Fluoroplastics Volume 1 – Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers – The Definitive User’s Guide and Data Book

Fluoroplastics Volume 1 – Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers – The Definitive User’s Guide and Data Book
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Sina Ebnesajjad
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Fluoroplastics Volume 1 – Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers – The Definitive User’s Guide and Data Book
Sina Ebnesajjad
Table of contents
Table of contents
Dedication
Series
Copyrigrht
2nd edition Acknowledgments
1st edition Acknowledgments
2nd edition Preface
1st edition Preface
Part I

  1. Discovery and History of Fluoropolymers
    1.1. Coming of Age of Polymer Science
    1.2. Roy Plunkett’s Story
    1.3. Commercialization of PTFE
    1.4. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers
  2. Production and Market Statistics
    2.1. Growth of Fluoropolymers
    2.2. Regional Consumption of Fluoropolymers
    2.3. Consumption of Fluoropolymers and PTFE
    2.4. Trends
  3. From Fundamentals to Applications
    3.1. Introduction
    3.2. Uniqueness of Fluorine
    3.3. Fluorine Characteristics
    3.4. What are Fluoropolymers?
    3.5. Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers
    3.6. Developmental History of Fluoropolymers
    3.7. Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers
  4. Fluoropolymers: Properties and Structure
    4.1. Introduction
    4.2. Impact of F and C–F Bond on the Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene
    4.3. Distruping the Linear PTFE Chain: Perfluorinated Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    4.4. Reaction Mechanism
    4.5. Effect of Solvents on Fluoropolymers
    4.6. Molecular Interaction of Fluoropolymers: Low Friction and Low Surface Energy
    4.7. Conformations and Transitions of PTFE
    4.8. Conformations and Transitions of PCTFE
  5. Operational Classification of Fluoropolymers
    5.1. Introduction
    5.2. TFE Homopolymers
    5.3. TFE Copolymers
    5.4. CTFE Polymers
    5.5. VDF Polymers
    5.6. VF Polymers
    5.7. Process Classification
  6. Preparation of Tetrafluoroethylene and Other Monomers
    6.1. Introduction
    6.2. TFE Preparation
    6.3. Purification of TFE
    6.4. Properties of TFE
    6.5. Synthesis of HFP
    6.6. Properties of HFP
    6.7. Synthesis of PAVE
    6.8. Properties of PAVE
    6.9. Synthesis of CTFE
    6.10. Properties of CTFE
  7. Polymerization Surfactants
    7.1. Introduction
    7.2. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
    7.3. Issues with PFOS
    7.4. Problems with PFOA
    7.5. EPA Action
    7.6. Alternative Surfactants for Fluoropolymer Polymerization
    7.7. Summary
  8. Polymerization and Finishing of Tetrafluoroethylene
    8.1. Introduction
    8.2. Polymerization Mechanism
    8.3. TFE Polymers
    8.4. Evolution of Suspension Polymerization of TFE
    8.5. Preparation of PTFE by Emulsion Polymerization
    8.6. Preparation of Dispersion Grade PTFE
    8.7. Preparation of Fine Powder PTFE
    8.8. CTFE Polymers and Polymerization
    8.9. Characterization of PTFE
    8.10. Characterization of PCTFE
  9. Commercial Grades of Fluoropolymers
    9.1. Introduction
    9.2. Granular PTFE
    9.3. PTFE Dispersions
    9.4. Fine Powder PTFE
    9.5. Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers
    Part II
  10. Fabrication and Processing of Granular Polytetrafluoroethylene
    10.1. Introduction
    10.2. Resin Selection
    10.3. Compression Molding
    10.4. Automatic Molding
    10.5. Isostatic Molding
    10.6. Ram Extrusion
  11. Fabrication and Processing of Fine Powder Polytetrafluoroethylene
    11.1. Introduction
    11.2. Resin Handling and Storage
    11.3. Paste Extrusion Fundamentals
    11.4. Extrusion Aid or Lubricant
    11.5. Wire Coating
    11.6. Extrusion of Tubing
    11.7. Unsintered Tape
    11.8. Expanded PTFE Manufacturing
    11.9. Fine Powder Resin Selection
  12. Fabrication and Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Dispersions
    12.1. Introduction
    12.2. Applications
    12.3. Storage and Handling
    12.4. Surfactants
    12.5. Principles of Coating Technology
    12.6. Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics
    12.7. Glass Cloth Coating
    12.8. Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide
    12.9. Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces
    12.10. PTFE Yarn Manufacturing
    12.11. Film Casting
    12.12. Anti-drip Applications
    12.13. Filled Bearings
    12.14. Dedusting Powders
    12.15. Other Applications
  13. Processing of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    13.1. Introduction
    13.2. Processing Considerations
    13.3. Compression Molding
    13.4. Injection Molding
    13.5. Extrusion
    13.6. Machining and Joining
  14. Fluorinated Additives
    14.1. Introduction
    14.2. PTFE Additives
    14.3. Applications of PTFE Additives
    14.4. Feedstock for PTFE Additives
    14.5. Manufacturing PTFE Additives
    14.6. PTFE-Modified Waxes
  15. Surface Treatment of Polytetrafluoroethylene for Adhesion
    15.1. Introduction
    15.2. Sodium Etching of Fluoroplastics
    15.3. Plasma Treatment of Fluoropolymers and PTFE
    15.4. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment
  16. Filled Fluoropolymer Compounds
    16.1. Introduction
    16.2. Granular-Based Compounds
    16.3. Fine Powder-Based Compounds
    16.4. Co-coagulated Compounds
    16.5. Processing Compounds
    16.6. Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers
    16.7. Nanocomposites of PTFE
    16.8. Commercial Products
    Part III
  17. Chemical Properties of Fluoropolymers—Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    17.1. Introduction
    17.2. Chemical Compatibility of PTFE
    17.3. Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    17.4. Permeation Fundamentals
    17.5. Environmental Stress Cracking
    17.6. Solubility Parameters
  18. Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers
    18.1. Introduction
    18.2. Crystallinity
    18.3. Molecular Weight
    18.4. Influence of Processing
    18.5. Microstructure and Fracture of PTFE
    18.6. Mechanical Properties
    18.7. Fatigue Properties
    18.8. Electrical Properties
    18.9. Thermal Behavior
    18.10. Flammability Characteristics
    18.11. Irradiation Behavior
    18.12. Surface Properties
    18.13. Refractive Index
    18.14. Standard Measurement Methods
  19. Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    19.1. Introduction
    19.2. Crystallinity
    19.3. Mechanical Properties
    19.4. Electrical Properties
    19.5. Thermal Properties
    19.6. Irradiation Behavior
    19.7. Properties of PCTFE Films
    19.8. Barrier Properties
    19.9. Spectroscopic Properties
    19.10. Chemical and Weathering Properties
  20. Fabrication Techniques for Polytetrafluoroethylene
    20.1. Introduction
    20.2. Machining
    20.3. Adhesive Bonding Methods
    20.4. Welding and Joining
    20.5. Thermoforming
    20.6. Other Processes
  21. Applications of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Fluoropolymers
    21.1. Chemical Processing
    21.2. Piping
    21.3. Vessels
    21.4. CPI Components
    21.5. Self-Supporting Components
    21.6. Trends in Using Fluoropolymers in Chemical Service
    21.7. Semiconductor Processing
    21.8. Electrical Applications
    21.9. Mechanical Applications
    21.10. Automotive and Aerospace
    21.11. Medical Devices
    21.12. Summary
  22. Safety, Health, Environmental, Disposal, Recycling, and Economics
    22.1. Introduction
    22.2. Toxicology of Fluoropolymers
    22.3. Thermal Properties of PTFE
    22.4. Emission during Processing
    22.5. Safety Measures
    22.6. Food Contact
    22.7. Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling
    22.8. Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods
    Appendix 1. Chemical Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
    Appendix 2. Chemical Resistance of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
    Appendix 3. Permeability of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
    Appendix 4. Permeability of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
    Appendix 5. Melt Creep Viscosity of Polytetrafluoroethylene
    Glossary
    Index
    361
    Index
    A
    Abrasion resistance 224
    Abused particles 151
    Acceleration tube 209
    Aclar® 61, 74
    Aclon® 203
    Acrysol® 188
    Acyl fluoride 206
    Adhesive bond strength 293
    Adhesiveless joining 295
    Adhesives 291
    Agglomerates 205, 228
    Agglomeration of PTFE 51
    Agglomeration processes 51
    Aircraft wiring 307
    Algoflon® 74
    Aluminum surface coatings 193
    Ammonia 292
    Amorphous locking 176
    temperature range 177
    Amorphous phase 168
    Amorphously locked PTFE 178
    Annealing 109
    PTFE 290
    Applications
    of dispersions 182
    fine powder PTFE 152
    fluoroadditives 213
    fluoropolymers 316
    PTFE 20, 149
    Asbestos 192
    ASTM Method D4895 170
    Atomic oxygen 250
    Attractive intermolecular forces 28
    Attrition bar 222
    Autopolymerization inhibitors
    TFE 39
    B
    Backpressure 135, 138, 139
    Bag
    design 126
    flexible 129
    sealing 128
    thickness 125
    Ball mill 210
    Bead extrusion 172
    Beaker production 119
    Beam current 209
    Beam power 209
    Bearing pads 308
    Bearings 307
    filled 196
    Biaxially oriented sheets 227
    Billets 92
    cracking 102
    molding 93
    Bisulfite initiators 47
    Bleaching
    thermal 194
    Blenders 155
    Blending room 154
    Bond strength 292, 293, 295
    Bonding
    PCTFE 203
    problem 291
    techniques 295
    Bonds
    C-F and C-H 23, 25
    failure 294
    polarity 24
    Bottle blending 154
    Braiding 167
    Brake 133, 138
    Break elongation 257, 258
    Bronze 221
    Buckling
    of bags 130
    Building code requirements 307
    Bulk properties 214
    Burst strength 170
    C
    C8 183
    Calendar guides 174
    Calendared tape
    properties 175
    Calendaring 171, 226
    beads 172
    starting up 174
    Capture velocity 311
    Carbon
    electronegativity 24
    Carbon disulfide 194
    Carbon filled compounds 221
    Carbonyl fluoride 310
    Carboxylic acid 206
    Cast films 195
    Casting 194
    Charge-to-charge welds 137
    Charging
    automatic 111
    Chemical contamination 303
    Chemical priming 194362
    Chemical process industry 299
    Chemical resistance 237
    Chlorine 26
    Chlorotrifluoroethylene 36, 37
    properties 44
    synthesis 44
    Cleanrooms
    molding 93, 97
    Clothing
    protective 315
    Co-coagulation 196, 228
    Coagulated dispersion 47
    powder 149
    Coagulation 228
    of PTFE particles 183
    Coalescence 90
    of polytetrafluoroethylene 161
    Coatings
    on aluminum surfaces 193
    filled 193
    on glass cloth 189
    industrial 215
    processes 184
    unfilled 193
    Codes
    building 307
    Coefficient of friction 269
    Cold flow 111, 220, 224
    Cold plasma 295
    Coloring PTFE 155
    Commercial fluoroplastic homopolymers 73
    Compaction 135, 156
    pressure 132
    process 123
    Compounding techniques 222
    Compression
    PTFE particles 98
    Compression molding 90, 111, 199, 201, 228
    PTFE 92
    Compressive loading 268
    Conductivity of dispersions 188
    Connectors
    high frequency 307
    Contact adhesives 291
    Contact angle 187
    Contamination 303
    of process streams 299
    Continuous use temperature
    ETFE 19
    Coolants 290
    Cooling 109, 141
    quenching 169
    Copolymerization
    PTFE 48
    Copolymers
    of CTFE 37
    definition 33
    of TFE 37
    of VDF 37
    Core pin 165, 166
    Corrosion products 142
    Corrosion resistance 299
    Cracking 102, 169, 207
    critical thickness 188, 195
    Creep 111, 220, 224, 263
    variables 263
    viscosity 106
    Crosslinking 253
    Crystalline phases 253
    Crystalline PTFE 149
    Crystallinity 109, 141, 168, 200, 257, 268, 281
    measurement 259
    PTFE 25, 161, 168
    Crystallization temperature 109
    CTFE
    copolymers 37
    D
    Dancer roll 174
    De-dusting powders 196
    De-molding 111
    Deagglomeration 205
    Decomposition
    of fluoropolymers 310
    products 314, 317
    Decomposition rate 273
    Defluorination depth 294
    Deformability
    of tape 171
    Deformation
    under load 227
    Degassing 102
    Degradation 273
    of polytetrafluoroethylene 205
    products 310, 311
    Degradation temperatures 25, 205
    CTFE 199
    Degreasing 194
    Delrin® 166, 174
    Density
    expanded part 177
    Detection methods 258
    Die cone angle 172
    Die land 160
    Dielectric breakdown resistance
    of PTFE 161
    Dielectric breakdown strength 99, 281
    Dielectric constant value 272
    Dielectric strength 257
    Dies
    extrusion 145363
    Dip-coating 184
    Dip tank 189
    Dispersing agent 50
    Dispersion polymerization 47, 49
    PTFE 223
    Dispersions
    applications 182
    coagulated 228
    copolymers of TFE 74
    PCTFE 74, 203
    process 36
    properties of 187
    PTFE 37, 73, 182
    storage 183
    Disposal
    fluoropolymer 317
    Drilling
    PTFE 291
    Dripping 196
    Dry bag 121
    mold 127
    Dry lubricants 217
    Drying 194
    ovens 161
    process 161
    DU Bearing Process 196
    Dual laminate 300
    Duplicate measurements
    averages 259
    Durability of insulation 272
    Dust particulates 314
    Dwell time 102, 132
    Dynodes 209
    E
    Echonol® 223
    Einstein’s equation 186
    Elastomers 214
    Electrical cables
    tape 171
    Electrical properties
    PCTFE 281
    Electron beam irradiation 207
    Electronegativity 24
    Electrophilic attack 26
    Electrostatic charge dissipation 224
    Elongation 257
    Emulsion polymerization 47
    Encapsulation 298
    End groups 206
    Energy utilization coefficient 209
    Engineering polymers 224
    Environmental stress cracking 255
    Etching
    aluminum surfaces 193
    ETFE
    molecular structure 19
    Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
    molecular structure 18
    Excessive microporosity 258
    Exhaust air 311
    Expansion
    and strength 179
    Expansion process 176
    Exposure hazards 314
    Exposure limits 311
    Extruders 133, 142, 158
    drive system 144
    large 168
    Extrusion 203
    aids 149, 152
    of bead 172
    conditions 165, 172
    dies 145
    parameters 139
    pressure 152, 158, 165, 172, 180
    ram 144
    rate 137
    F
    FDA compliance 217
    FEP
    degradation curves 25
    FEP and PTFE
    properties of 25
    Fibrillation 149, 158, 223
    of fine powder particles 151
    pressure 180
    Fibrils 150
    Fick’s First Law
    mass transfer 251
    Filled bearings 196
    Filled coatings 193
    Filled compounds 220
    Fillers 224, 302
    material 220
    separation 222
    variables 240
    Film casting 194
    Fine cut PTFE 50, 73
    Fine cut resins 90
    Fine powder
    applications 152
    processing 151
    PTFE 36, 49, 73, 149, 223
    resins 47
    Finishes
    PTFE 182
    Fire hazards 315
    Fire retardants 307
    Fishtail guide 174364
    Flammability 161
    solvents 152
    tetrafluoroethylene 39
    Flax 192
    Flex life 168, 268
    Flexibility characteristics 268
    Flexible bag 129
    Fluid energy mill 210, 211
    Fluid handling components 304
    Fluon® 74
    Fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer (FEP) 18
    molecular structure 18
    Fluorine 250
    abstraction from PTFE 26
    electronegativity 24
    in fluoropolymers 310
    sheath 19
    Fluoroadditives 205, 211, 213, 215, 316
    irradiated 217
    Fluoroalkenes 310
    Fluoroplast® 74
    Fluoroplastic homopolymers
    commercial 73
    Fluoropolymers 18, 250, 253, 256
    applications 247
    classification 33
    discovery of 17
    dispersions 315
    disposal of 317
    environmental stress cracking 255
    extreme properties 23
    fundamental property 247
    handling and processing 310
    history 19
    manufacturers 74
    processing 15, 256
    thermoplastic 300
    Fluorotech® 294
    Food contact 316
    Free flow compounds 222
    Free flow powder 220
    Free flow PTFE 73
    Free flow resins 90, 135
    Free radical reaction 47
    Friction 28, 138, 221, 237, 240
    Fume fever 311
    G
    Gamma ray irradiation
    PCTFE 282
    Gas chromatography 253
    Gaskets 224, 302
    Gel state 169
    Glass cloth 189
    Glass cloth coating 189
    Glass fabric backing 300
    Glass fibers 220, 223
    Glow discharge 294
    Gore-Tex GR® 303
    Gore-Tex® 176
    Granular powders 220
    Granular PTFE 49, 50, 73, 90, 205
    properties 230
    Granular resins 47
    Graphite impregnation 192
    Gravure coating 184
    Greases 215
    Grinding 210
    compounds 290
    Guides
    calendar 174
    Gylon® 303
    H
    Halogenated solvents 247
    Hammer mills 210, 222
    Harshaw Process for Dustless Powders 196
    Health hazards 311
    Heat of fusion 169, 257
    Heat of polymerization 50
    Heated console ovens 161
    Heating rate 106, 107
    Helical conformation
    PTFE 29
    Hexafluoropropylene
    as comonomer 41
    properties of 41
    HFP
    yields 41
    Hiflon® 74
    High frequency
    connectors 307
    Hold temperature 108
    Hoods
    ventilation 311
    Horizontal extrusion 168, 169
    Hostaflon® 74, 222
    Hot stamping 298
    Hot-tool welding 296
    Hourglassing 102, 139
    Hydrocarbon lubricant 149
    Hydrocarbon olefins 49
    Hydrofluoric acid 315
    Hydrogen
    electronegativity 24
    Hydrostatic molding 111
    Hysteresis loop 185365
    I
    Impact strength 268
    Impregnation
    asbestos 192
    of graphite 192
    porous metals 192
    Impurities 257
    Infrared ovens 169
    Infrared spectroscopy 259
    Initiator concentration 50
    Injection molding 201
    Ink printing 298
    Inks 214
    Inorganic compounds 316
    Insulated wire 152
    Insulation 225, 315
    wire and cable 304
    Interfacial forces 187
    Intermolecular forces 28
    Ionic strength
    of dispersions 188
    Irradiation 206, 217
    distribution 209
    electron beam 207
    PCTFE 282
    Isopar® 83, 152, 161, 171, 172
    Isoparaffin lubricant 36
    Isoparaffinic hydrocarbons 152
    Isostatic mold design 130
    Isostatic molding 111, 117, 118, 123, 302
    Isostatic process 119, 130
    J
    Jar blending 154
    Jet mills 210, 211
    Joining
    adhesiveless 295
    K
    Kapton® 194
    Kel F® 61
    Kevlar® 167
    Kneader 207
    L
    Lapping and grinding compounds 290
    Lewis bases 247
    Linings 299, 300
    complex parts 303
    Liquid oxygen contact
    surface condition 251
    Liquid pigments 155
    Load removal 268
    Low flow PTFE 73, 222
    Low flow resin 220
    Lubricants 149, 152, 225, 314
    extraction 174
    insulation 161
    isoparaffin 36
    Lubricating oils 215
    Lubrication 168
    M
    Machining 290
    high speed 314
    PCTFE 203
    PTFE 290
    Macroscopic flaws 258
    Mandrels 119, 139
    Marine paints 215
    Mason and Pierce equation 186
    Mass spectroscopy 253
    Matched-die forming 296
    Material Safety Data Sheets 315
    Media mills 210
    Medical applications 316
    Melt creep viscosity 106
    PTFE 48
    Melt processes 314
    definition 33
    Melt-processible
    PTFE 19
    Melt viscosity
    FEP vs PTFE 25
    Melting point 316
    PTFE 161
    Melting temperature
    PTFE 135
    Metals
    porous 192
    Mica particles 221
    Microporosity 257, 258
    measuring 259
    Micropowders 205, 211, 214, 215
    Microvoids 258
    Milling 222
    Mills 210, 211
    Modified PTFE 15, 267
    Modifier molecules 295
    Moisture vapor permeation 253
    Molded parts 290
    Molding 111, 201, 228
    areas 93
    complex shapes 123
    isostatic 117, 302
    pressure 96, 132
    techniques 90
    temperature 96
    wet- and dry-bag 121366
    Molds
    configuration 125
    design 93, 125
    filling 123
    sealing 128
    Molecular structure 253
    Molecular weight 203, 257
    micropowders 205
    PCTFE 199
    PTFE 207
    Monomers 36
    polytetrafluoroethylene 39
    Motor oils 215
    Multilayer coating techniques 184
    Mush 196
    N
    Naphthalenide 292
    Natrosol® 188
    Necking 179
    Neoflon® 61, 85, 86
    Non-stick surfaces 193
    Nucleophile 26
    Nucleophilic attack 26
    O
    Oils 215
    Organic contaminants 316
    Orientation 257
    polymer molecules 225
    after sintering 170
    Orientation Index 169, 170, 171
    Oriented tape 171
    OSHA 311
    Ovens 161
    lubricant removal 175
    Oxidation products 310
    Oxygen sensors 309
    Oxygen uptake 250
    Ozone 317
    reactive substance 250
    resistance of polymers 250
    P
    Paints 215
    Paraffins 50, 111
    Particle sizes
    PTFE 50
    Particulate contamination 303
    Particulates 311
    Paste extrusion 149, 158, 314
    PCTFE 26, 251, 281. See also
    Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    amorphous 281
    bonding 203
    consumption 74
    crystal structure 30
    degradation of 201
    dispersions 203
    films 282
    glass transition temperature 30
    machining 203
    stress 200
    thermal properties 281
    Peel strength 295
    Pendent group 295
    Perfluorinated fluoropolymers 273
    Perfluorinated paraffin 111
    Perfluoroalkoxy
    molecular structure 18
    Perfluoroalkylvinylethers
    properties of 43
    Perfluoroammoniumoctanoate 183
    Perfluoropolymers 18
    Perfluoropropylvinylether 43
    Permeated species 251
    Permeation 251
    inhibiter 252
    process 247
    simplest form 251
    Permeation rate
    affecting factors 252
    measurement 253
    Personal protective equipment 314
    Persulfate initiation 47
    Petroleum solvents 152
    PFF 311
    Pigment dispersions 155
    Pigment filled coatings 193
    Pigmenting 168
    Pipes
    sealing tape 171
    Piping 299, 300
    Plane slippage 98
    Plasma treatment 294
    Plastics
    properties 33
    Plenum cables 307
    Plunkett, Roy 17
    Poisson’s ratio 179
    Poker chipping 132, 135, 139
    Polarity
    C-F bonds 24
    Pollution abatement 175
    Polyaramide 192
    Polyarylene plastics 224
    Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15, 199, 251, 281
    crystal structure 30
    density 30
    molecular structure 18
    Polyethylene 255
    Polyflon® 74, 222367
    Polymer
    chain movements 252
    chemical characteristics 252
    cracking 255
    fume fever 311
    physical characteristics 252
    weakness 255
    Polymerization
    particles 205
    polytetrafluoroethylene 49
    pressure conditions 49
    regimes 47
    tetrafluoroethylene 29
    Polymerization reaction
    inhibiters 50
    tetrafluoroethylene 50
    Polymerization technologies 49
    Polytetrafluoroethylene 17, 247, 250
    coefficient of expansion 277
    coefficient of friction 270
    degradation 205
    design of parts 263
    dispersions 183
    electrical stability 272
    fillers 269
    good wear properties 270
    heat deflection temperature 277
    key properties 257
    manufacturers 74
    modified 295
    monomers 39, 47
    phase diagram 30
    polymerization 49
    transition temperature 273
    unsintered 171
    vacuum 273
    viscosity 185
    Polytetrafluoroethylene compounds
    fillers 277
    Polytetrafluoroethylene parts
    standard test methods for inspection 279
    Polytetrafluoroethylene resins
    processing conditions 257
    Polyvinyl fluoride 15
    molecular structure 18
    Polyvinylidene fluoride
    molecular structure 18
    Pores
    micro 176
    Porosity 259
    Porous metals
    impregnation 192
    Powders 220
    coating 300
    de-dusting 196
    low density 50
    metal processing 111
    modified 73
    selection criteria 130
    shrinkage 127
    Pre-sintered resins 135
    Preform
    pressure 102
    PTFE 106
    release 102
    shape 121, 123
    Preforming 96, 156, 168
    and sintering 95
    Prepressing 158
    Presses
    molding 94
    Pressure
    compaction 132, 135, 156
    decay 117
    for fibrillation 180
    for welding 296
    forming 296
    hoses 167, 169
    molding 111
    Pressure sensitive adhesives 291
    Primers 194
    Printing inks 214
    Protective clothing 315
    PTFE 17, 24. See also Polytetrafluoroethylene
    additives 215
    amorphously locked 178
    applications 20
    auto-ignition 250
    chain stability 250
    color of 27
    coloring 155
    crystalline form 149
    decomposition rates 273
    degradation 142, 273
    density 177
    dielectric strength 272
    enthalpy 277
    fabrication 149, 257
    fiber strength 194
    fine powder 36
    finishes 182
    granular 49, 73, 90
    hardness 269
    helical conformation 29
    limiting oxygen index 250
    machining 290
    melting point 33, 161, 184, 290
    melting temperature 135
    molecular weight 47, 48, 207
    organic and inorganic compounds 247
    parts 258
    Poisson’s ration 263368
    preform 106
    process conditions 257
    properties 20, 23
    radiation stability 278
    reagent effects 247
    resins 268
    scrap 316
    seals 302
    self ignition temperature 315
    sintering temperatures 220
    solvents 27
    specific heat 277
    stress-strain behavior 260
    structure of 27
    surface tension 152
    suspension polymerized 220
    thermal decomposition 205
    triclinic 30
    van der Waals forces 47
    viscosity 33, 186
    yarn 194
    PTFE and FEP
    properties of 25
    PTFE dispersions 37, 220, 228
    pH 187
    Pulmonary edema 311
    Pulverization 210
    Pumps 302
    PV convention 270
    PV limits 240, 270
    Pyrolysis 207
    Q
    Quenching 109, 141
    R
    Radiation
    exposure 206
    of PCTFE 282
    Radicals 206
    Radiography 258
    Ram 144
    pressure 158
    speeds 98
    Ram extruder 132, 158
    design 142
    Ram extrusion 135
    powders 73
    vertical 139
    Reactive elements 26
    Reactor deflagaration 50
    Recycling 316
    Reduction ratio 73, 149, 158, 162, 163, 172, 180
    Reinforced fine powder PTFE 224
    Reinforced material 225
    Repeat distance
    PTFE 24
    triclinic 29
    Repro 316
    Repulsive intermolecular forces 28
    Residence time 137
    Resins
    compression 156
    extrudates 142
    fine powder 47
    flow 90
    for isostatic molding 130
    for ram extrusion 135
    Reverse roll gravure coating 184
    Rheology 185
    Rietz mill 222
    Rod-like cylinders 29
    Rods
    PCTFE 201
    Roller mills 210
    Rolls
    diameter 174
    Rotational lining 300
    Rotolining 300, 303
    S
    Safety requirements 307
    Sandblasting 194
    Sawing
    PTFE 291
    Scotch-Weld® 295
    Scrap material 316
    Scrubbers 300
    Sealing
    mold and bag 128
    Seals 224, 302
    Semiconductor industry 304
    Semicrystalline polymer 281
    Shear damage 149
    Shear stress 141, 151
    Shearing
    PTFE 291
    Sheeting 225
    Shrinkage 94, 127, 141
    preform 102
    Silicones
    stress cracking 251
    Single layer coating methods 184
    Sintering 135, 161, 193, 230, 314
    cycle profiles 106
    cycles 111
    ovens 95
    sheet 227
    time 137
    Sintering temperatures 135
    PTFE 220369
    Sizing agents 189
    Skin formation 141, 142
    Skiving 291
    Slide bearings 308
    Slide coating techniques 184
    Slitting 176
    Sodium etching 292
    Sodium naphthalenide 292
    Solubility
    PTFE 25
    PTFE and FEP 27
    Solvents
    flammability data 152
    lubricants 152
    sorption of 27
    Spaghetti tubing 165
    Spark tester 158, 161
    Specific gravity 200, 257
    Specific wear rate 240
    Spillage 315
    Spinning
    yarn 194
    Springback 135, 144
    Stack gas treatment 208
    Static charge 167, 224
    Steel powder 221
    Steel vessels 300
    Stick-slip 307
    Storage
    of dispersions 188
    granular PTFE 92
    Strength
    by expansion 179
    Stresses 109, 200
    cracking 169
    reduction 200
    relaxation 268
    Stretch rates 175, 177
    Stretch Void Index 169, 170
    Styrene
    heat of polymerization 40
    Surface energy 28
    Surface finish 124
    Surface modification
    for adesion 291
    Surface properties 214
    Surface science 187
    Surface tension 28, 187
    PTFE 152
    Surfactants 183, 188
    perfluorinated carboxylic ammonium 49
    Suspension polymerization 47, 49, 50
    Suspension polymerized PTFE 220
    Suspension process 36
    Swelling 27
    T
    Tanks 300
    Tape
    oriented 171
    properties 175
    slitting 176
    unsintered 171
    Tapping
    PTFE 291
    Tear strength 214
    Tedlar® 36
    Teflon® 17, 74, 222
    Teflon® AF 19
    Tefzel® 250
    Tensile properties 258
    degree of orientation 258
    Tensile strength 179, 257, 258, 260
    Tetra-etch® 294
    Tetrafluoroethylene 15, 39, 206
    copolymers 267
    homopolymers 257
    molecular structure 18
    monomer 47
    polymerization 29, 47, 50
    properties 40
    yields 39
    Tetrafluoromethane 310
    TFE
    autopolymerization inhibitors 39
    copolymers 37
    heat of polymerization 40
    preparation of 39
    Thermal conductivity 277, 290
    Thermal cracking 207
    Thermal degradation 278, 314
    PCTFE 281
    Thermal exposure 273
    Thermal stability 310
    Thermoforming 296
    Thermogravimeric analysis techniques 273
    Thermoplastics 300, 316
    Thickeners 186
    Thixotropic liquids 185
    Threading
    PTFE 291
    Threads
    sealing tape 171
    Tie layer 195
    Tool speeds 290
    Torlon® 224
    Tornado® mill 222
    Torsional damping 259
    Toxic gases 315
    Toxicity
    of fluoropolymers 310370
    Transition point
    PTFE 149
    Transition temperature
    PTFE 29, 151
    Tribological characteristics
    of polymers 214
    of PTFE compounds 240
    Triton® 59, 188, 192, 193, 194, 228
    Tubes
    compression molding 201
    Tubing
    categories 164
    extrusion 165
    jacketed 309
    pressure hoses 166
    Tubular oven 161
    Tumbler 222
    Turbula® 155
    Two-roll coating 184
    Tyvek® 315
    U
    U.S. Food and Drug Administration 316
    Ultrapure fluids 304
    Ultrasonics 259
    V
    V-cone blenders 154
    V-shape blenders 222
    Vacuum forming 296
    Valve diaphragms 268
    Valves 302
    van der Waals attraction 150
    van der Waals forces 28
    Ventilation 311
    Vertical extrusion 168, 169
    Vespel® 240
    Vessels 300
    Vinyl chloride
    heat of polymerization 40
    Vinyl fluoride 36, 37
    Vinylidene fluoride 36
    copolymers 37
    in PCTFE 74
    Virgin 316
    Viscosity
    equation 186
    PCTFE 199
    Viton® 216
    Voids 138, 170, 268
    closure 48
    in PTFE 96
    W
    Wafer carriers 303
    Waste fluoropolymer 316
    Water
    purified 50
    removal 194
    Wear 221, 240
    rate 237
    Weep Test 169, 170
    Weld factor 296
    Weld strength
    between charges 135
    Welding 295, 296, 315
    Wet bag 121
    Wet processing equipment 303
    Wetting behavior 187
    Wire
    coating 158
    insulation 152, 225
    quality 163
    Wood pulp process 194
    X
    X-ray diffraction 259
    Y
    Yarns
    bleaching 194
    Yield deformation 260
    Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 179
    Z
    Zero strength time 74, 199, 202
    Zonyl® 216

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