Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers – 3rd Edition

Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers – 3rd Edition
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Laurence W. McKeen
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Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers – 3rd Edition
Laurence W. McKeen
Table of contents
Chapter 1. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers
1.1 Polymerization
1.2 Copolymers
1.3 Linear, Branched and Crosslinked Polymers
1.4 Polarity
1.5 Unsaturation
1.6 Steric Hindrance
1.7 Isomers
1.8 Inter and Intra Molecular Attractions in Polymers
1.9 General Classifications
1.10 Plastic Compositions
1.11 Summary
REFERENCES
Chapter 2. Introduction to the Properties of Plastic and Elastomer Films
2.1 Physical Property Testing of Plastic Films
2.2 Mechanical Testing of Plastic Films
2.3 Thermal Property Testing of Plastic Films
2.4 Electrical Properties of Films
2.5 Permeation of Films
REFERENCES
Chapter 3. Production of Films
3.1 Extrusion
3.2 Blown Film
3.3 Calendering
3.4 Casting Film Lines
3.5 Post Film Formation Processing
3.6 Web Coating
3.7 Lamination
3.8 Orientation
3.9 Skiving8
3.10 Coatings
3.11 Summary
REFERENCES
Chapter 4. Uses of Barrier Films
4.1 Barrier Films in Packaging
Chapter 5. Styrenic Plastics
5.1 Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Copolymer
5.2 Acrylonitrile–Styrene–Acrylate
5.3 Polystyrene
5.4 Styrene–Acrylonitrile Copolymer
REFERENCES

  1. Polyesters
    6.1 Liquid Crystalline Polymers
    6.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate
    6.3 Polycarbonate
    6.4 Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene Terephthalate
    6.5 Polyethylene Naphthalate
    6.6 Polyethylene Terephthalate
    REFERENCES
  2. Polyimides
    7.1 Polyamide–Imide
    7.2 Polyetherimide
    7.3 Polyimide
    REFERENCES
  3. Polyamides (Nylons)
    8.1 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6)
    8.2 Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12)
    8.3 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66)
    8.4 Polyamide 66/610 (Nylon 66/610)
    8.5 Polyamide 6/12 (Nylon 6/12)
    8.6 Polyamide 666 (Nylon 666 or 6/66)
    8.7 Polyamide 6/69 (Nylon 6/69)
    8.8 Nylon 1010
    8.9 Specialty Polyamides
    REFERENCES
  4. Polyolefins
    9.1 Polyethylene
    9.2 Polypropylene
    9.3 Polybutene-1
    9.4 Polymethyl Pentene
    9.5 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
    9.6 Plastomer
    REFERENCES
  5. Polyvinyls and Acrylics
    10.1 Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
    10.2 Ethylene–Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    10.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol
    10.4 Polyvinyl Chloride
    10.5 Polyvinylidene Chloride
    10.6 Polyacrylics
    10.7 Acrylonitrile–Methyl Acrylate Copolymer
    10.8 Ionomers
    REFERENCES
  6. Fluoropolymers
    11.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene
    11.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
    11.3 Perfluoroalkoxy
    11.4 Amorphous Fluoropolymer—Teflon AF®
    11.5 Polyvinyl Fluoride
    11.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    11.7 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
    11.8 Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer
    11.9 Ethylene–Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer
    REFERENCES
  7. High Temperature/High Performance Polymers
    12.1 Polyetheretherketone
    12.2 Polysiloxane
    12.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide
    12.4 Polysulfone
    12.5 Polyethersulfone
    12.6 Polybenzimidazole
    12.7 Parylene (poly(p-xylylene))
    12.8 Polyphenylene Sulfone
    REFERENCES
  8. Elastomers and Rubbers
    13.1 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers
    13.2 Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers
    13.3 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers
    13.4 Thermoplastic Polyether Block Polyamide Elastomers (PEBA)
    13.5 Styrenic Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers
    13.6 Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene
    REFERENCES
  9. Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers
    14.1 Cellophane™
    14.2 Nitrocellulose
    14.3 Cellulose Acetate
    14.4 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
    14.5 Ethyl Cellulose
    14.6 Polycaprolactone
    14.7 Poly (Lactic Acid)
    14.8 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB or PH3B)
    REFERENCES
    Index
    Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.
    3-layer blown film die, 60f
    9-layer blown film die, 60f
    10-layer stacked die, 58f
    A
    ABS see Acrylonitrileebutadieneestyrene
    Aclar PCTFE film (Honeywell), 291t
    Acrylics, 189f
    Acrylonitrileebutadieneestyrene (ABS), 81
    gas permeation, 82t, 83t, 84t
    INEOS ABS Lustran 246 ABS, 84f
    SABIC Innovative Plastics Cycolac ABS, 82t
    water vapor permeation, 82t, 83t
    Acrylonitrileemethyl acrylate (AMA), 245e250
    applications, 245
    carbon dioxide permeation, 249f
    chemical structure, 248f
    gas permeation, 249t
    INEOS Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate
    Copolymers, 249t
    oxygen permeation, 249f, 250f
    water vapor permeation, 249t
    Acrylonitrileestyreneeacrylate (ASA), 81e83
    gas permeation, 84t, 85t
    water vapor permeation, 85t
    Addition polymerization, 1e2, 2f
    Additives, 12e18
    antiblock additives, 15e16
    antistatic additives, 17e18
    slip additives, 15
    Adflex PP (LlyondellBasell)
    carbon dioxide permeation, 204t
    oxygen permeation, 205t
    Advanced Elastomer Systems Santoprene TPO
    gas permeation, 344t
    water vapor transmission, 344t
    Aegis Nylon 6 films (Honeywell), 159, 161t
    Aegis Nylon 6/66 films (Honeywell), 176t
    AF see Amorphous fluoropolymer
    AFFINITY PF Plastomer Resins, 211, 214t
    Agricultural chemicals/films, 74
    Ajedium films PEEK film, 317t, 318t
    Ajedium films PES film, properties of, 328t
    Ajedium Halar ECTFE film, properties of, 308t
    Alkenes, 189
    Alternating copolymers, 2
    AMA see Acrylonitrileemethyl acrylate
    American Society for Testing and Materials
    see ASTM International
    Amideeimide polymers, 126t, 127t
    Amino acids, 158f
    Amorphous fluoropolymer (AF), 271e278
    applications, 278
    chemical structure, 278f
    pure gas permeation, 280t
    Amorphous PET, 122f
    Amorphous plastics, 10e11
    see also individual plastics
    Amorphous polyamide (nylon), 171e180
    applications, 177e180
    carbon dioxide permeation, 181t
    chemical structure, 180f, 181f
    nitrogen permeation, 181t
    oxygen permeation, 181t, 182f
    water vapor permeation, 181t
    Amorphous regions, 255
    Anisotropic films, 21
    Antiblock additives, 15e16
    Antioxidants, 18
    Antistatic additives, 17e18
    APTIV 1000 series films, 315
    APTIV 1100 series films, 315
    APTIV 1300 black cosmetic grade film, 316
    APTIV 2000 series films, 315
    APTIV 2100 series films, 316
    Arkema Evatane, 220, 222t
    Arkema Kynar PVDF film, properties of, 294t
    Arkema PEBAX Breathable PEBA films, 349f
    Arkema PEBAX films
    carbon dioxide permeation, 349t
    nitrogen permeation, 349t
    oxygen permeation, 349t
    water vapor permeation, 348t
    Arkema Voltalef PCTFE film, 292t
    379Arrhenius equation, 47e48
    ASA see Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate
    Ashland Aqualon Ethyl Cellulose, 370t
    Asperities, 25
    ASTM D2457-08e1 Standard Test Method, 24
    ASTM D790-03 Standard Test Methods, 30
    ASTM D882-10 Standard Test Method, 27
    ASTM International, 27
    Atactic polypropene, 7
    structure of, 7f
    Atmospheric gases, 73e74
    B
    Bags, 74e75
    Ball-and-stick model, molecules, 5e6
    Barex 210 resins, 248t
    Barrier coatings see Coatings
    Barrier films, 73e80
    see also Films
    BASF AG Polystyrol 168 N GPPS film, 87t
    BASF AG Terluran ABS films
    gas permeation, 83t
    water vapor permeation, 83t
    BASF AG Ultradur PBT, 96t
    BASF Luran S ASA films
    gas permeation, 84t, 85t
    water vapor permeation, 85t
    BASF Luran SAN
    oxygen permeation, 89
    water vapor permeation, 89
    BASF Styrolux films
    carbon dioxide permeation, 349t
    nitrogen permeation, 349t
    oxygen permeation, 349t
    BASF Udel PSU
    gas permeation, 326t
    water vapor permeation, 326t
    BASF Ultradur B4500 PBT film, 96t
    BASF Ultramid A5 Nylon 66 film
    oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation, 169t
    water vapor permeation, 169t
    BASF Ultramid C35 Nylon 6/66 film, 177t
    Bayer MaterialScience Makrolon PC
    carbon dioxide permeation, 101t
    nitrogen permeation, 100t
    oxygen permeation, 100t
    Belt film casting machines, 62f
    BET theory, 46
    Biaxial orientation, 68e69
    Biodegradable plastics, 353
    see also Renewable resource and biodegradable
    polymers
    Bisphenol diamine PMDA polyetherimide, 131f
    Blends, 11e12
    Blister packs, 77, 78f
    Block copolymers, 3
    Blocking, 15
    Blown film
    orientation, 70
    process, 58
    Blown film technology, 92e93
    Blueridge Films BFI 345, 190, 195t
    Bottles, 75
    BPADA monomer structure, 132f
    BPADAeDDS polyetherimide sulfone, 131f
    BPADAePPD polyetherimide, 131f
    Brampton Engineering 10-layer stacked die, 58f
    Branched polymer, 3, 3f
    C
    Calendering, 58e59, 61f
    Capron Nylon 6 films (Honeywell)
    gas permeation, 161t
    water vapor permeation, 162t
    Carbon Filled DuPont Teflon PTFE, 260t
    Casting film lines, 60e61, 62f
    Catalysts, 16
    Celazole PBI membrane (PBI Performance Products Inc.)
    carbon dioxide permeation, 332f
    hydrogen permeation, 331f
    Cellophane, 356e357
    applications, 357
    gas permeation, 359t
    oxygen/water vapor transmission, 359t
    Cellulose acetate, 360e361
    applications, 360e361
    chemical structure, 361f
    common gas permeation, 364f
    dense and high-flux, 363t
    gas permeation, 363t, 363f
    hydrogen sulfide permeation vs. temperature, 365f
    noble gas permeation, 363f, 364f
    Chain entanglement, 8
    Chemical product packaging, 74e75
    Chevron Philips Marlex HDPE, 201t
    Chevron Philips Ryton PPS films
    gas permeation, 323t
    liquid vapor transmission, 323t
    Choice Singapore Polymer, 238t
    CIE (international commission on illumination), 21e22
    Cis-isomer, 6, 6f
    Coatings
    gravure coating, 63
    immersion coating, 66, 66f
    knife on roller coating, 63e64
    metering rod coating, 64, 65t
    reverse roller coating, 63
    slot die coating, 64e66
    vacuum deposition coating, 66e67, 66f
    web coating, 61e63
    380 INDEXCOC see Cyclic olefin copolymer
    Coefficient of friction (COF), 15, 24e26
    Coefficient of thermal expansion, 21
    Color perception and measurement of plastic films, 21e23
    Combustion modifiers, 14
    Composites, 12e13
    Compression film polypropylene, 75
    Condensation polymerization, 2, 2f
    Condiment bottles, 75
    Containers, 74e75
    COPE (thermoplastic copolyester elastomers), 342
    Copolymers, 2e3
    Coupling agents, 17
    Crosslinked polymer, 3, 3f
    Crosslinking
    polymers, 3
    Crystalline and amorphous plastics, 10e11
    Crystalline plastics/polymers, 10e11
    Crystallinity, 30
    Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), 205e209
    applications, 205
    chemical structure, 209f
    Topas Advanced Polymers TOPAS COC, 205e209
    water vapor permeation, 211t
    Cycolac ABS (SABIC Innovative Plastics), 82t
    CYCOLAC GKX4500, typical properties of, 82t
    D
    Daikin Industries Neoflon PCTFE film, 292t
    Daikin Neoflon FEP film, 272f
    gas permeation through, 272t
    Darcy, Henry Gaspard Philibert, 41
    Darcy’s law, 41e42
    parameter descriptions for, 41f
    Dartek Nylon 66 films (Exopack Performance
    Films Inc.), 169t
    Degree of polymerization, 9
    Degree of unsaturation (DoU), 5
    Density, 19e20
    Deposition coating, vacuum, 66e67, 66f
    Deutsches Institut fu¨r Normung see DIN
    Device packaging, 77
    Diacids, 158f
    Diamines, 158f
    Dielectric constant, 38e39
    Dielectric strength, 40
    Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 36
    Dimensional stability on heating, 20e21
    Dimethylsilicone rubber, 319t
    DIN 67530 Reflectometer, 24
    Dip coating, 66, 66f
    Dissipation factor, 40
    Dope, 60
    DoU see Degree of unsaturation
    Dow ATTANE, 193t
    Dow Calibre PC
    carbon dioxide permeation, 101t
    nitrogen permeation, 101t
    oxygen permeation, 101t
    Dow Chemical Attane Blown film
    carbon dioxide permeation, 193t
    oxygen permeation, 193t
    water vapor permeation, 194t
    Dow Chemical Low Acrylonitrile ABS film, 82t
    Dow Chemical Low-Density Polyethylene
    gas permeation, 195t
    solvent vapor permeation, 195t
    Dow Chemical Medium Acrylonitrile Content
    ABS film, 82t
    Dow Chemical Styron PS film, 83t
    Dow Chemical Trycite Oriented PS film, 87t
    Dow Chemical Tyril Low Acrylonitrile
    Content SAN, 89t
    Dow Ethocel ethyl cellulose film, 370f
    Dow Saran PVDC films
    gas permeation, 242t
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 243f
    oxygen permeation, 241t
    water vapor permeation, 242t
    Dow Saranex PVDC, 240t, 243f
    Dow Saranex PVDC Multilayer films
    gas permeation, 241t
    oxygen permeation, 241t
    water permeation, 242t
    Drop dart impact test, 33
    DuPont Elvax EVA, 220
    optical properties, 220t
    oxygen permeation, 220t
    physical property ranges, 220t
    water vapor permeation, 221t
    DuPont FEP Film
    electrical properties of, 265t
    mechanical properties of, 265t
    thermal properties of, 265t
    DuPont Fluorocarbon FEP film
    gas permeation, 266t
    vapor permeation, 266t
    DuPont Hytrel Thermoplastic Copolyester
    Elastomer, 345t
    DuPont Kapton film, 133, 136t, 137t
    AC dielectric strength vs. RH, 144f
    AC dielectric strength vs. temperature, 145f
    dielectric constant vs. frequency, 146f, 147f
    dielectric constant vs. RH, 144f
    dielectric constant vs. temperature, 145f
    dissipation factor vs. frequency, 146f, 147f
    dissipation factor vs. RH, 144f
    dissipation factor vs. temperature, 145f
    elongation, 142f
    elongation vs. temperature, 147
    INDEX 381DuPont Kapton film (Continued)
    gas permeation, 139t
    isothermal weight loss vs. time, 143f, 144f
    modulus vs. temperature, 148f
    oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 148f
    physical properties, 138t, 139t
    retained dielectric strength, 143f
    tensile creep properties, 141f
    tensile strength, 141f
    tensile strength vs. aging, 142f
    tensile stressestrain curves, 141
    thermal properties, 138t
    voltage endurance, 147f
    volume resistivity vs. temperature, 146f
    water vapor permeation, 139t, 140t
    weight loss vs. temperature, 143f
    DuPont Mylar PET, 118f
    DuPont nylon 6, 164f
    DuPont PFA film
    properties of, 274te275t
    DuPont Selar amorphous polyamide
    carbon dioxide permeation, 182t
    oxygen permeation, 182t
    vs. relative humidity, 183f
    vs. temperature, 182f
    DuPont Selar PA Amorphous Nylon, 182t
    DuPont Selar with nylon, 184f
    DuPont SP TTR10AH9 Transparent High Gloss
    PVF film, 285t
    DuPont Surlyn ionomer resins, 251
    DuPont Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer film
    film properties, 252t
    oxygen permeation, 252t
    water vapor permeation, 253t
    DuPont Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer film
    film properties, 252t
    oxygen permeation, 252t
    water vapor permeation, 253t
    DuPont Tedlar product codes, 282t
    DuPont Tedlar PVF, 285t
    DuPont Tedlar PVF film products, 283t
    DuPont Teflon AF, 271e278, 280t
    chemical structure, 278, 278f
    property data for, 279t
    pure gas permeation coefficients, 280t
    DuPont Teflon FEP copolymer
    ammonia permeation, 267t
    gas permeation, 272f
    hydrogen permeation, 267t
    nitrogen permeation, 267t
    oxygen permeation, 267t
    type A, C, and C-20 FEP films, 264t
    type L FEP films, 264t
    DuPont Teflon NXT, 261t
    DuPont Teflon PFA film, 275t
    DuPont Teflon PTFE
    ammonia permeation, 259t
    carbon-filled, 260t
    hydrogen permeation, 259t
    nitrogen permeation, 259t
    oxygen permeation, 259t
    DuPont Tefzel, 297
    DuPont Teijin films Mylar PET films, 108
    carbon dioxide permeation, 111t
    dielectric constant vs. frequency, 117f
    dielectric constant vs. temperature, 117f
    dielectric strength vs. temperature, 116f
    dielectric strength vs. thickness, 117f
    dimension stability vs. relative humidity, 115f
    dimension stability vs. temperature, 114f
    dissipation factor vs. frequency, 118f
    dissipation factor vs. temperature, 117f
    nitrogen permeation, 112t
    oxygen permeation, 112t
    shrinkage vs. temperature, 114f
    stressestrain curves, 113f
    temperature effect on water removal, 116f
    tensile elongation, 115f, 116f
    tensile modulus, 115f
    tensile properties vs. temperature, 114f
    tensile strength, 115f, 116f
    vapor permeation, 113t
    volume resistivity vs. temperature, 118f
    water vapor permeation, 112te113t
    DuPont Zytel 42 Nylon 66 film, 169t
    Dyes, 17
    Dynamic coefficient of friction, 24e25
    Dyneon 6235 G ETFE
    carbon dioxide permeation, 302t
    hydrogen chloride permeation, 303t
    nitrogen permeation, 302t
    oxygen permeation, 302t
    vapor permeation, 303t
    water vapor permeation, 303t
    Dyneon FEP, 272t
    Dyneon PTFE
    fuel vapor permeation through, 262t
    Dyneon TF 1750 PTFE, 260t
    Dyneon TFM 1700 PTFE, 261t
    gas permeation, 261t
    hydrogen permeation, 260t
    water vapor permeation, 261t
    Dyneon TFM 1750 PTFE, 262t
    Dyneon TFM PTFE, 262t
    E
    Eastman Eastar 5445 PCTG Copolyester film, 105t
    Eastman Ecdel 9966 Thermoplastic Copolyester
    Elastomer, 346t
    Easy-peel film, 75
    382 INDEXEcdel 9966 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer
    (Eastman), 346t
    ECTFE see Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
    Effusion, 42e43
    Elastollan TPUs (BASF)
    carbon dioxide permeatin, 349t
    nitrogen permeation, 349t
    oxygen permeation, 349t
    Elastomers, 12, 339e352
    definition, 339
    olefinic TPEs, 340e342
    styrenic block copolymer TPEs, 346e347
    thermoplastic copolyester elastomers, 342e346
    thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers,
    346
    thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, 339e340
    see also individual makes
    Elcometer Payne permeability cups, 54f
    Electrical properties of films, 38e40
    dielectric constant, 38e39
    dielectric strength, 40
    dissipation factor, 40
    surface resistivity, 40
    volume resistivity, 40
    Electrometers, 40
    Electronegativity, 3e4
    Elmendorf tear strength, 33e34, 35f
    Elongation to puncture, 31
    Elvax EVA (DuPont)
    oxygen permeation, 220t
    water vapor permeation, 221t
    EMS Chemie Grivory G16 Amorphous Nylon
    carbon dioxide and nitrogen permeation, 181t
    oxygen permeation, 181t
    water vapor permeation, 181t
    EMS-Grivory Grilamid L 25 Nylon 12 Resin, 165t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 13 SBG, 178t, 179f
    EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 13 SBGX, 179f
    EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 17 SBG, 179t, 180f
    EMS-Grivory Grilon BM 20 SBG, 170t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon F 34 Type 6 Nylon, 161t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon F 50 Type 6 Nylon, 161t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon Nylon 6/12 films, 173t
    water vapor permeation, 174t
    EMS-Grivory Grilon Nylon 669 films, 178t
    EMS-Grivory Nylon 6 films, 159e161
    stress vs. strain, 175f, 176f
    EPS (expanded polystyrene), 83e85
    Equistar Chemicals, 220e221
    Equistar Chemicals Alathon, 198t
    ETFE see Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
    Ethocel ethyl cellulose film (Dow), 370f
    Ethyl cellulose, 361
    applications, 361
    chemical structure, 368f
    Dow Ethocel film, 370f
    gas permeation, 370t, 371f
    Ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer, 250e252
    applications, 251
    structure of, 250f
    Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE),
    305e312
    ammonia permeation, 308t
    applications, 308
    carbon dioxide permeation, 310f
    chemical structure, 306f
    chlorine permeation, 311f
    helium permeation, 310f
    hydrogen chloride/sulfide permeation, 312f
    nitrogen permeation, 310f
    oxygen permeation, 310f
    resins specifications, 306t
    solvent permeation, 309t
    water vapor permeation, 309f
    see also Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE
    Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE),
    293e305
    applications, 297
    carbon dioxide permeation, 302t
    chemical structure, 299f
    chlorine gas permeation, 305f
    gas permeation, 306f
    oxygen permeation, 302t
    water vapor permeation, 303t
    Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), 219e221
    applications, 219
    oxygen permeation, 220t, 224f
    polymer structures, 219f
    water vapor permeation, 221t, 224f
    Ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 221e225
    applications, 224e225
    chemical structure, 224f
    see also EVAL; Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH
    Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH),
    91e92
    EVA see Ethylene-vinyl acetate
    EVAL E Series EthyleneeVinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins
    carbon dioxide permeation, 232f
    organic solvents, 230t
    oxygen permeation, 229t
    oxygen transmission, 227t
    EVAL EF-XL Biaxially Oriented EVOH film
    organic solvents, 230t
    oxygen permeation, 228t, 229t
    EVAL EthyleneeVinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    d-limonene permeation, 231t
    fluorocarbon permeation, 227t
    polymer grade series, 225t
    resin grades, 226t, 227t
    INDEX 383EVAL EVOH films
    oxygen permeation vs.
    ethylene content, 232f
    temperature, 231f
    vs. relative humidity, 232f
    EVAL EVOH Grades, 228t
    EVAL F Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins
    organic solvents, 230t
    oxygen permeation, 229t
    oxygen transmission rate, 227t
    EVAL H Series Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
    (EVOH) Resins
    gas permeation, 228t
    EVOH see Ethyleneevinyl alcohol
    Evonik Degussa AG Vestamid Terra DS PA1010, 180t
    Evonik Industries, 244t, 245t
    Evonik Industries Trogamid TCR Film, 185t
    Exopack Performance films Inc. Dartek Nylon
    66 films, 169t
    Exopack Scairfilm LLDPE films, 194t
    Exopack Scairfilm LWS-1/LWS-2 Laminating MDPE
    films, 196t
    Exopack Sclairfilm LX-1 LLDPE film, 194t
    Expanded polystyrene (EPS), 82e83
    Extem XH 1015 PEI membranes, 135t
    Extenders, 17
    Extruded polystyrene (XPS), 83e85
    Extrusion, 57e58, 64e66
    blown film process, 58
    consumer packaging polystyrene, 75
    Extrusion cast film, 24
    ExxonMobil Chemical, 252, 253t
    ExxonMobil Exact Plastomer Resins, 211, 217t
    ExxonMobil HDPE, 198, 199t
    F
    Fabric film laminates, 75e76
    FEP see Fluorinated ethylene propylene
    FEP resin specifications according to ASTM D2116, 263t
    Fillers, 12e13
    Film dies, 58f, 60f
    Films
    lamination, 67
    post-production, 61e63
    production, 57e72
    purpose, 73
    solvent-casting process, 60e61, 62f
    see also Barrier films Individual makes of film;
    membranes; polymers
    Fire retardants, 14
    Flame lamination, 67
    Flame retardants, 14
    Flavor permeation, packaging, 74
    Flexural properties, 30
    Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), 263e268
    ammonia permeation, 267t
    applications, 263
    chemical structure, 263f
    fuel vapor permeation, 272t
    gas permeation, 266t, 272f
    helium permeation, 273f
    hydrogen permeation, 267t
    nitrogen permeation, 273f
    oxygen permeation, 267t
    vapor permeation, 266t
    Fluorocarbon FEP film (DuPont)
    gas permeation, 266t
    vapor permeation, 266t
    Fluoropolymers, 255e313
    amorphous fluoropolymer, 271e278
    ethyleneechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, 305e308
    ethyleneetetrafluoroethylene copolymer, 293e305
    fluorinated ethylene propylene, 263e268
    Daikin Neoflon, 263
    DuPont Teflon, 263
    melting point ranges, 257t
    monomer structures, 256f
    perfluoroalkoxy, 268e271
    polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 280e282
    polytetrafluoroethylene, 255e257
    polyvinyl fluoride, 278e280
    DuPont Tedlar, 279e280
    polyvinylidene fluoride, 282e289
    Teflon AF, 276
    Foam extrusion thermoforming, 76
    Food wrap film, 76
    Form fill and seal packaging, 75
    Frictional force, 24
    G
    Gas permeation test cells, 53
    General purpose polystyrene see Polystyrene
    Geomembranes, 76
    Geometric isomers, 6
    German Institute for Standardization see DIN
    Glass transition temperature, 36
    Gloss measurement, 23
    of plastic films, 23e24
    GPPS (general purpose polystyrene) see Polystyrene
    Graft copolymers, 3
    Graham, Thomas, 41e42
    Graham’s law of effusion, 42
    Graphite, 15
    Gravure coating, 63
    Grivory see EMS
    H
    Halar ECTFE see Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE
    Haze measurement, 24
    384 INDEXHDPE see High-density polyethylene
    Head-to-tail isomers, 2, 6f
    Heat resistant film, 76
    Heat seal resins, 76
    Heat-shrinkable polypropylene film, 76
    High clarity LLDPE film, 76
    High molecular-weight, high-density polyethylenes
    (HMW-HDPE), 190e195, 198t
    High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 190e198
    ammonia permeation, 202t
    ExxonMobil, 198
    gas permeation, 201t, 203f
    hydrogen permeation, 202t
    LyondellBasell, 195e197
    nitrogen permeation, 202t
    NOVA Chemicals Sclair HDPE films,
    198, 201t
    oxygen permeation, 201t, 202t
    High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 3, 85, 85f
    High-performance/temperature polymers,
    315e337
    High-speed puncture test, 31e33
    HIPS see High-impact polystyrene
    Homopolymer PTFE, 255e256
    Homopolymers, 2, 198, 255e256
    Honeywell Aclar PCTFE film, 290t, 291t
    Honeywell Aegis Nylon 6 films, 159, 159t, 161t
    Honeywell Aegis Nylon 6/66 films, 176t
    Honeywell Capran Nylon 6/66 films, 177t
    Honeywell Plastics Aegis Nylon 6 films, 160t
    Honeywell Plastics Capron Nylon 6 films
    gas permeation, 160t
    water vapor permeation, 160t
    Honeywell Series R PMP films, 207t
    Hostaphan RN 25 Biaxially Oriented PET Release film
    (Mitsubishi)
    aroma permeation, 120t
    barrier properties, 119t
    gas permeation, 120t
    typical properties, 119t
    vapor permeation, 120t
    Hot roll/belt lamination, 67, 67f
    Hydrogen bonding, 7e8
    Hyflon MFA (Solvay Solexis)
    oxygen and water permeation, 278f
    vapor permeation, 277t
    Hyflon PFA (Solvay Solexis), 277f
    Hygroscopic expansion of plastic films, 21
    Hytrel Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer
    (DuPont), 345t
    I
    Immersion coating, 66, 66f
    Immiscible blends, 11
    Impact copolymers, 199
    Impact modifiers, 16
    Imperm 105 nanoclay-filled nylon-MXD6 PAA films
    (Nanocor), 187f
    Industrial films, 77
    INEOS ABS Lustran 246 ABS
    gas permeability coefficients, 84f
    INEOS Barex Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers
    gas permeation, 249t
    water vapor permeation, 249t
    INEOX Barex film grades, 246
    Innovative Plastics see SABIC
    Innovia Cellophane films, 358t
    Instron Universal Materials Testing Machine, 27
    Insulating materials, plastic films as, 40
    Inter/intramolecular attractions, 7e8
    Ionomers, 250e252
    DuPont Surlyn, 251
    ExxonMobil Chemical, 252
    Iotek ionomer films, 252, 253t
    ISO 178:2001 Plastics, 30
    ISO 527-3 Plastics, 27
    ISO 2813:1994 Paints and varnishes, 24
    Isomers, 6e7
    geometric isomers, 6
    stereoisomers, 6e7
    structural isomers, 6, 6f
    Isotactic polypropene, 7
    structure of, 7f
    Isotropic film, 21
    J
    JIS K 7127:1999 Plastics, 27
    K
    Kapton film (DuPont), 133, 136t, 137t
    AC dielectric strength vs. RH, 144f
    AC dielectric strength vs. temperature, 145f
    dielectric constant vs. frequency, 146f, 147f
    dielectric constant vs. RH, 144f
    dielectric constant vs. temperature, 145f
    dissipation factor vs. frequency, 146f, 147f
    dissipation factor vs. RH, 144f
    dissipation factor vs. temperature, 145f
    elongation, 142f
    vs. temperature, 147
    gas permeation, 139t
    isothermal weight loss vs. time, 143f, 144f
    modulus vs. temperature, 148f
    oxygen permeation vs. temperature, 148f
    physical properties, 138t, 139t
    retained dielectric strength, 143f
    tensile creep properties, 141f
    tensile strength, 141f
    tensile strength vs. aging, 142f
    tensile stressestrain curves, 140
    INDEX 385Kapton film (DuPont) (Continued)
    thermal properties, 138t
    voltage endurance, 147f
    volume resistivity vs. temperature, 146f
    water vapor permeation, 139t, 140t
    weight loss vs. temperature, 143f
    Kinetic coefficient of friction, 24e25
    Kinetic diameter, 43
    Knife on roller coating, 63e64
    Kuraray EVAL, 225, 226t, 231f, 231t, 232f
    L
    Lactic acid to polylactic acid conversion, 373f
    Lamination, 67
    flame lamination, 67
    hot roll/belt lamination, 67, 67f
    Langmuir model, 46
    LCP see Liquid crystalline polymers
    LDPE see Low-density polyethylene
    Lexan PC films, 97, 98t
    Light source, 21
    Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test, 36e38
    Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), 190, 194t
    Linear polymers, 3, 3f
    Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), 91e93
    applications, 93
    carbon dioxide permeation, 94t
    chemical structure, 92f
    hydrogen permeation, 93t
    oxygen permeation, 93t
    Ticona Vectra A950 LCP, 92f, 93t
    Ticona Vectra LCP films, 94t
    water vapor transmission, 94t
    LISIM Technology, 70f
    LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), 190, 194t
    LlyondellBasell Adflex PP
    carbon dioxide permeation, 204t
    oxygen permeation, 205t
    LlyondellBasell polyolefins polyethylene, 204t
    gas permeation, 191f
    solvent vapor transmission, 191f
    water vapor transmission, 192f
    Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 190
    gas permeation, 195t
    properties, 195t
    solvent vapor permeation, 195t
    Lubricants, 15
    Lubrizol Estane TPU
    gas/vapor permeation, 342t
    Lucite Diakon Polymethyl Methacrylate
    gas permeation, 246t
    Lumirror PET film, 121t
    Luran S ASA films
    gas permeation, 84t, 85t
    water vapor permeation, 85t
    Luran SAN
    oxygen permeation, 89
    water vapor permeation, 89
    LyondellBasell, 195e197
    LyondellBasell Alathon HDPE, 197t
    LyondellBasell Lupolen EVA
    oxygen permeation, 224f
    water vapor permeation, 224f
    LyondellBasell Polybutene-1 Resins, 206t
    LyondellBasell Ultrathene EVA copolymers, 220e221,
    223t
    M
    Machine direction orientation (MDO), 69
    Makrolon PC (Bayer MaterialScience), 100t, 101t
    Marlex HDPE (Chevron Philips), 201t
    MDO (machine direction orientation), 69
    MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), 190
    Mechanical testing of plastic films, 27e34
    flexural properties, 30
    folding endurance, 31
    puncture properties, 31e33
    drop dart impact test, 33
    high-speed puncture test, 31e33
    tear properties, 33e34
    Elmendorf tear strength, 33e34
    trouser tear resistance, 34
    tensile properties, 27e30
    Medical molds/packaging, 77
    Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE), 190
    Melinex PET films, 108
    Melt Flow Index, 35e36
    test apparatus, 36f
    Melting point
    of plastic films, 36
    fluoropolymers, 257t
    Membranes
    purpose, 73
    see also Films
    Metering rod coating, 64, 65t
    Meyer rod coating, 64, 65t
    MFA copolymer, 268
    Mica, 17
    Migrating slip additives, 15
    Mirrex PVC (VPI)
    oxygen permeation, 239t
    water vapor permeation, 238t
    MIT Flex Test, 31, 32f
    Mitchell, John Kearsley, 41
    Mitsubishi gas chemical nylon-MXD6 PAA
    films, 187f
    Mitsubishi Polyester film Hostaphan RN 25 Biaxially
    Oriented PET Release film
    aroma permeation, 120t
    barrier properties, 119t
    386 INDEXgas permeation, 120t
    typical properties, 119t
    vapor permeation, 120t
    Mitsui Chemicals TPX, 205, 208f, 208t
    Modified atmosphere packaging, 77
    Moisture protection, packaging, 73
    Molar-mass dispersity index, 9
    Molecular polarity, prediction of, 4
    Molecules
    dipole moments, 4t
    molecular weight, 9e10
    steric hindrance, 5e6
    see also Polymers
    Molybdenum disulfide, 15
    Monomers, 1
    molecular arrangement, 2
    Mulch films, 74
    Multilayered films, 58, 79
    Multiphase polymer blends, 11e12
    Multiple-layer films, 48e49
    Mylar 92A Polyester film, 109t
    Mylar film, 108
    Mylar PET (DuPont), 118f
    N
    Nanocor Imperm 105 nanoclay-filled nylon-MXD6 PAA
    films, 187f
    Neoflon DF-0050C1 CTFE film, 292t
    Neoflon FEP film (Daikin), 272f
    Neoflon PCTFE film (Daikin Industries),
    292t
    Network polymers, 3
    see also Crosslinked polymer
    Nine-layer blown film die, 60f
    Nippon Gohsei Bovlon PVOH Film, 236t
    Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH, 225
    chloroform permeation, 234t
    gas permeation, 233t
    kerosene permeation, 234t
    liquid permeation, 234t
    oxygen permeation vs.
    ethylene content, 235f
    film thickness, 234f
    relative humidity, 235f
    temperature, 235f
    standard grades, 233t
    water vapor permeation, 234t
    Nitrocellulose, 357
    chemical structure, 359f
    gas permeation, 360t
    Nollet, Abbe´ Jean-Antoine, 41
    Norton ECTFE fluoropolymer film, 307t
    NOVA Chemicals Sclair HDPE films,
    201t
    Nylon 1010, 169e171
    Nylon PACM-12, 180e184
    applications, 184
    chemical structure, 184f
    Nylons see Polyamide
    O
    Odor permeation, packaging, 74
    Olefinic TPEs (TPO), 340e342
    applications, 342
    gas permeation, 342t
    water vapor transmission, 342t
    OPS films, 85e86
    Optical brighteners, 16
    Opulent PMP Films, 208f, 208t
    Orientation of polymers, 11, 67e70
    Oriented/un-oriented nylon 6, 163t
    P
    Packaging
    atmospheric gas transmission, 73e74
    barrier films, 73e79
    categories, 73
    flavor permeation, 74
    odor permeation, 74
    oxygen transmission, 73e74
    water vapor protection, 73
    Parylene (poly(p-xylylene)), 326e328
    applications, 328
    gas permeation, 334t
    polymer molecule structures, 332f
    properties, 332te334t
    water vapor permeation, 334t
    PBI Performance Products Inc. Celazole PBI
    membrane
    carbon dioxide permeation, 332f
    hydrogen permeation, 331f
    PBI see Polybenzimidazole
    PBT see Polybutylene terephthalate
    PC see Polycarbonate
    PCT see Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate
    PCTFE see Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
    PDMS see Polydimethyl siloxane
    PE see Polyethylene
    PE shrink film, 77e78
    PEBA see Thermoplastic polyether block polyamide
    elastomers
    PEBAX films see Arkema
    PEEK see Polyetheretherketone
    PEI see Polyetherimide
    PEN see Polyethylene naphthalate
    Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 268e271
    applications, 270
    chemical structure, 273f
    comonomers, 268
    gas permeation, 275t
    INDEX 387Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) (Continued)
    Solvay Solexis Hyflon PFA, 276f
    water vapor permeation, 276t
    Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) synthetic oil, 15
    Permeant, 40e41
    Permeation of films, 40e55
    effusion, 42e43
    history, 41e42
    multiple-layer films, 48e49
    permeation and vapor transmission testing,
    49e55
    gas permeation test cells, 53
    standard tests for permeation and vapor transmission,
    0230
    units of measurement, 49e50
    vapor permeation cup testing, 53e55
    solution-diffusion and pore-flow models, 43e48
    Arrhenius equation, 47e48
    dependence of permeability, diffusion, and solubility
    pressure, 45e47
    transport of gases and vapors through solid
    materials, 42
    PFA comonomers, 273t
    PFA resin specifications, 274t
    PH3B, 369e372, 377t
    PHA see Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
    Pharmaceutical blister packs, 77, 78f
    PHBV, chemical structure, 353, 369
    PHV, 369
    Physical property testing of plastic films,
    19e26
    coefficient of friction, 24e26
    coefficient of thermal expansion, 21
    color, 21e23
    dimensional stability on heating, 20e21
    gloss measurement, 23e24
    haze measurement, 24
    hygroscopic expansion, 21
    residual shrinkage/strain relief, 21
    specific gravity and density, 19e20
    PI see Polyimide
    Pigments, 17
    PLA see Polylactic acid
    Plastic beads, 57, 57f
    Plastic compositions, 11e18
    Plasticizers, 16e17
    Plastics, 1
    Plastomers (POPs), 209e211
    PLEXIGLAS PMMA Lamination Films, 245t
    Plexiglas Product Range, 244t
    PMMA see Polymethyl methacrylate
    Polar bond, 3e4
    Polarity, 3e5
    Polyacrylics, 237e244
    Polyamic acid, 128f
    Polyamide 1010 (PA1010), 169e171
    applications, 171
    structure, 180f
    Polyamide 12 (nylon 12), 162e164
    applications, 164
    chemical structure, 164f
    gas permeation, 165t, 166f
    natural gas permeation vs. temperature, 166f
    water vapor permeation, 165t
    Polyamide 6 (nylon 6), 157e161
    applications, 158
    carbon dioxide permeation, 163f, 183f
    chemical structure, 159f
    EMS-Grivory, 159e161
    gas permeation, 160t, 161t
    Honeywell, 159
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 164f
    oxygen permeation, 161t, 163f, 183f, 184f
    UBE, 162t
    water vapor permeation, 160t
    Polyamide 6/12 (nylon 6/12), 167
    applications, 167
    chemical structure, 171f
    nitrogen permeation, 174t
    oxygen and carbon dioxide permeation, 173t, 174t
    water vapor permeation, 174t
    Polyamide 6/69 (nylon 6/69), 167e169
    Polyamide 66 (nylon 66), 164e167
    applications, 167
    carbon dioxide permeation, 169t
    chemical structure, 166f
    gas permeation, 169t
    oxygen permeation, 169t
    water vapor permeation, 169t
    Polyamide 66/610 (nylon 66/610), 167
    applications, 167
    chemical structure, 170f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 170t
    Polyamide 666 (nylon 666 or 6/66), 167
    Polyamideeimide (PAI), 125e128
    applications, 128
    carbon dioxide permeation, 130f
    chemical structures, 125f
    gas permeation, 128t, 129f
    methane permeation, 130f
    nitrogen permeation, 129f
    oxygen permeation, 129f
    permeability coefficients of gases, 128t
    Polyamides (nylons), 157e188
    amino acids, 158f
    amorphous polyamide, 171e180
    diacids, 158f
    diamines, 158f
    generalized reaction, 157f
    monomers, 157t
    388 INDEXPACM-12, 180e184
    polyamide 1010, 169e171
    polyamide 6, 157e161
    polyamide 6/12, 167
    polyamide 6/69, 167e169
    polyamide 12, 162e164
    polyamide 66, 164e167
    polyamide 666, 167
    polyamide 66/610, 167
    polyarylamide, 184e187
    Polyanhydrides, 353, 353f
    Polyarylamide, 184e187
    applications, 187
    chemical structure, 186f
    Polybenzimidazole (PBI), 325e327
    applications, 326
    carbon dioxide permeation, 332f
    chemical structure, 331f
    hydrogen permeation, 331f
    PBI Performance Products Inc. Celazole PBI
    membrane, 331f, 332f
    Polybutene-1 (PB-1), 201e205, 205f, 206t
    Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), 94
    applications, 94
    chemical structure, 94f
    elastic modulus vs. temperature of, 96f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 96t
    Polycaprolactone, 361
    applications, 361
    chemical structure, 371f
    oxygen permeation, 372t, 373t
    starch and glycerol blends, 372t, 373t
    water vapor permeation, 372t
    Polycarbonate (PC), 97e101
    applications, 97
    carbon dioxide permeation, 101t, 103f
    chemical structure, 91f, 94f, 97f
    helium permeation, 102f
    methane permeation, 102f
    nitrogen permeation, 100t, 101t
    oxygen permeation, 100t, 101t
    Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 280e282
    applications, 281
    chemical structure, 290f
    gas permeation, 291t, 292t
    water vapor permeation, 291t
    Polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate (PCT),
    101e103
    applications, 103
    chemical structure, 103f
    Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS)
    gas permeation, 320f, 321f
    helium and nitrogen permeation, 321f
    Polydispersity (PDI) see Molar-mass dispersity
    index
    Polyesters, 2, 91e124
    liquid crystalline polymers, 91e93
    polybutylene terephthalate, 94
    polycarbonate, 97e101
    polycyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate,
    101e103
    polyethylene naphthalate, 103
    polyethylene terephthalate, 108e122
    Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 315e316
    amorphous/crystalline permeation, 316t
    chemical structure, 315f
    VICTREX Morphology PEEK-Based APTIV film,
    315, 316t
    water vapor transmission, 317t
    Polyetherimide (PEI), 130e133
    applications, 133
    chemical structures, 131f, 132f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 135t
    SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PEI,
    135t
    Westlake Plastics Tempalux PEI film, 135t
    Polyethersulfone (PES), 323e325
    applications, 324
    carbon dioxide permeation, 331f
    chemical structure, 331f
    gas permeation, 329t
    helium permeation, 330f
    methane permeation, 330f
    SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PES, 329t
    Polyethylene (PE), 189e198
    applications, 190
    crystal structure, 190f
    fuel vapor transmission, 191f
    gas permeation, 191f, 192f
    high-density polyethylene, 190e198
    linear low-density polyethylene, 190
    low-density polyethylene, 190
    medium-density polyethylene, 190
    solvent vapor transmission, 192f
    sulfur dioxide permeation, 192f
    types, 190f
    ultra-low density polyethylene, 190
    unclassified polyethylene, 190
    water vapor transmission, 191f
    Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 103
    applications, 103
    chemical structure, 105f
    Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 108e122
    applications, 108
    aroma permeation, 120t
    carbon dioxide permeation, 111t
    chemical structure, 108f
    elastic modulus, 122f
    gas permeation, 120t, 122f
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 118f
    INDEX 389Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (Continued)
    Mitsubishi Polyester Film Hostaphan RN Biaxially
    Oriented PET Release film, 120t
    nitrogen permeation, 112t
    oxygen permeation, 112t
    vapor permeation, 120t
    water vapor permeation, 112te113t
    Polyglycolic acid (PGA), 354
    Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 353, 369
    Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHA), 369e372
    permeability coefficients, 370t
    Polyimide (PI), 125e156
    applications, 133
    chemical structures, 140f
    monomer structures, 132f
    polyamideeimide, 125e128
    polyetherimide, 130e133
    polyimide, 133e148
    Polyketones see Polyetheretherketone
    Polylactic acid (PLA), 353
    applications, 365
    carbon dioxide permeation coefficient vs. temperature,
    376f
    carbon dioxide permeation coefficient vs. temperature,
    376f
    conversion from lactic acid, 373f
    methane permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 375f
    nitrogen permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 376f
    oxygen permeation coefficient vs. temperature, 376f
    Polymerization, 1e2
    Polymers
    additives, 12e18
    blends, 11e12
    chain entanglement, 8
    classification, 8e11
    definition, 1
    degradation, 18
    film-casting processes, 62t
    hydrogen bonding, 7e8
    inter/intra molecular attractions, 7e8
    molecular weight, 9e10
    orientation, 11
    orientation, 67e70
    polarity, 3e5
    unsaturation, 5
    Van der Waals forces, 8
    see also Molecules
    Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 237e244
    argon permeation, 247f
    carbon dioxide permeation, 247f
    chemical structure, 244f
    gas permeation, 246t
    hydrogen permeation, 247f
    Lamination Films, 245t
    Lucite Diakon Polymethyl Methacrylate, 246t
    oxygen permeation, 247f
    Polymethyl pentene (PMP), 205
    applications, 205
    chemical structure, 207f
    water transmission, 207t
    Polyolefins, 189e218
    LlyondellBasell polyolefins polyethylene, 191f, 192f
    LlyondellBasell polyolefins polypropylene, 204t
    monomer structures, 189f
    Polyone Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film, 239f
    Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 318e321
    applications, 321
    chemical structure, 321f
    gas permeation, 323t
    liquid vapor transmission, 323t
    Polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), 328e330, 335t
    applications, 330
    Evonik Industries Europlex HPF 99211 PPSU film,
    335te336t
    Polypropene
    atactic, 7, 7f
    isotactic, 7, 7f
    structure of, 7f
    syndiotactic, 7, 8f
    Polypropylene (PP), 7, 198e201
    applications, 201
    carbon dioxide permeation, 204t
    gas permeation, 204t
    oxygen permeation, 205t
    Polysiloxane, 317e318
    chemical structure, 319f
    helium permeation, 320f
    Polystyrene (PS), 83e86
    chemical structure, 85f
    gas/water vapor permeation, 87t, 88f
    and polybutadiene, 11
    Polystyrol 168 N GPPS film (BASF AG), 87t
    Polysulfone (PSU), 321e323
    applications, 323
    carbon dioxide permeation, 327f
    chemical structure, 324f
    gas permeation, 326t
    helium permeation, 326f
    methane permeation, 327f
    water vapor permeation, 326t
    Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 15, 255e257
    ammonia permeation, 259t
    CHEMFILM DF1100 and DF1200 multilayer cast,
    258t
    chemical structure, 257f
    gas permeation, 261t
    hydrogen chloride permeation, 262t
    hydrogen permeation, 259t
    nitrogen permeation, 260t
    NORTON 124 sintered extruded, 257t
    390 INDEXNORTON 125 unsintered extruded, 257t
    NORTON premium grade skived, 258t
    NORTON R128 and R129 premium extruded, 258t
    oxygen permeation, 259t
    permeation comparisons, 261t
    sulfur dioxide permeation, 262f
    water vapor permeation, 261t, 262t
    Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), 225
    applications, 225
    Nippon Gohsei Bovlon PVOH Film, 236t
    oxygen permeation, 236f
    water vapor transmission, 236f
    Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 237
    applications, 237
    carbon dioxide permeation, 239f
    hydrogen permeation, 240f
    oxygen permeation, 239t
    plasticizer level, 240f
    temperature, 239f
    Polyone Geon 101-EP-100 PVC film, 239f
    property range, 237t
    VPI Mirrex PVC, 238t, 239t
    water vapor permeation, 238t
    Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 278e280
    applications, 278
    chemical structure, 281f
    gas permeation, 285t
    hydrogen permeation, 290f
    vapor permeation, 285t
    Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), 237
    applications, 237
    coated cellophane film, 358t
    chemical structure, 240f
    Dow Saranex PVDC, 243f
    Dow Saranex PVDC Multilayer films, 241t
    Dow Saran PVDC, 241t, 243f
    gas permeation, 242t, 243f
    hydrogen sulfide permeation, 243f
    oxygen permeation, 241t
    oxygen transmission, 243f
    water permeation, 242t, 243f
    water vapor permeation, 242t
    Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 282e289
    applications, 289
    chemical structure, 293f
    gas permeation, 295t, 297f
    resins specifications, 293t
    Solvay Solexis Solef 1008 PVDF, 296t
    Solvay Solexis Solef PVDF film, 297f, 298f
    water permeation, 298f
    water vapor permeation, 297f
    Polyvinyls, 219e254
    monomer structures, 189f
    Post film formation processing, 61e63
    PP see Polypropylene
    PP liners, 74
    PPS see Polyphenylene sulfide
    PS see Polystyrene
    PSU see Polysulfone
    PTFE see Polytetrafluoroethylene
    PVC see Polyvinyl chloride
    PVDC see Polyvinylidene chloride
    PVDF see Polyvinylidene fluoride
    PVF see Polyvinyl fluoride
    Q
    Qualitative ranking of polymer polarities, 4, 4f
    R
    Random copolymers, 3, 198e199
    Reinforced plastics, 12e13
    Release agents, 14e15
    Renewable plastics, 353
    Renewable resource and biodegradable polymers,
    353e378
    cellophane, 356e357
    cellulose acetate, 357e360
    cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 360e361
    ethyl cellulose, 361
    nitrocellulose, 357
    polycaprolactone, 361
    poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, 369e372
    polylactic acid, 363e365
    trademarks, 354te356t
    Residual shrinkage see Strain relief
    Reverse roller coating, 63
    Riteflex Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer (Ticona),
    344f
    Rowland Technologies, Inc., 246t
    Rubbers, 339e352
    see also individual rubbers
    Ryton PPS films (Chevron Philips)
    gas permeation, 323t
    liquid vapor transmission, 323t
    S
    SABIC Advanced Plastics Ultem, 134t
    SABIC Innovative Plastics
    Lexan PC film, 98t
    Valox FR1 PBT film, 95t
    SABIC Innovative Plastics Cycolac ABS, 82t
    SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PEI, 135t
    SABIC Innovative Plastics Ultem 1000 PES, 329t
    SAN see Styrene-acrylonitrile
    SBC see Styrenic block copolymer
    Scairfilm LWS-1/LWS-2 Laminating MDPE films
    (Exopack), 196t
    Scairfilm LX-1 LLDPE film (Exopack), 194t
    Sclair HDPE films (NOVA Chemicals), 201t
    Selar amorphous polyamide (DuPont), 182f, 183f
    INDEX 391Selar PA Amorphous Nylon (DuPont), 182t
    Selar with nylon 6 (DuPont), 184f
    Shipping sacks, 76
    Shrink bundling film, 78
    Silage films, 74
    Silicone rubber, 317e318
    Simultaneous stretching line (LISIM Technology), 70f
    Skiving, 70
    Slip additives, 15
    Slot die coating, 64e66
    Smoke suppressants, 14
    Soarnol EVOH see Nippon Gohsei Soarnol EVOH
    SolaTuf Impact Modified Acrylic Film, 246t
    Solef 1008 PVDF (Solvay Solexis), 296t
    Solef PVDF film (Solvay Solexis)
    gas permeation, 298f
    water permeation, 298f
    Solexis see Solvay Solexis
    Solvay Advanced Polymers Amodel PPA, 187t
    Solvay Ajedium HYLAR 9009 PVDF, 295t
    Solvay Ajedium SOLEF PVDF, 296t
    Solvay Solexis Halar ECTFE
    ammonia permeation, 308t
    carbon dioxide permeation, 310f
    chlorine permeation, 311f
    helium permeation, 310f
    hydrogen chloride/sulfide permeation, 311f
    hydrogen permeation, 308t
    nitrogen permeation, 308t, 310f
    oxygen permeation, 309t, 310f
    solvent permeation, 309t
    water vapor permeation, 309f
    Solvay Solexis Hyflon MFA
    oxygen and water permeation, 278f
    vapor permeation, 277t
    Solvay Solexis Hyflon PFA, 278f
    Solvay Solexis Solef 1008 PVDF, 296t
    Solvay Solexis Solef PVDF film
    gas permeation, 298f
    water permeation, 298f
    Solvent-casting process, 60e61, 62f
    Specific gravity, 19e20
    Squeeze bottles, 75
    Stacked dies, 58f
    Static coefficient of friction, 24e25
    Stationery films, 78
    Step-growth polymerization see Condensation
    polymerization
    Stereoisomers, 6e7
    Steric hindrance, 5e6
    Sterile packaging, 77
    Strain relief, 21
    Stretch film, 78
    Structural isomers, 6, 6f
    Styrene, chemical structure, 81f
    Styreneeacrylonitrile (SAN), 81, 86e89
    chemical structure, 89
    gas permeation, 89
    water vapor permeation, 85t
    Styrenic block copolymer (SBC) TPEs, 346e347
    applications, 347
    carbon dioxide permeation, 349t
    nitrogen permeation, 349t
    oxygen permeation, 349t
    Styrenic plastics, 81e90
    Styrolux films (BASF)
    carbon dioxide permeation, 349t
    nitrogen permeation, 349t
    oxygen permeation, 349t
    Styron PS film (Dow Chemical), 83t
    Styron Styron PS, 87t
    Surface resistivity, 40
    measurement of, 40f
    Surlyn Sodium Ion Type Ionomer film (DuPont)
    oxygen permeation, 252t
    water vapor permeation, 253t
    Surlyn Zinc Ion Type Ionomer film (DuPont), 251
    oxygen permeation, 252t
    water vapor permeation, 253t
    Syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene, 348
    reaction producing, 350f
    Syndiotactic polypropene, 7
    structure of, 8f
    Syndiotactic polypropylene, 6e7
    T
    Tedlar PVF (DuPont), 285t
    typical properties of, 284t
    Teflon see DuPont Teflon
    Tefzel (DuPont), 302t
    Tefzel Type LZ, CLZ, and CLZ-20 ETFE Films,
    301t
    Teijin DuPont films
    Q51 PEN films, 107t
    Teonix PEN films, 106t
    Tetoron G2 PET films, 111t
    Teijin films Mylar PET films (DuPont)
    carbon dioxide permeation, 111t
    dielectric constant vs. frequency, 117f
    dielectric constant vs. temperature, 117f
    dielectric strength vs. temperature, 116f
    dielectric strength vs. thickness, 117f
    dimension stability vs. relative humidity, 115f
    dimension stability vs. temperature, 114f
    dissipation factor vs. frequency, 118f
    dissipation factor vs. temperature, 117f
    nitrogen permeation, 112t
    oxygen permeation, 112t
    shrinkage vs. temperature, 114f
    stressestrain curves, 113f
    392 INDEXtemperature effect on water removal, 116f
    tensile elongation, 115f, 116f
    tensile properties vs. temperature, 114f
    tensile strength, 115f, 116f
    vapor permeation, 113t
    volume resistivity vs. temperature, 118f
    water vapor permeation, 112te113t
    Tempalux PEI film (Westlake Plastics), 135t
    Tenter frames, 69, 69f
    TEONEX Q51 PEN biaxially oriented film, 108t
    Teonix PEN films, 103, 106t
    Terluran ABS films (BASF AG)
    gas permeation, 83t
    water vapor permeation, 83t
    Terpolymers, 2
    Tetoron PET films, 108, 110t, 111t
    Thermal property testing of plastic films, 34e38
    glass transition temperature, 36
    Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test, 36e38
    Melt Flow Index, 35e36
    melting point, 36
    Thermal shrinkage see Strain relief
    Thermal stabilizers, 17
    Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers (TPE-E or COPE),
    342e345
    Thermoplastic polyether block polyamide elastomers
    (PEBA), 346
    applications, 346
    oxygen permeation, 346t
    water vapor permeation, 348t
    Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU),
    339e340
    gas permeation, 342t, 344t
    Lubrizol Estane TPU, 341t
    molecular structure, 340f
    water vapor permeation, 342t
    water vapor transmission, 344t
    Thermoplastics, 10
    Thermosets, 10
    Thermx PCT film, 104t
    Three-layer blown film die, 60f
    Ticona Fortron PPS Films
    carbon dioxide permeability, 323t
    Ticona Riteflex Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer,
    344f
    Ticona Vectra A950 LCP
    chemical structure, 92f
    oxygen permeation, 93t
    Ticona Vectra LCP films
    carbon dioxide permeation, 94t
    hydrogen permeation, 93t
    oxygen permeation, 94t
    properties, 93t
    water vapor transmission, 94t
    Time lag, 44e45
    Topas Advanced Polymers TOPAS COC,
    205e209, 211f
    properties of, 209te210t
    water vapor permeation, 211t
    Toray Industries Lumirror PET film, 121t
    Tortuous path effect, 13, 14f
    Tougheners, 16
    TPE-E (thermoplastic copolyester elastomers), 344
    TPO see Olefinic TPEs
    TPU see Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers
    Trans-isomer, 6, 6f
    Transverse direction orientation, 69
    Trash bags, 78
    Trogamid, 184, 185t, 186t
    Trouser tear resistance, 34
    Trycite Oriented PS film (Dow Chemical), 87t
    Tyril Low Acrylonitrile Content SAN (Dow Chemical),
    89
    U
    UBE 303 XA Nylon 12 Resin, 164t
    UBE Industries Nylon 6
    oxygen permeation, 162t
    properties, 162t
    water vapor permeation, 162t
    UBE Industries Upilex films
    electrical properties, 151t
    elongation vs. aging, 153f
    equilibrium water absorption vs. RH, 154f
    gas permeation, 151t
    grades, 140t, 149t
    hydroscopic expansion vs. RH, 154
    mechanical properties, 149t
    tensile strength vs. aging, 153f
    tensile stress vs. strain, 152f
    thermal properties, 150t
    time of again vs. temperature, 154f
    water vapor permeation, 151t
    weight loss vs. temperature, 155
    Udel PSU (BASF)
    gas permeation, 326t
    water vapor permeation, 326t
    Ultem 1000 PEI (SABIC Innovative Plastics),
    135t
    Ultem 1000 PES (SABIC Innovative Plastics), 329t
    Ultradur PBT (BASF AG), 96t
    Ultra-low density polyethylene, 190
    Ultramid C Blown Nylon 666 film, 176t
    Ultramid C35 Nylon 6/66 film, 177t
    Ultrathene EVA Copolymers, 220e221, 223t
    Unclassified polyethylene, 190
    Unsaturation, 5
    Upilex films (UBE Industries), 148
    Upilex PI films, 148, 151t
    UV stabilizers, 16
    INDEX 393V
    Vacuum deposition coating, 66e67, 66f
    Van der Waals forces, 8
    Vapor permeation cup testing, 53e55
    Vectra LCP films (Ticona)
    carbon dioxide permeation, 94t
    hydrogen permeation, 93t
    oxygen permeation, 94t
    properties, 93t
    water vapor transmission, 94t
    VenFILM, Blown Transparent Grade, 238t
    VERSIFY Plastomer Resins, 211
    VICTREX Morphology PEEK-based
    APTIV film
    amorphous/crystalline permeation, 316t
    water vapor transmission, 317t
    Vinyl benzene see Styrene
    Viscose, conversion from cellulose, 357f
    Voltalef PCTFE film (Arkema), 292t
    Volume resistivity, 40
    measurement of, 41f
    VPI Mirrex PVC
    oxygen permeation, 239t
    water vapor permeation, 238t
    W
    Water vapor protection, packaging, 73
    Web coating, 61e63
    Westlake Plastics Tempalux PEI film, 135t
    X
    XPS (extruded polystyrene), 83e85
    Y
    Yield, 19
    Z
    Zytel 42 Nylon 66 film (DuPont), 169t

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