Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology

Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology
Yaoyao (Fiona) Zhao
Robert J. Brown
Thomas R. Kramer
Xun Xu
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Dimensional Metrology Versus Surface Metrology
and Physical Metrology . 1
1.1.1 Workpiece Surface Properties and Imperfections 2
1.1.2 Importance of Dimensional Metrology 5
1.2 Dimensional Metrology and Manufacturing Processes 6
1.2.1 Dimensional Metrology and Closed-Loop
Manufacturing 8
1.2.2 Process Variations and Error Sources 10
1.2.3 In-Process Measurement . 13
1.2.4 Off-Line Measurement . 16
1.3 Summary . 17
References 18
2 Practices of Information Modeling 21
2.1 Basics of Information Modeling . 21
2.1.1 Information Modeling Methodologies 22
2.1.2 Information Model Development Process 23
2.2 Information Modeling Languages 26
2.2.1 UML Language . 27
2.2.2 IDEF1X Language . 30
2.2.3 EXPRESS Language 35
2.2.4 XML Schema Definition Language 37
2.2.5 Implementation of Information Models . 43
2.3 Communications of Dimensional Metrology Systems . 44
2.4 Summary . 49
References 51
xv3 Product Definition and Dimensional Metrology Systems 53
3.1 Product Definition . 54
3.1.1 Product Design Activity 55
3.1.2 Major Product Design Approaches 57
3.2 Features and Tolerances in Product Design 59
3.2.1 Design Geometry and Feature Representation . 63
3.2.2 GD&T Information . 68
3.2.3 Measurement Features Information 74
3.3 Product Data Models and Standards . 76
3.3.1 Types of Product Models . 77
3.3.2 Proprietary Data Models . 79
3.3.3 IGES . 81
3.3.4 STEP . 82
3.4 Product Lifecycle Management Information . 98
3.4.1 Product Data Management 99
3.4.2 Key Characteristic Management 102
3.4.3 Product Lifecycle Management Data Models . 104
3.4.4 PDM and ERP 107
3.4.5 Traceability Information . 109
3.5 Summary . 113
References 115
4 High-Level Dimensional Metrology Process Planning 119
4.1 Computer-Aided Inspection Process Planning Activities . 119
4.2 Computer-Aided Inspection Process Planning Research . 123
4.2.1 Early Research (Prior to 1995) on CAIPP . 124
4.2.2 Recent CAIPP Research for On-Machine Measurement
and CMM . 128
4.2.3 Review of CAIPP Systems for OMM 134
4.2.4 Review of STEP Enabled CAIPP Systems . 138
4.3 Information Modeling of High-Level Dimensional
Metrology Process Plans . 142
4.3.1 Information Flow in Commercial CAIPP Systems 144
4.3.2 Dimensional Inspection Information Exchange
Data Model (STEP AP 219) . 146
4.3.3 High-Level Inspection Process Planning Data Model
(STEP AP 238) 151
4.3.4 Quality Measurement Plan Data Model . 157
4.4 Summary . 159
References 161
xvi Contents5 Low-Level Dimensional Metrology Process Planning
and Execution . 1
5 Low-Level Dimensional Metrology Process Planning
and Execution .
5.1 Low-Level Dimensional Measurement Process
Planning Activity
5.2 Measurement Sensors .
5.2.1 General Sensor Classification
5.2.2 Sensors Used for Dimensional Metrology .
5.3 Dimensional Measurement Execution Systems .
5.3.1 CMM Systems
5.3.2 Portable Measurement Systems .
5.3.3 On-Machine Measurement Systems
5.4 Information Modeling for Low-Level Dimensional Measurement
Process Plan and Execution
5.4.1 DMIS Data Model .
5.4.2 I++DME Data Model .
5.5 Summary .
References
6 Quality Data Analysis and Reporting
6.1 Quality Data Analysis and Reporting Activity
6.2 Data Fitting Theories and Computational Metrology .
6.2.1 Introduction to Computational Metrology
6.2.2 Mathematical Representation of Geometric Elements .
6.2.3 Geometry Data Fitting Criteria .
6.2.4 Algorithms for Minimum Tolerance Zone Calculation .
6.3 Information Modeling for Quality Data Analysis
and Reporting
6.3.1 Commercial and Proprietary Data Models .
6.3.2 Quality Measurement Data Model .
6.3.3 Dimensional Markup Language Data Model
6.4 Commercial Application of Quality Data Analysis
and Reporting
6.4.1 Business Intelligence
6.4.2 Quality and Production Engineering .
6.5 Summary .
References
7 Dimensional Metrology Interoperability Issues .
7.1 Interoperability and Manufacturing Cost
7.2 Information Exchange Between Dimensional
Metrology Systems
7.2.1 Product Definition
7.2.2 CAIPP Systems .
7.2.3 Execution Systems .
7.2.4 Data Analysis and Reporting Systems .
7.2.5 Crosscutting Interoperability Issues .
7.3 Road Map of Standards Harmonization for Achieving
Interoperability
7.4 Summary
References .
8 Dimensional Metrology for Manufacturing Quality Control .
8.1 Six Sigma and Dimensional Metrology .
8.2 Quality Control for Manufacturing Industry
8.2.1 Process Variation .
8.2.2 Control Chart Theory
8.2.3 Data Tests
8.2.4 Taguchi Method
8.3 Comparing Quality Control in Small and Medium
Manufacturing to Large Global Industry .
8.3.1 Small to Medium Manufacturing Industry
Quality Control .
8.3.2 AS9100
8.3.3 Global Manufacturing Industry Quality Control
8.3.4 ISO/TS 16949
8.4 Information Modeling for Manufacturing Quality Control
8.4.1 Statistical Process Control Data Model
8.4.2 Advanced Product Quality Plan Data Model
8.4.3 OAGi Engineering to Business Data Model .
8.5 Summary
References .
9 Outlook for the Future of Dimensional Metrology
Systems Interoperability .
9.1 Research Trends in Dimensional Metrology Systems
9.2 Technology Adoption Lifecycle
9.2.1 De Facto Versus De Jure Standards .
9.2.2 Proprietary Strategies Versus Coopetition
9.2.3 Open Source Versus Open Standards
9.3 Emerging International Standards for Dimensional
Metrology Systems .
9.3.1 New Trends in Product Management Information
Standards (PMI 2.0) .
9.3.2 Quality Information Framework Initiative
9.4 Summary
References .
Appendix A: Geometric Tolerances and the Surface They Control
Appendix B: Empty Shape Representation Example File
in STEP AP 203 Edition 2
Appendix C: EXPRESS-G a Diagrams of HIPP Data Model .
Appendix D: QMD Use Case Information
Index .
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