Fluoroelastomers Handbook – The Definitive User’s Guide

Fluoroelastomers Handbook – The Definitive User’s Guide
Second Edition
Jiri George Drobny
Table of contents
Part I: Fluoroelastomers Overview

1. Fundamentals
   Abstract
   1.1 Introduction
   1.2 Scope: Fluorocarbon Elastomers
   1.3 Nature of Fluoroelastomers
   1.4 Fundamental Properties
   1.5 Developmental History: Compositions, Cure Technology
   1.6 Major Uses of Fluoroelastomers
   1.7 Producers of Fluoroelastomers
   References
2. Market and Consumption Statistics and Future Trends
   Abstract
   2.1 Introduction
   2.2 Consumption, Demand, and Trends
   References
3. Fluoroelastomer Composition and Properties
   Abstract
   3.1 Major Families of Fluorocarbon Elastomers
   3.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Elastomers
   3.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers
   3.4 TFE/PMVE Perfluoroelastomers
   3.5 TFE/P Elastomers
   3.6 E/TFE/PMVE Elastomers
   References
   Part II: Fluoroelastomers Technology
4. Fluoroelastomer Monomers
   Abstract
   4.1 Introduction
   4.2 Vinylidene Fluoride
   4.3 Tetrafluoroethylene
   4.4 Hexafluoropropylene
   4.5 Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether)
   4.6 Olefins: Ethylene and Propylene
   4.7 Cure-Site Monomers
   4.8 Safety Aspects of Monomer Handling
   References
5. Production of Fluoroelastomers
   Abstract
   5.1 Introduction
   5.2 General Process Description
   5.3 Free Radical Copolymerization
   5.4 Emulsion Polymerization
   5.5 Suspension Polymerization
   5.6 Process Conditions and Polymer Characteristics
   5.7 Monomer Recovery
   5.8 Isolation
   5.9 Process Safety
   5.10 Commercial Process Descriptions
   References
6. Cure Systems for Fluoroelastomers
   Abstract
   6.1 Introduction
   6.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Copolymers: Diamine, Bisphenol, and Peroxide
   6.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Elastomers: Peroxide (Bisphenol)
   6.4 Perfluoroelastomers—Various Systems
   6.5 TFE/Propylene Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol
   6.6 Ethylene/TFE/PMVE Elastomers: Peroxide, Bisphenol
   6.7 Cross-Linking by Ionizing Radiation
   References
7. Processing of Fluoroelastomers
   Abstract
   7.1 Introduction
   7.2 Compounding
   7.3 Mixing
   7.4 Extrusion
   7.5 Calandering
   7.6 Curing
   7.7 Molding
   7.8 Other Processing Methods
   References
   Part III: Environmental Resistance and Applications of Fluoroelastomers
8. Fluid Resistance of VDF-Containing Fluoroelastomers
   Abstract
   8.1 Introduction
   8.2 Fluid Resistance Data
   8.3 Discussion of Results
   8.4 Fluid Service Recommendations
   References
9. Fluid and Heat Resistance of Perfluoroelastomers
   Abstract
   9.1 Introduction
   9.2 Fluid Resistance Data
   9.3 Heat Resistance Data
   9.4 Resistance to Special Environment
   9.5 Major Applications
   References
10. Fluid Resistance of TFE–Olefin Fluoroelastomers
    Abstract
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Fluid Resistance of TFE/Propylene Elastomers
    10.3 Fluid Resistance of ETP Elastomers
    References
    Part IV: Fluoroelastomer Applications and Compounds
11. Fluoroelastomer Applications
    Abstract
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Major End Uses
    11.3 Fabrication Methods
    Further Reading
12. Compounds for O-Rings and Molded Goods
    Abstract
    12.1 Compounds or O-Rings
    12.2 VDF/HFP/TFE Compounds
    12.3 VDF/PMVE/TFE Compounds
    12.4 Seal Design Considerations
    12.5 Additional Fluoroelastomer Molding Compounds
    References
13. Compounds for Automotive Fuel Systems
    Abstract
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 Fuel Line Veneer
    13.3 Fuel Tank Components
    13.4 Fuel Injector Seals
    13.5 Development Trends
    References
14. Compounds for Automotive Power Train Systems
    Abstract
    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Oil-Seal Requirements
    14.3 Compounds for Oil Seals
    14.4 Compounds for Transmission Seals
    References
15. Compounds for Power Plant Service
    Abstract
    15.1 Introduction
    15.2 Flue Duct Expansion Joints
    15.3 High-Fluorine Terpolymers
    References
16. Other Fluoroelastomer Applications and Processing
    Abstract
    16.1 Introduction
    16.2 Latex and Coatings
    16.3 Thermoplastic Processing and Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers
    16.4 Fluoroelastomer Caulks
    16.5 Processing Aids for Hydrocarbon Plastics
    References
17. Fluoroelastomer Safety and Disposal, Sustainability
    Abstract
    17.1 Introduction
    17.2 Safety in Production
    17.3 Safety in Applications
    17.4 Disposal
    17.5 Sustainability
    References
18. New Developments and Current Trends
    Abstract
    18.1 Introduction
    18.2 New Developments in Chemistry and Processing
    18.3 New Products
    18.4 Other Developments
    18.5 C8 Issues
    References
    Appendix 1. PDL Resistance Ratings
    Appendix 2. Examples of FKM-Based Compounds
    Appendix 3. Acronyms and Abbreviations
    Bibliography
    Fluoropolymers
    Elastomer & Rubber Science and Technology
    Index
    Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
    A
    Accelerators, 82, 86, 447, 449
    phosphonium, 9
    quaternary phosphonium salt, 108
    Accumulator, 59, 61
    Acetone, 118
    Acetone methyl ethyl ketone, 495
    Acids
    organic and inorganic, 406
    Acrylic elastomers
    seals, 483
    Acrylic rubbers
    oil seals, 485
    Addition reactions
    tetrafluoroethylene, 31
    32
    Additional cross-linking, 133
    Additives, 497
    engine oils, 484
    Adhesion
    to metal inserts, 484
    Adhesive systems, 484
    Adiabatic reactor, 56
    Advanced Polymer Architecture (APA)
    technology, 78, 503
    Aeration
    effect on oil seals, 485
    486
    Aeronautical applications, 406
    407
    Air entrapment, 125
    Aliphatic peroxides, 88
    89
    Alkylphenol amines
    engine oil additives, 484
    Amine-free radical inhibitors, 92
    Amines
    engine oil additives, 484
    oil-soluble, 430
    water-soluble, 430
    Amino phosphinic derivatives, 86
    Aminosilane-coated wollastonite, 93
    94
    Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO),
    506
    Ammonium salt of perfluorooctanoic acid
    (PFOA), 506
    Amorphous elastomer compounds,
    472
    473
    Amorphous polymers, 20
    21
    Amyl acetate, 495
    Analysis methods, 19
    Applications
    aeronautical, 407
    automotive, 3
    automotive power train, 483
    automotive transmission, 488
    chemical processing, 406
    407
    of fluoroelastomers, 10
    13, 500
    oil fields, 407
    of perfluoroelastomers, 6, 23, 406
    407
    pharmaceutical industry, 407
    seals, 3
    semiconductor fabrication industry,
    407
    409
    Aqueous brine, 430
    Aqueous oligomeric radical growth, 51
    Aqueous phase oligomerization rates, 54
    Aqueous phase termination, 49
    50
    Aromatic dihydroxy compounds, 82
    ASTM, 501
    classification, 3
    4
    suppliers, 7
    Atomic force microscopy, 505
    Autoclave curing, 475
    Automotive
    applications, 15
    fluids service, 327
    328
    fuel system requirements, 471
    fuel tanks, 475
    478
    lubricants, 82
    shaft seals, 436
    Automotive automatic transmission oil
    comparison, 128t
    Automotive seals, 483
    484
    Automotive shaft seals, 436, 487
    488
    B
    Backbone
    perfluoroelastomer, 9
    Backrinding, 119
    Banbury mixer, 109
    111
    Barwell Precision Preformer, 115
    116
    Base-resistant fluoroelastomers, 35
    Base-resistant product, 100
    101
    Bases
    organic and inorganic, 406
    Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride,
    443
    444
    Bifluoride, 83
    Bimodal blends, 109
    Bimodal polymers, 475
    Biobased plastics, 501
    Biobased products, 501
    Biocides, 125
    Bio-ethanol, 501
    Biomass, 501
    Bio-methane, 501
    Bio-naphta, 501
    Bisphenol, 81
    92
    bulk systems, 85
    86
    commercial, 84
    curing, 20
    21, 36, 64
    65, 82
    87, 115,
    118, 329, 411
    precompounds, 447
    449, 475
    vulcanizates, 84
    Bisphenol AF, 9, 443
    444, 474
    475
    Bisphenol curing system, 484
    485,
    505
    506
    Bisphenol precompounds, 486
    Bisphenol-containing precompounds, 487
    Bisphenol-curable
    dipolymers, 475
    gums, 486, 491
    polymers, 133
    precompounds, 474
    475
    terpolymers, 475
    478
    VDF/HFP, 116
    117
    Bisphenol-cured
    compounds, 6
    elastomers, 483
    484
    fluoroelastomers, 3
    4, 83
    terpolymers, 486
    487
    2,20-Bis(t-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene,
    411
    427
    Bis(triarylphosphin)iminium salts, 86
    Black compounds, 107, 441
    Blisters, 119
    120
    Branching, 453
    454
    excessive, 36
    Breaker plate, 114
    115
    Brittle point, 21
    Bromine cure sites, 22
    23, 118
    553Bromine-containing cure-site monomers,
    93
    Bromine-containing fluoroelastomers,
    88
    89
    Bromine-containing monomers, 9
    Bromine-containing olefins, 36
    BTFB monomer, 36
    C
    C8 issues, 506
    Calandering, 491, 512
    Calcium hydroxide level
    adhesion effect, 484
    Calendering, 116
    117
    Ca(OH)2/MgO ratio, 443
    Carbon black levels, 442
    Carbon dioxide environment, 407
    Carbonyl fluoride
    for synthesis of PMVE, 35
    Caulks, 497
    Chain branching, 63
    Chain-transfer agents, 41, 59, 62
    Channel sealants, 7
    8
    Charging, 60
    61, 63
    Chemical attack
    by additives, 486
    Chemical processing
    applications, 406
    407
    Chemical resistance, 404t, 411
    engine seals, 487
    FFKM fluoroelastomer, 330t
    vulcanizates, 329
    Chemistry and processing
    new developments in, 503
    504
    Chemours, 503
    Chlorofluorocarbons, 503
    Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), 6
    copolymers, 8
    Clamp unit, 121
    123
    Closed cell foam, compound for, 513
    Coagent, 90
    TAIC, 89
    90
    Coagulants, 42
    Coal-fired power plants, 491
    Coatings
    latex, 495
    Coefficient of linear expansion, 406
    Cold feed extruder, 113
    114
    Combustion products
    from fluoroelastomer compounds, 500
    Commercial elastomeric products, 20
    Commercial fluorocarbon elastomers, 5
    Commercial fluoroelastomers, 41
    Components
    addition of, 61
    Composition
    determination of, 19
    determines characteristics, 17
    Compounding, 102, 107, 436
    of fluorocarbon elastomers, 107
    Compression, 457
    Compression molding, 117
    118,
    436
    437
    advantages, 119
    disadvantages, 119
    shaft seals, 483
    Compression set, 442, 444
    445
    resistance, 453
    454, 475
    478, 480
    tests, 439
    441
    Compression stress relaxation
    measurements, 441
    Computer-controlled mixing lines,
    109
    111
    Conjugated diene structure, 83
    Consumption, 15, 16t
    market drivers, 15
    16
    Continuous emulsion polymerization
    process, 44, 46
    48, 51, 53
    57, 54f
    Continuous mixing, 112
    Continuous reactor
    control of, 56
    design and operation, 54
    55
    operation, 41
    42, 55
    Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR),
    53
    55
    Control systems, 124
    Cooling jackets, 55, 58
    Copolymer composition relationship,
    43, 45
    Copolymerization, 43
    with ethylene, 18
    19
    with propylene, 18
    19
    Copolymers, 17
    18, 21
    24
    elastomeric, 428
    gums, 475
    peroxide-cured TFE/P, 24
    TFE/P, 23
    24
    TFE-propylene, 411
    VDF/HFP, 19, 82
    83, 495
    VDF/TFE, 19
    20
    vinylidene fluoride (VDF), 8
    Counter-rotating rolls, 108
    109
    Cracking products
    tetrafluoroethylene, 34
    Creaming, 125, 495
    Creep, 495
    496
    Critical length, 49
    Critical micelle concentration (cmc), 49
    Cross-head die, 114
    115, 472
    Cross-link density, 82
    84
    Cross-linker, 444
    445
    Bisphenol AF, 108
    Cross-linking, 6, 9, 23, 102
    103, 480
    reactions, 90
    temperatures, 81
    Cross-linking agent, 22
    24, 82, 88
    radical trap, 404
    405
    Cross-links, 439
    441
    Crystalline aluminosilicates, 93
    Crystalline plastics, 496
    Crystallinity
    affected by monomers, 17
    Crystallization, 126
    127
    CSTR, 57
    58
    monomer feeds, 55
    polymerization systems, 56
    shutdown, 56
    startup procedures, 55
    steady states polymerization systems,
    56
    CTFE-based plastics, 6
    Curative master batches, 445
    447
    Curatives, 111
    112
    dispersion of, 108
    Cure characteristics, 487
    Cure kinetics, 81
    Cure rates, 449
    Cure sites, 6, 9, 20
    21
    monomers, 36
    37
    perfluorophenyl, 21
    22
    Cure system effects, 430
    431
    Cure systems
    bisphenol, 329
    characteristics, 81
    peroxide, 329
    Cure times, 444
    Cured stock, 118
    Cure-site monomer, 20
    22, 36
    37, 41,
    63
    65
    ETP curing, 24
    Curing, 17
    18, 117
    118
    characteristics, 457
    ETP, 24
    fluoroelastomers, 36
    by irradiation, 495
    496
    peroxide systems, 17
    18
    systems, 9
    Curing time, 117
    118
    Cyano FVE, 37
    Cyclic amidine base, 83
    86
    D
    DAI-EL Fluoro TPV, 126
    127, 495
    496,
    496t, 504
    electrical properties, 128t
    typical properties, 128t
    DAI-EL G-101, 497
    Dai-el LT-303, 457
    Decomposition rate
    first order, 56
    Degree of polymerization (DP), 126
    127
    Dehydrofluorination, 83, 428, 451
    453
    Demand, 15
    16
    Demolding, 453
    454
    Detergents
    engine oil additives, 484
    Deuterated tetrahydrofuran solution, 101
    Dewatering, 112
    Diamine, 125
    Diamine cure system, 81
    82
    554 INDEXDie coating, 497
    Die entrance, 497
    498
    Die rheometer, 117
    118
    Die-cut gaskets, 441
    Diels-Alder adducts, 34
    Dienic phenyl ether cross-links, 83
    84
    Dienone, 84
    Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
    19
    20
    Difluoroacetamides, 31
    32
    Diiodide transfer, 126
    127
    Dimethylacetamide, 83
    Dipolymer compositions, 17
    19
    Dipolymers
    commercial, 84
    curing of, 445
    gums, 445
    heat-treated TFE/P, 98
    TFE/P, 411
    VDF/HFP, 81, 109, 118
    119
    Dispersants
    engine oil additives, 484
    Dispersion
    stability, 54
    55, 57
    stabilizer, 48
    volume, 60
    Disposal of fluoroelastomers, 500
    Divinylperfluoroalkane
    cross-links, 404
    405
    DLVO model of colloid science, 50
    Drying extruder, 112
    Duct expansion joints, 491
    DuPont Dow Vertex seal, 497
    DuPont Fluoropolymer Solutions, 12
    DuPont Viton fluoroelastomers, 503
    Dust lips, 483
    484
    Dynamar Polymer Processing Additives,
    497
    Dynamic vulcanization, 125, 495
    496
    Dynamic vulcanization characteristics of
    fluoroelastomer, 504
    505
    Dyneon FC 2210X, 497
    Dyneon Fluoroelastomer FX 10180, 495
    Dyneon precompounds
    properties of, 475
    Dyneon THV fluorothermoplastic, 496
    E
    Elastomeric behavior, 5
    Elastomeric seals, 457
    Elastomers, 504
    cure systems, 81
    definition, 19
    20
    ethylene acrylic, 497
    ETP, 102
    extrusion, 123
    124
    fluorinated thermoplastic, 495
    497
    pellets, 111
    112
    synthetic, 107
    108
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 447, 454
    Elastoplastics, 19
    20
    Electron beam (EB) irradiation, 505
    Elongation at break, 444
    445
    Embrittlement, 82, 480
    Emissions, 478
    479, 482
    Emulsion polymerization, 45
    63, 46f
    free-radical, 41
    soapless, 51
    End groups
    iodine, 62
    63
    ionic, 56
    57, 82
    sulfonate, 47
    Engine oil
    additives, 484
    Engineering controls, 499
    Environmental conditions
    for engine seals, 487
    Environments
    aggressive, 407
    409
    in deep wells, 407
    fluid, 457
    harsh, 406
    temperature, 457
    Epichlorohydrin, 474
    Epoxysilane, 93
    94
    E/TFE/PMVE elastomers, 24
    25
    Ethylene
    copolymerization, 18
    19
    flammability, 37
    properties, 36t
    tetrapolymer, 6
    Ethylene/TFE/PMVE (ETP), 102, 411,
    428
    431
    curing, 24
    elastomers, 102, 428
    430
    fluid resistance, 428
    431
    fluoroelastomers, 430
    vulcanizates, 102
    Exothermic decomposition, 500
    Expansion joints, 491
    elastomeric, 491
    flue duct, 436, 438
    Explosion hazards, 499
    tetrafluoroethylene, 31
    Explosion potential, 37
    38
    Explosive decompression, 407
    Explosivity, 37
    38
    Exposure to severe environments, 430t
    Extruder barrels, 114
    Extrusion, 437, 475
    Extrusion characteristics, 475
    F
    Fabrication, 436
    438
    Farrel Continuous Mixer (FCM), 112
    Feed section, 113
    114
    Feed zone, 114
    FEPM elastomers, 487
    488
    FFKM fluoroelastomer
    chemical resistance, 330t
    Fick’s Laws, 472
    Filler neck hose, 478
    479
    Filler system, 471
    Filler-filler interaction, 505
    506
    Fillers, 442
    Fires during post curing, 500
    Fischer
    Tropsch fuel production, 501
    Fissures, 92
    93
    75 FKM 260 466, 504
    FKM diaphragms, 437f
    FKM elastomers
    seals, 483
    FKM fluoroelastomers, 134t
    FKM shaft seals, 485
    FKM sparkplug boot, 437f
    FKM-based compounds, 511
    calandering compound, 512
    for closed cell foam, 513
    compounds based on TFE/P elastomer,
    513
    injection moldable compound, 511
    for low-temperature service, 512
    for molded goods, 511
    steam-resistant compound, 514
    FKM/TFE fluoroelastomers, 134t
    Flammability
    ethylene and propylene, 35
    hazards, 37
    Flash, 119
    Flexible fuels, 482
    Flexural modulus, 496
    Flow characteristics, 453
    454
    Flue duct expansion joints, 436, 438
    Flue duct system, 491
    Flue gases, 491
    Fluid resistance, 5
    6, 9, 102, 126
    127,
    129
    HK classification, 3
    4
    vulcanizates, 329
    Fluid resistance of fluoroelastomer
    families, 327t
    Fluorinated matrix, 81
    Fluorinated monomers, 24, 29, 504
    Fluorinated thermoplastic elastomers
    (FTPEs), 126
    127, 495
    496, 496f,
    500
    Fluorinated thermoplastic vulcanizates
    (FTPVs), 126
    127, 496
    497, 504
    Fluorinated vinyl ethers, 37
    Fluorine content, 17
    20, 126
    127, 447
    affects chemical resistance, 486
    TFE/P elastomers, 23
    varying, 18
    Fluorine thermoplastic vulcanizates
    (FTPEs), 504
    fluid resistance of, 504
    Fluoroalkoxyphosphazene, 7
    8
    Fluorocarbon elastomers, 3
    5, 7, 17
    19,
    102
    103, 129
    commercial, 107
    INDEX 555Fluorocarbon elastomers (Continued)
    compounding, 107
    curing, 117
    examples of, 435t
    manufacturers, 24
    26
    Fluorocarbons, 45
    46
    Fluoroelastomers, 17
    applications, 10
    11
    base-resistant thermoplastic, 129
    bisphenol-curable, 474
    475
    characteristics, 81
    components, 471
    compounding, 107
    consumption, 15, 15t
    copolymerization, 18
    19
    gums, 495
    high-fluorine, 457
    incorporated iodine units, 63
    without ionic end groups, 64
    latex, 125
    low-viscosity, 495, 495t, 497
    operating conditions, 121
    O-rings, 471
    peroxide-curable, 439, 451
    454
    PMVE-containing, 480
    polymerization, 45
    46
    processing methods used, 107
    producers, 11
    13
    resistance to fluids, 15
    sales, 17
    18
    for seals, 483
    484
    setting and controlling, 52
    TFE-olefin, 411
    thermoplastic, 125
    129
    VDF-based FKM, 411
    VDF/HFP, 81
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 439, 451
    454
    VDF/PMVE/TFE, 480
    veneer stock, 475
    worldwide production, 3
    Fluoromonomers
    toxicity, 37
    Fluoroplastics, 129, 496
    497
    production volumes, 29
    Fluoropolymers
    melt-processible, 113
    processing, 497
    498
    Fluorosilicone, 7
    mechanical properties, 7
    physical properties, 7
    FluoroXprene, 129, 496
    497, 504
    Fouling, 90
    Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), 19
    Four-roll calander, 116f
    Free radicals, 88, 480
    curing, 5
    6, 9, 17
    18, 36
    polymerization, 9
    10, 41
    42
    Freudenberg NOK-GP, 504
    Fuel
    compositions, 471
    emission limits, 475
    methanol-containing, 474
    oxygenated, 472
    partially oxidized, 472
    Fuel hose, 435t, 471
    472
    additional layers of, 474
    estimation of M15 fuel loss, 474
    veneer, 475
    Fuel injector
    O-rings, 479
    480
    seals, 479
    482
    Fuel permeability, 473
    Fuel permeation resistance, 129
    Fuel pipe with FKM lining, 436f
    Fuel pump, 471
    seals, 475
    478
    Fuel sender module, 475
    478
    Fuel swell measurements, 480
    Full (black) compounds, 441
    Functional vinyl ethers, 37
    Furnace blacks, 442
    FVE
    cyano, 37
    FVMQ O-rings, 480
    G
    Gas deposition processes, 407
    409
    Gaskets, 11, 471
    cured-in-place, 497
    Gasoline, 471
    Gates, 124
    Gelation, 85
    86
    Glass transition temperature, 5
    7, 9
    10,
    126
    127
    E/TFE/PMVE, 24
    fluoroelastomers, 10
    Green strength, 445
    447
    Grit-blasting, 484
    Grommets, 471
    Grooves
    in seals, 23
    Gum fluoroelastomers, 109
    Gum polymer, 42
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 447
    H
    Halloysite clay mineral, 505
    506
    Halogen cure site, 6
    Halogenated vinyl monomers, 36
    Handling precautions
    fluoroelastomers, 499
    500
    Handling procedures
    fluoromonomers, 37
    Hard chrome plating, 118
    Hazardous monomer mixtures, 37
    38
    Hazards
    explosion, 58, 60
    safety, 56
    Heat
    exchange limits, 60
    of polymerization, 53
    54, 56, 60
    removal of, 55
    Heat of reaction
    TFE deflagration, 32
    Heat resistance, 329
    HK classification, 3
    4
    Heat sealable tubing, 435t
    Heats of fusion, 19
    20
    Helix angle, 114
    Hexafluoropropylene (HFP), 17
    18
    in fluoroelastomers, 29
    properties, 33
    34
    synthesis, 34
    Hexamethylenediamine, 81
    HFP-based fluoroelastomers, 6, 8
    HFP-containing fluoroelastomers
    adequate seal performance, 480
    HFP-containing polymers, 485
    486
    High-fluorine elastomers, 482
    High-fluorine product, 457
    High-molecular-weight PMTFPS, 7
    8
    High-VDF elastomers
    chemical resistance, 488
    HK classification
    properties, 3
    4
    HNBR
    oil seals, 485
    O-rings, 480
    seals, 483
    Homogeneous nucleation, 49
    50
    Hoses, 436
    automobile fuel, 64
    2H-Pentafluoropropylene, 102
    Hydraulic clamp, 121
    123
    Hydrocarbon fuel mixtures, 472, 475
    Hydrocarbon swell, 411
    Hydrocarbon thermoplastics, 497
    Hydrocarbons
    resistance to, 17, 24
    Hydrogen sulfide
    environment, 407
    Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber
    (HNBR), 504
    Hydropentafluoropropylene, 93
    Hydroperoxides, 480
    Hydroxides, 108
    I
    Ignition sources, 37
    38
    Immersion testing, 485
    Incineration, 500
    Initiation, 47, 49
    constant rate, 62
    by thermal decomposition, 53
    Initiator, 41, 59, 61
    decomposition, 89
    90
    molar feed rate of, 56
    57
    Injection moldable compound, 511
    Injection molding, 82
    83, 120
    125
    machinery, 121
    556 INDEXrole of, 505
    shaft seals, 483
    troubleshooting, 124
    125
    Injection unit, 121
    124
    Inorganic acids, 406
    Inorganic backbones, 7
    Inorganic bases, 406
    Intermeshing rotors, 109
    111
    Internal mixer, 107, 109
    112
    Intrinsic viscosity, 52
    Iodine cure sites, 22
    23
    Iodine end groups, 9, 62
    63, 486
    487
    Iodine groups, 404
    405
    Iodine-containing transfer agents, 36
    Ionic end-group level see also End groups
    optimizing, 62
    Ionizing radiation, 102
    103
    Irradiation curing
    FTPE, 495
    496
    Isobutene, 118
    ITFB monomers, 36
    J
    Jamak stress relaxation jigs, 480
    Jigs, 439
    441
    Shawbury-Wallace, 441
    K
    Ketones, 495
    Kinetic analysis, 42
    Kinetic models, 51
    52, 57
    L
    Landfill, 500
    Latex processing, 495
    Lips
    seals, 483
    484
    Liquid feeds, 55
    Liquid fluoroelastomers, 503
    Living radical copolymerization, 125
    “Living radical” polymerization, 96
    Loading fixtures, 120
    Loss of properties, 133
    Low-fluorine polymers, 486
    Low-pressure extrusion, 497
    Low-temperature characteristics, 18,
    20
    21
    Low-temperature flexibility, 5
    6, 22
    24
    Low-temperature fluoroelastomer, 503
    Low-temperature service, compound for,
    512
    Lube oils
    amine additives, 133
    M
    M15 fuel, 473
    474
    loss estimation, 474
    Magnesium oxide level
    adhesion effect, 484
    Maintenance procedures, 499
    Mandrel, 472
    Market and consumption statistics, 15
    Master batches, 443
    447
    Material Safety Data Sheets, 499
    500
    Mechanochemical milling, 505
    Medium-molecular-weight PMTFPS, 7
    8
    Melt fracture, 497
    Melting endotherm, 495
    496
    Melting points
    of elastomers, 19
    20
    Melting temperature
    THV, 496
    Melt-processible fluoropolymers, 113
    Metal oxides, 93, 108
    Metering zone, 114
    Methyl bromide, 89
    90, 89t, 118
    Methyl isobutyl ketone, 495
    Methyl radicals, 89
    90
    Methyltributylammonium Bisphenol AF
    salt, 100
    101
    Micellar entry, 49
    mechanism, 50, 50f
    Microemulsion process, 63
    Mill mixing, 108
    109, 111
    Mineral fillers, 102, 442
    Mixed stock, 112
    Modulus, 445
    447
    Mold
    cavities, 118
    closing, 124
    designs, 124
    flash, 125
    fouling, 118
    opening, 124
    platens, 118
    precision extruded shapes, 437
    release, 118
    sticking, 90
    Molded composite parts, 443
    Molded goods, compound for, 511
    Molded parts, 436
    Molding, 118
    125
    compression, 436
    437
    injection, 436
    437
    of shaft seals, 483
    temperatures, 81
    transfer, 436
    437
    Molecular sieve zeolites, 93
    Molecular weight distribution, 70
    71, 78
    Molecular weights
    controlling, 47
    48
    Monitoring systems, 499
    Monomer, 41
    42
    affect on characteristics, 17
    charge, 63
    combinations, 5
    compositions, 54, 61
    concentration, 51
    CSTR feeds, 55
    fugacity, 51
    52
    gaseous, 54
    55
    recovery and recycle, 53
    Monomer handling
    safety aspects of, 37
    38
    Monomer sequence distribution, 72
    74
    Mooney viscosity, 99t
    MT black, 81
    82
    N
    Nanometer-sized rubber particles, 505
    Natural rubber/fluoroelastomer/highdensity polyethylene (NR/FKM/
    HDPE), 504
    Nitrile rubber, 17, 473
    hydrogenated, 473
    Nitrogen leakage, 481
    482
    Nonionic radical, 47
    Nozzle flash, 125
    Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 19,
    83
    Nucleophiles, 93
    Nucleophilic attack, 427
    428
    Nucleophilic diamine, 81
    Nylon 12, 474
    O
    Octafluorocyclobutane
    cracking product, 34
    Octafluoroisobutylene
    cracking product, 34
    ODR modulus, 89
    Oil fields
    applications, 406
    407
    Oil resistance, 487
    Oil seals, 483
    testing, 485
    Olefin monomers, 35, 37
    Operating procedures, 499
    Organic acids and bases, 406
    O-ring compounds, 439
    441
    O-ring seals, 3, 10
    11, 436, 441,
    479
    480
    O-rings, 475
    478, 481
    482
    applications, 437f
    specifications, 439
    Oscillating disk, 117
    118
    Oscillating disk rheometry, 82
    Oxidizing agents
    resistance to, 406
    Oxygenated fuels, 472, 474
    P
    Particles
    determining number of, 48, 51
    52
    entry into, 49
    formation, 51, 59
    formation and growth, 48
    formation by homogeneous
    nucleation, 49
    micellar entry mechanism, 50, 50f
    INDEX 557Particles (Continued)
    polymerization rate, 51
    precursor, 49
    by secondary nucleation, 51
    PDL Ratings, 133, 329
    PDL resistance ratings, 509
    Pelletizing die, 112
    Pendant vinyl groups, 404
    405
    Perfluorinated polymer backbone, 9
    Perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl vinyl ether), 18
    Perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers), 29
    Perfluorocarbon diiodides, 62
    63
    Perfluoroelastomers, 6, 18, 44
    45, 55, 81,
    103, 428
    430, 504
    505
    applications, 23
    FFKM, 431
    and fluoroelastomers, 505
    Perfluoroisobutylene, 32
    Perfluoromethoxy vinyl ether, 504
    Perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) (PMVE),
    18, 29, 34
    35
    Perfluorophenyl cure sites, 21
    22
    Perlast ICE G75LT, 503
    504
    Perlast ICE G90LT, 503
    504
    Permeation rate, 472
    Permeation test method
    Thwing Albert cup, 473
    Peroxide curing, 6, 17
    18, 89
    90, 89t,
    96, 98, 329, 411, 453
    454
    fluoroelastomers, 89
    study, 88
    89
    vulcanizate properties of, 90
    Peroxide level, 89
    Peroxide systems, 118
    Peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers, 9, 36,
    92, 503
    Peroxide-curable gums, 486, 491
    Peroxide-curable perfluoroelastomers, 97
    Peroxide-curable products, 486
    487
    Peroxide-curable VDF/HFP/TFE
    fluoroelastomers, 486
    487
    Peroxide-curable VDF/PMVE/TFE
    elastomers, 93
    Peroxide-cured fluoroelastomer, 117
    Peroxide-cured terpolymer, 100
    Peroxide-cured vulcanizates, 93
    Peroxide-initiated curing, 5
    6
    Peroxides, 81
    92
    Persulfate
    sulfite redox initiation
    systems, 94
    96
    Pharmaceutical applications, 406
    407
    Phenolates
    engine oil additives, 484
    Phenolformaldehyde resin, 504
    Phosphatizing, 484
    Phosphonium accelerators, 86
    Phosphonium salts, 86
    Photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturing
    process, 505
    phr, 107
    Piston injection unit, 121
    Plant tests, 499
    Plasma processes, 407
    409
    Plasticization, 481
    482
    Plastics
    high-fluorine, 496
    Polar fluids, 406
    resistance, 24
    Polyamine curative, 125
    Polycaprolactone, 497
    498
    Polyethylene
    high density, 497
    linear low density, 497
    Polymer
    composition, 57
    58
    degradation, 98
    desired composition, 61
    dispersion, 41
    42
    estimates of composition, 57
    formed in the reactor, 41
    isolation, 42
    optimizing viscosity, 62
    pellets, 111
    112
    radical propagation of particles, 50
    radicals, 90
    scale-up, 60
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 455
    VDF/PMVE/TFE, 439, 455
    viscosity control, 57
    Polymer-filler interaction, 505
    506
    Polymeric peroxide, 31
    32
    Polymerization, 45
    46, 58
    59
    commercial production, 43
    conditions, 53
    emulsion, 41
    heat of, 53
    54, 56, 60
    inhibitors, 32
    living radical, 62
    63
    process, 503
    process safety, 499
    rate in a CSTR, 56
    removal of heat, 55
    shutdown, 59
    Polymerization rate, 47
    48, 51, 57
    58,
    60, 62
    63
    second stage, 64
    semibatch reactors, 60
    Polymerization systems, 43, 45
    46
    Polytetrafluoroethylene thermoplastics,
    94
    96
    Postcure temperatures
    adhesion systems, 484
    Postcuring, 89, 94
    97, 102, 117
    Postvulcanized fluoroelastomer, 505
    Pot, 120
    Power generation facilities, 491
    Power systems, 124
    Power train systems, 435
    436
    Precision Polymer Engineering Ltd,
    503
    504
    Precompounded grades, 107
    Precompounds
    bisphenol-cured fluorinated rubber, 503
    Dai-El, 449
    VDF/HFP, 441, 443, 447
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 449
    Premature cross-linking (scorch), 82
    Premature curing, 92
    Press heating system, 119
    Primer curing, 484
    Production
    worldwide, 3
    Propagation rate coefficient, 44
    45, 48
    Propagation reactions, 43
    Properties
    by varying composition, 17
    Propylene
    copolymerization, 18
    19
    copolymers, 9
    10
    flammability, 37
    properties, 36t
    Pyrolysis
    products, 32
    tetrafluoroethylene, 34
    Q
    Quaternary ammonium salts, 86
    87
    Quaternary phosphonium accelerator, 445
    Quick-connect seals, 475
    478
    R
    Radial shaft seals, 504
    Radial squeeze, 481
    482
    Radiation promoters, 102
    103
    Radiation-cured FFKM, 102
    103
    Radical adducts, 89
    90
    Radical growth
    aqueous oligomeric, 51
    Radical trap, 88, 329, 404
    405, 430
    431
    Radical-generation rate, 52, 56, 61
    Radicals
    determining number of, 48
    entry efficiency, 57, 61
    estimating cumulative, 61
    flux, 46
    47
    lost by recombination, 47
    nonionic, 47
    propagation, 50
    rate of conversion, 43
    ratio of, 43
    summation of generated, 62
    Ram injection units, 121
    Random copolymerization, 45
    Rate
    of aqueous-phase oligomerization, 54
    of constant initiation, 62
    conversion, 43
    of decomposition, 46, 56
    determining, 51
    52
    goals for monomer feed, 57
    558 INDEXof incorporation of monomers, 43
    of polymerization, 47
    48, 60. See also
    Polymerization
    of radical-generation, 61
    of transfer, 53
    Ratio of radical types, 43
    Reaction temperature
    vinylidene chloride, 30
    Reactions
    chain transfer-to-polymer, 63
    kinetics relationships, 43
    Reactive fluids, 327
    328
    Reactivity ratios, 44
    45
    estimating, 44
    Reactor
    dynamics, 57
    jacket cooling of temperature, 55
    jacketed cylindrical, 59
    volume, 60
    Reciprocating screw injection unit,
    123
    124
    Recovery
    from strain, 5
    Recycling, 500
    Redox initiation, 98
    persulfate
    sulfite, 21
    22
    Redox initiator, 46
    Redox rate, 46
    47
    Reinforcing carbon blacks, 107
    Relationships
    dependence, 52
    Relative viscosity, 52
    Relaxation
    from strain, 5
    Renewable resource, 501
    Reversion, 480
    Rubber
    cure characteristics, 118
    curing, 107
    injection mold, 120
    121
    mill, 108
    109, 108f
    Runners, 123
    124
    S
    Safe handling
    of monomers, 499
    Safety
    fluoroelastomer life cycle, 499
    handling of monomers, 37
    38
    tetrafluoroethylene, 31
    Salt removal, 42
    Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 505
    Scorch, 120
    Screen pack, 114
    115
    Seals
    for aggressive fluids, 407
    409
    application, 457
    automotive, 487
    488
    automotive transmission, 488
    FTPE, 495
    496
    groove geometry, 23
    for high-temperature, 406
    oil retention, 483f
    O-rings, 3, 10
    11
    performance at low temperature, 21
    shaft, 11
    Secondary nucleation, 51
    Semibatch emulsion polymerization,
    45
    47, 51, 54, 57
    63
    control of, 60
    Semibatch emulsion process, 126
    127
    Semibatch reactors, 57
    58
    charging, 60
    design and operation, 58
    59
    design considerations, 60
    limitations, 58
    operation, 41
    42
    scale-up, 60
    Semiconductor
    applications, 406
    409, 408t
    manufacturing operations, 431
    Semicrystalline perfluoropolymers, 505
    Service temperatures
    in chemical processes, 406
    407
    Set resistance
    O-ring, 406
    Shaft seals, 3, 11, 483f, 486
    488
    automotive, 487
    488
    Shaw Intermix, 109
    111
    Shawbury-Wallace
    jigs, 441
    load cell, 441
    load stand, 480
    Silane primers, 484
    Silicone
    oil seals, 485
    seals, 483
    Simrit, 504
    Single-screw extruder, 112
    113, 113f
    Soap, 41, 47
    48
    concentration, 50
    Sodium alginate, 125
    Solubility equilibria, 472
    Solubility limit, 57
    Solution coating, 495
    Solvent
    ozone-depleting, 64
    65
    Sour fuel
    effect of, 480
    Sprue, 120, 123
    124
    Static seals, 439
    performance, 455
    Steady state permeability, 472
    473
    Steam-resistant compound, 514
    Sterilization
    steam, 407
    Stock
    to rolls, 108
    109
    temperature, 111
    Straight head extruder, 114
    115
    Stress
    recovery from, 5
    relax, 117
    Strip feeding, 116
    117
    Strong bases and acids, 406
    Succinimides
    engine oil additives, 484
    Sulfides
    engine oil additives, 484
    Supercritical carbon dioxide, 503
    Supernatant, 125
    Suppliers
    fluoroelastomer, 12
    Surface cracking, 133
    Surfactants, 49
    50
    fluorinated anionic, 48
    Suspension polymerization, 43, 63
    69
    advantages, 63
    Suspension products
    bisphenol-curable, 64
    Sustainability, 500
    501
    environmental, 500
    501
    Sustained particle nucleation, 54
    Swell, 133
    varies with fluorine, 18
    T
    TAIC radical trap, 89, 404
    405
    Tangential rotors, 109
    111
    Tecnoflon FOR 4391, 475
    Tecnoflon FOR 50HS, 441
    Tecnoflon FOR 80HS, 441
    Tecnoflon N 535, 475
    Tecnoflon PFR, 405t
    Tecnoflon TN Latex, 495
    Temperature
    control systems, 56
    cycling, 441
    jacket-coolant, 61
    Temperature environment
    seals, 483, 488
    severe, 486
    Temperature stability
    vulcanizate, 404
    405
    Tensile strength, 505
    and heat resistance, 404
    Termination reactions, 47
    Terpenes
    polymerization inhibitors, 32
    Terpolymers, 99
    100
    bisphenol-curable, 451
    453, 478
    479
    composition, 19
    20
    ethylene/TFE/PMVE, 411
    TFE and PMVE, 45
    TFE/P/VDF, 428
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 18, 90
    92, 125, 439,
    449
    451, 474
    475
    Terpolymers and tetrapolymers
    compositions of, 43
    Test block, 481
    482
    INDEX 559Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate,
    86
    87
    Tetrafluoroethers, 31
    32
    Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 17, 30
    32,
    503
    504
    copolymers, 9
    10
    cracking, 34
    epoxide, 31
    32
    explosive hazards, 31
    in fluoroelastomers, 29
    properties, 31
    32
    synthesis, 32
    Tetraphenyltin, 96
    TFE
    explosion potential, 37
    particle formation, 49
    TFE/olefin elastomers, 81
    TFE/olefin FEPM elastomers, 486
    chemical resistance, 486
    TFE-olefin fluoroelastomers, 411
    TFE/P, 6, 9
    10, 23
    24
    dipolymer vulcanizates, 98
    99
    FEPMs, 428
    430
    fluid resistance, 428
    430
    peroxide-cured, 428
    TFE/P copolymer, 487
    TFE/P elastomer
    compounds based on, 513
    TFE/P fluoroelastomers, 486
    chemical resistance, 486
    TFE/PMVE, 21
    23, 94
    96
    TFE/propylene, 411
    427
    TFE/P/TFP
    bisphenol-cured, 428
    vulcanizates, 428
    TFE/P/TFP elastomers
    chemical resistance, 488
    TFE/P/VDF, 99
    100, 411, 427
    428
    TFE/P/VDF elastomers
    chemical resistance, 488
    TFE/P/VDF terpolymers, 487
    Thermal black, 442
    Thermal expansion, 406
    Thermal resistance, 9
    engine seals, 487
    TFE/PMVE, 97
    Thermal stability, 451
    454
    Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs), 112,
    505
    fluorinated, 126
    127, 129
    Thermoplastics, 473
    Thermoset fluorocarbon
    elastomers, 12, 13t
    Thermosetting resin, 504
    Thermosetting rubbers, 107
    Three-roll calander, 116f
    THV fluorothermoplastics, 496
    Thwing Albert cup, 473
    Tie-coats, 484
    Toggle clamp, 121
    123
    Toxicity
    fluoromonomers, 37
    TR-10 test, 18
    Transfer agents
    semibatch reactor, 53
    Transfer coefficient, 53
    Transfer mold
    three-plate multiple cavity, 120
    Transfer molding process, 120, 120f
    Transfer pad, 107, 120
    Transfer rate, 53
    Transfer reactions, 52
    Transition zone, 114
    Transmission electron microscopy
    techniques, 505
    506
    Transmission seals, 488
    Trends, 15
    16
    Triallyl cyanurate, 88
    89
    Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), 88
    89,
    430
    431, 453
    454
    radical trap, 89, 404
    405
    Triazine cross-links, 21
    22, 96
    97, 329,
    404
    Triethylenetetraamine, 125
    Trifluoropropylene, 102, 411
    Trifluorovinylethers, 31
    32
    Trimethallyl isocyanurate (TMAIC),
    88
    89, 430
    431, 453
    454
    Triphenylphosphine oxide, 83
    84
    Tubing die, 114
    115
    Twin-screw extruders, 112, 129
    Two-part liquid systems, 497
    Two-roll mills, 108
    Typical applications, 126
    127
    U
    UV-curable fluoroelastomers, 503
    V
    Valve seals, 436f
    Valve stem seals, 436
    Valve stems, 436f
    Variable speed DC drive, 113
    VDF copolymers, 5
    6, 48, 53
    55
    commercial, 52
    continuous emulsion polymerization, 54
    particle formation, 49
    with soap, 52
    systems, 47
    48
    VDF homopolymer, 63
    VDF production, 30
    VDF-based fluoroelastomers, 22f
    VDF-containing fluoroelastomers, 131,
    488
    effects of fluids, 133
    VDF/CTFE fluoroelastomers, 134t
    VDF/HFP, 17
    18, 116
    117
    bisphenol-cured, 118
    119
    copolymerization, 44
    copolymers, 82
    83, 85
    86, 475, 497
    dipolymers, 81
    elastomers, 100
    fluoroelastomers, 81
    precompounds, 109, 441, 443, 447
    VDF/HFP/PMVE/TFE, 93
    VDF/HFP/TFE, 81
    82, 85
    86, 125, 439,
    455, 491
    bimodal polymers, 64
    bisphenol-cured, 491
    gum, 447
    high-fluorine, 491
    iodine-containing, 454
    latex, 495
    peroxide-curable, 451
    454
    peroxide-curable fluoroelastomers, 64
    precompounds, 447
    terpolymers, 19
    20, 439, 449
    451,
    475
    vulcanizates, 94
    VDF/HFP/(TFE), 63
    64
    polymerization, 53
    products, 54
    VDF/HFP/TFE elastomers, 483
    484
    VDF/HFP/TFE terpolymers, 484
    485
    seals, 483
    VDF/PMVE/TFE, 34, 439, 455
    457
    peroxide-curable, 457
    products, 54
    ternary diagram, 20
    21
    terpolymers, 92
    93
    vulcanizates, 94
    VDF/PMVE/TFE elastomers, 486
    chemical resistance, 486
    VDF/PMVE/TFE fluoroelastomer,
    485
    486
    VDF/TFE copolymers, 45
    Veneer barrier layer, 474
    Vent stacks, 491
    Vented barrel design, 114
    Ventilation, 499
    Vertical ram machine, 121
    Vinyl ethers, 37
    Vinyl groups, 404
    405
    Vinyl monomers, 36
    Vinylidene fluoride, 17, 102
    103
    physical properties, 29
    production volume, 29
    Vinylidene fluoride (VDF)-based FKMs,
    503
    Viscosity
    inherent, 52
    intrinsic, 52
    polymer, 56
    relative, 52
    stocks, 442
    Viton B-202, 475
    Viton Curative No. 50, 445
    Viton E-60C, 109
    Viton Extreme ETP-600S, 503
    Viton Extreme TBR-605CS, 428
    560 INDEXViton F605C, 475
    Viton Fluoroelastomer, 327
    328
    Viton FreeFlow additives, 497
    Viton GF-600S, 503
    Viton GLT, 457
    Viton polymers
    high-fluorine, 454
    Viton type nomenclature, 20
    Viton VTR-9307, 503
    Volatile materials, 89
    Volatile products
    measurement of, 499
    500
    Volume swell
    elastomers, 474
    Vulcanizates
    chemical resistance, 329, 330t
    ETP, 102
    fluid resistance, 329
    heat resistance, 404
    405
    peroxide-cured, 411
    properties, 90, 444
    445, 454
    455, 457
    temperature stability, 404
    405
    with varying fluorine, 18
    VDF/HFP/(TFE), 100
    W
    Wide-angle X-ray scattering, 505
    506
    Y
    Young’s modulus, 505
    Z Z
    -mer, 49, 51

كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net
The Unzip Password : books-world.net