Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook – the Definitive User’s Guide

Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook – the Definitive User’s Guide
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Laurence W. McKeen
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Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook – the Definitive User’s Guide
Second Edition
Laurence W. McKeen
Table of contents
Dedication
Foreword
Acknowledgments

  1. Fluoropolymers
    1.1. The Discovery of Fluoropolymers
    1.2. What Are Fluoropolymers?
    1.3. Comparison of Fluoropolymer Properties
  2. Producing Fluoromonomers, Fluoropolymers, and Fluoropolymer Finishing
    2.1. Monomers
    2.2. Polymerization
    2.3. Finishing
  3. The Components of Paint
    3.1. Binder, Vehicle, Film Former
    3.2. Important Properties of Liquid Coatings
  4. Binders
    4.1. Nonfluoropolymer Binders
    4.2. Effect of Temperature on Properties of Binders
    4.3. Comparison of Properties of Nonfluoropolymer Binders
  5. Pigments, Fillers, and Extenders
    5.1. Dispersion of Pigments
    5.2. Measuring Dispersion Quality or Fineness
    5.3. Dispersion Stabilization
    5.4. Pigment or Particle Settling
    5.5. Functions of Pigments
    5.6. Types of Pigments
    5.7. Permeability, Barrier Properties
    5.8. Abrasion Resistance, Reinforcement: Physical Property Improvement
    5.9. Electrically Conductive Fillers
    5.10. Corrosion Inhibition
    5.11. Quantifying Pigment Concentrations in Formulations
    5.12. Commercial Pigment Dispersions
  6. Solvent Systems
    6.1. Classes of Solvents
    6.2. Solubility and Dissolution of Polymers
    6.3. Solids–Viscosity Relationships
    6.4. Viscosity as a Function of Temperature
    6.5. Evaporation
    6.6. Solvent Composition and Evaporation Time
    6.7. Solubility
    6.8. Surface Tension and Wetting
    6.9. N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone
    6.10. Conductivity
    6.11. Flash Point
    6.12. Autoignition Temperature
    6.13. Summary
  7. Additives
    7.1. Abrasion Resistance Improvers
    7.2. Acid Catalysts
    7.3. Acid Scavengers
    7.4. Adhesion Promoters, Coupling Agents
    7.5. Algaecides, Biocides, Fungicides
    7.6. Anticratering Agent, Fisheye Preventer
    7.7. Anticrawling Agent
    7.8. Antifoaming Agent, Defoamer
    7.9. Antifouling Agent
    7.10. Rust Inhibitor, Corrosion Inhibitor, Flash Rust Inhibitor
    7.11. Antisag Agent, Colloidal Additives, Thickeners, Rheology Modifiers
    7.12. Antisettling Agent
    7.13. Antistatic Agent, Electroconductive Additives
    7.14. Coalescents, Coalescing Agent, Film-Forming Agent
    7.15. Deaerators
    7.16. Degassing Agent
    7.17. Dispersant, Dispersing Agent, or Surfactant
    7.18. Flattening Agents
    7.19. UV Absorbers and Stabilizers
    7.20. Lubricants
    7.21. Moisture Scavenger
    7.22. pH Control Agent
    7.23. Summary
  8. Substrates and Substrate Preparation
    8.1. Substrates
    8.2. Adhesion
    8.3. Substrate Preparation
    8.4. Soluble Salts at the Metal Paint Interface
    8.5. Modifications to Fluoropolymer Surfaces to Improve Adhesion
    8.6. Preventing Rust after Surface Preparation
    8.7. Platings
    8.8. Anodization
    8.9. Substrate Characterization
    8.10. Summary
  9. Liquid Formulations
    9.1. Selecting Ingredients
    9.2. Recipes and Formulas
    9.3. Formulating Water-Based Coatings
    9.4. Solvent-Based Coatings
    9.5. Soluble Fluoropolymers
    9.6. Fluorotelomer-Based Coatings
    9.7. Mixing Liquid Coatings Prior to Use
    9.8. Filtering/Straining
    9.9. Shelf Life
    9.10. Commercial Producers and Their Product Lines
  10. Application of Liquid Coatings
    10.1. Liquid Spray Coating Application Technologies and Techniques
    10.2. Liquid Bulk or Direct Coating Application Techniques
    10.3. Summary
  11. Powder Coating and Films
    11.1. What is Powder Coating?
    11.2. Spray Powder Coating Process
    11.3. Thick Film Coatings
    11.4. Bulk Application: Fluidized Bed Coating
    11.5. Powder Fluorocoating Products
    11.6. Fluoropolymer Film Lamination
  12. Fluoropolymer Coating Processing Technology
    12.1. Baking and Curing; Physics or Chemistry
    12.2. Monitoring Bake
    12.3. Types of Ovens
  13. Measurement of Coating Properties and Performance
    13.1. Viscosity Measurement
    13.2. Density, Gallon Weight, or Liter Weight Measurement
    13.3. Film Thickness
    13.4. Wet Film Build
    13.5. Adhesion Tests
    13.6. Environmental Exposure Testing
    13.7. Cathodic Disbondment
    13.8. Electro-Impedance Spectroscopy
    13.9. Autoclave Testing
    13.10. Tribology Testing
    13.11. Cure
    13.12. Nonstick Testing
    13.13. Conductivity
    13.14. Cookware Testing
    13.15. Summary
  14. Permeation of Fluoropolymer Coatings
    14.1. History
    14.2. Transport of Gases and Vapors through Solid Materials
    14.3. Permeation of Coatings
    14.4. Permeation and Vapor Transmission Testing
  15. Introduction to the Tribology of Fluorocoatings
    15.1. Friction
    15.2. Wear and Erosion
    15.3. Characterizing Wear
    15.4. Tribology Testing
    15.5. Tribology Testing for Cookware
    15.6. Hardness Testing
    15.7. Erosion Tests
    15.8. Standard Tests
    15.9. Coating Selection for Tribology Applications
    15.10. Tribology Data for Various Fluoropolymers
  16. Recognizing, Understanding, and Dealing with Coating Defects
    16.1. Surface Tension and Shear
    16.2. Common Coating Defects
    16.3. Summary
  17. Commercial Applications and Uses of Fluorocoatings
    17.1. A Historical Chronology of Fluoropolymer Finishes Technology
    17.2. Food Contact
    17.3. Commercial Applications of Fluorocoatings
    17.4. Manufacturers Tables of Specific Applications
    17.5. Summary
  18. Health and Safety
    18.1. Toxicology of Fluoropolymers
    18.2. Safe Handling and Application of Liquid Fluoropolymer Coatings
    18.3. Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers
    18.4. Removal of Fluoropolymer Films and Coatings
    18.5. Fire Hazard
    18.6. Spillage Cleanup
    18.7. Protective Clothing
    18.8. Personal Hygiene
    18.9. Material Incompatibility
    18.10. Food Contact and Medical Applications
    18.11. Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling
    18.12. Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods
    Appendix 1. Fluoropolymer Properties
    Appendix 2. Permeability Data of Fluoropolymer Films
    Appendix 3. Chemical Resistance of Fluoropolymers
    Glossary
    Index
    .
    GLOSSARY 599Index
    Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables, respectively.
    A
    Abrasion, measuring, 256e257
    Abrasion resistance, 119e120, 120t,
    142e143, 322
    Abrasion tests, 257
    Abrasive wear, 278e279
    Accelerated in-home abuse test (AIHAT)
    procedure, 258
    Accelerated tests, cookware, 255
    Acid catalysts, 120
    Acid primer, 74
    Acid scavengers, 120
    Acrylic polymer, 28e29
    Acrylic resin, for cracking, 151
    Acrylics, 74e75
    Acyl fluoride, 14, 27e28, 36
    Additives, 52, 119e127, 335
    food contact, 311e312
    function, 119
    to powders, 196
    Adhesion, 59, 129e130
    of coating, 309
    to copper, 129
    of films, 233
    fluoropolymer surface modification, 141
    measurement of, 235
    promoters, 120
    ratings, 237f
    scale, 237t
    tests, 235e238
    postboiling cross-hatch tape, 236,
    236fe237f, 237t
    post-boiling nail, 236e237, 237f
    Adhesive bond strength, 235e236
    Adhesive wear, 279
    Aerosil, 124
    Agglomerates, 29e30
    AgION, 121e122
    Air, removal of entrapped, 300
    Air bubbles, 299e300
    Air entrapment, 124, 299e301
    Air-knife coating, 183
    Alkyd resins, 77
    Alkyl ammonium salts, 121
    Alligatoring, 302
    Alloy, 142e143, 309
    Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 100e101, 101t
    Aluminized steel, 142
    Aluminum flake, 126
    Aluminum oxide, 132e133
    Amines, 123, 126e127
    Ammonium hydroxide, 121, 126e127
    Ammonium salts, 16e18
    Amorphous fluoropolymer (AF), 5e6
    regions, 4
    Teflon AF, 396, 396f, 396t
    Andrade’s equation, 109
    Anodization, 142e143
    Anti-cratering additives, 303
    Anticratering agents, 122
    Anticrawling agent, 122
    Antifoaming agents, 122
    Antifouling agent, 122e123
    Antisag agents, 123
    Antisettling agents, 124
    Antistatic agents, 124
    Applications
    architectural coatings, 328, 328f,
    328t
    automotive, 322e324, 322fe324f
    bakeware, 312e313
    chemical processing industry, 325e326,
    325fe326f
    commercial dryer drums, 326, 326f
    commercial/industrial bakeware,
    318e321, 320f
    cookware, 312e313
    ductwork, 326
    efficiency, of coating techniques,
    183t
    fuser rolls, 321e322, 321f
    glass ovenware, 311
    gourmet cookware, 311
    hardware, 310
    industrial rollers, 326, 327f
    light bulbs, 322, 322f
    of liquid spray coatings. See Liquid
    spray techniques
    medical devices, 326e327, 327f
    office automation, 311
    oil production and refining, 327, 328f
    small electrical appliances, 312e313
    Aquadag, 125
    Aqueous dispersions, 150e151,
    335e336
    Aqueous fluoropolymer coatings, 121
    Arc spray, 136
    Architectural coatings, 328, 328f, 328t
    Arrhenius equation, 265e266
    parameters, 266, 266t
    vs. temperature
    diffusion coefficient, 266, 267f
    permeability coefficient, 266, 267f
    solubility coefficient, 266, 268f
    Asahi Glass, 157
    ASTM
    B117-03, 238
    C868-02, 240
    D1005-95, 232
    D1186-01, 230
    D1212-91, 233e234
    D1475-98, 229
    D1644-01, 58
    D1654-92, 239
    D1876-01, 237
    D1894-08, 283
    D2196-99, 229
    D2697-03, 58
    D2803-03, 239
    D3359-97, 236
    D3363-00, 287e288
    D3702-94, 284
    D4138-94, 232
    D4212-99, 229
    D4214-98, 239
    D4414-95, 233
    D4541-02, 237
    D610-01, 239
    D6132-04, 231
    D714-02, 239
    D968-93, 288e289
    G87-02, 239e240
    Atlas Cell test, 240
    Atomization, 300, 304e305
    Atomizing air pressure, 173
    601Aluminum anodizing, 142
    Autocatalytic nickel plating, 77
    Autoclave testing, 253
    Autoignition temperature, 118
    Automatic flash point tester,
    115
    Automotive applications, 137,
    322e324
    Automotive brake lines, 324, 324f
    Autopolymerization, TFE inhibitors, 14
    Axial impellers, 154
    Azeotropes, 111
    B
    Bake temperatures, 129
    Baking, 211e215, 212fe214f
    Baking soda, 133
    Ball mills, 84, 84fe85f
    Batch ovens, 219e220
    Batch size, 150
    Bearings, coatings, 309
    Benard cell, 302e303
    Benzoguanamine formaldehyde,
    dispersing aid, 152
    Bimetallic corrosion, 136
    Binders, 51e52
    additional, 74
    nonfluoropolymer, 60e78
    resins, 309
    selection, 149
    Bisulfite initiators, 15e16
    Black body radiation, 216e217
    Blended pigments, 195
    Blisters, 301, 301f
    cookware coatings, 258e259
    Block copolymer, 73
    Bodying agents, 123
    Brake dampers, 324, 324f
    Branched chain alcohols, 122
    Bristle blast, 135, 135f
    Brookfield Viscometer, 52e53, 229, 229f
    Bubble breakers, 122
    Bubble-breaking additives, 301
    Bubbles, 192
    Bubbling onset temperature, 301
    Bulk application, 193e194, 193fe195f
    liquid coatings
    coil coating, 179e180,
    179fe180f
    curtain coating, 178e179, 179f
    dip coating, 176, 176f
    dip-spin coating, 176e177, 177f
    Landau-Levich equation, 175
    meniscus-coating techniques, 175
    pad printing, 182e183, 182f
    postforming coatings, 182
    roller coating, 180e182, 181f
    spin-flow coating, 177e178, 178f
    techniques, 185
    C
    Calcium carbonate, 120
    Capture velocity, 336
    Carbon dioxide, supercritical, 27, 153,
    175
    Carbonyl fluoride, 338e339, 338t
    Carboxylic acid, 36
    Cascading action, 84, 85f, 86
    Cataracting action, 86
    Cathodic disbondment, 252, 252f
    Ceramic fillers, 311
    Chain transfer, 15
    Checking, 302
    Chemetall Oakite, 137e138
    Chemical agents, 121
    Chemical etch, 135e136
    Chemical processing industry, 325e326
    Chemical resistance
    guidelines, 413
    ratings, 413, 414t
    Chemical washes, 130
    Chemours, 157e160
    Chemours Cookware Coating Systems,
    313t
    Chromate conversion, 136
    Chromic anodizing, 142
    Clear coatings, 308e309
    Cloud point, 28
    Cosolvent, 107
    Coagulated dispersion, 15
    Coagulum, 26
    Coating defects, 299e306
    Coating process, fry pans, 213, 213f
    Coating weight, 137
    Coefficient of friction, 277
    Teflon PTFE, 278, 279f
    Vespel SP-21, 278, 278f
    Coil, induction, 224, 224f
    Colloidal dispersion, 123
    Colloidal particles, 123
    Colloid mill, 90, 90f
    Complex inorganic pigments, 97e98
    Components of paint, 51e58
    Conductive coatings, 101e103
    Conductive pigment loading, 103
    Conductivity, 114, 254e255, 255f
    Contaminants, removing, 303
    Contamination, 121
    Continuous ovens, 220
    Convection heating, 220e221
    Convection ovens, 220e221
    Conversion coatings, 136e138
    Cookware, 307
    coating of, 307
    quality, 308
    Cookware testing
    accelerated, 256, 256f
    in-home, 255
    Copolymers, 4
    Coreeshell polymerization, 26e27
    Corona charging, 186e188, 188f
    Corona treatment, 138e139
    Corrosion inhibition, 103e105, 123
    Corrosion resistance tests, 238e240
    Cracks, 302e303, 302fe303f
    in coatings, 151, 299, 302
    Craters, 122, 303, 303f
    in coatings, 299
    formation, 303
    Crawling, 122, 304
    Crazing, 302
    Critical cracking thickness, 151
    Critical pigment volume concentration
    (CPVC), 105
    Cross-hatch tests, 235e236
    Cross-linkers, 76
    Cross-linking, 211
    Cross-links, 59
    Crushed glass, 133
    Cup method, 54e58
    Cure tests, 253e254
    Curing process, fluoropolymer coatings,
    211
    Curtain coating, 178e179, 179f, 311
    D
    Daikin Liquid Primers, 160t
    Daikin Polyflon, 161t
    Daikin topcoats, 162t
    Deaerators, 124e125
    Deagglomeration, 33
    Decomposition
    gases, 192
    of fluoropolymers, 338
    products, 336e337, 338t, 341e342
    Defects
    “chicken tracks”, 180
    in coatings, 299e306
    Defoamers, 122, 301
    Degassing agents, 125
    Degradation
    of polytetrafluoroethylene, 33, 35e36
    products, 335e336, 338e339
    temperatures, 33, 35, 35t
    Density measurements, 124
    of coatings, 229
    Destructive film thickness measurement,
    232e233
    602 INDEXDewetting, 304
    Diamond stylus, 132, 145e146
    Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy
    resin, 75e76, 76f
    Dilatant flow, 53, 54f
    Dimethyl formamide (DMF), 108
    DIN Standard 50018, 239e240
    Dip coating, 176, 176f
    Dip cup, 227e229
    Dip-spin coating, 176e177, 177f
    Direct-fired gas, 221
    Dispersed pigment particles, 91
    Dispersibility, 235
    Dispersing agent, 17
    Dispersing aids, 152
    Dispersing mills, 86
    Dispersion-based fluoropolymer
    products, 124
    Dispersions
    aqueous, 335e336
    commercial, 150
    for liquid coatings, 152
    polymerization, 15, 28, 41
    processes, 84, 86, 88e89
    products, 18, 26
    stabilization, 91e92, 92fe93f
    Disposal fluoropolymer, 335, 342
    Disuccinic acid peroxide, 17
    Drip marks, 176
    Dripping, 192
    Dry blending, 195
    Dry film thickness, 230
    calculated, 231
    measurement, 232
    Dry lubrication, 125, 277, 310e311
    Dry paint, 185
    Dry powders, 51
    Dry spraying, 304e306
    Dry film thickness, 194
    Dryer baskets, 326
    Ductworks, 326
    Dynamic coefficient of friction, 277
    DyneonTHE, 7
    DyneonTHV, 7
    E
    Eddy current, 223e224, 224f
    film thickness measurements, 230e231
    Elasticity, 235
    Elcometer Payne permeability cups, 270,
    270t, 274f, 275f
    Electro-impedance spectroscopy,
    252e253, 253f
    Electroless nickel plating, 77, 78f
    Electron beam irradiation, 37, 37f
    Electroplate, 142
    Electrostatic coating, 191, 194
    Electrostatic spray, 114, 173e175,
    173fe175f, 185
    Electrostatic wrap, 191
    Emission control, 336
    Emissivity, 217e218, 218t
    temperature calculation, 217
    Emitter temperatures, 222
    Emulsion polymerization, 17e18, 41
    Enamel topcoat, 310
    Encapsulated pigments, 195
    Endgroups, 36
    hydroxyl, 16
    stability, 27
    Engrave, 136
    Erosion measurements, 292
    Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene
    (ECTFE), 9, 9fe10f, 406,
    406te407t, 408f, 408t,
    409f, 410f
    chemical resistance, 421te460t
    chemical structure, 9f
    thermal properties, 373, 373f
    Ethylene fluorinated ethylene propylene
    terpolymers, 7e8, 8f
    Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE),
    7, 7f, 356, 356f,
    403, 403te404t, 405f,
    461te497t
    chemical structure, 7f
    thermal properties, 368, 368te369t,
    370fe372f
    Evaporation solvent, 302e303
    Evaporation rate, 111
    Evaporation time, 111
    Exhaust air, 336
    F
    Fabric printing rollers, 326
    Falling abrasive erosion test, 288e289,
    289f, 290t
    Faraday Cage effect, 191, 191f,
    193e194
    Fast-evaporating nonsolvents, 114
    Fasteners, 323
    Fatty acids, 122
    FDA compliance, 41
    Ferrous metals, 130
    Fillers, 52, 337
    Film build, 191
    Film forming agent, 124
    Film shrinkage, 98, 99f
    Film thickness
    measurements, 230
    powder coatings, 152, 190
    Filtration, 156
    Fine powder
    processing steps, 29
    products, 15
    PTFE, 33
    resins, 15
    Fine mixtures, 340
    Fingerprint contamination, 130
    Fisheyes, 122
    formation, 303e304
    Flake pigments, 98, 99f
    Flame treating, 138
    Flammability tetrafluoroethylene,
    14
    Flash point, 114e118, 115f
    Flash rusting, 123, 130e131
    Flattening agents, 125
    Flexibility, 79
    Flocculation, 91e92, 103, 103f
    Flow agent, fumed silica, 196, 197f
    Fluid energy mill, 39e40
    Fluidized bed coating, 193e194,
    193fe195f
    Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP),
    4e5, 5f, 13, 34t
    chemical resistance, 498t
    chemical structure, 5f
    electrical properties, 375, 375f
    fluff, 41e44
    mechanical properties, 347,
    347fe349f
    melting point, 211
    permeation, 387, 387f, 388f,
    388te390t
    powder, 41e44
    thermal properties, 360, 360fe361f,
    361t
    tribology, 294, 295f
    Fluorinated surfactants, 122
    Fluorine
    in fluoropolymers, 335
    sheath, 4
    Fluorine-containing polymers, 1
    Fluoroadditives, 31e33, 41, 341
    irradiated, 41
    Fluoroalkenes, 338e339
    Fluoro copolymers
    chemical properties, 378t
    electrical properties, 373t
    mechanical properties, 344t
    thermal properties, 357t
    Fluoroolefin polymerization, 28
    Fluoropolymers
    adhesive laminating, 207e208, 207t
    coatings, 1, 10, 51
    commercial films, 208, 208t,
    209t
    INDEX 603Fluoropolymers (Continued)
    discovery of, 1e2
    dispersions, 340e341
    disposal of, 335, 342
    endgroups, 28, 28f
    handling and processing, 335e336
    heat bonding, 207
    film production
    melt extrusion, 197e203, 203f
    paste extrusion, 203e204
    skiving, 204, 204f
    one-coats, 60
    paint formulations, 51
    polymerizations, 24e26
    powder, 119e120
    properties, 11e12
    selection of, 147e149, 148te149t
    surface treatment
    atmospheric glow discharge, 207t
    corona treatment, 206, 206t
    flame treatment, 205e206, 206t
    plasma treatment, 206
    sodium etch, 204e205, 205f, 205t
    Fluorotelomer-based coatings, 153
    Foam
    macro, 124
    micro, 124
    Food contact, 311e312, 341
    Formic acid rinse, 130
    Free radical
    mechanism, 15e16
    reaction, 16
    Fretting wear, 280
    Frictional force
    asperities, 277e278
    basic frictional forces, 277, 277f
    block and coated plate contact,
    277e278, 277f
    coefficient of friction, 277
    Teflon PTFE, 278, 279f
    Vespel SP-21, 278, 278f
    kinetic, 277
    properties, 278
    static, 277e278
    testing, 283e284, 283fe284f
    Fuel pump coatings, 323
    Fume fever, 339
    Fumed silica, 196e197, 197f
    Fuser rolls, 321e322, 321f
    G
    Gallon weight, 229, 299e300
    GALVALUME, 142
    Galvanized steel, 142
    Gas permeation, 261e262
    Glass beads, 133
    Glass containment, 322
    Glass transition temperature, 62, 79
    Glycerol, cracking, 151
    Glycol, cracking, 151
    Graham’s law, 262
    Granular resins, 15
    Graphite, 125
    Gravimetric film thickness measurement,
    231
    Grinding media, 84, 88
    Grinding process, 84
    Grit blasting, 131e134, 311, 339
    air pressures, 131e132
    Grit types, properties, 132, 133t
    H
    Halar, 9
    Hammer mill, 39e41, 40f
    Hand-tool manufacturers, 309
    Hansen solubility parameters, 108e109,
    112
    Hard grit, 131
    Hardcoat anodizing, 143
    Hardness, 235
    test, 235
    Health hazards, 338t
    Heat transfer, IR source, 222
    Heating methods
    convection, 220e221
    induction, 223e225, 224fe225f
    infrared, 221e223, 223f
    Heating treatment/thermal cleaning, 130
    Hegman Fineness Gauge, 91, 91f
    Henkel Acheson products, 163t
    Hexafluoropropylene (HFP), 4e5
    as comonomer, 13e14
    Hexafluoropropylene epoxy (HFPO), 13
    Hexafluoropropylene,
    tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene
    terpolymer (HTE), 394, 394t
    Hiding ability of a coating, 96
    High molecular weight amides, 122
    High-bake coatings, 125
    High-build coatings, 192
    High-speed disperser (HSD), 89e90,
    89fe90f
    High-temperature non-fluoropolymer
    binders, properties of, 79,
    80te81t
    High-temperature polymers, 64, 70, 147
    High-temperature processing, thermal
    degradation, 192
    High-volume, low-pressure (HVLP)
    atomization, 173
    Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS),
    125
    Homofluoropolymers
    chemical properties, 378t
    electrical properties, 373t
    mechanical properties, 343t
    thermal properties, 357t
    Homopolymer, 4
    Horizontal media mills, 87e89, 88f
    Hot flocking, 191e192, 192f
    House paint, 51
    Hydantoin, 121
    Hydroblasting, 130
    Hydrofluoric acid production, 13, 27e28
    Hydrogen bonding, 112
    Hydrogen gas, 126
    Hydrolysis of free radicals, 16
    Hygroscopic silica, 126
    Hysteresis heating, 225
    I
    ILAG, 160
    ILAG Bakeware Coating Systems, 318t
    ILAG Cookware Coating Systems, 315t
    ILAG Small Electric Appliances Coating
    Systems, 320t
    Impeller variations, 154
    Indirect-fired gas systems, 221
    Induction baking, 223e225, 224f
    Induction heating, 223e225, 224fe225f
    Infrared heating, 221e223, 223f
    Ingredients
    order of addition, 150
    selection of, 312
    Inherently conductive polymers, 124
    Inhibitors
    corrosion, 123
    rust, 123
    Initiation, 4, 15e16
    Initiators, 15e16
    bisulfite, 15e16
    Inorganic acids, 30
    Inorganic glass, 74
    Inorganic pigments, 96e98, 97t
    Inorganic salts, 30
    Instron peel test, 237, 238f
    Intercoat adhesion, 235
    Inversions, 9
    IR curing, 222
    IR ovens, 222, 223f
    IR source heat transfer, 222
    IR thermometers, 216
    Iron impregnation, 133
    Iron phosphates, 136e137
    Irradiated fluoropolymers, 311e312
    Irradiation, 38
    ISO 3231, 239e240
    Isocyanate group, 77
    604 INDEXJ
    Jet mill, 39e40, 39f
    K
    Kapton, 67e68
    Kesternich test, 239e240, 240f
    Ketjen black, 96, 101
    Kinetic coefficient of friction, 277
    KYNAR, 8, 10
    L
    Landau-Levich equation, 175
    Lawn and garden tools, 309
    Leveling, 111
    Licensees, 308
    Light bulbs, 322, 322f
    Liquid bulk/direct coatings, 51e52
    coil, 179e180, 179fe180f
    curtain, 178e179, 179f
    by dip, 176, 176f
    by dip-spin, 176e177, 177f
    meniscus-coating techniques, 175
    pad printing, 182e183, 182f
    postforming, 182
    properties, 52
    roller, 180e182, 181f
    spin-flow, 177e178, 178f
    Light colored primers, 64
    Liquid paint, spray, 171
    Liquid spray techniques
    conventional spray coating, 171e172,
    172f
    electrostatic spray application,
    173e175, 173fe175f
    high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP),
    173
    types, 171
    Linear reciprocating abrasion testing,
    286, 286f
    Low Build Topcoat, 307
    Lower explosive limit (LEL), 118
    Lucite, 74e75
    Lumiflon, 10e11, 11f
    M
    Magnetic “permeability”, 225
    Magnetic pull-off gauges, 230, 230f
    Manual Tiger Paw Test, 256
    Manufacturing equipment, 149e150
    Marine organisms, preventing attachment
    of, 122e123
    Market segments, industrial, 311
    Mechanical Tiger Paw (MTP), 256e257,
    257f
    Media mills
    attrition mills, 89, 89f
    dispersion process, 86
    horizontal media mills, 87e89, 88f
    sand mills, 86e87, 87f
    vertical mills, 86e87
    Medical applications, 341
    Medical devices, coatings, 326e327,
    327f
    Melamine formaldehyde, dispersing aid,
    152
    Melt creep viscosity, PTFE, 16
    Melt viscosity, 4e5, 10, 192e193
    Melting, 211
    IR radiation, 221
    Melting point, fluoroplastics, 343t
    Meniscus-coating techniques, 175
    Mesh number, 156
    “Metal temperature”, 215
    Metallic soaps, 122
    Metal paint interface, 139e141,
    139fe140f
    MFA, 393, 393t, 394f
    Mica pigments, 98
    Micrometer film thickness measurement,
    232
    Micron sizes, for screens, 156
    Micropowders, 33, 36
    Microscopic film thickness measurement,
    232
    Mixing
    impellers, 154
    instructions, 153
    RPM, 150
    Modified granular PTFE, improvements,
    4
    Moisture scavengers, 126
    Mold-release applications, 309
    Molecular weight, micropowders, 31e33
    Molybdenum disulfide, 125
    Monomers
    polytetrafluoroethylene, 13
    structures, 3f
    Morpholine, 123
    Mud-cracking, 211, 213, 302e303
    Multibody impact wear, 280
    Multiple coats, powder coatings, 191
    Multiple-layered films, 266e267
    Multiple polar groups, 122
    N
    Nanoscale titanium dioxide, 121
    National Association of Corrosion
    Engineers International (NACE),
    143e144
    Newtonian flow, 53, 53f
    Non-cookware applications, 329t, 331t
    Non-Fickian diffusion, 265
    Nonfluoropolymer binders, 60e78
    Nonmetallic substrates, 138
    Nonperfluorinated polymers, 147
    Non-polar parameter, 112
    Nonsolvents, 114
    Nonstick coatings, 122e123
    Nonstick cookware, 308
    Nonstick testing, 254, 255f
    Nondestructive measurements, 230e232
    Nozzles, for spray guns, 171
    O
    Occupational Safety and Health Act
    (OSHA), 336
    Oil production and refining, 327, 328f
    One-coat coatings, 64
    Optical pyrometers, 216
    Orange peel, 304e305, 305f
    Organic polyesters, 77
    Organic substrates, 138e139
    Overheating, 337
    Overspray, 190
    Oxidation products, 338e339
    Oxygen, in oven air, 213e214
    Ozone, 138e139, 341e342
    P
    Painting, bulk applications, 171
    Paints
    adding pigments, 83e84
    color matching, 94
    defects, 299
    density, 299e300
    dry, 185
    recipe, 149
    Paper making rollers, 326
    Partially fluorinated polymers, 3
    Particle morphology, 194e195
    Particle sizes, power, 192
    Particulates, 303, 338e339
    Pebble mill, 84e86, 84fe86f
    Peel tests, 235
    Peeling cookware, 258
    Pencil hardness test, 287e288, 287f
    Pencil type, thickness gauge, 230, 230f
    Percolation threshold, 101e103
    Perfluorinated polymers, 147
    Perfluorinated side groups, 10
    Perfluoro-2-alkoxy-propionyl fluoride,
    14
    Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) polymer, 5,
    5fe6f, 29, 34t
    chemical resistance, 523t
    chemical structure, 5f
    electrical properties, 376, 376f
    mechanical properties, 349, 349fe351f
    INDEX 605Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) polymer (Continued)
    melt point, 192
    permeation, 391e393, 391t, 392f, 392t
    powders, 194e195
    thermal properties, 361, 361t,
    362fe363f
    tribology, 294, 295t, 296f
    Perfluoroalkylvinylethers (PAVEs), 13
    Perfluorocarbon solvents, 28
    Perfluoropolymers, 3
    Perfluoropropylvinylether, 14
    Performance tests, 227
    “Permeability”, magnetic, 225
    Permeation
    of coatings, 268e269
    gases and vapors transport, solid
    materials
    Arrhenius equation. See Arrhenius
    equation
    effusion, 262e263, 262f, 263t
    multiple-layered films, 266e267
    non-Fickian diffusion, 265
    solution-diffusion and pore-flow
    models, 263e265, 263fe265f
    gas permeation, 261e262
    properties, 261
    and vapor transmission testing
    ASTM, 269, 271t
    coatings, substrates, 274
    defect-free free-standing film,
    272e274
    DIN, 269, 273t
    free paint film preparation, 274
    gas permeability units, 269
    gas permeation test cells, 270, 274f
    ISO, 269, 273t
    IUPAC’s STP, 270
    JIS, 269, 274t
    standard tests, 272
    TAPPI, 269, 274t
    vapor permeation cup testing,
    270e272, 270t, 274f, 275f
    wet-free film, 269
    Personal protective equipment, 337
    Persulfate, degradation of, 16
    Pfund Gauge, 233e234, 234f
    pH, 126e127
    Phosphate coatings treatment, 136
    Phosphate esters, 122
    Pigment dispersions, 152
    Pigment level, 304
    Pigments, 52
    acicular distribution, 100
    additives, 83e84
    concentration, 101e103, 103f, 105
    food contact, 312
    measure of, 105
    mica, 98e99, 98fe99f
    paint formulations, 93, 93f
    purpose, 94
    used in fluoropolymer coatings, 96
    Pin-on-disk abrasion testing, 285e286,
    285f
    Pinholes, in coatings, 299
    Pistons, coatings, 322e323
    Planck’s law, 216e217
    Plasma treatment, 139
    handheld devices, 139
    Plastic grit, 133
    Plexiglass, 74e75
    Polar/dipole, 112
    Polar groups, 138e139
    Polyaddition reaction, 15
    Polyamideeimide (PAI), 60e62,
    61fe62f, 63t, 113, 213
    chemical structure, 62f
    Polyamide-imide binder, 149
    Polyaniline, 124
    Polyaryletherketones (PAEK), 68e70,
    69te72t
    Polybasic acid, 77
    Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE),
    9e10, 10f, 398, 398te400t
    chemical resistance, 505t
    chemical structure, 10f
    electrical properties, 377, 377f
    mechanical properties, 352,
    352fe354f
    thermal properties, 365, 365f, 365t
    Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), 70,
    70te72t
    Polyetherimide (PEI), 70e74, 73fe75f,
    75t
    binder, 149
    Polyetherimide sulfone, 73f
    Polyethersulfone (PES), 62, 64f, 113
    binder, 149
    Polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene
    (ECTFE), 294, 294t
    Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE),
    294, 294t, 295f
    Polyhydric alcohol, 77
    Polyimide (PI), 67e68, 67fe68f,
    68t
    Polymer fume fever, 339
    Polymerization, 14e28
    reaction, tetrafluoroethylene, 17
    Polymers, solubility and dissolution,
    84e86
    Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA),
    74e75
    Polyols, for cracking, 151
    Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 66e67, 66f,
    67t
    binder, 149
    Polyphenylenesulfone (PPSU), 65,
    65f, 66t
    Polysiloxanes, 122
    Polysulfone, 62e64, 65f, 65t
    Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 13, 31t,
    33t, 45t
    agglomerates, 30e31
    chemical resistance, 415t
    electrical properties, 374, 374f
    degradation, 33, 35e36
    fibrillated, 30e31, 35f
    granular, 15, 33
    homopolymers, 16, 381e386,
    381te385t, 385f
    irradiated, 36, 39e41, 39fe40f
    mechanical properties, 344,
    344fe347f
    modified PTFE, 386t
    molecular weight, 15e16
    monomers, 13
    radiation-induced degradation reaction
    scheme, 36f
    scrap, 341
    self ignition temperature, 340
    structure, 3f
    thermal decomposition, 13, 35
    thermal properties, 357, 357fe359f,
    359t
    tribology, 292f, 292t, 293, 293f
    Polyurethanes, 77
    Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 35t, 397, 397f,
    397t, 398f
    chemical structure, 9f
    thermal properties, 364, 364f
    Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 8e9, 8f,
    27e28, 400, 400f, 401f,
    402f, 402t
    chemical resistance, 536te587t
    chemical structure, 8f
    mechanical properties, 354,
    354fe355f
    thermal properties, 366, 366t, 367f
    Popping, 301e302
    Postboiling cross-hatch tape adhesion
    test, 236, 236fe237f, 237t
    Postboiling nail adhesion test, 236e237,
    237f, 237t
    Postforming coatings, 182
    Powder coatings, 311
    and films, 185e209
    Powder dispersions, 152
    Powder fluorocoating products, 194
    formulation, 194e197, 196f
    606 INDEXPowder particles, charging, 188
    Powder pump, 185e186, 187f
    Powdered fluoropolymer, 83
    Primers, 130, 143
    Printers, coatings, 311
    Production code, 149
    Profilometers, 132, 145e146, 145f
    Propagation, of free radicals, 16
    Protective clothing, 340e341
    Pseudoplastic flow, 53, 54f
    Pull-off adhesion test, 237e238
    Pull-off gauges, 230
    Pulmonary edema, 338t
    Pumps, powder, 185e186, 187f
    Pyrolysis
    fumes, 337e338
    reaction, 14
    Pyrometers, 216
    R
    Radial impellers, 154
    Radiation
    black body, 216
    exposure, 36
    resistance, 67e68
    Radical, 15, 27
    Raw dispersions, 28, 30
    Raw fluoropolymers, 1
    Razor blade coatings, 327e328, 328f
    Reactor deflagration, 17
    Reactor tanks, 325e326, 325f
    Recipes, 149e150
    Regulatory agencies, food contact, 312
    Release coatings, polysiloxane, 318
    Remote sensing device, 218
    Repro, molding powders, 341
    Residual voids, 16
    Resin-bonded coating, 310, 323
    Resins
    epoxy, 75e76, 76f
    fine powder, 15
    polyamideeimide, 61
    Respirators, 336e337, 340e341
    Rheocin, 123
    Rheology, 52e58
    Rollback thickness gauge, 230f
    Roller coating, 180e182, 181f,
    321e322, 326, 327f
    Rolling contact wear, 280,
    280f
    Rotogravure, 180
    Rotorestator, 90, 90f
    Rotoviscometer, 53
    Roughness, 144e146
    Rust inhibiting formulations,
    commercial, 141e142
    S
    Sagging, 193, 193f
    Salt corrosion test, 259
    Salt fog test, 238
    Salt spray resistance, 142
    Salt spray test, 238e239, 239f
    Sand grit, 133
    Sand mill, 86e87, 87f
    Sand paper abrasion test, 257e258, 257f
    Scouring pad abrasion test, 258
    Scrap material, 341
    Scratches, cookware, 256, 258
    Scratching device, tiger paw, 256
    Screens, mesh or micron size, 156
    Scotch-Brite Egg Release Test, 258
    Seat belt D-rings, 323, 323f
    Semiconductor industry applications, 326
    Shear force, 299
    Shear rate, 53
    Shear stability, of dispersions, 151
    Shear stress, 52e53
    Shear-thickening, 53
    Shear-thinning, 53e54
    Shelf life, 156
    solvent-based coatings, 152
    Shore (durometer)/Rockwell hardness,
    288, 288f
    Shrinkage, 193, 193f
    Sieves, 156
    Silanes, 120
    Silica grit, 133
    Silicon carbide, 100
    grit, 133
    Silicon dioxide, 101, 102t
    grit, 133
    Silk-screen coating, 183
    Siltem, 73
    SilverStone, 310e311
    Single Package Primer, 307
    Sintering, 2
    “Skin depth”, 224e225
    Skin over, 222, 301
    Sliding wear process, 278e280
    Slurry erosion tests, 289e290
    Snake oils, 119
    Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC),
    143e144
    Soda lime glass, 133
    Sodium bicarbonate slurries, 132
    Sodium chromate, 136
    Solegel, 77e78
    Solubility, 235
    paint materials, 112, 113f
    perfluorinated solvents, 153
    Solution-diffusion and pore-flow models,
    263e265, 263fe265f
    Solvay, 160
    Solvents
    application properties, 107
    classes, 83e90, 84f
    cleaning, 130
    composition, 111, 112f
    evaporation, 302e303
    molecules, 99
    pops, in coatings, 299, 302
    system, 107e118
    Solvent-based coatings, 152
    Spectragraphics, 310e311
    Spin-flow coating, 177e178, 178f
    Splitting, 302
    Spontaneous ignition, 118
    Spray booth, 336
    Spray can, 171
    Spray coating, 316t. See also Liquid
    spray techniques
    Spray dryer, key components, 44e46, 46f
    Spray gun, 171, 185e186, 188, 188f
    Spray sintering, 46, 46f
    Spray techniques
    electrostatic spray, 185
    hot flocking, 191e192, 192f
    Spray velocity, 171
    Spraying molten metal, 136
    Stability, 27, 29
    Stabilizers, 125
    Stack gas treatment, 38
    Stain resistance, 310
    Staining
    of coatings, 309
    cookware, 256
    Stainless steel shot, 133
    Static electricity, 101
    Static coefficient of friction, 277
    Steel grit, 133
    Steel wool abrasion test (SWAT),
    257e258, 257f
    StefaneBoltzmann law, 216
    Steric stabilization, 92, 92f
    Stokes’ Law, 92e93, 124e125
    Strainers, 156
    Stratification, 60, 60f
    control, 311
    Stresses, in coatings, 302
    Stylus deflection, 146
    Styrene, heat of polymerization, 14
    Substrate adhesion, 235
    Substrate preparation, 130e139
    Substrate roughness
    replica tape measures, 144e145, 144f,
    145t
    stylus measures, 145e146, 145fe146f
    visual comparator measures, 145, 145f
    INDEX 607Sulfur dioxide, corrosion test, 239e240
    Sulfuric anodizing, 142e143
    Supercritical carbon dioxide, 27
    Surface-active agent coating, 92
    Surface area
    calculation, 58
    roughened, 131
    Surface profiles, 132, 144
    Surface tension, 112e113, 113f, 299
    vs. surfactant concentration, 93f
    Surface fatigue wear, 280
    Surfactants
    in aqueous dispersions, 150e151
    with fluorocoatings, 125
    perfluorinated carboxylic ammonium,
    16e17
    polymerization, 17e26
    Surging powder, 191
    Suspension method, 15
    Suspension polymerization, 15, 17e18
    T
    Taber Abraser, 286e287, 286f
    Taber shear/scratch tester, 288, 288f
    Tallmadge Withdrawal Theory, 175
    Target absorptivity factor, 222
    Tedlar, 9
    Tefal, 307e308
    Teflon AF, 5e6, 6f
    Teflon-S, 60, 309
    Teflon, 1e2, 307e310
    TEFLON ETFE coatings, 158
    TEFLON FEP coatings, 158
    Teflon NXT resins, 4
    TEFLON one-coat systems, 158e159
    TEFLON PFA coatings, 158
    TEFLON primers, 159e160, 159t
    TEFLON PTFE coatings, 158
    Temperature dependence, viscosity, 110
    Temperatures
    maximum continuous-use, 337
    measurement, optical pyrometers, 216
    monitoring, 211, 215
    noncontact measurement, 216e218
    processing, 338
    remote sensing devices, 217
    vs. weight loss rates, 356, 356f
    Termination, 4
    of endgroups, 16
    Terpolymer, 7
    Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 1
    autopolymerization inhibitors, 14
    deflagration, 14
    heat of polymerization, 14
    monomer, 13e14
    polymerization, 14
    Tetrafluoroethylene,
    hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene
    fluoride terpolymer (THV), 395,
    395t
    Tetrafluoromethane, 338e339
    T-fal, 160
    Thermal degradation, high-temperature
    processing, 192
    Thermal stability, 60e61, 235, 338
    of polymers, 147
    Thermocouples, 215e216, 215t
    Thermoplastic polyimide, 67, 68f
    Thermoplastics, 68, 341
    Thermosets, 76
    Thick films
    electrostatic spray, 185
    hot flocking, 191
    Thick fluoropolymer coating, 191e192,
    192f
    Thickeners, 123e124
    Thin films, 191e192
    electrostatic spray, 185
    Thinner, 109, 109f
    Thixotropic flow, 53e54, 54f
    Thixotropic loop, 53e54
    Thrust washer abrasion testing, 284e285,
    284fe285f
    Tiger paw test, 256
    Titanates, 120, 121f
    tetraalkyl, 120
    Toluene, 141
    Toner beads, 310e311
    Tools, coatings, 309
    Toxic gases, 339
    Toxicity, of fluoropolymers, 335
    Tribocharge, 310
    Tribocharging power gun, 189, 190f
    Triboelectric charge, 321
    Triboelectric series, 189, 189t
    Tribology, 253
    applications, 291e292
    ASTM and ISO standard tests, 290, 290t
    for cookware, 287
    falling abrasive erosion test, 288e289,
    289f, 290t
    fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP),
    294, 295f
    friction. See Frictional force
    linear reciprocating abrasion testing,
    286, 286f
    pencil hardness test, 287e288, 287f
    perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 294, 295t, 296f
    pin-on-disk abrasion testing, 285e286,
    285f
    polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene
    (ECTFE), 294, 294t
    polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene
    (ETFE), 294, 294t, 295f
    polytetrafluoroethylene, 292f, 292t, 293,
    293f
    Shore (durometer)/Rockwell hardness,
    288, 288f
    slurry erosion tests, 289e290
    Taber Abraser, 286e287, 286f
    Taber shear/scratch tester, 288, 288f
    thrust washer abrasion testing, 284e285,
    284fe285f
    tribometers, 283
    wear
    classification, 278, 279f
    definition, 278
    impact wear, 280
    PV limit, 282e283
    rolling contact wear, 280, 280f
    sliding wear process, 278e280
    wear factor, 281e282, 281fe282f
    wear rate, 281
    Triethyl amine, 141
    Tumble blast, 135, 135f
    Tunnel ovens, 213, 216, 221
    Two-body impact wear, 280
    Two-package primers, 309
    Tyvek, 340e341
    U
    Ultem, 73e74
    Ultrasonic film thickness gauge, 231,
    231f
    Upper explosive limit (UEF), 118
    UV absorbers, 125
    UV curing, 225
    V
    Vapor degreasing, 130
    Vapor permeation cup testing, 270e272,
    270t, 274f, 275f
    Vapor pocket, 301
    Venturi pump, 185e186
    Vertical paint film, 299
    Vespel, 67e68
    Vespel SP-21
    coefficient of friction, 278, 278f
    wear factor, 281e282, 281fe282f
    Vibratory box feeder, 185, 187f
    Victrex, 160
    View factor, 222
    Vinyl chloride, heat of polymerization,
    14
    Virgin molding polymers, 341
    Viscosity, 52e58, 109
    dispersion-based products, 151
    measurement, 227e229
    608 INDEXpaint formulation, 93, 93f
    temperature, 109e111
    Viscosity cups, 228t
    Viscous resistance, 92e93
    Voids, closure, 16
    Volatile gases, 180
    Voltage blocking equipment, 175
    Volume solids, 58
    Volumetric film thickness measurement,
    231
    W
    Walnut shells, 133
    Waste fluoropolymer, 341
    Water, 107
    purified, 17
    spots, 305, 305f
    Water-based coatings, 150e152
    Wear
    classification, 278, 279f
    definition, 278
    impact wear, 280
    PV limit, 282e283
    rolling contact wear, 280, 280f
    sliding wear process, 278e280
    wear factor, 281e282, 281fe282f
    wear rate, 281
    Weathering
    atmospheric pollutants, 242
    factors, 240
    laboratory-accelerated tests, 246e252,
    247t, 248f, 248te249t, 250f, 250t,
    251f
    outdoor testing, 243e245, 244fe246f
    photodegradation and
    photooxidationeUV degradation
    process, 242, 243f, 243t
    physical process, 241e242
    Weight solids, 58
    Weilburger/Greblon Bakeware Coating
    Systems, 317t
    Weilburger/Greblon Cookware Coating
    Systems, 315t
    Weilburger/Greblon SEA Coating
    Systems, 320t
    Weld-nut/stud coating, 323e324, 323f
    Wet abrasive blasting, 134
    Wet film gauge, 233e234
    Wet film thickness (WFT), 233
    measurement, 234f
    Wetting, 112e113, 113f
    Wheel blasting, 134e135, 134fe135f
    Wheel sanding, 135
    White Teflon, 310
    Whitford Worldwide Bakeware CoilCoating Systems, 317t
    Whitford Worldwide Bakeware Small
    Electric Appliances Coating
    systems, 319t
    Whitford Worldwide Bakeware Spray
    Coating Systems, 316t
    Whitford Worldwide Cookware Coating
    Systems, 314t
    Wien displacement, 221
    Wire brushing, 135
    Wrinkling, of fluorinated finishes, 304
    Z
    Zahn cup, 227e229, 227f
    number, 227e229
    Zeolite matrix, 121e122
    Zinc electroplating, 142
    Zinc phosphate process, 136

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