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Solar Powered Water Purification System
Santa Clara University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
I Hereby Recommend That the Thesis Prepared
Under My Supervision by
Alina Carlson
Reece Kiriu
Andrew Nose
Christopher Sugii
Erin Taketa
Alex Tamai
Be Accepted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
Bachelor of Science
In
Mechanical Engineering
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Acknowledgments . 4
Section 1: Introduction 8
1.1 Project Background 8
1.2 Design Lineage . 9
1.3 Statement of Project Goals 9
Section 2: System Level Analysis .10
2.1 Customer Needs . 10
2.2 System Concept and Sketch . 11
2.3 Functional Analysis . 13
2.3.1 Functional Decomposition .13
2.3.2 Input and Outputs .14
2.4 Benchmarking Results . 14
2.4.1 Swissinso Holdings, Inc.’s Krystall .14
2.4.2 Trident Device’s H2all Mobile .15
2.4.3 Epiphany’s E3 Direct Solar Distillation System 16
2.4.4 System Comparison 17
2.5 Key System Level Issues and Constraints . 17
2.6 Layout of System Level Design With Main Subsystems 17
2.7 Team and Project Management 19
2.7.1 Project Challenges and Solutions 19
2.7.2 Budget .20
2.7.3 Timeline 20
2.7.4 Design Process 21
2.7.5 Risks and Mitigations .22
2.7.6 Team Management .23
Section 3: Mechanical Subsystems 24
3.1 Boiler . 24
3.2 Solar Collectors 25
3.3 Drive System . 28
3.4 Heat Exchangers 28
3.4.1 Heat Transfer Fluid (Htf) .28
3.4.2 Boiler Heat Exchanger (Hex) .29
3.4.3 Condenser . 32
3.5 System Pumps . 33
3.5.1 Heat Transfer Fluid (Htf) Pump 33
3.5.2 Vapor Pump . 34
3.6 Piping and Foundation 34
Section 4: Electrical Subsystem 35
4.1 Overview . 35
4.2 Hardware 35
4.3 Input/output . 35
4.4 Sensors 36
4.4.1 Photoresistor 366
4.4.2 Float Switch . 36
4.4.3 Thermocouple .37
4.4.3a Signal Conditioning .37
4.4.3b Processing 38
4.5 Power Switching 38
4.5.1 Motor Driver . 40
4.5.2 Solar Tracking Controller 40
4.6 Software Implementation 40
4.7 Choice of Controller 41
4.8 Control System Logic 41
Section 5: System Integration, Tests, and Results .43
5.1 Integration, Tests, and Results . 43
Section 6: Business Plan .49
6.1 Company Goals and Objectives . 49
6.2 Potential Market 49
6.3 Personnel . 50
6.4 Advertising and Sales Strategies 50
6.5 Distribution . 50
6.6 Manufacturing Plans 50
6.7 Product Cost and Price 51
6.8 Service and Warranty 51
6.9 Financial Plan and Return on Investment 51
Section 7: Engineering Standards and Realistic Constraints .53
7.1 Societal Influence 53
7.2 Environmental Impact . 54
7.3 Sustainability Impact . 55
7.4 Economic Impact . 55
7.5 Health and Safety Impact 56
Section 8: Conclusion .57
8.1 Summary . 57
Appendices 58
Appendix a: Bibliography 59
Appendix B: Assembly Drawings 60
B.1 Parts List .60
B.2 Solar-powered Water Purification System Assembly .61
B.3 Solar Trough and Pv Assembly 64
B.4 Boiler, Hex, Condenser, and Clean Water Storage Tank Assembly 66
Appendix C: Assembly Drawings . 67
C.1 Axle Nut 67
C.2 Boiler .68
C.3 Boiler Hex .69
C.4 Condenser 70
C.5 Drive Arm 71
C.6 Pv Mount Pieces 72
C.7 Reflector Arms . 76
C.8 Solar Trough Hanger 787
C.9 Solar Trough Motor Drive Base .79
C.10 Solar Trough Ribs 80
Appendix D: Detailed Equations (Engineering Equation Solver) 83
D.1 Total System Level . 83
D.2 Condenser Length 88
D.3 Ees Nomenclature 90
Appendix E: Data Sheets . 93
E.1 K-thermocouple . 93
E.2 Motor Speed Controller . 106
E.3 Thermocouple Probe 108
E.4 Duratherm-450 109
E. 5 Arduino Board Mega 2560 119
Appendix F: Wiring Diagrams/schematics .122
F.1 Lcd Wiring Schematic . 122
F.2 Power Switching Schematic . 122
F.3 System Wiring Schematic . 123
Appendix G: Conceptual Designs .124
G.1 Large Boiler Design 124
G.2 Singular Boiler/combined Salt-water Storage Tank Design . 125
G.3 Vacuum Boiler Design 126
G.4 Solar Still Boiler Design 127
G.5 Shell and Tube Design 128
G.6 Heat Storage Design . 129
G.7 Outer Heat Collector Design 130
G.8 Salt Water Storage Tank Design . 131
G.9 Solar Trough Design . 132
G.10 Screen Filter Design . 133
G.11 Condenser Design 134
G.12 Collector and Solar Design 135
G.13 Semi-circle Solar Design 136
Appendix H: Concept Scoring .137
H.1 Concept Scoring for Boiler Designs 137
H.2 Concept Scoring for Pre-heat and Condenser Designs 138
H.3 Concept Scoring for Heating Element Designs . 139
Appendix I: Quality Function Deployment (Qfd) .140
Appendix J: Prioritizing Matrices .141
Appendix K: Project Design Specifications (Pds) .142
Appendix L: Timeline 143
Appendix M: Budget Spreadsheets .145
Appendix N: Experimental Data 147
N.1 Preliminary Boiler Temperature Tests . 147
N.2 Boiler Temperature Comparison of Preliminary Boiler Temperature Tests . 148
N. 3 Adjusted Trough Temperature Tests 149
N.4 Boiler Temperature Comparison of Adjusted (Lowered) Troughs . 151
N.5 Temperature Tests With Convection/radiation Envelope . 152
N.6 Boiler Temperature Comparison With Convection/radiation Envelope 154
N. 7 Temperature Tests of Target Ees Model Flow Rate . 155
N.8 Boiler Temperature Comparison of Target Ees Flow Rate . 157
Appendix O: Arduino Code
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