 72
  source voltage (Vs), 4
  SparkFun Electronics, 65
  EL Sequencer, 162
  SparkFun MP3 Shield, 168
  Sparkle Board (Aniomagic), 71
  Sparkle Kit (Aniomagic), 72
  SPDT switches, 52
  speaker cable, 36
  speakers, 165
  circuit connecting speaker
  to LilyPad Arduino Simple, 165
  for audio file playback, 168
  connecting to LilyPad
  MP3 board, 169
  SPST switches, 52
  stainless steel thread, 39
  strain relief, 79
  stranded wire, 36
  stretch (conductive fabric), 42
  stretch sensors, 127
  strip.setPixelColor() command,
  151
  strip.show() command, 151
  substrate (conductive fabric),
  42
  supplier codes in part numbers, xiv
  surface mount LEDs, 146
  surface resistance (conductive
  fabric), 42
  switches, 51–64
  bridge, 61
  contact, 58
  in microcontroller digital input circuit, 105
  latching buttons, 54
  LilyPad parts, 67
  making your own, 56
  microswitches, 55
  other DIY switches, 62
  pinch, 62
  poles and throws, 52
  sandwich, 56
  sensors acting as, 110
  slide, 55
  social switch experiment,
  63
  tactile buttons, 54
  testing, 59
  tilt, 55
  toggle, 54
  types of, 53
  symbols in circuit diagrams, 2
  T
  tactile buttons, 54
  tape, EL, 159
  temperature
  actuators providing heating
  or cooling effect, 188
  climate-controlled wearable experiment, 191
  fans, 188
  heat, 190
  temperature sensors, 138
  LilyPad, 67
  terminal program (CoolTerm),
  200
  testing
  switches, 59
  user testing wearable electronics, 81
  thermistors, 139
  thermochromic materials, 236
  thickness
  conductive fabric, 42
  conductive thread, 39
  thin LilyPad circuit boards,
  66
  third hands, 24
  thread, 218
  (see also conductive
  thread)
  three-axis accelerometers, 129
  thresholds, 117
  through-hole LEDs, 146
  throws, 52
  tilt switches, 55, 128
  toggle switches, 54
  tone() function, 166
  tones, 165
  circuits for, 165
  code for, 166
  tutorials and examples for,
  167
  toolkits, 65
  tools, 213–219
  transistors, 177
  functionality in Heatit tool,
  189
  functions of pins on transistor module, 185
  NPN Bipolar Transistor
  (PN2222) and TIP120
  Power Darlington Transistor, 178
  NPN transistors, pins and
  their functions, 178
  protoboard transistor circuit, 179
  using in fan actuator, 189
  using in heating pad actuator, 190
  trimming conductive thread
  tails, 29
  tripods, 219
  Troubleshooting page (Arduino website), 100
  U
  ultrasonic sensors, 134
  Upload function, 97
  usability of wearable electronics, 81
  256 IndexUSB Bluetooth dongle, 193
  USB mini-B cable, 95
  V
  variable resistors, 115
  developing a material that
  acts as, 141
  variables, 102
  Verify function, 97
  vibrating motors, 172
  completely enclosed (pancake motors), 172
  in LilyPad toolkit, 67
  using transistor board with,
  186
  with exposed heads, 172
  voltage, 4
  changes in, simulation by
  analog output pins, 110
  finding difference between
  source voltage and forward voltage, 4
  measuring with a multimeter, 10
  preventing blowback voltage, 179
  voltage divider circuit, 115
  voltage drop, 7
  W
  wearable circuits experiment,
  48
  wearable electronics, xi, 77
  collaborating with others to
  produce, 86
  designing, 82
  choosing a form, 82
  choosing components,
  86
  choosing materials, 86
  creating a layout, 86
  eight-hour wearable experiment, 89
  iterative design process,
  88
  making wearables, 84
  factors to consider, 77
  aesthetics, 82
  comfort, 78
  durability of circuits, 79
  modularity, 81
  protection, 81
  usability, 81
  future of, 212
  why wear it, 77
  wearables blogs, 231
  weight (conductive fabric), 42
  welted piping, EL wire, 158
  Windows systems
  Bluetooth pairing on, 197
  Bluetooth serial port, 199
  wire
  advantages/disadvantages
  of wire circuits, 32
  as conductive material, 35
  constructing a wire circuit,
  14
  grouped, 36
  solid core, 36
  stranded, 36
  types of, 36
  wire strippers, 15, 214
  wireless, 193–212
  Bluetooth, 193
  communicating with,
  194
  LilyPad XBee, 68
  other wireless options, 212
  XBees, 200
  chat test experiment,
  205
  configuring, 200
  sending Arduino sensor
  data to a computer,
  206
  using XBee Direct Mode,
  210
  X
  XBee Explorer, 202
  XBees, 200
  chat test experiment, 205
  configuring, 200
  XBee A, 202
  XBee B, 204
  other ways to use with Arduino, 209
  using to send sensor data
  to a computer, 206
  using XBee Direct Mode,
  210
  assembing the circuit,
  210
  configuring the XBees,
  210
  connecting, 211
  troubleshooting, 211

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