Fluoroplastics Volume 2 – Melt Processible Fluoropolymers The Definitive User’s Guide and Databook

Fluoroplastics Volume 2 – Melt Processible Fluoropolymers The Definitive User’s Guide and Databook
Sina Ebnesajjad
Table of contents
Dedication
Preface to Second Edition
Acknowledgments to Second Edition

1. Introduction to Fluoropolymers
   1.1. Coming of Age of Polymer Science
   1.2. Roy Plunkett’s Story
   1.3. Commercialization of PTFE
   1.4. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers
   1.5. Trends in Application Development
   1.6. Globalization: Present and Future
2. Production and Market Statistics
   2.1. Growth of Fluoropolymers
   2.2. Regional Consumption of Fluoropolymers
   2.3. Consumption of Fluoropolymers
3. From Fundamentals to Applications
   3.1. Introduction
   3.2. Uniqueness of Fluorine
   3.3. Fluorine Characteristics
   3.4. What are Fluoropolymers?
   3.5. Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers
   3.6. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers
   3.7. Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers
4. Fluoropolymers: Properties and Structure
   4.1. Introduction
   4.2. Impact of F and C–F Bond on the Properties of PTFE
   4.3. Copolymers of TFE
   4.4. Reaction Mechanism
   4.5. Effect of Solvents on Fluoropolymers
   4.6. Molecular Interaction of Fluoropolymers: Low Friction and Low Surface Energy
   4.7. Conformations and Transitions of PTFE
   4.8. Conformations and Transitions of PCTFE
   4.9. Conformations and Transitions of FEP Copolymers
   4.10. Conformations and Transitions of Perfluoroalkoxy Polymer
   4.11. Conformations and Transitions of Polyvinylidene Fluoride
   4.12. Conformations and Transitions of Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer
   4.13. Conformations and Transitions of Ethylene–Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer
5. Operational Classification of Fluoropolymers
   5.1. Introduction
   5.2. TFE Homopolymers
   5.3. TFE Copolymers
   5.4. CTFE Polymers
   5.5. VDF Polymers
   5.6. VF Polymers
   5.7. Process Classification
6. Preparation and Properties of Fluorinated Monomers
   6.1. Introduction
   6.2. TFE Preparation
   6.3. Purification of TFE
   6.4. Properties of TFE
   6.5. Synthesis of HFP
   6.6. Properties of HFP
   6.7. Synthesis of PAVEs
   6.8. Properties of PAVEs
   6.9. Synthesis of CTFE
   6.10. Properties of CTFE
   6.11. Synthesis of VDF
   6.12. Properties of VDF
   6.13. Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride
   6.14. Properties of VF
7. Polymerization Surfactants
   7.1. Introduction
   7.2. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
   7.3. Issues with PFOS
   7.4. Problem with PFOA
   7.5. EPA Action
   7.6. Alternative Surfactants for Fluoropolymer Polymerization
   7.7. Summary
8. Polymerization and Finishing Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers
   8.1. Introduction
   8.2. Polymerization Mechanism for TFE
   8.3. Preparation of PFA Polymers
   8.4. Preparation of Perfluorinated Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers
   8.5. End Group Stabilization
   8.6. Preparation of VDF Polymers
   8.7. Preparation of ETFE Polymers
   8.8. Preparation of ECTFE Polymers
   8.9. Preparation of VF Polymers
   8.10. Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
   8.11. Characterization of Fluoropolymers
9. Commercial Grades of Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers
   9.1. Introduction
   9.2. Perfluoroalkoxy Polymer
   9.3. Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Polymer
   9.4. Polyvinylidene Fluoride
   9.5. Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Polymer
   9.6. Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Polymer
   9.7. Terpolymer Fluoroplastics
   9.8. Polyvinyl Fluoride
   9.9. Fluoroplastic Films
10. Injection Molding
    10.1. Introduction
    10.2. General Considerations
    10.3. Basic Technology
    10.4. The Process
    10.5. Injection Molding Machinery
    10.6. Troubleshooting
    10.7. Injection Molds
    10.8. Materials of Construction
    10.9. Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts
    10.10. Processing of Fluoropolymers
11. Extrusion
    11.1. Introduction
    11.2. Fundamentals of Extrusion Processes
    11.3. Fluoropolymer Wire Coating
    11.4. Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion
    11.5. Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion
    11.6. Fluoropolymer Fibers
    11.7. Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers
12. Rotational Molding and Linings
    12.1. Introduction
    12.2. Background
    12.3. Basic Process Technology
    12.4. Rotational Molding Equipment
    12.5. Equipment and Process Design
    12.6. Operation of Rotomolding Processes
    12.7. Rotolining Process
    12.8. Rotomolding and Rotolining of Fluoropolymers
    12.9. Melting of Polymer and Part Formation
    12.10. Troubleshooting
    12.11. Conclusion
13. Other Molding Techniques
    13.1. Introduction
    13.2. Compression Molding
    13.3. Transfer Molding
    13.4. Blow Molding
14. Fluoropolymer Foams
    14.1. Introduction
    14.2. Background
    14.3. Foaming Technology
    14.4. Foam Manufacturing Processes
    14.5. Benefits of Fluoroplastic Foams
    14.6. Foaming Technology
    14.7. Extrusion Foaming of Melt-Processible Perfluoropolymers
    14.8. Summary
15. Chemical Properties of Fluoropolymers
    15.1. Introduction
    15.2. Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers
    15.3. Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers
    15.4. Permeation Fundamentals
    15.5. Permeation Measurement and Data
    15.6. Environmental Stress Cracking
16. Properties of Fluoropolymers
    16.1. Introduction
    16.2. Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics
    16.3. Mechanical and Dynamic Properties
    16.4. Thermal Properties
    16.5. Weatherability
    16.6. Electrical Properties
    16.7. Optical and Spectral Properties
    16.8. Radiation Effect
    16.9. Flammability
    16.10. Biofilm Formation
17. Surface Treatment of Fluoropolymers for Adhesion
    17.1. Introduction
    17.2. Sodium Etching of Fluoroplastics
    17.3. Plasma Treatment of Fluoropolymers and PTFE
    17.4. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment
    17.5. Corona Treatment
    17.6. Flame Treatment
18. Fabrication of Fluoropolymers
    18.1. Introduction
    18.2. Machining
    18.3. Adhesive Bonding Methods
    18.4. Welding and Joining
    18.5. Heat-Sealing Films
    18.6. Heat Bonding
    18.7. Metallization
    18.8. Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Films
    18.9. Cross-Linking
    18.10. Thermoforming
    18.11. Other Processes
19. Applications in Microelectronics Industry
    19.1. Introduction
    19.2. Review of Microelectronics Manufacturing
    19.3. Geometry Trends
    19.4. Use of Fluoropolymers
    19.5. Purity Measurement Methods and Standards
    19.6. Trends for the Use of Fluoropolymers in the Semiconductor Industry
20. Applications of Fluoropolymers
    20.1. Chemical Processing
    20.2. Piping
    20.3. Vessels
    20.4. CPI Components
    20.5. Self-Supporting Components
    20.6. Trends in Using Fluoropolymers in Chemical Service
    20.7. Semiconductor Processing
    20.8. Electrical Applications
    20.9. Mechanical Applications
    20.10. Automotive and Aerospace
    20.11. Medical Devices
    20.12. Summary
21. Safety, Health, Environmental, Disposal, and Recycling
    21.1. Introduction
    21.2. Toxicology of Fluoropolymers
    21.3. Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers
    21.4. Emission during Processing
    21.5. Safety Measures
    21.6. Food Contact
    21.7. Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling
    21.8. Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods
    Glossary
    General
    Semiconductor Glossary
    Index

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