Fall Prevention and Protection – Principles, Guidelines, and Practices
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Hongwei Hsiao
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Fall Prevention and Protection – Principles, Guidelines, and Practices
Edited by Hongwei Hsiao
Contents
Preface xi
Editor . xiii
Contributors .xv
Section I A Public Health View of Fall Problems and
Strategic Goals

  1. Fall Prevention and Protection: A Public Health Matter 3
    Hongwei Hsiao
  2. The Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Falls among Older Adults 19
    Judy A. Stevens, David A. Sleet, Grant T. Baldwin, and Rita K. Noonan
  3. Fall Prevention in Nursing Homes .29
    Laurence Z. Rubenstein and Rosalba Arauz Rivera
  4. Fall Risk Characteristics in the Construction Industry 41
    Xiuwen Sue Dong, Xuanwen Wang, Julie A. Largay, Bruce Lippy, Chris Trahan Cain,
    Erich Pete Stafford, and James W. Platner
    Section II Sciences behind Human Falls and Injury Risk
  5. Vision Impairment and Fall Risk in the Elderly 65
    Philippe Lacherez and Stephen R. Lord
  6. Influence of Personal Protective Equipment Use on Fall Risk .77
    Sharon S. Chiou and Paul R. Keane
  7. Suspension Tolerance Time and Risk after a Fall 101
    Anil Adisesh
  8. Suspension Trauma and Fall-Arrest Harness Design . 109
    Hongwei Hsiao
  9. Fall Risk Associated with Restricted and Elevated Support Surfaces 119
    Peter Simeonov
  10. Role of Support Surfaces in Preventing Slip, Trip, and Fall Injuries 141
    Kurt E. Beschorner and Mark S. Redfernviii Contents
    Section III Research on Slips, Trips, and Falls
  11. Hazard Concept and Falls . 159
    Sylvie Leclercq
  12. Friction Measurement: Methods and Applications . 175
    Wen-Ruey Chang
  13. Stairway Safety Research . 197
    Hisao Nagata
  14. Improving Balance Control: Current State and Practices 223
    Kari Dunning, Ashutosh Mani, and Amit Bhattacharya
  15. Ladder Safety: Research, Control, and Practice . 241
    Peter Simeonov
  16. Aerial Lift Safety Research and Practice . 271
    Christopher S. Pan
  17. Falls from Commercial Vehicles: Safety Research, Control, and Practice . 291
    K. Han Kim and Matthew P. Reed
    Section IV Practical Applications of Prevention
    and Protection Tools and Methods
  18. Fall Rescue: Training and Practice 313
    Loui McCurley
  19. Slip and Fall Controls for Pedestrian and Community Safety . 321
    Steven Di Pilla
  20. Research Approaches to the Prevention and Protection of Patient Falls 341
    Janice Morse, Andrew Merry, and Don Bloswick
  21. Slips, Trips, and Falls in the Firefighting Community . 369
    David Hostler and Gavin Horn
    Section V Fall Incident Investigation and Reconstruction
  22. Fall Forensics: Principles and Applications 389
    Harvey Cohen and Joseph Cohen
  23. Case Studies of Falls on Stairs .403
    Daniel JohnsonContents ix
  24. Enhancing Safety Awareness among Roofing Workers . 415
    Yu-Hsiu Hung
  25. Case Studies on Fall from Elevated Devices among Fire Fighters .427
    Timothy Merinar
    Section VI Knowledge Gaps, Emerging Issues, and
    Recommendations for Fall Protection Research and Fall Mitigation
  26. Accident Causes and Prevention Measures for Fatal Occupational Falls in the
    Construction Industry .443
    Chia-Fen Chi
  27. Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Issues for Fall Control in Construction 469
    G. Scott Earnest and Christine M. Branche
  28. Taking a Human Factors Systems Approach to Slips, Trips, and Falls Risks
    in Care Environments 491
    Sue Hignett, Laurie Wolf, and Ellen Taylor
  29. Prevention of Slips, Trips, and Falls among Hospital Workers 509
    James W. Collins, Jennifer L. Bell, and Christina Socias
    Author Index . 523
    Subject Index 529xi
    A
    Abeysekera, J., 298
    Adams, P. S., 372
    Adisesh, A., 115
    Adkin, A. L., 133
    Adlin, T., 495
    Agashivala, N., 32
    Alamgir, H., 511
    Alexander, B. H., 19
    Allcott, G. A., 201
    Anderson, J. T., 46
    Archea, J. C., 198, 404, 405
    Aschan, C., 184
    Ashley, L., 502
    Aven, T., 160
    Azhar, S., 485
    B
    Bakri, I., 376
    Bariod, J., 110, 114
    Barquins, M., 177
    Bauby, C. E., 123
    Bauer, J. M., 33
    Becker, C., 30
    Begg, R., 149
    Behm, M., 484
    Bell, J. L., 511, 512, 513, 515, 517
    Benbow, D. W., 498
    Benolken, M. S., 11, 123
    Bentley, T. A., 170, 458, 459
    Berry, S. D., 32, 347
    Berthoz, A., 66, 123
    Beschorner, K. E., 192
    Bidanda, B., 180, 182
    Bjornstig, U., 474
    Black, A. A., 7, 51, 65, 66, 68, 69
    Bles, W., 7, 122, 124
    Bobick, T. G., 455, 459, 475, 476
    Bogner, M. S., 495
    Bosher, L., 495
    Bouldin, E. L. D., 492
    Braithwaite, R. S., 22
    Brandt, T., 7, 122
    Brinkley, J. W., 110
    Brocklehurst, J. C., 67
    Brogmus, G., 332, 518
    Brown, L. A., 122, 133
    Bukowski, T. J., 476
    C
    Caetano, M. J. D., 133
    Calvert, G. M., 161
    Cameron, I. D., 34, 35, 354
    Campbell, A. J., 67, 70, 460
    Capezuti, E., 349, 352
    Carayon, P., 492
    Carpenter, M. G., 133
    Carson, D. H., 198, 201, 209, 404, 405
    Casalena, J. A., 361
    Catchpole, K. R., 491
    Chaffin, D. B., 258
    Cham, R., 177
    Chambers, A. J., 299
    Chang, W.-R., 143, 148
    Chateauroux, E., 296
    Chau, N. A., 381, 473
    Chiou, S. S., 378
    Choi, M., 34, 51, 475
    Chrisman, M., 358
    Christopher, D. A., 503
    Clark, M., 11
    Clarke, J. C., 122, 485
    Clift, L., 247, 248, 251, 257, 261
    Close, J., 71
    Cloutier, E., 373
    Cohen, H. H., 201, 203, 252, 292, 347, 390, 392,
    394, 405, 458
    Coleman, A. L., 67, 68, 69, 178, 183
    Coleman, V., 67, 68, 69, 178, 183
    Collins, J. W., 510, 514
    Commissaris, D. A., 11
    Corlett, E. N., 161, 215, 251
    Cotnam, J. P., 293, 295
    Crocker, T., 35
    Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., 32, 33
    Cumming, R. G., 71
    Cummings, S. R., 67
    Currie, L., 500
    Cutlip, R., 477524 Author Index
    D
    Damian, J., 30
    Dargent-Molina, P., 67
    Davis, P. R., 123, 133
    de Boer, M. R., 68
    Deandrea, S., 31
    DeGoede, 357
    Delbaere, K., 133
    Dellinger, A. M., 21
    Delmonico, M. J., 32
    Demling, R. H., 121, 122
    Dennerlein, J. T., 266, 474
    Deprey, S. M., 21
    Dewar, M. E., 258, 460
    Dhital, A., 66
    DiDomenico, A. T., 266
    Doig, A., 354
    Dolinis, J., 67
    Donaldson, L. J., 344, 492
    Donelan, J. M., 123
    Dong, X. S., 14, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 470, 472,
    473, 487
    Drebit, S., 510, 518
    DuPree, E., 502
    Dy, S. M., 504
    Dyer, C., 34
    E
    Ejaz, F. K., 21
    Eklund, J., 498
    Elliott, D. B., 65, 71
    Ellis, A. A., 21, 22, 123, 265, 266
    Elrod, H. G., 178
    Eng, J. J., 123
    F
    Fabio, A., 371
    Fahmi, M., 318
    Fahs, C. A., 374
    Fahy, R. F., 370
    Fathallah, F. A., 293, 295, 298
    Feldstein, J., 114
    Felson, D. T., 66, 67, 68
    Ferlie, E. B., 504
    Fitch, J. M., 198, 216, 217
    Flora, G., 103, 115
    Foss, A. J. E., 70
    Foster, R. J., 405, 407
    Frank, J. S., 122
    Freeman, R., 32, 67, 68
    Friedman, S. M., 20, 69
    Frith, J., 32
    G
    Galavan, E., 292
    Gallagher, M., 496
    Gambatese, J., 135, 261, 484
    Gangavati, A., 32
    Gao, C., 298, 299
    Garg, A. B., 356
    Gauchard, G., 7
    Gibson, E. J., 126, 162
    Giguere, D., 304
    Gillespie, L. D., 24, 354
    Glaser, B., 418
    Glinka, M. N., 151, 153
    Glynn, R. J., 67, 68
    Graafmans, W., 67
    Grant, A., 252
    Greenlee, T. A., 381
    Griefahn, B., 376
    Grimston, S. K., 293
    Grönqvist, R., 124, 180, 183, 184, 185, 190, 513, 514
    Guan, J., 298, 303
    Guse, C. E., 67
    H
    Haddon, W., 162, 163
    Hageman, P. A., 124, 180, 183, 184, 185, 190,
    513, 514
    Hakkinen, K. K., 258
    Hall, S. E., 22
    Hammer, W., 258, 450
    Hanson, J. P., 142, 176, 190, 298, 471, 472
    Haran, M. J., 71
    Härlein, J., 495
    Harper, F. C., 192
    Harris, G. W., 183, 479
    Hartel, C. E. J., 379
    Hartman, M. J., 32
    Harwood, R. H., 70
    Haslam, R. A., 178, 458, 459, 463
    Hay, T. F., 199, 201, 209
    Hayes, W. C., 20, 22, 134
    Healey, F. A., 347, 349, 353, 494
    Heineman, E. F., 373, 376
    Heitterachi, E., 32
    Helmkamp, J. C., 292
    Hempel, S., 492
    Hendrich, A. L., 350
    Hepburn, H. A., 251Author Index 525
    Heshmat, H., 178
    Hester, A. L., 24, 416
    Hester, J. L., 24, 416
    Hignett, S., 492, 493, 494, 495, 510
    Hill, K. D., 24, 42, 51, 346, 350
    Hinze, J., 252, 314, 416, 444
    Hitcho, E. B., 347
    Ho, M. T., 160, 165, 166, 167
    Hodous, T. K., 370
    Holden, R. J., 494
    Hollnagel, E., 169
    Holmes, N., 417
    Hooper, A. J., 376
    Horak, F. B., 121, 123
    Horn, G. P., 374, 375, 381
    Hostler, D., 375, 381
    Hovden, J., 170
    Hoyos, C. G., 161
    Hsiao, H., 11
    Huang, X., 302, 314, 416
    Huck, J., 372, 376
    Hur, P., 372, 375, 376, 379
    I
    Irvine, C. H., 217, 265
    Ivers, R. Q., 66, 67, 68
    J
    Jack, C. I. A., 66, 275
    Janicak, C. A., 122, 458
    Johnson, L., 69, 350, 404, 405, 406
    Jones, B. H., 293, 299, 405
    Jorgensen, M. B., 170
    K
    Kalyani, R. R., 24, 354
    Kannus, P., 492
    Karter Jr., M. J, 370, 371, 379
    Karter, M. J., 370, 371, 379
    Kaskutas, V. K., 57, 483, 484
    Keyserling, W. M., 372
    Kim, D. H., 32, 183, 207, 357, 361
    Kincl, L. D., 233, 234, 376
    Kines, P., 170, 417
    King, C. M., 381
    Kivela, S. L., 66
    Kjellén, U., 160, 161, 162, 163
    Klein, B. E. K., 67, 68, 69
    Knudtson, M. D., 7
    Koehler, K. A., 161
    Kong, P. W., 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 378
    Koski, K., 67
    Kosse, N. M., 34
    Kulmala, J., 67
    Kummer, H. W., 177
    Kuo, A. D., 123
    L
    La Grow, S., 70
    Lach, H., 37
    Lacroix, D., 510
    Laing, A. C., 151, 152
    Lamb, P., 371, 412
    Landi, F., 33
    Lanshammar, H., 177, 178
    Lasley, D. J., 11
    Lassia, R., 315
    Lau, G., 121
    Lawshe, C. H., 423
    Leclercq, S., 160, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 180,
    183, 186, 513
    Lee, D. N., 123, 124
    Lehane, P., 510
    Lehmann, G., 215
    Li, K. W., 184, 191, 513
    Liao, H., 373, 379
    Lieblich, M., 115
    Liker, J. K., 498
    Lin, L., 458
    Linthicum, K., 316
    Lipps, D. B., 293
    Lipsitz, L. A., 31
    Lishman, R. L., 123, 124
    Llewellyn, M. G. A., 347
    Lockwood, I. M., 203, 212
    Lombardi, D. A., 253.254, 510, 511, 513
    Lord, S. R., 66, 67, 68, 70, 129
    Louhevaara, V. A., 376, 379
    Luciano, G. L., 32
    Lundstrom, W. J., 292
    M
    Macintosh, S., 344
    MacKinnon, C. D., 123
    Madsen, P., 105
    Magnusson, M., 66
    Maki, B. E., 122, 123, 360, 381, 406, 408
    Manning, D. P., 299, 376
    Marchand, D., 304
    Martin, B. C., 298
    Matz, S., 299, 513526 Author Index
    Mayer, J. M., 381
    McCann, M., 477, 478
    McCarty, C. A., 66, 67
    McCurley, L., 317
    McDowell, M. A., 298
    McGwin, G., 70
    McVittie, D., 483
    Menant, J. C., 69
    Menendez, M. D., 347
    Menz, H. B., 67, 129
    Menzies, R. G., 122
    Mesure, S., 7
    Meuleners, L. B., 70
    Miller, J. A., 201, 203, 212, 302, 357, 492
    Mirabelli, M. C., 46
    Mitchell, S. E., 199
    Monnier, G., 302
    Montante, W. M., 295.303
    Monteau, M., 161, 171
    Montero-Odasso, M., 32, 35
    Moore, D. F., 177
    Moreland, J. D., 33
    Morley, J., 381
    Murad, M. H., 24
    Myers, A. H., 347
    N
    Nagata, H., 200, 201, 203, 207, 212, 213, 217, 219
    Nashner, L. M., 123
    Nevitt, M. C., 21, 67, 68
    Neyens, J. C., 34
    Noel, G., 110
    Nullmeyer, R. T., 379
    Nyberg, L., 21, 344, 351
    O
    Olazaran, J., 32
    Oliver, D., 344, 350, 351, 492
    Ooi, W. L., 32
    Openshaw, S., 406
    Orzech, M. A., 103
    P
    Pajala, S., 381
    Pan, C. S., 479
    Park, H., 372, 375, 376, 377
    Parkkari, J., 20, 22
    Parsons, J., 37
    Patenaude, S., 296
    Patino, C. M., 67, 68
    Patla, A. E., 11, 69, 121, 122, 123
    Paulus, W. M., 11, 66, 122
    Peel, N. M., 19
    Pendergrass, T. L., 374
    Pennock, A. T., 202, 209
    Perell, K. L., 34
    Perkins, P. J., 176, 177, 299
    Peterka, R. J., 11, 123
    Petermeyer, M., 102
    Petruzzello, S. J., 372, 375
    Pfeiffer, E., 500
    Poczynok, P. J., 265
    Poe, S. S., 500
    Porinsky, R., 67
    Poston, W. S., 381
    Priplata, A. A., 130
    Proctor, T. D., 178, 183, 432
    Pugh, E. N., 412
    Punakallio, A., 374, 375, 376
    Pyykko, I., 66
    Q
    Quan, X., 496
    R
    Radnor, Z., 503
    Ragg, M., 199, 200, 201
    Raj, S., 31
    Rajendran, S., 485
    Ramachandran, A. K., 378
    Ramanathan, N. L., 215
    Ramrattan, R. S., 68
    Rapp, K., 30
    Rasmussen, J., 161, 162, 459, 460
    Rauser, E., 292
    Redfern, M. S., 177, 180, 182, 298
    Renn, O., 160
    Rensing, M., 115
    Rhoades, T. P., 302
    Rhode, J. M., 21
    Rietdyk, S., 233
    Robbins, A. S., 67
    Robertson, S., 7, 110
    Robinovitch, S. N., 31, 152, 293, 357
    Rochtchina, E., 66
    Roeggla, M., 104
    Roldos, I., 25
    Rosengren, K. S., 373, 374
    Rosenman, K., 50
    Roys, M., 209, 216Author Index 527
    Rubenstein, L. Z., 19, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 31, 34,
    35, 361
    Runyan, C. W., 162
    S
    Sa, J., 475
    Sahyoun, N. R., 30
    Saint Vincent, M., 171
    Salgado, R. I., 492
    Salonen, L., 66
    Sanders, M. S., 298
    Saul, E. V., 372
    Scheffer, A. C., 20
    Scheil, M., 183, 184
    Schmalz, U., 258
    Schultz, C. H., 356
    Schulz, B. W., 149, 150
    Scott, V., 23, 34, 351
    Seddon, P., 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 315
    Seliga, R., 11, 374
    Selkirk, G. A., 375
    Shannon, J., 110
    Shaw, F. E., 21, 37, 183
    Shepherd, G. W., 259
    Shibuya, H., 292, 298
    Shorti, R. M., 298
    Sibley, K. M., 133
    Silva, A. G., 34, 35
    Silva, R., 34, 35
    Silvia, C. E., 356
    Simeonov, P., 7, 11, 14, 15, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130,
    131, 262, 264, 471, 473, 474, 475, 487
    Simpson, A., 151
    Singh, G., 192
    Smith, L. B., 292, 372, 375
    Sobeih, T. M., 376
    Socias, C., 242
    Son, J. T., 32, 373, 399
    Sorock, G. S., 444
    Soteriades, E. S., 31, 381
    Speechley, M., 7
    Spielholz, P., 292
    Steinke, C., 495
    Stevens, J. A., 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
    Stevenson, M., 179, 180, 183, 185
    Stobbe, T. J., 258
    Stoffregen, T. A., 123
    Storer, T. W., 378
    Strandberg, L., 177, 178, 183
    Strauss, A., 418
    Streeten, D., 110, 115
    Sulankivi, K., 485
    Sulowski, A. C., 134
    Suruda, A., 122
    Suyama, J., 371
    Svedung, I., 161, 162, 459, 460
    Switzer-McIntyre, S., 293
    Szabo, S. M., 66
    Szubert, Z., 373
    T
    Tabor, D., 177
    Tak, S., 161
    Tang, P. F., 121
    Taylor, N. A., 372, 377, 406
    Templer, J. A., 201, 209, 215, 216, 217, 220, 405, 412
    Teno, J., 19
    Tersteeg, M. C. A., 122, 133
    Thapa, P. B., 30
    Théry, B., 110, 114
    Thiagalingam, S., 67
    Thompson, D. A., 409
    Tichon, D., 266
    Tinetti, M. E., 7, 22, 32, 67, 354, 492
    Tisserand, M., 180, 183, 184, 188
    Toole, M. T., 135, 261
    Toussaint, H. M., 11
    Trueblood, P. R., 35
    Tseng, V. L., 71
    Turner, N. L., 110, 111, 114, 115, 279, 315, 372, 377
    U
    Uemura, H., 381
    Ulrich, R. S., 496
    V
    Van Doorn, C., 32
    Van Rensbergen, G., 33
    Vejvoda, M., 265
    Vellas, B. J., 20, 60, 381
    Veluswamy, R., 503
    Verma, S. K., 513
    Vesely, W. E., 446, 447
    Vickers, J. N., 69
    Volckens, J., 161
    W
    Wade, L., 374, 375, 376
    Walker, A., 353, 374
    Waller, J. A., 201
    Walton, S. M., 371528 Author Index
    Wang, N., 302
    Ward, J. S., 68, 215
    Warner, K. G., 121, 122
    Webber, G. M. B., 199, 201
    Weber, P., 110, 112
    Wee, R., 24
    Wei, F., 24
    Weil, D., 42
    Weisgerber, F., 480
    Whitaker, S. M., 477
    Whitesitt, J. E., 447
    Whitfield Jacobson, P. J., 298
    Wild, D., 199, 201
    Williams, J., 305, 375
    Wilson, M., 180
    Winter, D. A., 123, 357
    Wojcik, L. A., 358
    Wolf, L., 510
    Wolinsky, F. D., 22
    Wong, K. W. F., 471
    Wood, J. M., 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 151
    Woodson, W. E., 361, 390, 395
    Woollacott, M. H., 121, 358
    Wright, S., 480
    Wu, W. K., 32, 444, 445, 448
    Wyatt, J. P., 199, 201
    Y
    Yang, Y., 378
    Yardley, L., 122
    Yauk, S., 351
    Z
    Ziaei, M., 299
    Zietz, D., 405
    Zijlstra, G. A., 343, 345, 351
    Zimolong, B., 122
    Zohar, D., 11529
    Subject Index
    A
    Accidental falls, 160, 344, 351
    Accident causes and prevention measures for
    fatal occupational falls, in construction
    industry, 444
    classification scheme, 444
    database fault tree analysis, 446
    discussion
    fall protection measures, 455, 457–459
    fault tree analysis qualitative and
    quantitative application, 460, 463,
    464–465
    graphical fault tree, 459–462
    unsafe behavior proportion, 459
    fall cause, 444–445
    falling site, 445
    individual factors, 445–446
    materials and methods
    fatal falls accident reports, 446–447
    fault tree analysis and Boolean algebra
    representation, 447
    standardized mortality ratios (SMRs),
    447–448
    results
    Boolean algebra simplification,
    451–455
    falling height and posture, 450–451
    frequency analysis, 447–450
    Accident energy model, 162
    Accusway, Advanced Mechanical Technologies,
    Inc., 126
    ACOF, see Available coefficient of friction
    (ACOF)
    Active fall protection systems, 134
    Active partnerships, 12
    ADA, see Americans with Disabilities Act
    (ADA)
    ADAMS™, Version 2010, MSC Software
    Corporation, 284
    ADAMS/View computer model, 276
    Adhesion friction, 144–145, 147, 177, 179
    Advanced Dynamic Anthromorphic Manikin
    (ADAM, Veridian), 279, 281, 283
    Advanced practice nurse (APN), 500, 503
    Aerial lift, 82, 135, 261, 267, 271, 478–479
    ongoing research and practice, 288
    research on, 271–272
    boom lifts, 287–288
    scissor lifts, 272–287
    types of, 272
    AFPV, Appareil de frottement à petite vitesse–
    low velocity skidmeter
    Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    (AHRQ), 356, 359
    Age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
    66–67
    AHRQ, see Agency for Healthcare Research and
    Quality (AHRQ)
    Air step, 408; see also Ghost step (air step)
    ALI, see American Ladder Institute (ALI)
    Aluminum ladders, lightweight, 245
    AMD, see Age-related macular degeneration
    (AMD)
    American Academy of Neurology
    Consensus, 32
    American and British Geriatrics Societies, 33
    Clinical Practice Panel on Fall Prevention, 35
    American Autonomic Society, 32
    American Ladder Institute (ALI), 243, 255, 257
    American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
    54, 112, 114, 144, 250, 255, 277, 279, 317,
    328, 395, 463
    standard label method, 262, 263
    American Society for Testing and Materials
    (ASTM) International, 142, 144, 149,
    180, 181, 326, 327, 395, 398, 409, 412
    Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces, 330
    Standard Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces, 398
    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 394
    Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and
    Facilities, 329, 331
    Analyses of variance (ANOVAs), 86, 91
    AND gate, 446, 447, 451, 455
    Ankles, 81, 84–86, 91, 92, 123, 130, 151, 190, 204,
    219, 226, 227, 231, 287, 292, 381, 409, 513
    ANOVAs, see Analyses of variance (ANOVAs)
    Ansell Sol-Vex gloves, 90
    ANSI, see American National Standards
    Institute (ANSI)
    Anthropometry, 104, 113, 302, 306, 358, 482
    ladder safety research and evaluation
    methods and, 262–264
    trucker drivers and, 298
    Anticipated physiological falls, 344, 351, 361530 Subject Index
    Anticipatory controls, 227
    Anticipatory postural adjustments (APA), 225
    Anxiety, 31, 37, 106, 122, 126, 132, 134
    APA, see Anticipatory postural adjustments
    (APA)
    APN, see Advanced practice nurse (APN)
    Appareil de frottement à petite vitesse–low
    velocity skidmeter (AFPV), 181,
    183, 187
    Arthritis, 21, 30, 33, 35
    Articulating ladders, 243, 246, 249
    Asperity, 144–147, 177, 179
    ASTM, see American Society for Testing and
    Materials (ASTM) International
    Audit tool, 266, 474
    Available coefficient of friction (ACOF), 141–142,
    246, 251, 298–299
    B
    Bail out, 432
    Balance control, 66, 80, 82, 84, 120–124, 126,
    128–130, 133, 223, 252, 358, 374, 405, 471
    fall prevention need in workplace and, 224
    future growth areas, 234
    mechanism of, 226–228
    recommendations and considerations to
    increase intrinsic, 233–234
    on step ladders, 266
    strategies and recommendations to improve
    intrinsic, 232–233
    strategies to improve intrinsic, 228, 230
    fall prevention and intrinsic balance
    improvement in older adults, 230–231
    healthy adults and athletes, 231
    intrinsic balance improvement in
    nonworker population, 232
    neurophysiological balance training
    targeting vision, vestibular and
    proprioception systems, 230
    support surface affecting, 123
    workplace risk factors for falls and balance
    capacity improvement need, 224–226
    Base of support (BOS), 79–80, 82–83, 92, 120–123,
    226, 243, 246, 248, 251, 258, 266
    Bata Hazmax boots, 90
    Bathrooms, 30, 352–355, 358, 360–361, 516
    floor/standing surfaces, 361
    hand rails, 361
    Beaver Dam Eye study, 68, 69
    Bed alarms, 346, 349–350, 352, 500
    Bertec Corporation, Columbus, OH, 275
    Bertec Dynamic CDP, 232
    Bezier parameterization, 297
    BIM, see Building information modeling (BIM)
    Binocular depth perception, see Stereopsis
    Bio-fidelity, 176, 190–193
    Biolog Data Recorder (Biolog 3992, UFI), 126
    Biomechanical effects, of restricted support
    surfaces, 123
    Biomechanics, 84, 85, 90, 91, 94, 113, 121, 161, 176,
    177, 188, 190, 192, 224, 246, 251, 265, 342,
    348, 362, 380, 398, 400, 472, 479
    firefighting PPE effect on, 375–376
    firefighting SCBA effect on, 376–377
    parameters, research review related to,
    355–356
    elderly mobility and gait, 356–357
    fall recovery/injury prevention for
    elderly, 357–358
    patient handling, 356
    potential for injury in slips/falls of
    elderly, 357
    research application to hospital bed, hospital
    room, and bathroom, 358
    balance/support on standing, 358, 360
    bed height and safe egress, 358–360
    rails in patients’ room, 360
    restricted support surfaces and, 123
    Bipedal locomotion, 202, 212, 216, 218
    Bishamon Lift-2 K®, Bishamon Industries
    Corporation, 286
    BLS, see U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
    Blue-collar workers, 45, 46, 50
    Blue Mountains Eye Study, 67
    BMI, see Body mass index (BMI)
    Body mass index (BMI), 298
    Body size and shape and harness match level
    effect, 114
    Body weight and stature effects, 111–112
    Boolean algebra, 446, 454, 457, 463
    representation and fault tree analysis, 447
    simplification, 451–455
    Boom lifts, 135, 272, 439, 478–479
    background and injury surveillance, 287
    injury surveillance, 287–288
    Boots, of firefighters, 84, 85, 93, 377, 381
    design, and effects on gait and balance,
    377–378
    slip resistance properties of, 87–89
    BOS, see Base of support (BOS)
    BOT 3000E, 181, 187
    Bottom of flight illusion causing fall off
    stairway, case study of, 406
    inadequate handrails, 407
    inadequate visual information, 406Subject Index 531
    Boundary lubrication, 145, 192
    Box steps, 293, 294
    BPST, see British portable skid tester (BPST)
    Bradycardia, 103, 105, 106
    British portable skid tester (BPST), 184, 188, 190
    Broken nosing, case study of, 410
    inadequate handrails, 411
    inconsistent step geometry, 411
    Brungraber Mark I, 181
    Brungraber Mark II, 184
    Brungraber Mark II Slip Meter, 88
    Bubble-level method, 264
    Building information modeling (BIM), 485
    Bunker gear, 375
    C
    Cab-over-engine (COE), 301
    California Nursing Outcome Coalition
    (CalNOC), 346
    CalNOC, see California Nursing Outcome
    Coalition (CalNOC)
    Canadian CAN/CSA-Z259.10-06 standard, 112
    Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 278
    Care environments, and human factors/
    ergonomics (HFE) approach, 491
    context, 492, 493
    design model
    DIAL-F, 492–495, 504
    discussion, 503–504
    safety risk assessment (SRA) tool for
    healthcare architecture, 495–499
    staff and patient engagement in STF
    risk management through quality
    improvement (QI) projects
    lean, 499–502
    QI and HFE, 496, 498–499
    QI projects and embedded impact, 503
    Six Sigma, 502–503
    Cataracts, 66, 72, 405
    surgery, 70–72
    CAVE-type surround-screen virtual
    reality (SSVR) system (MechDyne
    Corporation), 125, 127, 129, 130
    CBRN, see Chemical, biological, radiological, or
    nuclear (CBRN) hazards
    CDC, see Centers for Disease Control and
    Prevention (CDC)
    Celesco Transducer Products, Inc., 275, 277
    Cement masons, 46
    Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI),
    5, 49, 54, 59, 242, 272, 273, 287, 472,
    477–479
    Center for Construction Research and Training
    (CPWR), 54, 59, 271, 273, 470, 480
    Construction Solutions Database, 56, 58
    fall-protection training program of, 56–57
    hazard alert cards of, 57, 58
    Center for Health Design (CHD), 495–497
    Center for Innovation in Construction Safety
    and Health (CICSH), 423
    Center of mass (COM), 80, 82–83, 121, 122, 246,
    247, 251, 276, 357, 376, 377
    Center of pressure (COP), 133, 374
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    (CDC), 20–22, 510, 514
    Central nervous system (CNS), 79–82, 121, 227
    CFOI, see Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
    (CFOI)
    CHD, see Center for Health Design (CHD)
    Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear
    (CBRN) hazards, 77, 78
    Children, 162, 198, 201, 207, 208, 212, 351
    Chrome steel box, 293, 294
    CICSH, see Center for Innovation in
    Construction Safety and Health
    (CICSH)
    Circumstantial hazard, 165, 169–171
    Cochrane report, 34, 35
    COE, see Cab-over-engine (COE)
    Coefficient of friction (COF), 88, 93, 141, 151, 176,
    179, 181, 184
    adhesion, 144–145
    correlation
    with roughness, 148
    with waviness, 148
    decrease in, 225
    dynamic, 180, 183, 472, 514
    between footwear and flooring, 513
    high, 361
    hysteresis, 144–145, 147
    measurement, 183, 190
    of nontreaded shoe, 147
    slipperiness and, 228
    testing shoe–floor contaminant, 142–144, 147
    COF, see Coefficient of friction (COF)
    Cognitive impairment, 32, 35, 37, 227, 344, 348,
    353, 360
    Collective fall protection systems, 134, 135
    COM, see Center of mass (COM)
    Combination ladders, 243
    Commercial roofing, 475
    Commercial vehicles (trucks), 292
    fall incidents
    fall injuries characteristics, 292–293
    injury prevalence, 292532 Subject Index
    fall injuries risk factors
    environmental factors, 298–299
    ground reaction force, 293, 295–296
    ingress–egress system configurations,
    293–298
    truck drivers’ anthropometric
    characteristics, 298
    practice and control
    driver and worker training, 303–304
    driver assessments, 302–303
    footwear, 304–305
    ingress–egress system design
    improvement, 299–302
    maintenance and retrofit, 305–306
    virtual assessments, 302
    Community-based multifactorial
    interventions, 23
    Community settings, 20–21
    Compliant flooring, 151
    Composite hazard in injury mechanism,
    164–167
    Compression, 102–103
    Construction industry, 224; see also Accident
    causes and prevention measures for
    fatal occupational falls, in construction
    industry; Knowledge gaps and
    emerging issues for fall control, in
    construction
    construction trade workers and, STF
    reduction in, 12
    data sources, 59–60
    definitions, 60
    fall injuries in
    among construction occupants, 53
    among construction subsectors, 51–53
    by demographics, 49–50, 51
    by employment status, 50–51, 52
    trends, 49, 50
    types, 54, 55–56
    fall prevention
    national fall prevention campaign, 59
    training materials and products, 54,
    56–58
    occupational injuries in
    fatal and nonfatal trends, 48
    leading causes, 48, 49
    U.S. profile, 42, 43–44
    fall hazards, 46–47
    workforce, 42, 44–46
    Consumer Product Safety
    Commission (CPSC), 242
    Contact area, 144, 145, 147, 164, 176, 178, 192, 212
    Contact pressure, 147, 176, 177, 192
    Content validity ratio (CVR), 423
    Continuum model, 178
    Contrast sensitivity, 66, 68, 70
    Conventional sidewalks, 325–326
    COP, see Center of pressure (COP)
    County Business Patterns, 60
    Coworker-assisted rescue, 317
    CPSC, see Consumer Product Safety
    Commission (CPSC)
    CPWR, see Center for Construction Research
    and Training (CPWR)
    Cross-examination, 394
    Crurifragium, 102
    CSA, see Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
    Curb cutouts, 328
    Curbing, 327–328
    Current Population Survey, 60
    CVR, see Content validity ratio (CVR)
    D
    Damp mopping, 516
    DBI/Sala (ISAFETM), 279
    Define–Measure–Analyze–Improve–Control
    (DMAIC), 498, 502–503
    Delphi process, 496
    Dementia, 21, 32, 33, 35, 207, 495
    Deposition, 393, 394, 398
    DIAL-F design model, 492–495, 504
    Direct examination, 394
    Discovery, in forensics, 393
    Diverse populations, fall injury protection
    among, 14
    Dizziness, 30, 31, 33, 103, 110, 115
    DMAIC, see Define–Measure–Analyze–
    Improve–Control (DMAIC)
    Door-mounted handholds, 301
    Downton Index, 350
    Drag testers, 142–144
    Drainage grates, 329
    Driver and worker training, in truck
    industry, 303
    inward-facing egress, 304
    three points of contact (3PC), 303–304
    use two hands (U2H), 304
    DuPont Tychem® CPF3, 90
    Dynamometer pull meter, 180, 181
    E
    EAL, see Energy-absorbing lanyard (EAL)
    EAX series, Entran Devices Inc., 282
    Elastomer, 177, 178, 183Subject Index 533
    Elbows, 91, 165, 398, 411
    ELCOSH, see Electronic Library of Construction
    Occupational Safety and Health
    (eLCOSH)
    Elderly, 4, 29, 31–34, 37, 80–81, 120, 133, 349,
    354–356, 359, 361; see also Older adults,
    falls among
    fall recovery/injury prevention for, 357–358
    mobility and gait, 356–357
    potential for injury in slips/falls of, 357
    stairway safety and, 198, 199, 201, 207, 208,
    212, 217
    tripping and, 147
    vision impairment and fall risk in
    eye disease66–67
    falls problem in older adults and, 65–66
    functional assessment, 67–69
    spectacle correction, 69–70
    visual interventions for preventing falls,
    70–71
    Electro-adhesion technology, 474
    Electronic Library of Construction
    Occupational Safety and Health
    (eLCOSH), 57
    Electronic medical record (EMR), 500, 502, 503
    Elevated devices among firefighters
    career fire fighter’s death
    falling from aerial ladder, 428
    falling from elevated aerial platform,
    430–431
    falling from fire escape ladder, 434–435
    falling from roof at apartment building
    fire, 435–437
    fire fighter’s death, after fall from ladder,
    431–433
    fire fighter fatality investigation and
    prevention, 427–428
    volunteer fire fighter’s death
    after falling from rope, 429–430
    after 9ft fall from ladder, 438–439
    after ten-foot fall from engine, 433–434
    volunteer training/safety officer death,
    from injuries following training
    exercise, 437
    Elevated workplace virtual models, 126; see also
    Virtual reality simulations of height,
    fall prevention research with
    evaluation studies
    footwear effects on balance at restricted
    and elevated surfaces, 128–130
    vibration effects on balance at restricted
    and elevated surfaces, 130–132
    validation studies
    real and virtual height effects
    comparative evaluation and, 126–127
    virtual scaffolding models with real
    planks and, 127–128
    Elk River (Construction PlusTM), 279
    EMR, see Electronic medical record (EMR)
    Encroaching tread causing trip and fall, case
    study of, 410
    inadequate handrail, 410
    Energy-absorbing lanyard (EAL), 277–283
    Energy and injury, 160–165, 167–170
    Entryways
    floor mats, 335
    design, 335–336
    importance, 334
    in-service mats, 336
    Environmental scan, 351–352
    Environment-oriented interfaces, 134
    EPA, see U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    (EPA)
    EPICEA, see Prévention par l’Informatisation
    desComptes rendus d’Enquêtes
    d’Accidents (EPICEA) database
    European EN 361standards, 112
    European Working Group on Sarcopenia in
    Older People, 32
    Exercise, significance of, 35
    Experimental stairways, 218
    Extension ladder, 245–247, 249, 258, 262, 438, 474
    electrocution risk control for, 259
    safety, 259–260
    anthropometric methods evaluation,
    262–264
    instrumental methods evaluation, 264
    user stability enhancement, 265–266
    Eye diseases
    age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
    66–67, 72
    cataracts, 66, 72, 405
    glaucoma, 67, 72
    F
    Failure mode effects analysis (FMEA), 502
    Fall-arrest system, 107, 109, 134, 135, 262, 277–
    279, 315; see also Suspension trauma
    and fall-arrest harness design
    Manikin drop tests and, 479
    performance measurement, by dissipated
    kinetic energy, 281–283
    Fall injuries, in construction industry
    among construction occupants, 53
    among construction subsectors, 51–53534 Subject Index
    by demographics, 49–50, 51
    by employment status, 50–51, 52
    trends, 49, 50
    types, 54, 55–56
    Fall Prediction Index, 351
    Fall prevention and protection
    incident surveillance, 5–7, 8–10
    intervention and implementation, 11–12
    public health approach, 4–5
    risk identification, 7, 11
    strategic goals to address global STF
    burden, 12
    emerging issues, 15
    fall injuries reduction among
    transportation and material-moving
    occupations, 13
    fall injury control among vulnerable
    populations, 13–14
    fall injury control in health service
    industry, 12–13
    fall injury protection among diverse
    populations, 14
    human characteristics understanding for
    effective control measures, 14–15
    STF reduction in construction industry
    and among construction trade
    workers, 12
    STF reduction in retail trade settings, 13
    Fall risk, with restricted and elevated support
    surfaces, 120
    fall causation theoretical considerations and,
    121–122
    fall prevention research with virtual reality
    simulations of height, 124
    elevated workplace virtual models
    evaluation studies, 128–132
    elevated workplace virtual models
    validation studies, 126–128
    methodological limitations and future
    research, 132–133
    NIOSH virtual reality laboratory, 125–126
    preliminary studies at real height,
    124–125
    falls from elevation problem and, 120
    hazard elimination measures, 135–136
    physiological effects of exposure to elevation
    and, 122–123
    protection measures, 134–135
    psychophysiological effects of exposure to
    elevation and, 122
    research using real height models, 133–134
    restricted and elevated support surfaces
    and, 120–121
    restricted support surfaces biomechanical
    effects and, 123
    Fall risk assessment, 25, 33, 34, 36, 37, 69,
    354, 501
    Falls from Height: A Guide to Rescue Planning, 317
    Fall tracker board (FTB), 500, 502
    Fascia, 294
    Fault tree analysis
    Boolean algebra representation and, 447
    qualitative and quantitative application, 460,
    463, 464–465
    FDA, see Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
    Fear of falling, 20, 30, 37, 70, 122, 123, 126,
    132–134, 323, 343, 345, 351
    Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
    (FMCSA), 301
    Field-based devices, 176, 191
    friction devices, 180
    Fire apparatus, 428, 431, 434, 439
    Firefighter PPE, 85, 94
    effect on tripping risk, 85–87
    slip resistance properties of boots and, 87–89
    Firefighting community, 370; see also Elevated
    devices among firefighters
    environment of, 371
    future research needs, 378
    firefighter tasks in falls, 380
    physical fitness and training in
    prevention, 378
    SCBA and PPE ergonomics, 378–379
    situational awareness role in STF, 379–380
    gait and balance among, 374
    studies directly examining heat stress
    and fatigue in, 374–375
    studies examining protective ensemble
    effect on, 375–378
    individual characteristics, related to
    STF, 373
    age and experience, 373–374
    fitness, 374
    personal protective equipment (PPE) and
    tools, 371–373
    slips, trips, and falls among, 370
    cost, 370–371
    incidence, 370
    theoretical model for STF among, 380–381
    “Fireman” method, 262, 264
    First-receiver PPE, 89–93
    Fixed ladders, 243
    Flesch–Kincaid readability test, 423
    Floor mats, 335, 354
    design, 335–336
    Floor roughness, 144, 145, 147, 179Subject Index 535
    FMCSA, see Federal Motor Carrier Safety
    Administration (FMCSA)
    FMEA, see Failure mode effects analysis
    (FMEA)
    Focus Four program, 57
    Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 348
    Footholds, 115
    Foot triplets, 247
    Footwear, 88–89, 93, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 192,
    201, 220, 292, 298–299, 334–335, 375,
    471, 472, 517, 519
    driver, 304–305
    effects on balance, at restricted and elevated
    surfaces, 128–130
    friction characteristics, and flooring, 513–514
    with high heels, 204, 212, 217–219
    with low heels, 212, 217–218
    protective, 84, 85, 94
    Foreign-born workers, 46, 50
    Forensics
    applications, 396
    fall from elevation, 399–400
    misstep-and-fall, 398–399
    slip-and-fall, 397–398
    trip-and–fall, 396–397
    in fall incident litigation, 392
    consultation with client, 392–393
    information review, 393
    opinion expression, 393
    opinion research and formulation, 393
    site inspection, 393
    fall opinions, basis for, 394
    codes and law, 394
    empirical study, 396
    industry custom and practice, 395
    professional guidelines, 395
    professional judgment, 396
    scientific literature, 396
    voluntary consensus standards, 394–395
    practice, nature of, 390–391
    Frailty, 29, 33, 34
    Friction demand, 190
    Friction measurement, 175–176
    discussion, 188, 190–192
    measurement conditions, 176–177
    mechanical devices summary
    laboratory-based methods, 179–180
    portable devices, 180–188
    mechanisms, 177–179
    validity of, 188
    Front suspension duration, 104
    FTB, see Fall tracker board (FTB)
    FTEs, see Full-time equivalent workers (FTEs)
    Full-face respirator and eyewear, 83
    Full-time equivalent workers (FTEs), 48, 53, 60
    Functional impairment, 20, 37, 495
    G
    Gait, 23, 30, 31, 33, 34, 81, 91, 92, 127, 149, 205
    altered, 500
    balance among firefighters and, 374
    studies directly examining heat stress
    and fatigue in, 374–375
    studies examining protective ensemble
    effect on, 375–378
    balance impairments and, 35
    elderly mobility and, 356–357
    locomotion and rhythm, 203
    stair users adjusting, 209
    Gear, 381
    bunker, 375
    firefighting, 371, 372, 375
    German Federal Post Office, 103
    Get-Up-and-Go (GUG) test, 500
    Ghost step (air step), 205
    Glaucoma, 67, 72
    Graphical fault tree, 459–462
    Graphical icon, 460
    Grating surface, 293, 294
    GRF, see Ground reaction force (GRF)
    Ground reaction force (GRF), 247, 293, 295–296,
    298, 304, 377
    Guardrails, 54, 80, 274, 283, 445, 455, 465,
    472, 480
    improper, 452–454
    inadequate protection, allowing fall off
    stairway, 408
    OSHA on, 476
    permanent, 484
    pothole, 277
    protection, 286, 451, 458–459, 475–477
    slide guards and, 482–483
    GUG, see Get-Up-and-Go (GUG) test
    H
    Haddon’s strategies, 162, 163, 169
    for accidents triggered by movement
    disturbance, 169–170
    Handholds, 259, 265, 266, 292, 293, 296–298, 302,
    304–306, 353, 355, 358, 360, 362
    configurations, 294–295
    door-mounted, 301
    external, 300
    internal, 300536 Subject Index
    Handrails, 206, 216, 220, 252, 258, 259, 334, 337,
    343, 353, 361, 393, 398–399, 405, 409, 412,
    459, 472, 477; see also Visual cues
    geometry, 332
    graspability, 332–333
    inadequate, 404, 406–408, 410–411, 413
    ramps and, 333
    safety, 519
    Harness and fall-arrest system, 107; see also
    Suspension trauma and fall-arrest
    harness design
    Hazard, 160; see also individual entries
    concept, within accident prevention scope
    multiple definitions, 161–162
    and STF, 162–163
    usage, 162
    impact on prevention strategies and risk
    assessment, 169
    Haddon’s strategies for accidents
    triggered by movement disturbance,
    169–170
    risk assessment for accidents, 170
    injury mechanism in accidents and,
    triggered by movement disturbance
    composite hazard in injury mechanism,
    164–167
    in falls, 163–164
    hazard variety in injury
    mechanism, 167
    representation of, 168–169
    HCSA, see Health Care and Social Assistance
    (HCSA)
    Head injuries, 22, 107, 200, 220, 342, 357, 450
    Health Care and Social Assistance (HCSA),
    509–510, 518
    Health service industry, fall injury control in,
    12–13
    Healthy adults and athletes, 231
    Heel contact angle, 81, 190–191
    Heel-strike distance, 86
    Helmets, 353, 371, 451
    Hendrix I, 350
    HFE, human factors–ergonomics (HFE), 390
    High-viscosity fluids, 147
    Hip, 83, 91–92, 123, 149, 151–152, 226
    fracture, 20, 22, 32, 35, 37, 67, 68, 199, 207,
    345, 354
    protectors, 353
    Hispanics, in U.S. construction industry, 42,
    44–46, 50, 60, 417–419, 473, 484
    Horizontal pull slipmeter (HPS), 180, 181, 186
    Hospital beds and falls, 346–348
    Hospitals, 21
    Hospital workers, STF prevention among,
    509–510
    work-related STF injury research in hospitals
    and, 510
    adequate lighting, 519
    age group, employment length and
    gender, 512
    body part and injury nature, 512
    floor maintenance as clean and dry,
    515–516
    friction characters of footwear and
    flooring, 513–514
    ice and snow removal, 518–519
    occupations, 511–512
    pedestrian access prevention to wet
    floors, 516
    risk factor study, 513
    safer operating rooms, 518
    slip-resistant shoes, 517
    stairs and handrails safety, 519
    STF circumstances, 513
    STF hazards identification, 514
    tripping hazards minimization,
    517–518
    written housekeeping program
    creation, 515
    HPS, see Horizontal pull slipmeter (HPS)
    Human characteristics understanding, for
    effective control measures, 14–15
    Human Factors Design Handbook, 395
    Human factors–ergonomics (HFE), 390
    Human-oriented interfaces, 135
    Hydrodynamic lubrication, 192
    Hydrodynamic pressures, 147, 178
    Hydrodynamic squeeze-film model, 178
    Hysteresis friction, 144–145, 147, 177, 179
    I
    IBC, see International Building Code (IBC)
    IEA, see International Ergonomics Association
    (IEA)
    IFSI, see Illinois Fire Service Institute (IFSI)
    Illinois Fire Service Institute (IFSI), 370
    Impact attenuation and postural balance,
    design for, 149–153
    Impact testers, 142, 143
    Impairment, 81, 105, 356, 359
    of balance, 35, 67, 227, 344, 350
    of body system, 225, 227, 233
    cognitive, 32, 35, 37, 227, 344, 348, 353, 360
    functional, 20, 37, 495
    of gait, 35, 344, 350, 358, 362Subject Index 537
    of people, 70–72, 198–199, 207, 208, 227, 230,
    333, 343
    vision, see Vision impairment and fall risk in
    elderly
    Implementation, meaning of, 12
    Individual fall protection systems, 134
    Ingress–egress system configurations
    handhold configurations, 294–295
    step configurations, 293–294
    tactics
    inward-versus outward-facing egress,
    295–296
    motion kinematics and dynamics,
    296–298
    Ingress–egress system design improvement, in
    truck industry
    handholds, 300–301
    standards and design guidelines, 301
    FMCSA Part 399, Subpart L, 301
    MILSTD-1472, 302
    SAE J185, 302
    TMC RP-404B, 301–302
    step construction, 299–300
    step layout, 300
    step visibility, 300
    Injuries, classification of, 344
    Innovative mobile technology tools, 264–265
    In-service mats, 336
    Interface Inc., 283
    International Association of Oil and Gas
    Producers (OGP), 460
    lifesaving rules, examples of, 462
    International Building Code (IBC), 216, 331, 332,
    394, 398
    International Classification of Diseases, 199
    International Ergonomics Association
    (IEA), 491
    International Organization of Standards (ISO),
    112, 142, 302, 395
    International Residential Code, 216
    International Union of Operating Engineers, 57
    Intervention, meaning of, 11
    Intervertebral Neck Injury Criterion
    (IV-NIC), 285
    ISO, see International Organization of
    Standards (ISO)
    IV-NIC, see Intervertebral Neck Injury Criterion
    (IV-NIC)
    J
    James machine, 179, 181
    Japanese Institute of Standards, 144
    Johns Hopkins risk assessment
    methodology, 500
    Journal of Safety Research, 323
    K
    Kaplan–Meier survival curve, 105
    Kevlar boots, 377
    Kinect, 232
    Kinesthetic Ability Trainer, 232
    Kinetic energy, in injury mechanism, 164, 167
    Kistler™, 286
    Knee, 81, 83, 91, 92, 102, 107, 165, 226, 227, 231,
    287, 344, 359, 398, 409, 513
    Knowledge gaps and emerging issues for fall
    control, in construction, 470–471
    building information modeling
    (BIM) and, 485
    discussion, 486–487
    fall solutions aimed at prevention
    control hierarchy, 480
    fall protection measures, 480–483
    fall solutions having own risks
    aerial lifts, 478–479
    mast climbing work platform (MCWP),
    479–480
    national fall prevention campaign and,
    485–486
    prevention through design (PtD) and,
    484–485
    risk factors influencing falls, 471
    environmental factors, 471–472
    falls from and through ladders, 474–475
    falls from and through roofs, 475–476
    falls from and through scaffolds, 476–477
    falls from and through
    telecommunication towers, 477–478
    personal factors, 472–474
    training and experience and, 483–484
    L
    LabINRS, 179, 180, 182, 190
    Laboratory-based devices, 176, 177, 179–180, 191
    Ladder
    accessories and tools, 11, 46, 56–57, 82–83,
    103–104, 259–261, 305, 370, 399, 419,
    431–432, 434–439, 450, 458, 484, 487
    belt, 428, 439
    classification of, 243
    common types of, 243
    current measures to control falls from
    design-based control, 257–261538 Subject Index
    fall protection measures, 261–262
    foreseeable misuse and design
    improvements need, 257
    hazard elimination and substitution, 261
    proper use and need for education and
    training, 257
    design modifications and improvements,
    258–259
    fall injury problem, 242
    falls
    causes and mechanisms of
    from and through, 474–475
    portable ladders mechanical behavior,
    246–248
    theoretical considerations, 246
    user–ladder direct interactions and
    ladder-related fall mechanisms,
    251–252
    user–ladder indirect interactions, 248–250
    portable, 243–244
    characteristics, 244–246
    recent research on safety of
    extension ladder setup improvement,
    262–264
    hand-grip issues and three-point control,
    265–266
    innovative mobile technology tools,
    264–265
    step-ladder safety enhancement, 266
    risk factors for falls from, 252–254
    safety standards and regulations, 255–257
    use, definition of, 251
    LA Times newspaper, 316
    Leaning ladders, see Non-self-supporting
    ladders
    Lean technique, 496, 498–502
    LEAP, see Linking evaluation and practice
    (LEAP)
    Leather boots, 377
    Liberty Mutual Research Institute for
    Safety, 513
    Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety
    Index, 120, 224
    LifeMOD Biomechanics Human Modeler
    (Version 2010, LifeModeler, Inc., San
    Clemente, California), 284
    Lighting, 336
    levels, and transitions, 336–337
    Lighting Handbook, 395
    Linking evaluation and practice (LEAP), 500
    Liquid-contaminated surfaces, 177
    Long-term care (LTC), 30–32, 34, 35, 37
    falls and fall risk in, 36
    Low-stiffness flooring, 149–152
    LSC, see US Life Safety Code (LSC)
    LTC, see Long-term care (LTC)
    M
    MAF, see Maximum arrest force (MAF)
    Magnetic Products, Inc., 278
    Manikin drop tests, 479
    Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
    Devices for Streets and Highways
    (MUTCD), 330
    Mast climbing work platform (MCWP),
    479–480
    Maximum arrest force (MAF), 279
    MCS, see Minimal cut set (MCS)
    MCWP, see Mast climbing work platform
    (MCWP)
    Measure of Man and Woman, The, 395
    Mediolateral foot placement, 123
    Melbourne Edge Test, 68
    MFC, see Minimum foot clearance (MFC)
    MFS, see Morse Fall Scale (MFS)
    Minimal cut set (MCS), 446, 454, 455,
    456, 463
    Minimum foot clearance (MFC), 149
    Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
    scores, 379
    Misstep, 198, 204–207, 209–212, 217, 220,
    251, 404
    variable step geometry causing, and
    fall, 407
    inadequate handrails, 407–408
    inadequate visual information, 407
    inconsistent step geometry, 407
    Mobile devices, 323
    Morse Fall Scale (MFS), 359
    Motionless suspension, 106, 107
    Motor control, 66, 78–81, 93, 226, 227, 230, 232,
    233, 357
    MSA (WorkmanTM), 279, 281
    MTS Systems Corporation, 275
    Multifocal glasses, 69–71
    Multimodal method, 264
    Multiple sclerosis, 227, 228
    Muscle strengthening, as therapy to reduce
    falling risks, 354–355
    Muscle weakness, 33
    Musculoskeletal system, 226, 228, 233, 234,
    381, 479
    MUTCD, see Manual on Uniform Traffic
    Control Devices for Streets and
    Highways (MUTCD)Subject Index 539
    N
    National Electronic Injury Surveillance
    System—Occupational supplement
    (NEISS-Work), 242; see also US National
    Electronic Inquiry Surveillance
    System (NEISS)
    National Fire Incident Reporting System
    (NFIRS), 370
    National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
    78, 85, 88, 316, 332–333, 370–372,
    427–430, 437
    National Floor Safety Institute (NFSI), 144
    National Institute for Occupational Safety
    and Health (NIOSH), 15, 54, 57, 59,
    78, 90, 94, 105, 271, 274, 275, 277, 279,
    281, 285–287, 298, 428–439, 463, 474,
    486, 510, 514
    case studies
    firefighter PPE, 85–89
    fall prevention research program, 136
    Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation
    (FACE), 272, 273, 479, 484
    Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and
    Prevention Program (FFFIPP), 428
    Ladder Safety app, 257, 264–265, 474
    virtual reality laboratory, 125–126
    National Instruments Corporation, 278
    National Occupational Research Agenda
    (NORA), 59, 486
    National Safety Council (NSC), 271, 273, 322
    Nausea, 103, 110, 115
    Negotiable hazard, 168
    NEISS, see US National Electronic Inquiry
    Surveillance System (NEISS)
    NEISS-Work, see National Electronic Injury
    Surveillance System—Occupational
    supplement (NEISS-Work)
    Neolite© test foot, 398
    Neurocom Balance Master, 232
    Neuromotor control system, for postural
    balance maintenance, 226
    Neuromuscular training, 230
    Neurophysiological balance training targeting
    vision, vestibular and proprioception
    systems, 230
    NFIRS, see National Fire Incident Reporting
    System (NFIRS)
    NFPA, see National Fire Protection Association
    (NFPA)
    NFPA, see National Fire Protection Association
    (NFPA)
    NFSI, see National Floor Safety Institute (NFSI)
    NHs, see Nursing homes (NHs)
    Nintendo Wii Fit, 232
    NIOSH, see National Institute for Occupational
    Safety and Health (NIOSH)
    Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
    database, 5
    Nonmetal ladders, 245
    Non-self-supporting ladders, 243–246, 249,
    251, 266
    proper angular positioning of, 250
    risk factors for falls from, 253
    setup of, 250
    Nonworker population, intrinsic balance
    improvement in, 232
    NORA, see National Occupational Research
    Agenda (NORA)
    Nosings, 203–206, 209–210, 219, 299, 332,
    397, 405, 407
    broken, case study of, 410–411
    inadequate handrails, 411
    inconsistent step geometry, 411
    slippery, case study of, 411–412
    inconsistent step geometry, 412
    unlit and camouflaged, 412
    inadequate handrails, 413
    inadequate visual information, 412, 413
    inconsistent step geometry, 412
    NSC, see National Safety Council (NSC)
    Nursing homes (NHs)
    falls in, 21
    causes and risk factors, 30–33
    epidemiology, 29–30
    therapy and prevention programs in,
    33–34
    cognitive impairment, 35, 37
    exercise, 35
    fear of falling, 37
    gait and balance impairments, 35
    O
    ONET, see Occupational Information Network (ONET)
    Obesity, 381
    Obvious hazards, 165, 168, 171
    Occupational Information Network (O*NET),
    46, 59–60
    Occupational injuries, in construction
    industry
    fatal and nonfatal trends, 48
    leading causes, 48, 49
    Occupational Injury and Illness Classification
    System (OIICS), 49, 50540 Subject Index
    Occupational Safety and Health
    Administration (OSHA), 42, 48, 53, 54,
    59, 77, 79, 89, 90, 94, 102, 109, 114, 115,
    250, 255, 261, 273, 277, 279, 314–316, 416,
    420, 421, 463, 485
    Fall Protection Directive STD 03-11-002, 134
    fall-protection training needs
    understanding, from safety training
    requirements perspective of, 422
    questionnaire, 422–423
    results and discussion, 424, 425
    Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation
    (FACE), 287–288
    General Industry Standard, 120, 121
    guardrail system and, 476, 482
    incident investigation records, 272
    on mast climbing work platforms, 480
    Safety and Health Regulations for
    Construction, 120, 121
    on safety nets, 483
    Safety Standards for Steel Erection, 121
    on slide guards, 483
    in Taiwan, 446
    on telecommunication tower workers, 477
    OGP, see International Association of Oil and
    Gas Producers (OGP)
    OH, see Orthostatic hypotension (OH)
    OIICS, see Occupational Injury and Illness
    Classification System (OIICS)
    Older adults, fall prevention and intrinsic
    balance improvement in, 230–231
    Older adults, falls among, 19; see also Elderly
    epidemiology
    fall risk factors, 22, 23
    fatal falls, 21
    nonfatal falls, 21–22
    risk factor interactions, 22, 23
    future directions, 24–25
    prevention interventions, 23–24
    public health burden, 20
    community settings, 20–21
    hospitals, 21
    nursing homes, 21
    Older workers, 14, 49, 225, 234, 487, 512; see also
    Elderly
    Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board
    database, 292
    Optotrak-3020 motion measurement system
    (Northern Digital Inc.), 126
    OR gate, 446, 451, 455
    Orthostatic hypotension (OH), 31
    definition of, 32
    Orthostatic intolerance, 102, 110
    OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Health
    Administration (OSHA)
    Overstepping, 204, 205
    P
    PAPR, see Powered air-purifying respirator
    (PAPR)
    Parking areas
    drainage grates, 329
    factors, 329
    speed bumps, 330–331
    tire stops, 329–330
    Parkinson’s disease, 30, 32, 33, 35, 227–229, 232
    Passive fall protection systems, 134, 135
    PAST, see Portable articulated strut tribometer
    (PAST)
    Pathophysiology, 102, 106, 107
    Patient falls, 342
    bathrooms, 360–361
    floor/standing surfaces, 361
    hand rails, 361
    biomechanical research application to
    hospital bed, hospital room, and
    bathroom, 358
    balance/support on standing, 358, 360
    bed height and safe egress, 358–360
    rails in patients’ room, 360
    consequences of, 344–345
    repeated falls, 345
    fall injuries and cost to health-care
    system, 345
    fall prevention historical approaches,
    345–346
    changes in fall rates over time, 346–350
    meaning of, 342–343
    present intervention programs, 350
    environmental scan, 351–352
    fall prevention strategies, 352–353
    fall-prone patient triage, 350–351
    fall protective strategies, 353–354
    research review related to biomechanical
    parameters, 355–356
    elderly mobility and gait, 356–357
    fall recovery/injury prevention for
    elderly, 357–358
    patient handling, 356
    potential for injury in slips/falls of
    elderly, 357
    therapies to reduce risk of
    muscle strengthening, 354–355
    vitamin D, 354
    types of, 343Subject Index 541
    accidental falls, 344
    anticipated physiological falls, 344
    unanticipated physiological falls, 344
    Peak Motion Analysis System™, 85
    Pedestrian and community safety, 321
    changes in level and, 331
    distractions, 324
    entryways
    floor mats, 335–336
    importance, 334
    in-service mats, 336
    environmental and operational controls
    lighting, 336–337
    signage, 337
    snow removal, 337–338
    expectation, 322–323
    exterior walkways
    conventional sidewalks, 325–326
    curb cutouts, 328
    curbing, 327–328
    rubber and plastic sidewalks, 326–327
    surface geometry level, 325
    handrails
    geometry, 332
    graspability, 332–333
    inspection, maintenance, and management
    and, 324
    parking areas
    drainage grates, 329
    factors, 329
    speed bumps, 330–331
    tire stops, 329–330
    pedestrian behavior, anticipating and
    influencing, 324–325
    ramps, 333–334
    stairways
    design, 331–332
    visibility, 332
    trends, 323
    aging population, 323
    mobile devices, 323
    walkway design, 323
    water accumulation, 329
    Pelli–Robson test, 68
    Pelvis release experiments, 151, 152
    Pendulum tribometers, 142
    Perceived sense of postural sway and
    instability (PSPSI), 228
    Perforated step surface, 293, 294
    Personal fall arrest and restraint systems,
    481–482
    Personality traits and injury risk, relationship
    between, 379
    Personal protective equipment (PPE), 14, 77–79,
    228, 314, 374, 377–380, 419, 445, 449,
    451–458, 464
    dynamic balance control and maintenance,
    80–81
    firefighting
    effects on biomechanics, 375–376
    and tools, 371–373
    first-receiver, 89–93
    future directions, 93–94
    NIOSH case studies
    firefighter PPE, 85–89
    postural balance control and, 79–80
    postural stability affecting factors
    environmental, 82
    full-face respirator and eyewear, 83
    job-task factors, 82–83
    personal, 81–82
    protective clothing and ensemble, 83–84
    protective footwear, 84
    SCBA and, 378–379
    slips, trips, and falls and, 79
    PFT, see Portable friction tester (PFT)
    Pharmaceutical restraints, for patients, 349
    Physical ergonomic hazard, 161
    Physical restraints, for patients, 349
    Physiological effects of exposure, to elevation,
    122–123
    PIAST, see Portable inclineable articulated strut
    tribometer (PIAST)
    Portable articulated strut tribometer (PAST),
    180–181, 186
    Portable devices, 180–188
    Portable friction tester (PFT), 181, 186
    Portable inclineable articulated strut tribometer
    (PIAST), 142, 184, 188, 191
    Portable ladders, 243–244, 251, 265, 266, 267
    characteristics, 244–246
    mechanical behavior, 246–248
    slide-out risk reduction and, 258
    Portable slip simulator, 142, 184
    Post-fall anxiety, 30, 37
    Postprandial hypotension, 32
    Postural balance control and PPE, 79–80
    Postural instability, 32, 78, 79, 81, 84, 93, 94, 122,
    124–127, 132, 206, 207, 233, 273, 286,
    287, 473
    Postural stability, 72, 80, 92, 93, 121, 123, 124, 131,
    132, 224, 230, 232–234, 246, 286
    affecting factors and PPE
    environmental factors, 82
    full-face respirator and eyewear, 83
    job-task factors, 82–83542 Subject Index
    personal factors, 81–82
    protective clothing and ensemble, 83–84
    protective footwear, 84
    Postural sway, 66, 80–84, 123, 124, 228, 374,
    376, 377
    Postural threat, 122, 132, 133
    Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR), 89–90
    PPE, see Personal protective equipment (PPE)
    Presyncope, 105
    symptoms, in suspended subject, 106–107
    Prévention par l’Informatisation desComptes
    rendus d’Enquêtes d’Accidents
    (EPICEA) database, 160
    Prevention through design (PtD), 484–485
    interventions, in construction industry, 54
    Probability of a slip, 141
    Professional/municipal response, 318
    Profilometer, 145
    Programmable slip resistance tester (PSRT), 179,
    180, 182
    Proprioceptive system, 66, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 122,
    128, 130, 151, 224–227, 230, 231, 233, 234
    Protective clothing and ensemble, 83–84
    PSPSI, see Perceived sense of postural sway and
    instability (PSPSI)
    PSRT, see Programmable slip resistance tester
    (PSRT)
    Psychophysiological effects of exposure, to
    elevation, 122
    PtD, see Prevention through design (PtD)
    Public Relations Society of America, 486
    R
    Rails, 354; see also individual entries
    Ramps, 149, 305, 328, 331, 333–334, 336, 459, 514
    Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 70–71
    Range of motion (ROM), 91, 92, 94
    Rapid Improvement Event (RIE), 500, 503
    RCOF, see Required coefficient of friction
    (RCOF)
    RCTs, see Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
    Reactive controls, 227
    Real and virtual height effects comparative
    evaluation, 126–127
    Rear suspension duration, 104
    Recross, 394
    Redirect, 394
    Repeated falls, 345
    Required coefficient of friction (RCOF), 141, 246,
    251, 298
    Rescue, 313
    fall of worker and, 314
    risk conditions, 314–315
    suspension intolerance, 315
    from fall-protection system, planning for,
    315–316
    example, 316–317
    rescue plan, 317–318
    training, 318
    safety and, 314
    Research-to-practice actions, 12
    Residential roofing, 475
    Retail trade settings, STF reduction in, 13
    Retrofitting, 305–306
    RIE, see Rapid Improvement Event (RIE)
    ROM, see Range of motion (ROM)
    Roofers, 46, 51, 53, 122, 224, 233, 416–417, 421,
    422, 470, 473, 475, 481; see also Roofs
    Roofing workers, safety awareness
    enhancement among, 416
    current fall-prevention methods
    understanding, among residential
    roofing subcontractors, 416–417
    field fall-prevention methods
    deficiencies, 421
    results and discussion, 418–421
    semi-structured interview, 417–418
    fall-protection training needs, from
    OSHA’s safety training requirements
    perspective, 422
    questionnaire, 422–423
    results and discussion, 424, 425
    Roofs, 54, 59, 79, 85, 120, 125, 445, 450, 458–459,
    471, 483, 484, 486, 487; see also Roofers
    falls from and through, 224, 472–473,
    475–476
    planks, 121, 129
    Rubber and plastic sidewalks, 326–327
    Rubber boots, 377
    Rubber-treated feet, 258
    Rugged-terrain boom lifts, 478
    S
    SAE, see Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
    Safety belts, 428, 444, 477
    Safety flooring, 151–153
    Safety harness, 114, 115, 359, 444, 445, 455, 458,
    463, 472, 478
    Safety nets, 134, 444, 445, 451–453, 458, 475,
    480, 483
    Safety risk assessment (SRA) tool, for
    healthcare architecture, 495–499
    SafeWaze (SafelightTM), 279
    SAFR, see St. Louis Audit of Fall Risks (SAFR)Subject Index 543
    St. Louis Audit of Fall Risks (SAFR), 57
    Sarcopenia, 32, 33
    SATRA STM, 142
    Scaffolds, 46, 54, 79, 82, 127, 267, 449, 451–458,
    464–465, 472, 487
    cause combinations of falling from, 452
    construction workers using, 476
    falls from and through, 476–477
    fault tree illustration of falling from, 453, 456
    mast climbing, 479–480
    mobile, 274
    planks, 120, 121, 132
    postural instability and, 233
    unsafe climbing of, 445
    virtual models, 127–128
    SCBA, see Self-contained breathing apparatus
    (SCBA)
    Schuster, 181, 188
    Scientific American, 198
    Scissor lifts, 478, 479
    background, 272–273
    behavior, in hazardous condition, 274
    dynamic lift behavior computer
    simulations, 275–277
    static lift behavior computer simulations,
    274–275
    drop tests, 277
    personal fall arrest system performance
    measurement, 281–283
    results, 277–281, 283–286
    future of, 286–287
    injuries and deaths, contributing factors of,
    273–274
    Scott & White Risk Screener, 351
    Scraper mats, 335
    Second International Conference of Mountain
    Rescue Doctors (1972), 102
    Sectional ladders, 243
    SEIPS, see Systems Engineering Initiative for
    Patient Safety (SEIPS)
    Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 83,
    372–373, 375, 377, 381
    firefighting, effect on biomechanics, 376–377
    PPE and, 378–379
    Self-employment, 46, 50
    Self-evacuation, 317
    Self-supporting ladders, 243, 246; see also
    Stepladders
    Sensorimotor training, 230
    Sensors, 259, 282, 361, 362
    Sensory inputs, 66, 80, 81, 83, 121, 122, 128, 130,
    136, 227
    Sensory enhancement hypothesis, 130, 131
    Sensory suppression hypothesis, 130–132
    Shoe–floor COF, 142, 144, 147
    Shoe–floor interface, 82, 141; 175–177, 188,
    190–193, see also Available coefficient of
    friction (ACOF)
    Shoe soles, 88–89, 177, 192, 203, 210, 220, 228, 252,
    300, 305, 514
    Short flight causing fall, case study of, 408–409
    Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire
    (SPMSQ), 500
    Shoulders, 91, 92, 103, 104, 292, 300, 345, 397, 411
    Side rails, 348–349, 353
    Sigler, 184, 188, 189
    SIPOC, see Supplier/Input/Process/Output/
    Customer (SIPOC)
    Sitters, 346, 352
    Situational awareness, 379–381
    Six Sigma, 496, 498, 502–503
    Skull injuries, 200
    SkyJack Inc., 275, 277–279, 281, 283, 286, 288
    Slide guards, 483–484
    Slide out event, 248, 250, 251
    Slip event, 225
    Slipmeters, 188
    portable, 177, 191
    Slipperiness, 80–82, 85, 176, 188, 191, 226–228,
    325, 338, 361, 373, 376, 397, 472, 496,
    513–517; see also Slipping
    workers’ perception of, 225
    Slippery nosing, case study of, 411–412
    inconsistent step geometry, 412
    Slipping, 21, 31, 83, 141, 142, 147, 151, 153, 164,
    178, 190, 205, 208, 251, 258, 259, 292–294,
    338, 344, 411, 471, 474, 475, 477, 513, 516,
    517; see also Slipperiness
    Slip resistance, 84, 90, 94, 183, 326, 328, 332,
    398, 518
    flooring, 142, 147, 153, 249, 259, 334, 411,
    514, 515
    properties of boots, and firefighting PPE,
    87–89
    of shoes, 513, 514, 517
    of steps, 293–294, 299–301, 305, 412
    tests, 393
    Slips, trips, and falls (STF); see also individual
    entries
    prevention
    public health approach, 4–12
    strategic goals to address global burden,
    12–15
    Slip simulator, 179, 180, 185
    portable, 142, 184
    Small establishments, 51544 Subject Index
    Smart beds, 361
    Smart ladder, 259
    SMRs, see Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs)
    Snow removal, 337
    anti-icing, deicing, and sand, 338
    priorities, 337–338
    Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 302
    SOII, see Survey of Occupational Injuries and
    Illnesses (SOII)
    Somatosensory system 66, 81, 121, 123, 132
    Spectacle correction, 69–70
    Speed bumps, 330–331
    SPMSQ, see Short Portable Mental Status
    Questionnaire (SPMSQ)
    Squeeze effect, 178
    SRA, see Safety risk assessment (SRA) tool, for
    healthcare architecture
    SSVR, see CAVE-type surround-screen virtual
    reality (SSVR) system (MechDyne
    Corporation)
    Staff and patient engagement in STF risk
    management through quality
    improvement (QI) projects
    lean, 499–502
    QI and HFE, 496, 498–499
    QI projects and embedded impact, 503
    Six Sigma, 502–503
    Stairway falls
    bottom of flight illusion causing fall off
    stairway, case study of, 406
    inadequate handrails, 407
    inadequate visual information, 406
    broken nosing, case study of, 410
    inadequate handrails, 411
    inconsistent step geometry, 411
    due to defect in construction and
    maintenance, 404
    encroaching tread causing trip and fall, case
    study of, 410
    inadequate handrail, 410
    inadequate guardrail protection allowing
    fall off stairway, case study of, 408
    short flight causing fall, case study of,
    408–409
    inadequate visual information, 409
    slippery nosing, case study of, 411–412
    inconsistent step geometry, 412
    top of flight causing fall downstairs, case
    study of, 404
    inadequate visual information, 405
    inconsistent step geometry, 405–406
    unlit and camouflaged nosings, 412
    inadequate handrails, 413
    inadequate visual information, 412, 413
    inconsistent step geometry, 412
    variable step geometry causing misstep and
    fall, case study of, 407
    inadequate handrails, 407–408
    inadequate visual information, 407
    inconsistent step geometry, 407
    Stairways, 198–199
    design, 331–332
    fatal falls on/from, 199–201
    inherent risks of
    fall risk and kinesthetic risk in
    descending, 202–203
    foot movements in descent and loss of
    balance causes, 203–205
    interactive triggering factors causing falls
    related to, 205–206
    nonfatal falls on/from, 201–202
    risk assessment to estimate potential risk to
    cause falls related to
    individual risk estimation, 206–207
    interactive risk estimation between
    stairway and individual, 207–209
    safer tread depth and
    critical tread depth to support upright
    posture in descent, 209
    required visual tread depth to adjust
    steps at stairways entrance, 210–212
    visual cues to adjust walking rhythm at
    stairways entrance, 209–210
    visual obstruction before foot contact
    with tread, 212–215
    safety, 519
    from building design, 215–216
    tread depth and riser height less risky
    combinations
    new formula for evaluation, 219–220
    suggested dimensions, 216–219
    visibility, 332
    Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), 447–448
    Standard on Protective Ensembles for
    Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity
    Fire Fighting, 371
    Static fit (harness ring location), 112
    STEADI, see Stopping Elderly Accidents,
    Deaths, and Injuries (STEADI)
    Steady-state dynamic devices, 181
    Step geometry, 404–407, 411, 412
    Stepladders, 243, 244, 247, 249, 251, 259, 474; see
    also Self-supporting ladders
    balance loss risk control measures for, 259
    risk factors for falls from, 253
    safety enhancement ofSubject Index 545
    balance control, 266
    best practices quantification in field, 266
    lateral reaching and belt-buckle rule, 266
    Step mounting, 294
    Step simulator, 179, 180, 184
    Stereopsis, 68
    Stevenson device, 179, 183
    Stevenson et al. device, 179, 180, 185
    STF, see Slips, trips, and falls (STF)
    STM603 slip tester, 179
    Stop Construction Falls website, 59
    Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and
    Injuries (STEADI), 24
    Straight ladders, 243, 245–247
    Stroke, 30, 32, 33, 35, 227, 232, 344
    S-type, Interface Inc., 277, 282
    Supplier/Input/Process/Output/Customer
    (SIPOC), 500, 502
    Support surfaces role, in STF injuries
    prevention
    impact attenuation and postural balance,
    design for, 149–153
    slips prevention design, 141–147
    tripping prevention design, 147–149
    Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
    (SOII), 5–6, 59, 242
    Suspended ladders, 243
    Suspension syncope, 102
    factors associated with, 104
    Suspension tolerance, definition of, 110
    Suspension tolerance time, 110–111
    and risk, after fall, 101–102
    experimental evidence, 103–106
    historical aspects, 102–103
    management, 107
    prevention, 107
    syncope onset mechanism and, 106–107
    Suspension trauma, 102
    Suspension trauma and fall-arrest harness
    design, 109–110
    current prevention and protection practice
    rescue time, 114
    factors affecting full-body harness
    suspension tolerance
    body size and shape and harness match
    level effect, 114
    body weight and stature effects, 111–112
    gender effect, 112
    static fit, 112
    thigh-strap angle, 113
    torso angle of suspension and suspension
    fit, 112–113
    rescue procedure, 114
    post-rescue treatment, 115
    suspension trauma control, 115
    suspension trauma signs and
    symptoms, 115
    suspension tolerance time and, 110–111
    Swiss Cheese model of causation, 355
    Syncope, 31, 102–104
    onset mechanism, 106–107
    Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient
    Safety (SEIPS), 492
    T
    Tai Chi, 231, 232, 234, 355, 358, 378
    Tank mounted steps, 294
    Technology and Maintenance Council of the
    American Trucking Association,
    301–302
    Telecommunication towers, falls from and
    through, 477–478
    Telescopic ladders, 243
    Thigh-strap angle, 113
    3M Breathe Easy PAPR system, 90
    3PC, see Three points of contact (3PC)
    Three-point control strategy, 266
    Three points of contact (3PC), 303–304
    Tip-over threshold, 276
    Tire stops, 329–330
    Toe–obstacle clearance, 86, 87
    TOFF, see Top of flight flaw (TOFF)
    Top of flight causing fall downstairs, case study
    of, 404
    inadequate visual information, 405
    inconsistent step geometry, 405–406
    Top of flight flaw (TOFF), 405
    Top-tipping event, 251
    Torso angle of suspension and suspension fit,
    112–113
    Tortus, 181, 183, 187
    Trailing foot approach distance, 86
    Transportation and material-moving
    occupations, fall injuries reduction
    among, 13
    Tread depth (safer)
    critical tread depth to support upright
    posture in descent and, 209
    required, to adjust steps at stairways
    entrance, 210–212
    visual cues to adjust walking rhythm at
    stairways entrance and, 209–210
    visual obstruction before foot contact with
    tread and, 212–215
    Trestle ladders, 243546 Subject Index
    Tribo-fidelity, 190–192
    Tribometer, 176, 398
    pendulum, 142
    portable articulated strut tribometer (PAST),
    142, 180–181, 186
    portable inclineable articulated strut
    tribometer (PIAST), 184, 188, 191
    variable angle, 142
    variable incidence tribometer (VIT), 142,
    184, 192
    Tripping, 21, 69, 83, 91–92, 123, 203, 204, 208, 231,
    251, 258, 299, 300, 305, 326, 329, 330, 336,
    344, 370, 376, 397, 410, 471, 513, 517–518
    design for preventing, 147–149
    firefighter PPE effect on risk of, 85–87
    Truck industry, see Commercial vehicles
    (trucks)
    Two-step immersion mopping process, 516
    Tychem®, 89, 90
    Tyvek®, 89
    U
    U.K. Department of Trade and Industry, 259
    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 59, 79, 271
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    (EPA), 84
    U2H, see Use two hands (U2H)
    UHC, see University Health System Consortium
    (UHC) Patient Safety Net
    UK SATRA Technology Center, 85
    Unanticipated physiological falls, 344
    Uncorrected refractive error, 67–68
    Understepping, 205
    Unity simulation software (version 4.5.3, Unity
    Technologies), 288
    University Health System Consortium (UHC)
    Patient Safety Net, 352
    University of Aberdeen, 318
    Unlit and camouflaged nosings, 412
    inadequate handrails, 413
    inadequate visual information, 412, 413
    inconsistent step geometry, 412
    Unstable footing, 205
    User–ladder direct interactions and ladderrelated fall mechanisms, 251–252
    User–ladder indirect interactions, 248
    ladder inspection, care, and maintenance,
    248–249
    ladder selection, 248
    ladder setup, 249–250
    Use two hands (U2H), 304
    USFA, see US Fire Administration (USFA)
    US Fire Administration (USFA), 427
    US Life Safety Code (LSC), 216
    US National Electronic Inquiry Surveillance
    System (NEISS), 198; see also National
    Electronic Injury Surveillance
    System—Occupational supplement
    (NEISS-Work)
    V
    Variable angle tribometers, 142
    Variable incidence tribometer (VIT), 142,
    184, 192
    Variable step geometry causing misstep and
    fall, case study of, 407
    inadequate handrails, 407–408
    inadequate visual information, 407
    inconsistent step geometry, 407
    Venous pooling, 110, 115
    Vestibular system, 31, 66, 80, 81, 121, 122, 224,
    225, 226, 227, 230, 232–234
    Vibration effects on balance, at restricted and
    elevated surfaces, 130–132
    Vicon Inc., Centennial, 85
    VICON motion measurement system (VICON,
    Oxford Metrics Group), 126
    Video surveillance, 353
    Virtual reality and visual feedback
    systems, 232
    Virtual reality simulations of height, fall
    prevention research with, 124
    elevated workplace virtual models
    evaluation studies, 128–132
    validation studies and, 126–128
    methodological limitations and future
    research, 132–133
    NIOSH virtual reality laboratory, 125–126
    preliminary studies at real height, 124–125
    Virtual scaffolding models, with real planks,
    127–128
    Vision impairment and fall risk in elderly
    eye disease
    age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
    66–67
    cataracts, 66
    glaucoma, 67
    falls in older adults and, 65–66
    functional assessment
    contrast sensitivity, 68
    stereopsis and depth perception, 68
    visual acuity, 67–68
    visual field loss, 68–69
    spectacle correction, 69–70Subject Index 547
    visual interventions for preventing falls,
    70–71
    Vision obstruction ratios, 214
    Visual acuity, 67–71, 82, 323, 336
    Visual cues, 14, 66, 82, 211, 212, 324, 327, 331–333,
    337, 399, 409, 518, 519; see also Handrails
    to adjust walking rhythm, at stairways
    entrance, 209–210
    Visual field loss, 68–69
    Visual information, inadequate, 404–407, 409,
    412, 413
    Visual interventions, for preventing falls, 70–71
    Visual obstruction before foot contact with
    tread, 212–215
    VIT, see Variable incidence tribometer (VIT)
    Vitamin D, as therapy to reduce falling
    risks, 354
    Vulnerable populations and fall injury control,
    13–14
    W
    Walking aides, 353
    Walkways, 11, 82, 91, 324, 329, 337, 393, 397–398,
    408, 445, 517–519
    design, 323
    exterior
    conventional sidewalks, 325–326
    curb cutouts, 328
    curbing, 327–328
    rubber and plastic sidewalks, 326–327
    surface geometry level, 325
    surfaces, 149, 150, 153, 322, 334, 514
    Water accumulation, 329
    Waviness, of a floor surface, 147
    Web-based Injury Statistics Query and
    Reporting System (WISQARS), 5, 6
    Wedge term, 178
    White-collar workers, 45
    WHO, see World Health Organization (WHO)
    Whole-shoe testers, 142, 143
    Wiper/scraper mats, 335
    Wiper mats, 335–336
    WISQARS, see Web-based Injury Statistics
    Query and Reporting System
    (WISQARS)
    Workman’s Compensation database, 370
    World Health Organization (WHO), 199
    Wrists, 292, 345, 357
    W-W-W methodology, 500

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