Make – DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry

Make – DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry
Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture
Robert Bruce Thompson

1. Introduction
2. Laboratory Safety
3. Equipping a Home Chemistry Lab
4. Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab
5. Mastering Laboratory Skills
   The bulk of the book is made up of seventeen hands-on laboratory chapters,
   each devoted to a particular topic. Most of the laboratory chapters include
   multiple laboratory sessions, from introductory level sessions suitable for a
   middle school or first-year high school chemistry laboratory course to more
   advanced sessions suitable for students who intend to take the College
   Board Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry exam:
6. Laboratory: Separating Mixtures
7. Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
8. Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
9. Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry
10. Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
11. Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
12. Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
13. Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle14. Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
14. Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
15. Laboratory: Electrochemistry
16. Laboratory: Photochemistry
17. Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
18. Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
19. Laboratory: Quantitative Analysis
20. Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
21. Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    Index
    A NOTE ON THE DIGITAL INDEX
    A link in an index entry is displayed as the section title in which that entry appears.
    Because some sections have multiple index markers, it is not unusual for an entry
    to have several links to the same section. Clicking on any link will take you directly
    to the place in the text in which the marker appears.
    A
    absolute error, Titrate Using a Mohr Pipette
    mixing safety, Burettes, Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of
    a Liquid Chemical
    neutralized solutions, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutions
    normality, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    safety, Laboratory Safety, Procedure
    standardizing solutions, Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a
    Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
    vitamin C, acid-base titration, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative
    Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
    accuracybalances, Balance
    burettes, Titrate Using a Graduated Cylinder
    measurement methods, Balance
    volumetric glassware, Burettes
    acetic acid
    common ion effect, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion
    Effect
    Ideal Gas Law, Laboratory 14.4: Use the Ideal Gas Law to
    Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
    acetone, molar mass, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from
    Vapor Density
    acids
    acid-base chemistry, everyday, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    acid-base chemistry, overview, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    aqueous salt solutions, pH, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutions
    Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, Laboratory: AcidBase Chemistrybuffer solutions, Laboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a
    Buffer Solution
    cleaning glassware, Cleaning Glassware
    concentration, effect on pH, Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect
    of Concentration on PH
    conjugate acid-base pairs, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    Lewis definition of acids and bases, Laboratory: Acid-Base
    Chemistry
    measuring equipment, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    ACS Grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    activation energy, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    adjustable-length clamps, Heat Sources
    aerosol, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    age, fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    alcohol
    lamps, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sourcesmass-to-volume percentage solution, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a
    Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solution
    aliquots, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette, Laboratory 11.4:
    Standardize a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
    Alka-Seltzer
    surface area, reaction kinetics, Laboratory 12.2: Determine the
    Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
    temperature, chemical kinetics, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    allergies, chemicals, Storage Color Codes
    aluminum
    displacement reactions, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    amber glass bottles, Bottles and Vials
    ammonia, safety, Procedure
    ammonium hydroxide, safety, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    ammonium nitrate, safety, Procedureammonium oxalate, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    amount-of-substance concentration, Laboratory: Solubility and
    Solutions
    amperes, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy Transformation (Voltage
    and Current)
    analog, measuring, Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
    analyte, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette, Laboratory 6.5:
    Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures
    analytical chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: TwoPhase Separation of Mixtures
    anhydrous
    compound form, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    cupric sulfate, Chemical Names
    anions
    bone, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of
    Bone
    disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicalsinorganic, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative
    Analysis of Inorganic Anions
    seawater, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of
    Seawater
    anodes, cells, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    Ansell Chemical Resistance Guide, All Laboratory Activities Must be
    Supervised by a Responsible Adult
    antimony, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
    AP Chemistry exam, Introduction, Maintaining a Laboratory
    Notebook
    apron, lab, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    aqueous
    salt solutions, pH, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of Aqueous
    Salt Solutions
    solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    archaic names, chemicals, Chemical Names
    Arrhenius, Svante August, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistryarsenic, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
    aspirin, methyl salicylate, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    atmospheric pressure, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure
    Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    author contact information, Preface
    Avogadro’s Principle, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    azeotropes, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol, Procedure
    B
    back titration, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine
    Bleach by Redox Titration
    baking soda, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    (see also sodium hydrogen carbonate, decomposition reactions)
    baking, high-altitude, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by
    Boiling Point Elevation
    balances, Recommended Laboratory Glassware, Using a Balance
    barium hydroxide, safety, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anionsbarium nitrate, safety, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    barium salts, safety, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of
    Seawater
    barium sulfate, filtering, Part III: Determine Sulfate Ion Quantitatively
    barium, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    Barnes bottles, Storage Bottles
    barometric pressure, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure
    Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    basement as work area, Work Area
    bases
    acid-base chemistry, everyday, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    acid-base chemistry, overview, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    aqueous salt solutions, pH, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutions
    Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, Laboratory: AcidBase Chemistrybuffer solutions, Laboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a
    Buffer Solution
    cleaning glassware, Cleaning Glassware
    concentration, effect on pH, Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect
    of Concentration on PH
    conjugate acid-base pairs, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    glass containers, Storage Bottles
    Lewis definition of acids and bases, Laboratory: Acid-Base
    Chemistry
    measuring equipment, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    mixing safety, Burettes
    neutralized solutions, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutions
    normality, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    safety, Laboratory Safety, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistrystandardizing solutions, Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a
    Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
    vitamin C, acid-base titration, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative
    Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
    Basic Chemistry Equipment Kit, General Purpose Glassware and
    Plasticware
    basic chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures, Part II: Two-Dimensional Chromatography
    bathroom as work area, Work Area
    batteries, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons, Laboratory 16.6: Build a
    Battery
    beakers, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    Beer-Lambert Law, Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a
    Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    behavior, lab, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    bench
    organization, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutionsbending glass tubing, Evaporating and Drying
    Beral pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Reaction Plates, Using a Pipette
    Berzelius beakers, Beakers
    bins, chemical storage, Storage Color Codes
    bleach, chlorine, redox titration, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative
    Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration
    blood, detecting, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    blow-out pipettes, Graduated Cylinders
    blue glass bottles, Bottles and Vials
    boiling
    chip, Separations, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by
    Boiling Point Elevation
    flasks, FlaskS
    point, elevation, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions,
    Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
    bone, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of
    Boneborax bead test, metal ions, Laboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests to
    Discriminate Metal Ions
    Boston Round bottles, Bottles and Vials
    bottles, Filtering Flasks
    Boyle’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.1: Observe
    the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    bridge, salt, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half-Cells
    bromide, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    bromine, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, Laboratory: Acid-Base
    Chemistry
    brown glass bottles, Bottles and Vials
    Büchner funnels, Filtering Flasks
    budget chemistry equipment kit, General Purpose Glassware and
    Plasticware
    buffer solutions, pH, Laboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a
    Buffer Solutionbulb pipetters, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    Bunsen burners, Using Heat Sources
    burette clamps, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    burettes, Burettes, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    burners, gas, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sources
    butane burners, Using Heat Sources
    C
    calcium carbonate, chemical kinetics, Review Questions
    calibrating volumetric flasks, Using a Pipette
    calorimeters, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    calorimetry
    enthalpy change of chemical reaction, Laboratory 15.4: Determine
    the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction
    everyday, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    heat of fusion of ice, Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion
    of Iceheat of solution, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    overview, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    specific heat of metals, Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific
    Heat of a Metal
    capacity, balances, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    carbon dioxide, firefighting foam, Laboratory 18.2: Produce
    Firefighting Foam
    carbon, electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    carbonate, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis
    of Inorganic Anions
    carrier, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of
    Mixtures
    CAS numbers, chemicals, Chemical Names
    catalase, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on
    Reaction Rate
    catalysts, chemical kinetics, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a
    Catalyst on Reaction Rate
    catalytic cracking, Laboratory 9.2: Observe a Decomposition Reactioncathodes, cells, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    cations
    bone, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of
    Bone
    disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    groupings, Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic
    Cations
    inorganic, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative
    Analysis of Inorganic Cations
    celery, Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
    cell, electrolytic, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by
    Electrolysis of Water, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials,
    Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    cellulose, rayon fiber, Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
    Celsius, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law), Laboratory 15.3: Determine the
    Specific Heat of a Metal
    centigrade, Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific Heat of a Metal
    cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices), Chemical NamesCharles’ Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.2: Observe
    the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)
    chemical equilibrium
    common ion effect, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion
    Effect
    concentration, Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s Principle in
    Action
    everyday, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s
    Principle
    Le Chatelier’s Principle, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle, Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s
    Principle in Action
    overview, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s
    Principle
    pressure, Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration on
    Equilibrium
    solubility product constant, Laboratory 13.3: Determine a
    Solubility Product Constant
    temperature, Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration on
    Equilibriumvolume, Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration on
    Equilibrium, Review Questions
    chemical kinetics
    catalysts, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on
    Reaction Rate
    concentrations, Review Questions
    everyday, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    overview, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    surface area, Laboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect of Surface
    Area on Reaction Rate
    temperature, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    chemical reactions
    catalytic cracking, Laboratory 9.2: Observe a Decomposition
    Reaction
    chemical equilibrium, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle
    colloids, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    combination reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometrycombustion reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry
    composition reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a
    Composition Reaction
    decomposition reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.2: Observe a
    Decomposition Reaction
    displacement reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    double displacement reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to
    Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.4:
    Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction
    electrochemistry, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    enthalpy change, Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change
    of a Reaction
    everyday, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and
    Stoichiometry
    nonstoichiometric reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a
    Composition Reactionoverview, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and
    Stoichiometry
    oxidation reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry
    photochemistry, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    reaction kinetics, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    redox reactions, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
    Reactions
    reduction-oxidation reactions, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation
    (Redox) Reactions
    stoichiometric reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement
    Reaction
    suspensions, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    chemically pure (CP) grade chemicals, Chemical Grades
    chemicals
    allergies, Storage Color Codes
    deadly, Incompatible Chemicalsdisposal, Storage Color Codes
    grades, Chemical Names
    group buying, Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab
    handling, contamination, Measurement Resolution and Significant
    Figures
    handling, safety, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    hazard label methods, Chemical Grades
    heavy-metals, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    incompatible, safety, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    measuring, contamination, Measurement Resolution and
    Significant Figures
    MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), Chemical Grades
    names, Chemical Names
    NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 704 fire diamond,
    Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
    pictograms, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbolsrisk phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
    safety (see safety)
    safety phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
    shipping, Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    storage, Storage Color Codes
    used in book, Disposal of Heavy-Metal and Other Toxic Compounds
    vendors, Notes:, Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    Chemistry, The Central Science,, Introduction
    Chervenak, Dr. Mary, Preface
    chip, boiling, Separations
    chloride, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    chlorine bleach, redox titration, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis
    of Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration
    chloroform, safety, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for
    Illicit Drugschromatography
    basic, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of
    Mixtures, Part II: Two-Dimensional Chromatography
    overview, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation
    of Mixtures
    paper, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons, Laboratory 6.5:
    Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures
    two-dimensional, Part II: Two-Dimensional Chromatography
    chromium, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    citrus fruit, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials,
    Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    clamps, Heat Sources
    Class A volumetric glassware, Volumetric Glassware
    Class B volumetric glassware, Volumetric Glassware
    cleaning, Storage Color Codes
    (see also disposal, chemicals)
    glassware, Inserting Glass Tubing into Corks and Stoppers Safely
    pipettes, Using a Pipetteclothing, protective, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    coat, lab, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    coffee filters, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    college, preparation for, Introduction
    colligative properties, solutions
    boiling point elevation, molar mass, Laboratory 8.1: Determine
    Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
    everyday, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    freezing point depression, molar mass, Laboratory 8.2: Determine
    Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression
    osmotic pressure, Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic
    Pressure
    overview, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    colloids
    everyday, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    firefighting foam, Laboratory 18.2: Produce Firefighting Foamgelled sol, Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol
    overview, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    properties, Laboratory 18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids
    and Suspensions
    Tyndall Effect, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions, Laboratory
    18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions
    color code
    J.T. Baker, chemical storage, Storage Color Codes
    NFPA 704 fire diamond, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
    colorimeter, Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a Solution by
    Visual Colorimetry
    colorimetry, visual, solution concentration, Laboratory 7.5: Determine
    Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    combination reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry
    Combined Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    combustion reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions
    and Stoichiometrycommon ion effect, chemical equilibrium, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify
    the Common Ion Effect
    common names, chemicals, Chemical Names
    composition reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction
    concentrated solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    concentrations
    chemical equilibrium, Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s
    Principle in Action
    chemical kinetics, Review Questions
    solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    solutions, colligative properties, Laboratory: Colligative Properties
    of Solutions
    solutions, visual colorimetry, Laboratory 7.5: Determine
    Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    condenser, purifying ethanol, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify
    ethanol
    conjugate acid-base pairs, Laboratory: Acid-Base ChemistryConservation of Mass, Law of, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    conserving titrant, Using a Burette
    constant boiling mixture, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    Constant Proportions, Law of, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    constants
    boiling point elevation, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions
    ebullioscopic, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    freezing point depression, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions
    contact information, Preface
    contamination, handling chemicals, Measurement Resolution and
    Significant Figures
    continuous phase, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    convex meniscus, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    copperdisposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    ore to metal, reduction, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
    Reactions
    copper sulfate
    displacement reactions, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    double displacement reactions, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    hydrate, formula of, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    molar solution, Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a
    Solid Chemical
    neutralizing, Part II: Determine the Concentration of an Unknown
    Solution
    purifying, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate
    voltaic cell, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two HalfCellscorks, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons, Inserting Glass Tubing into Corks
    and Stoppers Safely
    counter space, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
    CP (chemically pure) grade chemicals, Chemical Grades
    crucibles, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    crystallization, water of, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    cuprammonium process, Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
    cupric sulfate, Chemical Names
    current
    battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    energy transformation, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy
    Transformation (Voltage and Current)
    current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), Chemical Names
    cutting glass tubing, Evaporating and Drying
    cyanide gas, safety, Procedure
    cylinders, graduated, Volumetric Glassware, Using a BuretteD
    deadly chemicals, Incompatible Chemicals
    (see also safety)
    decomposition reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.2: Observe a
    Decomposition Reaction
    Definite Proportions, Law of, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    deliquescence, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate
    denatured ethanol, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    depression, freezing point, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions, Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point
    Depression
    differential solubility, separating sand and sucrose, Laboratory 6.1:
    Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose
    digital
    measuring, Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
    thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    dilute solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutionsdiscarding glassware, Cleaning Glassware
    dishes, evaporating, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    dispersed phase, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    dispersion, colloidal, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    displacement reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    disposable pipettes, Reaction Plates, Using a Pipette
    disposal, chemicals, Storage Color Codes
    (see also cleaning)
    distillation, purifying ethanol, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify
    ethanol
    double displacement reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    double-scale graduated cylinders, Graduated Cylinders
    Doyle, Arthur Conan, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    drawing glass tubing, Evaporating and Dryingdroppers, Reaction Plates
    drops, partial, Using a Burette
    drugs, illicit, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit
    Drugs
    dry ice, safety, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law), Procedure
    drying, Using a Gas Burner
    Dugan, Michael, Graduated Cylinders
    Dumas, Jen Baptiste André, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass
    from Vapor Density
    dust safety, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    E
    eating
    contaminated food, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    in lab, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    oxalic acid, Procedure
    ebullioscopic constant, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutionseconomy-grade glassware, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    educational-grade glassware, General Purpose Glassware and
    Plasticware
    efflorescence, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate
    electric
    potential, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    receptacles, Work Area
    work, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    electrochemistry
    battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    electrolysis of water, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and
    Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water
    energy transformation, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy
    Transformation (Voltage and Current)
    everyday, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    iron oxidation, Laboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical
    Oxidation of Ironoverview, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    voltaic cell, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two HalfCells
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    electrolysis
    defined, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    water, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by
    Electrolysis of Water
    electrolytic cell, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by
    Electrolysis of Water, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials,
    Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    Elemental Scientific, Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    elevation, boiling point, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point
    Elevation
    emulsion, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensionsend point, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    endothermic energy, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    energy
    activation, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    electric potential, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    endothermic, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    exothermic, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    thermal, Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a
    Reaction
    transformation, chemical to electric, Laboratory 16.4: Observe
    Energy Transformation (Voltage and Current)
    enthalpy
    change, chemical reactions, Laboratory 15.4: Determine the
    Enthalpy Change of a Reaction
    change, of solution, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    of fusion, Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of Ice
    equilibrium, chemical (see chemical equilibrium)equipment
    balances, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    batteries, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    corks, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    glassware, Volumetric Glassware
    group buying, Equipping a Home Chemistry Laboratory
    heat sources, Heat Sources
    junk collecting, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and
    Supplies
    pH measuring, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    pipetters, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    recommended, Rubber Stoppers and Corks
    ring stands, Heat Sources
    rubber stoppers, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoonssafety, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    scoops, pH Measuring Tools
    spatulas, pH Measuring Tools
    spoons, pH Measuring Tools
    thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    equivalence point, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    Erlenmeyer flasks, FlaskS, Bottles and Vials
    errata, Preface
    error, absolute versus relative, Titrate Using a Mohr Pipette
    esterification, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    esters, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    estimating, Mastering Laboratory Skills
    ethanol
    mass-to-volume percentage solution, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a
    Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solutionpurifying, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    evaporating
    dishes, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    procedure, Using a Gas Burner
    everyday
    acid-base chemistry, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    calorimetry, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    chemical equilibrium, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle
    chemical kinetics, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    chemical reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry
    colligative properties, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions
    colloids, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    electrochemistry, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    gas chemistry, Laboratory: Gas ChemistryLe Chatelier’s Principle, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle
    photochemistry, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    qualitative analysis, Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
    quantitative analysis, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of
    Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
    redox reactions, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
    Reactions
    solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    suspensions, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    synthesizing compounds, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful
    Compounds
    thermochemistry, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    exam, AP Chemistry, Introduction, Maintaining a Laboratory
    Notebook
    exothermic
    activation energy, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    dangers, Burettesenergy, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    explosion shield, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    explosives, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    extraction, Filtration, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    eye protection, Laboratory Safety, All Laboratory Activities Must be
    Supervised by a Responsible Adult
    eyedroppers, Reaction Plates
    eyewash station, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    F
    FCC (Food Chemical Codex) grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    ferric chloride reagent, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test
    for Illicit Drugs
    filter
    flasks, FlaskS, Bottles and Vials, Filtration
    paper, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons, Filtration, Laboratory 6.5:
    Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixturesfiltering, barium sulfate, Part III: Determine Sulfate Ion Quantitatively
    filtrand, Filtration
    filtrate, Filtration
    filtration
    gravity, Filtration
    vacuum, Filtration
    fingerprints, latent, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    fire diamond, NFPA 704, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
    fire extinguisher, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    fire hazards, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    firefighting foam, Laboratory 18.2: Produce Firefighting Foam
    first-aid kit, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    flame test, metal ions, Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to
    Discriminate Metal Ions
    flames, open, Heat Sourcesflasks
    filter, Filtration
    measuring with, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    safety, Bottles and Vials
    separatory, Filtration
    types, Beakers
    volumetric, Burettes
    flint-glass, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    flocculants, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    flooring, Work Area
    Florence flasks, FlaskS, Bottles and Vials
    foam, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions, Laboratory 18.2:
    Produce Firefighting Foam
    food items
    contaminated, safety, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode
    Potentialseating, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    oxalic acid, Procedure
    forensic chemistry
    blood, detecting, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    illicit drugs, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit
    Drugs
    latent fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    Marsh Test, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry, Laboratory 22.4:
    Perform the Marsh Test
    overview, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    formaldehyde, safety, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for
    Illicit Drugs
    format, laboratory notebook, Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
    forums, Preface
    forward reaction rates, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle
    freezing point depression, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions, Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing PointDepression
    French Square bottles, Bottles and Vials
    fruit
    battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    fuel-air explosives (FAEs), Laboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect of
    Surface Area on Reaction Rate
    full-immersion thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    fuming, fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    funnels, Filtering Flasks, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    fusion, heat of, Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of Ice
    G
    galvanic cell, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by
    Electrolysis of Water, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    galvanizing, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
    garage as work area, Work Area
    garden shed as work area, Work Areagas burners, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sources
    gas chemistry
    Avogadro’s Principle, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    Boyle’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.1:
    Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Charles’ Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.2:
    Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’
    Law)
    Combined Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    everyday, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    Gay-Lussac’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.3:
    Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (GayLussac’s Law)
    Ideal Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.4: Use
    the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in
    Vinegar, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    Density
    Joule-Thompson effect, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    overview, Laboratory: Gas Chemistrygas chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    gasoline
    napalm, Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol
    safety, Procedure
    Gay-Lussac’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.3:
    Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (GayLussac’s Law)
    gelled sol, Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol
    gels, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    glacial acetic acid, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion Effect
    glassware
    beakers, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    Beral pipettes, Reaction Plates
    bottles, Filtering Flasks
    burettes, Burettes, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    cleaning, Using a Pipette, Inserting Glass Tubing into Corks and
    Stoppers Safelycrucibles, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    disposable pipettes, Reaction Plates
    droppers, Reaction Plates
    economy-grade, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    educational-grade, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    evaporating dishes, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    flasks, Beakers, Bottles and Vials
    funnels, Filtering Flasks
    graduated cylinders, Volumetric Glassware
    group buying, Equipping a Home Chemistry Laboratory
    hazards, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    lab equipment, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    legality, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    microscale, Volumetric Flasks
    mortar and pestle, Miscellaneous General Glasswareoverview, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Using a Volumetric Flask
    reaction plates, Reaction Plates
    recommended, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    solution storage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    stirring rods, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    TC (To Contain), Volumetric Glassware, Graduated Cylinders
    TD (To Deliver), Volumetric Glassware, Graduated Cylinders
    test tubes, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    tubing, Miscellaneous General Glassware, Evaporating and Drying
    vials, Filtering Flasks
    volumetric, Volumetric Glassware
    volumetric flasks, Burettes, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    watch glasses, Miscellaneous General Glasswaregloves, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a Responsible
    Adult
    goggles, splash, Laboratory Safety, All Laboratory Activities Must be
    Supervised by a Responsible Adult
    Good Manufacturing Practices, current (cGMP), Chemical Names
    grades, chemicals, Chemical Names
    graduated cylinders, Volumetric Glassware, Using a Burette
    gravity filtration, Filtration
    Griffin beakers, Beakers
    grinding safety, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    group buying
    chemicals, Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab
    lab equipment, Equipping a Home Chemistry Laboratory
    groupings, cations, Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic
    Cations
    guidelines, laboratory notebook, Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
    Hhalf-cells, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials, Laboratory
    16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half-Cells
    half-reactions, electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure
    Electrode Potentials
    handling chemicals
    contamination, Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
    safety, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    heat, Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction
    (see also calorimetry; temperature; thermochemistry)
    of fusion of ice, Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of
    Ice
    of solution, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    versus temperature, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and
    Calorimetry
    heat sources
    alcohol lamps, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sources
    drying, Using a Gas Burner
    evaporating, Using a Gas Burnergas burners, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sources
    hotplates, Heat Sources
    safety, Heat Sources, Separations
    superheating, Separations
    heavy-metals, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    high-altitude baking, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by
    Boiling Point Elevation
    high-form beakers, Beakers
    Holmes, Sherlock, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    home page, Preface
    Home Science Tools, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware,
    Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    horseplay, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    hotplates, Heat Sources
    hybrid batteries, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Batteryhydrate, formula of, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    hydrated, compound form, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of
    a Hydrate
    hydration, water of, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    hydrochloric acid
    displacement reactions, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    molar solution, Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a
    Liquid Chemical
    safety, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy Transformation (Voltage
    and Current), Procedure, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of
    Bone
    standardizing solution by titration, Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a
    Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
    hydrogen
    electrolysis of water, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and
    Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water
    gas, safety, Procedurehydrogen peroxide
    chemical kinetics, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a
    Catalyst on Reaction Rate
    safety, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on
    Reaction Rate
    hydroxylapatite, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of Bone
    hygroscopic, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate
    hypertonic environment, Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of
    Osmotic Pressure
    hypotonic environment, Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of
    Osmotic Pressure
    I
    Ideal Gas Law
    molar mass from vapor density, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar
    Mass from Vapor Density
    overview, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    vinegar, acetic acid percentage, Laboratory 14.4: Use the Ideal Gas
    Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
    ignition, safety, Procedureillicit drugs, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit
    Drugs
    implosion danger, filtering flasks, Bottles and Vials
    incompatible chemicals, safety, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    indicators
    measuring equipment, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    storage bottles, Storage Bottles
    technique, pH Measuring Tools
    industry-specific grade chemicals, Chemical Grades
    inoculating loop, Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate
    Metal Ions
    inorganic analysis
    anions, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Anions
    cations, Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Cations
    qualitative, Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
    International System of Units, Laboratory: Gas Chemistryinterpolation, Mastering Laboratory Skills
    iodide, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    iodine
    disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    fuming, fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    photochemistry, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    solvent extraction, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    ions
    common ion effect, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion
    Effect
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    metal, borax bead test, Laboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests to
    Discriminate Metal Ions
    metal, flame test, Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate
    Metal Ions
    seawater anions, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of
    Seawatersolubility product constant, Laboratory 13.3: Determine a
    Solubility Product Constant
    solvated, Laboratory 13.3: Determine a Solubility Product Constant
    iron
    composition reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction
    displacement reactions, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    electrochemical oxidation, Laboratory 16.2: Observe the
    Electrochemical Oxidation of Iron
    electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    iron sulfide, composition reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a
    Composition Reaction
    ISO-standard labeling, glassware, Graduated Cylinders
    IUPAC names, chemicals, Chemical Names
    J
    J.T. Baker, chemical storage color codes, Storage Color Codes
    Jones, Dr. Paul, PrefaceJoule-Thompson effect, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    junk collecting, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
    K
    Kastle-Meyer test, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    kelvins, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law), Laboratory 15.3: Determine the
    Specific Heat of a Metal
    kinetics, reaction (see reaction kinetics)
    kitchen as work area, Work Area
    L
    labels, Storage Bottles, Procedure
    laboratory
    budget equipment kit, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    equipment (see equipment)
    glassware (see glassware)
    grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    notebook, Maintaining a Laboratory Notebooksafety, Laboratory Safety
    supplies (see supplies)
    work area, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
    labware (see glassware)
    lamps, alcohol, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sources
    laser pointer, safety, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    latent fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    laundry room as work area, Work Area
    laws
    Beer-Lambert, Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a
    Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    Boyle’s, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the
    Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Charles’, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.2: Observe
    the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)
    Combined Gas, Laboratory: Gas ChemistryConservation of Mass, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double
    Displacement Reaction
    Constant Proportions, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double
    Displacement Reaction
    Definite Proportions, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double
    Displacement Reaction
    Gay-Lussac’s, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.3:
    Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (GayLussac’s Law)
    Ideal Gas, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.4: Use the
    Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in
    Vinegar, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    Density
    Multiple Proportions, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double
    Displacement Reaction
    Ohm’s, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    Le Chatelier’s Principle, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle, Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s
    Principle in Action
    lead
    disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicalselectrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    legality
    explosives, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    glassware, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    LEO the lion says GER, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox)
    Reactions
    Lewis definition of acids and bases, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    lighting, Work Area
    linearity, balances, Balance
    liquid aerosol, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    liquid chemical, molar solution, Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar
    Solution of a Liquid Chemical
    liquid chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    liquid-liquid extraction, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    liquids
    measuring by mass, Using a Balancemeasuring by volume, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    litmus paper, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    lock, chemical storage, Storage Color Codes
    low-form beakers, Beakers
    M
    mackinawite, composition reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a
    Composition Reaction
    magnesium
    electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    voltaic cell, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two HalfCells
    magnesium sulfate, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen
    by Electrolysis of Water
    Maker Media, Preface
    manganese, reduction-oxidation reaction, Laboratory 10.2: Observe
    the Oxidation States of Manganese
    Marquis reagent, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for
    Illicit DrugsMarsh Test, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry, Laboratory 22.4:
    Perform the Marsh Test
    mass
    mass-to-volume percentage, solutions, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a
    Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solution
    mass-volume percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    measuring liquids, Using a Balance
    percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), All Laboratory Activities Must be
    Supervised by a Responsible Adult, Chemical Grades
    measuring
    analog, Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
    balance, Using a Balance
    burettes, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    calorimeters, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    Celsius, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law), Laboratory 15.3: Determine
    the Specific Heat of a Metalchemicals, contamination, Measurement Resolution and Significant
    Figures
    colorimeter, Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a Solution
    by Visual Colorimetry
    digital, Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
    end point, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    equivalence point, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    kelvins, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law), Laboratory 15.3: Determine
    the Specific Heat of a Metal
    liquids by mass, Using a Balance
    liquids by volume, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    methods, accuracy, Balance
    moles, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    partial drops, Using a Burette
    pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Using a Volumetric Flask
    resolution, Mastering Laboratory SkillsSI standard units, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    significant figures, Mastering Laboratory Skills
    solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    solutions, colligative properties, Laboratory: Colligative Properties
    of Solutions
    spectrophotometer, Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a
    Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    titration, burettes, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    titration, pipettes, Titrate Using a Graduated Cylinder
    volumetric flasks, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    volumetric glassware, Volumetric Glassware
    mechanical balances, Heat Sources
    meniscus, convex, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    metals
    copper ore to copper metal, reduction, Laboratory: ReductionOxidation (Redox) Reactionsions, borax bead test, Laboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests to
    Discriminate Metal Ions
    ions, flame test, Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate
    Metal Ions
    reactivity series, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single Displacement
    Reaction
    specific heat, Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific Heat of a
    Metal
    meters, pH, pH Measuring Tools
    methanol, safety, Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate From
    Aspirin
    methyl salicylate from aspirin, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful
    Compounds
    microburners, gas, Heat Sources
    microchemistry, Volumetric Flasks
    microscale glassware, Volumetric Flasks
    mineral acids, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    miscibility, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutionsmixtures, separating
    chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    differential solubility, Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility:
    Separate Sand and Sucrose
    hydrate, formula of, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    purifying copper sulfate, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify
    Copper Sulfate
    purifying ethanol, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    solvent extraction, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    mobile phase, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    Mohr pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Using a Volumetric Flask, Titrate
    Using a Graduated Cylinder
    molal solution, solid chemical, Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal
    Solution of a Solid Chemical
    molality, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    molar massboiling point elevation, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by
    Boiling Point Elevation
    freezing point depression, Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass
    by Freezing Point Depression
    vapor density, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    Density
    molar proportions, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double
    Displacement Reaction
    molar solution
    liquid chemical, Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a
    Liquid Chemical
    solid chemical, Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a
    Solid Chemical
    molarity, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    mole ratios, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement
    Reaction
    moles, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    mortar and pestle, Miscellaneous General GlasswareMSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), All Laboratory Activities Must be
    Supervised by a Responsible Adult, Chemical Grades
    Multiple Proportions, Law of, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    N
    names, chemicals, Chemical Names
    napalm, Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol
    National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 704 fire diamond,
    Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
    negative azeotrope, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    negative catalysts, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst
    on Reaction Rate
    neutralized solutions, pH, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutions
    newsletter, Preface
    NF (National Formulary) grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 704 fire diamond,
    Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)nickel, electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    ninhydrin, latent fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent
    Fingerprints
    nitrate, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    nitric acid
    reagent, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit
    Drugs
    safety, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Anions,
    Procedure, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of Bone
    nonpolar solvents, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    nonstoichiometric reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction
    normality, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    notebook, laboratory, Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
    nucleation, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate
    OOhm’s Law, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    open flames, Heat Sources, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by
    Boiling Point Elevation
    organic analysis, qualitative, Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
    osmotic pressure, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions,
    Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
    oxalate, photochemistry, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    oxidation reactions
    combustion reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    iron, electrochemical, Laboratory 16.2: Observe the
    Electrochemical Oxidation of Iron
    manganese, oxidation states, Laboratory 10.2: Observe the
    Oxidation States of Manganese
    reducing copper ore to copper metal, Laboratory: ReductionOxidation (Redox) Reactions
    oxygen, electrolysis of water, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and
    Oxygen by Electrolysis of WaterP
    paper
    chromatography, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons, Laboratory 6.5:
    Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures
    filter, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons, Filtration, Laboratory 6.5:
    Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures
    indicator, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    parallel batteries, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    partial drops, Using a Burette
    partial-immersion thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    partitioning, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    Pasteur pipettes, Graduated Cylinders
    pH, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    (see also acids; bases)
    activity versus concentration, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    aqueous salt solutions, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutionsbuffer solutions, Laboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a
    Buffer Solution
    concentration, effect on, Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect of
    Concentration on PH
    measuring equipment, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    neutralized solutions, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of
    Aqueous Salt Solutions
    phase
    continuous, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    dispersed, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    phenolphthalein, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume
    Percentage Solution, Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a Hydrochloric
    Acid Solution by Titration, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry
    phosphate, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis
    of Inorganic Anions
    photo grade chemicals, Chemical Grades
    photochemistry
    everyday, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    iodine and oxalate, Laboratory: Photochemistryoverview, Laboratory: Photochemistry
    pHydrion paper, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    pictograms, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    pipette pumps, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    pipetters, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    pipettes
    disposable, Reaction Plates
    glassware, Graduated Cylinders
    measuring liquid, Using a Volumetric Flask
    titration, Titrate Using a Graduated Cylinder
    plants
    methyl salicylate, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    oxalic acid content, Procedure
    plasticware, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    polar solvents, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixturespolycarbonate explosion shield, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    positive azeotrope, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    potassium chromate, safety, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion
    Analysis of Seawater
    potassium ferricyanide, molal solution, Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a
    Molal Solution of a Solid Chemical
    potassium hydrogen tartrate, solubility product constant, Laboratory
    13.3: Determine a Solubility Product Constant
    potassium permanganate, safety, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the
    Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rate, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative
    Analysis of Inorganic Anions
    potential, electric, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    powder funnels, Filtering Flasks
    practical grade chemicals, Chemical Grades
    Precision Weighing Balances, Balance
    preparative chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: TwoPhase Separation of Mixtures
    pressureatmospheric, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure
    Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Avogadro’s Principle, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    barometric, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure
    Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Boyle’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.1:
    Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Charles’ Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.2:
    Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’
    Law)
    chemical equilibrium, Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration
    on Equilibrium
    Combined Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    Gay-Lussac’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.3:
    Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (GayLussac’s Law)
    Ideal Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.4: Use
    the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in
    Vinegar, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    DensityJoule-Thompson effect, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    osmotic, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions,
    Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
    vapor reduction, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    pressure-treated wood, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
    presumptive tests, Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry, Laboratory 22.2:
    Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit Drugs
    primary standard grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    product layer, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    products, chemical reactions, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical
    Reactions and Stoichiometry
    professional-grade glassware, General Purpose Glassware and
    Plasticware
    propane gas burners, Heat Sources, Using Heat Sources
    protective clothing, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult, Procedure, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-toVolume Percentage Solution
    purified grade chemicals, Chemical Namespurifying
    copper sulfate, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper
    Sulfate
    ethanol, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    pyrophoric, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition Reaction
    pyrrhotite, composition reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a
    Composition Reaction
    Q
    quadruple-beam balances, Heat Sources
    qualitative analysis
    bone, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of Bone
    everyday, Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
    inorganic anions, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    inorganic cations, Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Cations
    metal ions, borax bead test, Laboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests
    to Discriminate Metal Ionsmetal ions, flame test, Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to
    Discriminate Metal Ions
    overview, Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis
    qualitative filter paper, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    quantitative analysis
    chlorine bleach, redox titration, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative
    Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration
    everyday, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by
    Acid-Base Titration
    overview, Laboratory: Quantitative Analysis
    seawater, anions, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of
    Seawater
    vitamin C, acid-base titration, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative
    Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
    quantitative filter paper, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    R
    R-phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
    rates, reaction (see reaction kinetics)rayon fiber, Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
    reactants, Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and
    Stoichiometry
    reaction kinetics
    catalysts, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on
    Reaction Rate
    concentrations, Review Questions
    overview, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    surface area, Laboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect of Surface
    Area on Reaction Rate
    temperature, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    reaction plates, Reaction Plates
    reactions, chemical (see chemical reactions)
    reactivity series, metals, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single
    Displacement Reaction
    readability, balances, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    Reagent ACS Grade chemicals, Chemical Namesreagents
    presumptive drug testing, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive
    Test for Illicit Drugs
    purity, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
    reagent grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    recommended
    equipment, Rubber Stoppers and Corks
    glassware, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    supplies, Rubber Stoppers and Corks
    recrystallization, purifying copper sulfate, Laboratory 6.3:
    Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate
    recycled bottles, Bottles and Vials, Recommended Laboratory
    Equipment and Supplies
    redox reactions
    battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    chlorine bleach, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine
    Bleach by Redox Titrationcopper ore to copper metal, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation
    (Redox) Reactions
    electrochemistry, overview, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    electrolysis of water, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and
    Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water
    energy transformation, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy
    Transformation (Voltage and Current)
    everyday, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
    iron oxidation, Laboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical
    Oxidation of Iron
    manganese oxidation states, Laboratory 10.2: Observe the
    Oxidation States of Manganese
    overview, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
    voltaic cell, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two HalfCells
    reduction, vapor pressure, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutionsreduction-oxidation reactions
    battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    chlorine bleach, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine
    Bleach by Redox Titration
    copper ore to copper metal, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation
    (Redox) Reactions
    electrochemistry, overview, Laboratory: Electrochemistry
    electrode potentials, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    electrolysis of water, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and
    Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water
    energy transformation, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy
    Transformation (Voltage and Current)
    everyday, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
    iron oxidation, Laboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical
    Oxidation of Iron
    manganese oxidation states, Laboratory 10.2: Observe the
    Oxidation States of Manganese
    overview, Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactionsvoltaic cell, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two HalfCells
    reference standard, solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    relative error, Titrate Using a Mohr Pipette
    residue, filtration, Filtration
    resistance, battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    resolution
    balances, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    measurement, Mastering Laboratory Skills
    respirators, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    retrograde solubility, Procedure, Review Questions
    reverse reaction rates, Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le
    Chatelier’s Principle
    right-angle clamps, Heat Sources
    ring stands, Heat Sources
    risk phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamondrods, stirring, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    rubber stoppers, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    rusting, Laboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical Oxidation of
    Iron
    S
    S-phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
    safety
    acetone, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    Density
    acids, Procedure
    ammonia, Procedure, Procedure
    ammonium hydroxide, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    ammonium nitrate, Procedure
    antimony, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
    arsenic, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test, Part II: Test the
    Samplesbarium hydroxide, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    barium nitrate, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic
    Anions
    barium salts, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of
    Seawater
    bases, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    chemical storage, Storage Color Codes
    chemicals, allergies, Storage Color Codes
    chemicals, disposal, Storage Color Codes
    chemicals, handling, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    chlorine bleach, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine
    Bleach by Redox Titration
    chloroform, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit
    Drugs
    copper sulfate, Procedure
    cyanide gas, Proceduredeadly chemicals, Incompatible Chemicals
    dry ice, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law), Procedure
    ethanol, Laboratory 22.1: Use the Sherlock Holmes Test to Detect
    Blood
    exothermic dangers, Burettes
    ferric chloride, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for
    Illicit Drugs
    filtering flasks, Bottles and Vials
    flasks, Bottles and Vials
    food items, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    formaldehyde, Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for
    Illicit Drugs
    funnels, Filtering Flasks
    gasoline, Procedure
    glacial acetic acid, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion
    Effecthazard label methods, Chemical Grades
    heavy-metals, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    hydrochloric acid, Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a
    Liquid Chemical
    hydrogen gas, Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single Displacement
    Reaction, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test
    hydrogen peroxide, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a
    Catalyst on Reaction Rate
    hydrogen sulfide, Procedure
    ignition, Procedure
    incompatible chemicals, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    iodine, Procedure
    iron sulfide, Procedure
    laboratory, Laboratory Safety
    laser pointer, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    lighting, Work Areametal ions, Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials
    methanol, Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate From
    Aspirin
    methyl salicylate, Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate
    From Aspirin, Part III: Determine Density and Freezing Point of
    the Product
    mortar and pestle, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), Chemical Grades
    napalm, Procedure
    NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 704 fire diamond,
    Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
    ninhydrin, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints
    nitric acid, Procedure, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    open flames, Heat Sources, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass
    by Boiling Point Elevation
    oxalic acid, Procedurephenolphthalein, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume
    Percentage Solution, Laboratory 22.1: Use the Sherlock Holmes
    Test to Detect Blood
    pictograms, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Using a Pipette
    potassium chromate, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis
    of Seawater
    potassium ferricyanide, Procedure
    potassium permanganate, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of
    a Catalyst on Reaction Rate
    risk phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
    safety phrases, NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
    silver nitrate, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic
    Anions
    sodium hydroxide, Procedure
    sulfur dioxide, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition Reaction
    sulfuric acid, Proceduretipping, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure
    Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law), Laboratory 14.3: Observe the
    Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
    ventilation, Work Area
    salicylic acid, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    salt bridge, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half-Cells
    sand and sucrose, separating, Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility:
    Separate Sand and Sucrose
    saponification, Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry
    saturated solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    Schweizer’s Reagent, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double
    Displacement Reaction, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds,
    Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
    ScienceKit, Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    scoops, pH Measuring Tools
    scurvy, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by AcidBase Titrationsea level, pressure, Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure
    Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    seawater, anions, Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of
    Seawater
    separations
    chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    differential solubility, Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility:
    Separate Sand and Sucrose
    distillation, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    hydrate, formula of, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    overview, Filtration
    purifying copper sulfate, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify
    Copper Sulfate
    purifying ethanol, Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify ethanol
    recrystallization, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper
    Sulfatesand and sucrose, Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility: Separate
    Sand and Sucrose
    solvent extraction, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    separatory flasks, Filtration
    separatory funnels, Filtering Flasks, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent
    Extraction
    series batteries, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    serological pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Using a Volumetric Flask
    sewer access, Work Area
    shipping chemicals, Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    SI standard units, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    significant figures, measuring, Mastering Laboratory Skills
    silver chloride, solubility product constant, Laboratory 13.3: Determine
    a Solubility Product Constant
    silver nitrate
    latent fingerprints, Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprintssafety, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Anions,
    Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of Seawater
    silver, disposal, Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
    single-scale graduated cylinders, Graduated Cylinders
    slugs, Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
    smoking, Avoid Chemical Hazards
    sodium acetate, common ion effect, Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the
    Common Ion Effect
    sodium chloride
    molar mass by boiling point elevation, Laboratory 8.1: Determine
    Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
    molar mass by freezing point depression, Laboratory 8.2:
    Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression
    solubility product constant, Laboratory 13.3: Determine a
    Solubility Product Constant
    solutions, pH, Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of Aqueous Salt
    Solutions
    sodium hydrogen carbonate, decomposition reactions, Laboratory 9.2:
    Observe a Decomposition Reactionsodium hydroxide
    double displacement reactions, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction
    safety, Procedure, Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of Bone,
    Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base
    Titration
    sol, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    sol, gelled, Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol
    solid aerosol, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    solid chemical
    molal solution, Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal Solution of a
    Solid Chemical
    molar solution, Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a
    Solid Chemical
    solid emulsion, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    solid foam, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    solid sol, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    solubilitydifferential, separating sand and sucrose, Laboratory 6.1:
    Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose
    product constant, Laboratory 13.3: Determine a Solubility Product
    Constant
    retrograde, Procedure, Review Questions
    solute, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    solutions
    bench, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    boiling point elevation, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions, Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point
    Elevation
    colligative properties, boiling point elevation, molar mass,
    Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
    colligative properties, freezing point depression, molar mass,
    Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point
    Depression
    colligative properties, osmotic pressure, Laboratory 8.3: Observe
    the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
    colligative properties, overview, Laboratory: Colligative Properties
    of Solutionscolloids, contrasted, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    commonplace, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    concentrated, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    concentrations, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    concentrations, visual colorimetry, Laboratory 7.5: Determine
    Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    defined, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    dilute, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    ebullioscopic constant, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions
    everyday, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    freezing point depression, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions, Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing
    Point Depression
    heat of solution, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
    labels, Procedure
    mass percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutionsmass-to-volume percentage, Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-toVolume Percentage Solution
    mass-volume percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    miscibility, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    molal, solid chemical, Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal Solution of
    a Solid Chemical
    molality, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    molar, liquid chemical, Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution
    of a Liquid Chemical
    molar, solid chemical, Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution
    of a Solid Chemical
    molarity, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    moles, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    normality, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    osmotic pressure, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions,
    Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure
    saturated, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutionsstability, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    standard, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    stock, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions, Procedure
    storage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    supersaturated, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper
    Sulfate, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    suspensions, contrasted, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    Tyndall Effect, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions, Laboratory
    18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions
    van’t Hoff factor, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    vapor pressure reduction, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of
    Solutions
    volume-volume percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    weight-volume percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    solvated ions, Laboratory 13.3: Determine a Solubility Product
    Constant
    solventscommon, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation
    of Mixtures
    defined, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    extraction, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    nonpolar, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation
    of Mixtures
    polar, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of
    Mixtures
    spatulas, pH Measuring Tools
    specialized ultrapure grade chemicals, Chemical Names
    specific heat of metals, Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific Heat of
    a Metal
    specific melting heat, Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of
    Ice
    spectrometer, flame, Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate
    Metal Ions
    spectrophotometer, Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a
    Solution by Visual Colorimetryspirit thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    splash goggles, Laboratory Safety, All Laboratory Activities Must be
    Supervised by a Responsible Adult
    spoons, pH Measuring Tools
    stable solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    standard solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    standardizing solutions by titration, Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a
    Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
    stands, Heat Sources
    stationary phase, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase
    Separation of Mixtures
    stirring rods, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    stock solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions, Procedure
    stoichiometric reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement
    Reaction
    stoppersglass tubing, inserting, Inserting Glass Tubing into Corks and
    Stoppers Safely
    rubber, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    volumetric flasks, Burettes
    storage
    bottles, Bottles and Vials
    labels, Procedure
    solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    space, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
    stretching glass tubing, Evaporating and Drying
    strong solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    student-grade glassware, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    substrate, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of
    Mixtures
    sucrose
    and sand, separating, Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility:
    Separate Sand and Sucrosemolar mass by boiling point elevation, Laboratory 8.1: Determine
    Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
    sulfate, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    sulfite, qualitative analysis, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions
    sulfur, composition reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction
    sulfuric acid, safety, Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a
    Catalyst on Reaction Rate, Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of
    Inorganic Anions, Procedure
    supernatant fluid, Filtration
    supersaturated solutions, Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify
    Copper Sulfate, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    supervision, labs, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    supplies
    chromatography paper, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    filter paper, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoonsjunk collecting, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and
    Supplies
    pH measuring, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    recommended, Rubber Stoppers and Corks
    surface area, chemical kinetics, Laboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect
    of Surface Area on Reaction Rate
    surfaces, work, Work Area
    suspensions
    everyday, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    overview, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions
    properties, Laboratory 18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids
    and Suspensions
    Tyndall Effect, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions, Laboratory
    18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions
    symbols
    NFPA 704 fire diamond, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
    pictograms, Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols
    synthesizing compoundseveryday, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    methyl salicylate from aspirin, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful
    Compounds
    overview, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds
    rayon fiber, Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
    systematic names, chemicals, Chemical Names
    T
    tare, balances, Heat Sources, Using a Balance
    TC (To Contain) glassware, Volumetric Glassware, Graduated
    Cylinders
    TD (To Deliver) glassware, Volumetric Glassware, Graduated
    Cylinders
    technical grade chemicals, Chemical Grades
    temperature, Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a
    Reaction
    (see also calorimetry; heat; thermochemistry)
    Avogadro’s Principle, Laboratory: Gas ChemistryBoyle’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.1:
    Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Celsius, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)
    Charles’ Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.2:
    Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’
    Law)
    chemical equilibrium, Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration
    on Equilibrium
    chemical kinetics, Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics
    Combined Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    Gay-Lussac’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.3:
    Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (GayLussac’s Law)
    Ideal Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.4: Use
    the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in
    Vinegar, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    Density
    kelvins, Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature
    Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)retrograde solubility, Procedure
    versus heat, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    work area, Work Area
    test tubes, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    tetraamminecopper dihydroxide, Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a
    Double Displacement Reaction, Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful
    Compounds, Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber
    textbooks, Introduction
    theory, chemistry, Introduction
    thermal energy, Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a
    Reaction
    thermochemistry
    enthalpy change of chemical reaction, Laboratory 15.4: Determine
    the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction
    everyday, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    heat of fusion of ice, Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion
    of Ice
    heat of solution, Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solutionoverview, Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
    specific heat of metals, Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific
    Heat of a Metal
    thermometer clamps, Heat Sources
    thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    thin-layer chromatography, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: TwoPhase Separation of Mixtures, Part II: Two-Dimensional
    Chromatography
    thistle tubes, Filtering Flasks
    Thompson, Barbara Fritchman, Preface
    three-finger clamps, Heat Sources
    tin, electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
    titrant, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette, Using a Burette
    titration
    acid-base, vitamin C, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of
    Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
    back, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by
    Redox Titrationburettes, Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
    graduated cylinder, Using a Burette
    Mohr pipette, Titrate Using a Graduated Cylinder
    preliminary, Using a Burette
    redox, chlorine bleach, Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of
    Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration
    standardizing solutions, Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a
    Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration
    To Contain (TC) glassware, Volumetric Glassware, Graduated
    Cylinders
    To Deliver (TD) glassware, Volumetric Glassware, Graduated
    Cylinders
    tolerances, volumetric glassware, Volumetric Glassware
    transfer pipettes, Graduated Cylinders
    triple-beam balances, Heat Sources
    tripod stands, Support Stands, Rings, and Clampstroilite, composition reactions, Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition
    Reaction
    Tsvet, Mikhail Semyonovich, Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: TwoPhase Separation of Mixtures
    tube thermometers, pH Measuring Tools
    tubing, glass, Miscellaneous General Glassware, Evaporating and
    Drying
    two-dimensional chromatography, Part II: Two-Dimensional
    Chromatography
    Tyndall Effect, Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions, Laboratory 18.1
    Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions
    Tyrell burners, Using Heat Sources
    U
    ultrapure grade chemicals, specialized, Chemical Names
    ungraded chemicals, Chemical Grades
    universal indicator paper, Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
    unstable solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    USP (United States Pharmocopeia) grade chemicals, Chemical Namesutility clamps, Heat Sources
    V
    vacuum filtration, Filtration
    van’t Hoff factor, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    vapor
    density, molar mass, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from
    Vapor Density
    pressure reduction, Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions
    vendors
    balances, Balance
    chemicals, Notes:, Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
    chemistry kit, General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
    glassware, Bottles and Vials, Recommended Laboratory Glassware
    ventilation, Work Area
    vernacular names, chemicals, Chemical Names
    vials, Filtering Flasksvinegar, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a Responsible
    Adult, Laboratory 14.4: Use the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the
    Percentage of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
    visual colorimetry, solution concentration, Laboratory 7.5: Determine
    Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry
    vitamin C, acid-base titration, Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis
    of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
    voltage
    battery, Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery
    energy transformation, Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy
    Transformation (Voltage and Current)
    voltaic cell, Laboratory: Electrochemistry, Laboratory 16.3: Measure
    Electrode Potentials, Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two
    Half-Cells
    volume
    Avogadro’s Principle, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    Boyle’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.1:
    Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
    Charles’ Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.2:
    Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’
    Law)chemical equilibrium, Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration
    on Equilibrium, Review Questions
    Combined Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    Gay-Lussac’s Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.3:
    Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (GayLussac’s Law)
    Ideal Gas Law, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry, Laboratory 14.4: Use
    the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in
    Vinegar, Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass from Vapor
    Density
    Joule-Thompson effect, Laboratory: Gas Chemistry
    measuring liquids, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    volume-volume percentage, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    volumetric
    flask, Measuring Liquids by Volume
    glassware, Volumetric Glassware
    pipettes, Graduated Cylinders, Using a Pipette
    Wwash bottles, Storage Bottles
    waste layer, Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction
    watch glasses, Miscellaneous General Glassware
    water
    access, Work Area
    electrolysis, Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by
    Electrolysis of Water
    faucet, All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a
    Responsible Adult
    of crystallization, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a
    Hydrate
    of hydration, Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate
    weak solutions, Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions
    web site, Preface
    weight-volume percentage solution, Laboratory: Solubility and
    Solutions
    wood, pressure-treated, Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Testwork area, Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
    work surfaces, Work Area
    Z
    zinc, electrodes, Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons

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