The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers
اسم المؤلف
Laurence W. McKeen
التاريخ
المشاهدات
414
التقييم
(لا توجد تقييمات)
Loading...
التحميل

The Effect of Long Term Thermal Exposure on Plastics and Elastomers
Laurence W. McKeen
Table of Contents
Foreword

  1. Introduction to the Effect of Heat Aging on Plastics
  2. Introduction to the Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
  3. The Effect of Heat Aging on the Properties of Styrenic Plastics
  4. The Effect of Heat Aging on the Properties of Polyesters
  5. The Effect of Heat Aging on the Properties of Polyimides
  6. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Polyamides (Nylons)
  7. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Polyolefins, Polyvinyls & Acrylics
  8. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Fluoropolymers
  9. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of High Temperature/High Performance Polymers
  10. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Elastomers and rubbers
  11. The Effect of heat aging on the properties of Sustainable polymers
    Index
    Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables, respectively.
    A
    Acetal copolymer, 229
    chemical structure, 231f
    vs. homopolymer, 229230, 232
    Acetal homopolymer, 227
    chemical structure, 231f
    vs. copolymer, 229230, 232
    Acid scavengers, 2223
    Acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR)
    copolymers, 259270
    applications and uses, 266
    bound antioxidant NBR, 263
    carboxylated nitrile (XNBR), 263
    cold NBR, 259
    crosslinked hot NBR, 263
    HNBR, 263266
    hot NBR, 259262
    manufacturers and trade names, 266
    monomers and polymer structure, 268f
    Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 73
    chemical structures, 74f
    elongation energy to break vs. heat
    aging, 78f
    impact strength, as a function of aging
    time at 90°C and 120°C
    notched ABS, 76f
    unnotched ABS, 77f
    penetration energy vs. heat aging time
    at 90°C, 75f
    stress-strain curve, 78f
    TGA, 75f
    thermooxidation degradation
    polybutadiene, 74f
    yellowing, 76f
    Young’s modulus, 77f
    Acrylonitrile-styrene acrylate (ASA),
    8082
    penetration energy vs. heat aging time
    at 90°C, 82f
    yellowing, 82f
    Acudel® 22000, TGA in air and nitrogen,
    218f
    Acudel® 25000, TGA in air and nitrogen,
    218f
    Addition polymerization, 12, 2f
    chain initiation, 1
    chain propagation, 1
    chain termination, 1
    Additives
    antiblock, 14, 14f
    antistatic, 16
    platelet, 12
    slip, 1314
    Aflas®
    thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 265f
    Aliphatic TPU, 240
    American Society for Testing and
    Materials (ASTM), 47
    standards for common polymer
    families, 50t
    Amodel® A-1000, 163f
    Amodel® A-1133, 164f
    Amorphous nylon (polyamides), 139141
    applications and uses, 141
    characteristics, 139
    chemical structure, 142f
    manufacturers and trade names, 141
    Amorphous plastic, crystalline plastic vs.,
    10, 10f
    Antiblock additives, 14, 14f
    Antioxidants
    chain breaking, 1718
    phenolic. See Phenolic antioxidants
    Antistatic additives, 16
    Aromatic TPU, 240
    ASA. See Acrylonitrile-styrene acrylate
    (ASA)
    ASTM. See American Society for Testing
    and Materials (ASTM)
    Atactic polypropene, 67, 7f
    Aurum®, 124f
    B
    Bayer TPU, effect of 70 h of thermal
    aging on the tensile strength of,
    241f
    Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer,
    175176
    manufacturers and trade names, 175
    structure, 176f
    thermal stability as measured by time to
    1% weight loss vs. temperature,
    177f
    Biphenol diamine PMDA PEI, 124f
    Bis-benzoxazolyl-stilbene, 20
    chemical structure, 22f
    excitation and emission curves, 21f
    4,40-bisphenol A dianhydride (BPADA),
    121
    monomer, chemical structure, 125f
    BPADA-DDS PEI sulfone, 124f
    BPADA-MPD PEI, 124f
    BPADA-PMDA-MPD copolyetherimide,
    125f
    BPADA-PPD PEI, 124f
    Branched polymers, 3, 3f
    Brighteners. See Optical brighteners
    Bromobutyl rubber, 244
    applications and uses, 244
    crosslinking (vulcanization), 258f
    elongation at break retained vs. aging
    time at various temperature, 259f
    isoprene-based structural units, 258f
    manufacturers and trade name, 244
    C
    CalibreTM 300 PC
    effect of aging in air on yield stress,
    100f
    effect of aging time in air at various
    temperatures on Izod impact
    strength, 99f
    Caprolactam, 141
    Carbon black, 15
    Catalysts, 14
    Celanex® PBT, 8890
    decrease in tensile stress at break of
    flame retardant, heat aging trial at
    180°C, 92f
    decrease in tensile stress at break of
    reinforced and unreinforced, heat
    aging trial at 180°C, 91f
    273Celanex® PBT (Continued)
    dimensional effects on heat aging at
    149°C on glass reinforced, 93f
    dimensional effects on heat aging of
    glass reinforced, 91f
    heat aging effects at 170°C on
    dielectric strength of reinforced
    flame retardant grades, 93f
    heat aging effects at 170°C on
    dielectric strength of reinforced
    grades, 94f
    heat aging effects at 170°C on tensile
    strength of reinforced grades,
    94f
    heat aging effects on tensile strength,
    reinforced flame retardant grades,
    92f
    volume resistivity of reinforced grades,
    95f
    Celcon®
    shrinkage due to heat aging at various
    temperatures, 233f
    Chain breaking antioxidants,
    1718
    Chain-growth polymerization.
    See Addition polymerization
    Chevron Phillips Chemical Company. See
    Ryton®, thermal aging effects;
    Xtel®, thermal aging effects
    Chlorobutyl rubber, 244245
    Chloroprene, 244245, 259f
    Cis-isomers, 6, 6f
    Cl2 molecule, 4
    Coefficient of friction (COF),
    13
    COF. See Coefficient of friction (COF)
    Color, 4345, 44f, 45t
    Combustion modifiers, 12
    Composites, 12
    Condensation polymerization, 2, 2f
    Copolyesters, 102114
    manufacturers, 114
    monomers used, 113f
    Copolymer, acetal, 229
    chemical structure, 231f
    vs. homopolymer, 229230, 232
    Copolymers, 23. See also specific
    copolymers
    alternating, 2
    block, 3
    classifications, 2
    graft, 3
    random, 2
    Coupling agents, 15
    Covalent bonds, 4
    CRASTIN® PBT
    impact strength vs. aging time at 135°C
    and 100% humidity, 98f
    thermal endurance, 95f
    of additional, 96f
    of flame resistant, 96f
    ultimate tensile stress with aging time
    at 135°C and 100% humidity, 97f
    Creep, 17, 3141
    categories, 33
    illustration, 32f
    measures, 3441
    creep strength and rupture strength,
    3841
    modulus, 3738
    stress, strain, and time, 3437
    regions, 3334
    stages, 33
    Creep modulus, 3738
    relaxation modulus, 37, 38f
    time plot at various temperatures, 39f
    Creep rupture curves, 40, 40f, 41f
    Creep rupture stress (envelopes), 3839,
    40f
    Crosslinked polymers, 3, 3f
    Crystalline plastic, vs. amorphous plastic,
    10, 10f
    Cyclotenett 4026, 176f
    D
    Degree of polymerization, 9
    Degree of unsaturation (DoU), 45
    Delrin®
    isothermal thermogravimetric analysis
    (TGA), 232f
    time vs. heat aging temperature leading
    to a 78% retention of tensile
    strength, 232f
    Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
    2730
    glass transition process, 30f, 32f
    heat flux, 29f
    OIT, 31f
    polyethylene terephthalate, 30f
    power compensated, 29f
    Dipole bonding, 7
    Dipole moment, 3, 4t
    DMTA. See Dynamic mechanical thermal
    analysis (DMTA)
    Dyes, 15
    Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
    (DMTA), 6667, 67f
    E
    Eastar® Copolyester 6763, 104114
    accelerated physical aging data
    accelerated aging, in medical
    packaging, 114t
    yield stress as a function of aging time
    at 67°C, 114f
    ECTFE. See Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
    Elastollan® TPU, 241f
    Elastomers, description, 239. See also
    specific elastomers
    Elastomer tests, 49t
    Electrical tests, 49t
    Electronegativity, 3
    EMS-Grivory® GV-4H, -5H, and -6H,
    166f
    EMS-Grivory® HT, 165f
    ENR. See Epoxidized natural rubber
    (ENR)
    EPDM rubber, 242
    Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), 250
    EPR. See Ethylene-propylene rubber
    (EPR)
    Estane® FR TPU, 241t
    Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
    copolymer, 200207
    applications and uses, 207
    chemical structure, 206f
    manufacturers and trade names, 205
    Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), 242,
    245246
    applications and uses, 246
    manufacturers and trade names, 246
    types, 245246
    Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE),
    198200
    applications and uses, 200
    chemical structure, 200f
    degradation (TGA) rates, 202t
    manufacturers and trade names, 200
    TGA, 206f
    Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer,
    179182
    manufacturers and trade names, 182
    properties, 180
    structure, 181f
    TGA in nitrogen, 182f
    Extenders, 15
    F
    FEP. See Fluorinated ethylene-propylene
    (FEP)
    Fillers, 1112
    Flexural properties, 56
    Fluon®, 205f
    grades, 202t
    Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP),
    185189
    ball and stick three-dimensional
    representation, 189f
    chemical structure, 188f
    degradation (TGA) rates, 189t
    three-dimensional representation, 188f
    Fluoroelastomer (FKM), 246250
    “A” types, 246247
    “B” types, 247
    compression set vs. hours aging, 266f
    curing chemistry, 265f
    274 INDEXFFKM, 248249
    “F” types, 247
    FVMQ, 248
    monomers used to make, 263f
    sealing force retention vs. hours aging
    at 204°C, 265f
    Viton® GF, 247
    Viton® GFLT, 247248
    Fluoropolymer
    ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
    copolymer, 200207
    ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE),
    198200
    FEP, 185189
    melting point ranges, 184t
    monomers, 184f
    overview, 183
    perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 189191
    polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE),
    193197
    polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
    183185
    polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 191193
    polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),
    198
    Fortron®
    izod impact strength vs. heat aging, at
    150°C, 216f
    tensile modulus vs. heat aging, 217f
    tensile strength vs. heat aging, 216f
    at 150°C, 215f
    TGA in air and nitrogen, 217f
    G
    Glass transition temperature, 6671
    mechanical methods, 6667
    thermal-mechanical analysis, 30f, 68
    thermal methods, 6871
    Gloss measurement, 4546
    Grilamid®, 146f
    Grilamid® TR55, 142f
    Grilon® A, 150f
    Grilon® B, 144f
    Grilon® TS, 161f
    H
    Halar®, 206f
    Hardness tests, 49t
    Haze measurement, 46
    Head-to-tail isomers, 6, 6f
    Heat aging testing, 2331
    oven aging, 2324
    thermal analysis, 2431
    DSC. See Differential scanning
    calorimetry (DSC)
    TGA. See Thermogravimetric
    analysis (TGA)
    Heat deflection temperature, 6365, 65f
    Heating, 17
    High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 171
    see also Polyethylene (PE)
    High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 3
    HIPS. See High-impact polystyrene
    (HIPS)
    Homopolymer, acetal, 227
    chemical structure, 231f
    vs. copolymer, 229230, 232
    Homopolymers, polypropylene (PP),
    172
    Hostaform®, isothermal TGA at 200°C in
    air, 236f
    Hostaform® C 9021
    elongation at break as a function of
    aging time
    change in, and temperature (in air)
    represented on an Arrhenius
    diagram, 235f
    relative, in air at elevated
    temperature, 234f
    tensile strength as a function of aging
    time
    change in, and temperature
    represented on an Arrhenius
    diagram, 234f
    relative, in air at elevated
    temperature, 233f
    Hostaform® S 9064, 235f
    Hostaform® S 9244, 235f
    Hostaphan® PET, 111f
    Hydrocarbon molecules, 4
    C-C and C-H bonds, 4
    Hydrogen bonding, 7, 8f
    Hydrolysis, 2
    Hyflon®, 194f
    Hytrel® 4056, 249t
    Hytrel® 5556, 7246, and 8238
    heat aging: blends of Hytrel® 52FR
    flame retardant concentrate
    at 100°C, 251t
    at 125°C, 253t
    at 135°C, 255t
    Hytrel® 51FR, 249t
    Hytrel® 52FR, 251t
    I
    Illuminant, 43
    Impact copolymers, polypropylene (PP),
    173
    Impact modifiers, 14
    Impact tests, 49t
    Internal lubricants. See Slip additives/
    internal lubricants
    ISO, standards for common polymer
    families, 50t
    Isomers, 57
    geometric, 6
    stereoisomers, 67
    structural, 6, 6f
    Isophorone bisphenol-based PCs,
    100102
    applications and uses, 102
    change in yellowness index at 1000 h
    vs. aging temperature, 113f
    chemical structure, 113f
    Isotactic polypropene, 7, 7f
    Iupilon®/NOVAREX® PC, 99f
    IXEF® 1022, 162f
    IXEF® 1521, 162t
    IXEF® PAA, 162f
    K
    Kapton® Type HN PI Film
    isothermal weight loss in air versus
    time, 133f
    isothermal weight loss in helium vs.
    time, 133f
    retained dielectric strength at 325°C,
    132f
    tensile strength retained vs. aging in air
    at 325°C, 131f
    tensile strength vs. aging in air at 325°
    C, 129f
    TGA in air and helium, 134f
    time required for reduction in ultimate
    elongation from 70% to 1%, 129t
    ultimate elongation retained vs. aging in
    air at 325°C, 132f
    L
    LCP. See Liquid crystalline polymers
    (LCP)
    Lexan® XHT PC, 101f
    Light source, 43
    Linear low-density polyethylene
    (LLDPE), 171, 174f
    see also Polyethylene (PE)
    density vs. aging time in air at various
    temperatures, 174f
    elongation at break retained vs. aging
    time in air at various temperatures,
    174f
    Linear polymers, 3, 3f
    Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), 8586
    applications and uses, 85
    chemical structures of monomers, 87f
    manufacturers and trade names, 85
    M
    Mechanical testing, 4763, 48t
    Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE),
    171
    see also Polyethylene (PE)
    Melt flow index, 63, 63f
    Melting point estimation, 6566, 66f
    Metal dactivators, 20, 21f
    Mica, 15
    Molar mass dispersity index, 9
    INDEX 275Molecular unsaturation, 45
    Molecular weight, 89, 9f
    N
    Natural rubber, 250259
    applications and uses, 250
    epoxidation, 250
    heat aging, 267t
    thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in
    air, 268f
    NeoflonTM, 192f
    elongation after exposure at 200°C,
    205f
    elongation vs. aging time at 200°C,
    190f
    tensile strength after exposure at 200°C,
    204f
    tensile strength vs. aging time at 200°C,
    189f
    TGA, 190f
    Neoprene WRT polychloroprene, 260t
    Network polymer. See Crosslinked
    polymers
    Nitrile rubber, 259
    modulus properties vs. heat aging, 270t
    tensile strength and elongation at break
    vs. heat aging, 269t
    Nordel® EPDM
    changes in the properties at various
    temperatures, 261t
    variation of dielectric constant vs. aging
    time at 90°C, 262f
    variation of resistivity vs. aging time at
    90°C, 262f
    Nylon 6 (polyamide 6), 141142
    characteristics, 141142
    chemical structure, 143f
    manufacturers and trade names, 142
    Nylon 11 (polyamide 11), 142
    characteristics, 142
    chemical structure, 144f
    manufacturers and trade names, 142
    TGA, 145f
    Nylon 12 (polyamide 12), 142145
    characteristics, 142145
    chemical structure, 145f
    manufacturers and trade names,
    145
    Nylon 46 (polyamide 12), 145
    applications and uses, 145
    characteristics, 145
    chemical structure, 146f
    Izod impact strength vs. heat aging at
    150°C, 149f
    manufacturers and trade names, 145
    ultimate tensile strength versus heat
    aging at 150°C, 148f
    Nylon 66 (polyamide 66), 145157
    applications and uses, 148
    characteristics, 145148
    chemical structure, 149f
    dependence of impact strengths on
    aging time, 158f
    dependence of ultimate tensile stresses
    on aging time, 157f
    manufacturers and trade names,
    148
    TGA, 149f
    Nylon 612 (polyamide 612), 158159
    applications and uses, 159
    characteristics, 158159
    chemical structure, 159f
    manufacturers and trade names,
    159
    Nylon 666 (polyamide 666), 159
    Nylon (polyamides)
    amino acids, 141f
    amorphous, 139141
    characteristics, 139
    chemical structure, 142f
    diacids, 140f
    diamines, 140f
    generalized reaction, 140f
    monomers, 140t
    overview, 139
    properties, 139
    stabilization, 139
    thermooxidation, 139, 141f
    O
    OIT. See Oxidative induction time/
    oxidation induction time (OIT)
    Optical brighteners, 1415, 2021
    chemical structure, 22f
    reflectance vs. wavelength of polyester
    composite with and without, 22f
    Oven aging, 2324
    heat aging curves, 2324, 24f, 25f
    Oxidative induction time/oxidation
    induction time (OIT), 3031, 31f
    P
    Parylene HT
    dielectric strength
    vs. long-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 227f
    vs. short-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 229f
    modulus
    vs. long-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 228f
    vs. short-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 230f
    tensile strength
    vs. long-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 228f
    vs. short-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 230f
    TGA, 227f
    water vapor transmission rate (WVTR)
    vs. long-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 229f
    vs. short-term heat aging under
    various conditions, 231f
    Parylene (poly(p-xylylene)), 224226
    applications and uses, 226
    manufacturers and trade names, 226
    structures, 226f
    PBT. See Polybutylene terephthalate
    (PBT)
    Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), 189191
    ball and stick three-dimensional
    representation, 191f
    break elongation, change in, 193f
    chemical structure, 191f
    comonomers, 190t
    melt flow rate, change in, 193f
    tensile strength, change in, 192f
    three-dimensional representation, 191f
    PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate
    (PET)
    Petra® 130 PET, 111f
    Phenolic antioxidants, 1718
    chemical structure, 19f
    hydroperoxide radicals and, 18, 19f
    Phosphites, 1819, 19f, 20f
    Phosphonites, 1819
    Pigments, 15
    Plasticizers, 15
    Platelet additives, 12
    Polar bond, 34
    Polarity, 34
    qualitative ranking, 4f
    Polyacetals, 228
    Polyacrylics, 177
    applications and uses, 177
    heat aging, 178t
    manufacturers and trade names, 177
    Polyamide alloys, 168
    Polyamide-imides (PAI), 117
    chemical structure, 118f
    monomer, 118f
    polymer units, 118t, 119t
    Polyarylamide, 159161
    applications and uses, 161
    characteristics, 161
    manufacturers and trade names, 161
    Polyaryletherketone (PAEK), 209210
    PEEK. See Polyether ether ketone
    (PEEK)
    properties, 209
    structure, 209, 209f
    Polybutylene naphthalate (PBN), 99100,
    112f
    heat aging effect on tensile strength at
    200°C, 112f
    Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT),
    8693
    applications and uses, 87
    chemical structure, 90f
    276 INDEXheat aging effect on tensile strength at
    200°C, 112f
    manufacturers and trade names, 87
    properties, 8687
    Polycarbonate (PC), 9396
    applications and uses, 96
    chemical structure, 98f
    monomers, 98f
    effect of aging time at 135°C in air on
    the glass transition temperature,
    101f
    effect of Arkema Durashield Impact
    modifier on impact strength and
    aging at 120°C, 100f
    manufacturers and trade names, 96
    properties, 9495
    thermal decomposition chemistry, 95
    Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE),
    193197
    applications and uses, 196
    chemical structure, 196f
    degradation rate, 197t
    manufacturers and trade names, 195
    thermal degradation, 197f
    Polydispersity (PDI), 9
    Polyesters
    copolyesters, 102114
    formulation, 85
    isophorone bisphenol-based PCs,
    100102
    LCP. See Liquid crystalline polymers
    (LCP)
    PBN, 99100, 112f
    PBT. See Polybutylene terephthalate
    (PBT)
    PEN, 99100
    PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate
    polyester (PET)
    polycarbonate (PC), 9396
    stabilization, 85
    thermal degradation, 85
    Polyester TPU, 239
    characteristic features, 240
    Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), 209, 211f
    properties, 209210
    structure, 209, 209f
    Polyetherimide (PEI), 117125
    applications and uses, 125
    manufacturers and trade names, 121
    monomers, chemical structures, 124f,
    125f
    performance features, 117
    Polyethersulfone (PES), 221224
    flexural modulus vs. aging time at 204°
    C, 225f
    heat deflection temperature vs. aging
    time at 204°C, 226f
    manufacturers and trade names, 222
    properties, 222
    structure, 221222, 221f
    tensile elongation vs. aging time at 204°
    C, 225f
    tensile strength, half-life period of,
    temperature dependence, 222f
    tensile strength vs. aging time at 204°C,
    224f
    Polyether TPU, 239240
    characteristic features, 240
    Polyethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene.
    See Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
    Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 99100
    applications and uses, 100
    manufacturers and trade names, 100
    structure, 112f
    Polyethylene (PE), 171172
    applications and uses, 172
    classifications, 171
    degradation pathways, 173f
    graphical depictions, 172f
    graphical diagram of crystal structure,
    172f
    high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 171
    linear low-density polyethylene
    (LLDPE), 171, 174f
    low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 171
    manufacturers and trade names, 172
    medium-density polyethylene (MDPE),
    171
    monomers, 171f
    TGA in air and nitrogen, 173f
    thermal decomposition, 27f
    thermooxidative degradation, 172
    ultra low-density polyethylene
    (ULDPE), 171
    very low-density polyethylene
    (VLDPE), 171
    Polyethylene terephthalate, 2
    Polyethylene terephthalate polyester, 9799
    applications and uses, 98
    chemical structure, 101f
    heat aging effect
    on elongation, 108f
    on the impact strength, 109f
    on the modulus, 109f
    on the tear strength, 110f
    on the tensile strength, 110f
    impact strengths with aging time, 108f
    manufacturers and trade names, 98
    ultimate tensile stresses with aging
    time, 107f
    Polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
    See Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
    (ETFE)
    Polyflon®
    elongation vs. aging time at 380°C, 188f
    specific gravity vs. aging time at 380°
    C, 187f
    tensile strength vs. aging time at 380°C,
    188f
    Polyformaldehyde, 227
    and acetic acid, condensation reaction,
    228
    Polyimides, 125136
    applications and uses, 128
    chemical structures
    monomers, 128f
    typical, 128f
    manufacturers and trade names, 128
    Polyisoprene. See Natural rubber
    Polymerization see also Copolymers
    addition, 12, 2f
    condensation, 2, 2f
    description, 12
    Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 177,
    177f
    Polyolefins, 171175
    monomers, 171f
    polyethylene (PE), 171172
    applications and uses, 172
    classifications, 171
    degradation pathways, 173f
    graphical depictions, 172f
    graphical diagram of crystal
    structure, 172f
    high-density polyethylene (HDPE),
    171
    linear low-density polyethylene
    (LLDPE), 171
    low-density polyethylene (LDPE),
    171
    manufacturers and trade names, 172
    medium-density polyethylene
    (MDPE), 171
    monomers, 171f
    TGA in air and nitrogen, 173f
    thermooxidative degradation, 172
    ultra low-density polyethylene
    (ULDPE), 171
    very low-density polyethylene
    (VLDPE), 171
    polypropylene (PP). See Polypropylene
    (PP)
    Polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer (TPO),
    242
    applications and uses, 242
    manufacturers and trade names, 242
    Polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM-Co),
    229
    see also Acetal copolymer
    Polyoxymethylene (POM), 227
    see also Acetal homopolymer
    Polyphenylene ether (PPE).
    See Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
    Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 237238
    chemical structure, 237f
    thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 238f
    Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), 210214
    applications and uses, 213
    manufacturers and trade names, 213
    INDEX 277Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) (Continued)
    properties, 212213
    tensile strength vs. aging time at 150°C,
    219f
    variants, 212
    Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 221
    applications and uses, 221
    manufacturers and trade names, 221
    properties, 221
    structure, 221f
    TGA in air and nitrogen, 221f
    Polyphthalamide (PPA), 161167
    applications and uses, 163
    change in Izod impact strength (ASTM
    D 4812) vs. heat aging at 150°C,
    166f
    change in tensile strength (ASTM D
    638) vs. heat aging at 150°C, 165f
    characteristics, 161163
    chemical structures, 163f
    manufacturers and trade names, 163
    Polypropene see also Isomers
    atactic, 67, 7f
    isotactic, 7, 7f
    structure, 6, 6f
    syndiotactic, 7, 7f
    Polypropylene (PP), 172175
    applications and uses, 175
    degradation pathways, 175f
    homopolymers, 172
    impact copolymers, 173
    manufacturers and trade names, 175
    random copolymers, 173
    stabilization, 174175
    TGA in air and nitrogen, 176f
    thermal stability, 175f
    thermooxidative degradation, 174
    types, 172174
    Polystyrene, 7377
    chemical structure, 78f
    TGA, 80f
    thermooxidation pathways, 79f
    Polystyrene (PS), 237238
    Polysulfone (PSU), 215220
    structure, 219f
    thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 220f
    Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 13,
    183185
    ball and stick three-dimensional
    representation, 184f
    chemical structure, 184f
    degradation (TGA) rates, 185t
    electrical properties, 185t
    elongation vs. aging time at 250°C,
    187f
    tensile strength vs. aging time at 250°C,
    186f
    TGA, 186f
    three-dimensional representation, 184f
    Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 177179
    applications and uses, 179
    chemical structure, 179
    dehydrochlorination, 179f
    elongation at break vs. aging time at
    several temperatures, 181f
    Izod impact strength versus aging time
    at several temperatures, 181f
    manufacturers and trade names, 179
    radical generation, 179f
    stabilization, 179
    tensile modulus vs. aging time at
    several temperatures, 180f
    tensile strength vs. aging time at several
    temperatures, 180f
    thermal degradation, 179
    Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), 191193
    applications and uses, 193
    description, 193
    structure, 195f
    Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 198
    applications and uses, 198
    change in tensile strength and break
    elongation, 199f
    manufacturers and trade names, 198
    PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
    Puncture resistance, 5660
    Charpy impact strength, 58, 59f, 60f,
    60t
    drop dart impact test, 5758, 58f
    Gardner impact strength, 5860, 60f
    high-speed puncture test, 5657
    Izod impact strength, 58, 59f, 60f, 60t
    PVC. See Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
    R
    Radel®
    tensile strength retained vs. thermal
    aging, 223f
    TGA in air and nitrogen, 222f
    Random copolymers, 173
    see also Polypropylene (PP)
    Release agents, 12
    Rigidity, 53
    Riteflex®, 248f
    RYNITE® 408, 98
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    105f
    RYNITE® 530, 98
    heat aging effect on impact resistance,
    106f
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    102f
    RYNITE® 545, 98
    heat aging effect on impact resistance,
    106f
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    102f
    RYNITE® 555, 98
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    103f
    RYNITE® 935, 98
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    105f
    RYNITE® FR530, 99
    heat aging effect on impact resistance,
    107f
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    103f
    RYNITE® FR543, 99
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    104f
    RYNITE® FR943, 99
    heat aging effect on tensile strength,
    104f
    Ryton®, thermal aging effects
    at 165°C, 213t
    at 200°C, 214t
    at 220°C, 214t
    at 240°C, 215t
    S
    Santoprene® 40, 246t
    Santoprene® 50, 248t
    Santoprene® 55, 242t
    Santoprene® 64, 243t
    Santoprene® 73, 244t
    Santoprene® 80, 245t
    Santoprene® 87, 246t
    Shear properties, 5356
    Slip additives/internal lubricants, 1314
    Solef®
    mechanical properties, 199f
    TGA, 200f
    thermal aging tests at 150°C, 199t
    thermal aging tests at various
    temperatures, 198t
    Stanyl®
    heat aging resistance, 147t
    tensile strength after heat aging at 150°
    C, 147f
    tensile strength after heat aging at 210°
    C, 147f
    Step-growth polymerization.
    See Condensation polymerization
    Stereoisomers, 67
    see also Isomers; Polypropene
    Steric hindrance, 5, 5f
    Stress rupture, 38, 39f
    Stress-strain-time plot, 3437, 34f, 36f
    Structural isomers, 6, 6f
    Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN),
    7779
    chemical structure, 81f
    TGA curve, 81f
    Styrenic-butadiene copolymer (SBC),
    8283
    microscopic structure, 83f
    penetration energy vs. heat aging time
    at 90°C, 83f
    yellowing, 84f
    278 INDEXStyron 685D, 80f
    Sumikaexcel® 4800G
    tensile strength half-life, temperature
    dependence, 223f
    tensile strength vs. aging time at 150°C
    in air, 224f
    Sumikasuper® LCP, 86
    tensile strength vs. heat aging at 260°C,
    90f
    thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 90f
    Syndiotactic polypropene, 7, 7f
    T
    Tear properties, 6061
    Elmendorf tear strength, 6061, 61f
    trouser tear measurement, 61, 62f
    Tedlar®
    elongation vs. hours of aging at 149°C,
    195f
    flex life vs. hours of aging at 149°C, 196f
    impact strength vs. hours of aging at
    149°C, 196f
    tensile strength vs. hours of aging at
    149°C, 195f
    Tefzel®
    effect of heat aging on the tensile
    strength
    at 23°C, 203f
    at 150°C, 204f
    effect of temperature aging on Izod
    impact strength, 201t
    estimated upper service temperatures,
    201t
    initial weight loss, 201t
    retention at various levels of room
    temperature tensile elongation
    after heat aging, 202f
    retention at various levels of room
    temperature tensile strength after
    heat aging, 203f
    Tensile properties, 4752
    Terpolymer, 2
    Thermal analysis, 2431, 50t
    DSC. See Differential scanning
    calorimetry (DSC)
    TGA. See Thermogravimetric analysis
    (TGA)
    Thermal degradation, 17, 18f
    radicals’ reactions, 18t
    Thermal oxidation, 17, 18f
    Thermal property tests, 6371
    glass transition temperature, 6671
    mechanical methods, 6667
    thermal-mechanical analysis, 30f, 68
    thermal methods, 6871
    heat deflection temperature, 6365, 65f
    melt flow index, 63, 63f
    melting point estimation, 6566, 66f
    standard tests, 46t
    Vicat softening temperature, 65, 65f
    Thermal stabilizers, 15
    Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
    2526
    analyzer, 26f
    kinetic analysis, 28f
    lifetime prediction, 2627
    Thermogravimetry (TG), 25
    curve, 25f
    Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers
    (TPE-E or COPE), 243244
    characteristics, 243
    manufacturers and trade names,
    244
    Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU),
    239241
    aliphatic, 240
    aromatic, 240
    manufacturers and trade names, 240
    molecular structure, 240f
    polycaprolactone, 240
    polyester, 239240
    polyether, 239240
    properties, 240
    Thermoplastics, vs. thermosets, 910
    Thermosets, thermoplastics vs., 910
    Thioethers. See Thiosynergists
    Thiosynergists, 20
    chemical structures, 20f, 21f
    hydroperoxides, decomposition, 20f
    Time-temperature superposition
    techniques, 39
    Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 15
    Torlon® 4203L PAI
    flexural modulus vs. aging at 260°C,
    123f
    heat deflection temperature vs. aging at
    260°C, 123f
    retention of properties after thermal
    aging, 120t
    tensile elongation vs. aging at 260°C,
    122f
    tensile strength vs. aging at 260°C, 122f
    thermogravimetric analysis in air and
    nitrogen, 121f
    Torlon® PAI
    tensile strength vs. aging at 250°C, 121f
    thermal indices, 120t
    Tougheners, 14
    Toughness, 6163, 62f
    TPO. See Polyolefin thermoplastic
    elastomer (TPO)
    Trans-isomers, 6, 6f
    Tristimulus coefficients, 46t
    Trogamid® T, 143f
    U
    Udel® GF-130, tensile strength vs. heat
    aging time, 220f
    Udel® P-1700, tensile strength vs. heat
    aging time, 219f
    Ultem® 1000 Series, 124f
    flexural modulus vs. aging at 204°C,
    127f
    heat deflection temperature vs. aging at
    204°C, 127f
    tensile elongation vs. aging at 204°C,
    126f
    tensile strength vs. aging at 204°C, 126f
    Ultem® 6000 Series, 125f
    Ultem® XH6050, 124f
    Ultraform®
    isothermal TGA at 200°C in air, 236f
    tensile strength vs. heat aging period at
    100°C, 120°C, 140°C, 237f
    yield stress vs. heat aging in air at 100°
    C and 120°C, 236f
    Ultra low-density polyethylene (ULDPE),
    171
    see also Polyethylene (PE)
    Ultramid® A, 144f, 150f
    Ultramid® A3WC4, 158f
    Ultramid® T KR 4350, 143f
    Unsaturation. See Molecular unsaturation
    Upimol SA101 PI
    elongation vs. oven aging time, 130f
    tensile strength vs. oven aging time,
    130f
    TGA, 131f
    Urethanes, 239
    see also Thermoplastic polyurethane
    (TPU)
    UV/radiation stabilizers, 14
    V
    Van der Waals forces, 8
    Vectra® A950 LCP, 87f
    Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE),
    171
    see also Polyethylene (PE)
    Vespel® SP-21 and ST-2010 PI
    elongation vs. heat aging at 260°C, 135f
    tensile strength vs. aging at 260°C, 136f
    Vespel® SP PI
    approximate time to 50% reduction in
    tensile strength vs. aging
    temperature, 136f
    elongation retained vs. aging in air at
    200°C, 135f
    tensile strength retained vs. aging in air
    at 200°C, 134f
    Vespel® TP-8000 Series, 129f
    Vestamid®, 146f
    Vestodur® PBT, 97f
    Vicat softening temperature, 65, 65f
    Victrex PLC Victrex®
    tensile strength and elongation to break
    retained vs. aging time,
    210t
    thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
    in air, 211f
    INDEX 279Victrex PLC Victrex® (Continued)
    in nitrogen, 210f
    volume resistivity vs. electrification
    time, 212f
    Viton® B FKM, 264t
    Voltale®, 197f
    X
    Xtel®, thermal aging effects
    at 150oC, 213t
    at 165oC, 213t
    at 200oC, 214t
    at 220oC, 214t
    Y
    Yellowness index (YI), 4647
    Z
    ZENITE® LCP 6130
    tensile strength retained vs. temperature
    and time, 88f
    unnotched Izod vs. heat and time, 89f
    ZENITE® LCP 7130
    tensile strength retained vs. temperature
    and time, 88f
    unnotched Izod vs. heat and time,
    89f
    Zytel® 101
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    impact strength retained, 151f
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    strength, 151f
    Zytel® 151, 160f
    Zytel® FN, 168t
    Zytel® 70G33HS1L, 156f
    Zytel® 70G 13L, 155f
    Zytel® 70G33L, 155f
    Zytel® 71G 13L, 156f
    Zytel® 71G33L, 157f
    Zytel® 77G33L, 159f
    Zytel® 77G43L, 160f
    Zytel® 408HS
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    impact strength, 153f
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    strength, 153f
    Zytel® 103HSL
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    impact strength retained,
    152f
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    strength, 152f
    Zytel® HTN92 Series
    retention of stress at break vs. heat
    aging time at 230°C, 168f
    tensile strength vs. heat aging time at
    180°C, 167f
    tensile strength vs. heat aging time at
    210°C, 167f
    Zytel® PLS95G45DH3 BK261,
    148f
    Zytel® ST801HS
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    impact strength, 154f
    effect of air oven aging on tensile
    strength, 154

كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net
The Unzip Password : books-world.net

تحميل

يجب عليك التسجيل في الموقع لكي تتمكن من التحميل

تسجيل | تسجيل الدخول