Signals and Systems A Primer with MATLAB Second Edition
اسم المؤلف
Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Warsame H. Ali, and Sarhan M. Musa
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Signals and Systems A Primer with MATLAB Second Edition
Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Warsame H. Ali, and Sarhan M. Musa
Contents
Preface xiii
Author Biographies xv
Notes to Students .xvii
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts .1
Global Positioning System .1
1.1 Introduction .2
1.2 Basic Definitions 2
1.3 Classification of Signals 3
1.3.1 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals 3
1.3.2 Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals 4
1.3.3 Analog and Digital Signals 6
1.3.4 Energy and Power Signals 7
1.3.5 Even and Odd Symmetry .8
1.4 Basic Continous-Time Signals . 13
1.4.1 Unit Step Function 13
1.4.2 Unit Impulse Function 15
1.4.3 Unit Ramp Function . 17
1.4.4 Rectangular Pulse Function . 18
1.4.5 Triangular Pulse Function 19
1.4.6 Sinusoidal Signal 20
1.4.7 Exponential Signal .20
1.5 Basic Discrete-Time Signals 27
1.5.1 The Unit Step Sequence .27
1.5.2 The Unit Impulse Sequence .28
1.5.3 Unit Ramp Sequence 28
1.5.4 Sinusoidal Sequence .29
1.5.5 Exponential Sequence 30
1.6 Basic Operations on Continous Signals 32
1.6.1 Time Reversal . 32
1.6.2 Time Scaling 33
1.6.3 Time Shifting .34
1.6.4 Amplitude Transformations .34
1.7 Basic Operations on Discrete Signals 36
1.7.1 Time Shifting .38
1.7.2 Time Reversal .38
1.7.3 Expansion .38
1.8 Classification of Systems . 43
1.8.1 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems .46
1.8.2 Causal and Noncausal Systems 46
1.8.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems . 47viii Contents
1.8.4 Time-Varying and Time-Invariant Systems .48
1.8.5 Systems With and Without Memory 50
1.9 Applications . 52
1.9.1 Electric Circuits 52
1.9.2 Square-Law Devices 52
1.9.3 DSP Systems 53
1.10 Computing With MATLAB® 54
Summary 58
Review Questions .59
Problems .60
Chapter 2 Convolution 74
Enhancing Your Communication Skills 74
2.1 Introduction . 75
2.2 Impulse Response 75
2.3 The Convolution Integral . 76
2.4 Graphical Convolution . 81
2.5 Block Diagram Representation 88
2.6 Discrete-Time Convolution 90
2.7 Block Diagram Realization .98
2.8 Deconvolution 99
2.9 Computing With MATLAB® 101
2.10 Applications . 104
2.10.1 BIBO Stability of Continuous-Time
Systems . 104
2.10.2 BIBO Stability of Discrete-Time
Systems . 105
2.10.3 Circuit Analysis 106
Summary 108
Review Questions . 109
Problems . 110
Chapter 3 The Laplace Transform 123
Historical Profile 123
3.1 Introduction .124
3.2 Definition of the Laplace Transform .124
3.3 Properties of the Laplace Transform . 128
3.3.1 Linearity .128
3.3.2 Scaling 129
3.3.3 Time Shifting . 130
3.3.4 Frequency Shifting . 131
3.3.5 Time Differentiation . 131
3.3.6 Time Convolution . 132
3.3.7 Time Integration . 133Contents ix
3.3.8 Frequency Differentiation 134
3.3.9 Time Periodicity . 135
3.3.10 Modulation . 136
3.3.11 Initial and Final Values 137
3.4 The Inverse Laplace Transform . 144
3.4.1 Simple Poles . 145
3.4.2 Repeated Poles . 146
3.4.3 Complex Poles 147
3.5 Transfer Function . 155
3.6 Applications . 160
3.6.1 Integrodifferential Equations . 160
3.6.2 Circuit Analysis 163
3.6.3 Control Systems 167
3.7 Computing With MATLAB® 169
Summary 176
Review Questions . 176
Problems . 177
Chapter 4 The Fourier Series 190
Historical Profile 190
4.1 Introduction . 191
4.2 Trigonometric Fourier Series 192
4.3 Exponential Fourier Series 199
4.4 Properties of Fourier Series .205
4.4.1 Linearity .205
4.4.2 Time Shifting .206
4.4.3 Time Reversal .207
4.4.4 Time Scaling 207
4.4.5 Even and Odd Symmetries .208
4.4.6 Parseval’s Theorem 209
4.5 Truncated Complex Fourier Series 214
4.6 Applications . 216
4.6.1 Circuit Analysis 216
4.6.2 Spectrum Analyzers . 217
4.6.3 Filters 218
4.7 Computing With MATLAB® 221
Summary 227
Review Questions .228
Problems .229
Chapter 5 The Fourier Transform .243
5.1 Introduction .244
5.2 Definition of the Fourier Transform 244x Contents
5.3 Properties of Fourier Transform 252
5.3.1 Linearity . 252
5.3.2 Time Scaling 252
5.3.3 Time Shifting . 253
5.3.4 Frequency Shifting .254
5.3.5 Time Differentiation .254
5.3.6 Frequency Differentiation 255
5.3.7 Time Integration . 255
5.3.8 Duality 256
5.3.9 Convolution 257
5.4 Inverse Fourier Transform .262
5.5 Applications .263
5.5.1 Circuit Analysis 264
5.5.2 Amplitude Modulation . 267
5.5.3 Sampling . 270
5.6 Parseval’s Theorem 273
5.7 Comparing the Fourier and Laplace Transforms 276
5.8 Computing With MATLAB® 277
Summary 280
Review Questions . 281
Problems .282
Chapter 6 Discrete Fourier Transform .295
Campus Communication Network .295
6.1 Introduction .296
6.2 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 296
6.3 Properties of DTFT . 301
6.3.1 Linearity . 301
6.3.2 Time Shifting and Frequency Shifting .302
6.3.3 Time Reversal and Conjugation .303
6.3.4 Time Scaling 304
6.3.5 Frequency Differentiation 305
6.3.6 Time and Frequency Convolution 306
6.3.7 Accumulation .307
6.3.8 Parseval’s Relation 308
6.4 Discrete Fourier Transform . 313
6.5 Fast Fourier Transform 319
6.6 Computing With MATLAB® 320
6.7 Applications . 323
6.7.1 Touch-Tone Telephone 323
6.7.2 Windowing .324
Summary 327
Review Questions . 327
Problems . 328Contents xi
Chapter 7 z-Transform 336
Codes of Ethics . 336
7.1 Introduction . 337
7.2 Definition of the z-Transform 337
7.3 Region of Convergence 341
7.4 Properties of the z-Transform 343
7.4.1 Linearity .344
7.4.2 Time Shifting .344
7.4.3 Frequency Scaling 345
7.4.4 Time Reversal .346
7.4.5 Modulation .346
7.4.6 Accumulation . 347
7.4.7 Convolution 348
7.4.8 Initial and Final Values 348
7.5 Inverse z-Transform . 355
7.5.1 Long Division Expansion . 355
7.5.2 Partial Fraction Expansion . 357
7.6 Applications .360
7.6.1 Linear Difference Equation 361
7.6.2 Transfer Function . 363
7.7 Computing With MATLAB® 367
Summary 371
Review Questions . 372
Problems . 373
Appendix A: Mathematical Formulas . 383
Appendix B: Complex Numbers . 395
Appendix C: MATLAB® .403
Appendix D: Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 417
Index 449xiii
Index
A
ABET, 74
Accumulation, 307, 347
Amplitude modulation (AM), 267, 268
Amplitude transformation, 34
B
Band-limited signal, 272
BIBO stability, 104, 105, 167
Block diagram, 88, 98
C
Circuit analysis, 106, 163, 216, 264
Codes of ethics, 336
Communication, 75
Communication network, 295
Communication systems, 295
Complex poles, 147
Computing with MATLAB, 54, 101, 169, 221,
277, 320, 367
Conjugation, 303
Continuous-time signals, 3, 13
operations on, 32
Control systems, 167, 243
Convolution, 74, 257, 348
applications of, 104
discrete-time type of, 90
graphical type of, 81
Convolution integral, 76
properties of, 78
D
Deconvolution, 99
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 295, 313
applications of, 323
properties of, 314
Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), 295, 296
pairs of, 310
properties of, 301, 309
Discrete-time signal, 3, 4, 27
operations on, 36
DSP systems, 53
Duality, 256
E
Electric circuits, 52
Even symmetry, 208
Expansion, 38
Exponential sequence 30
Exponential signal, 20
F
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 319
Filters, 218, 219
Final value, 137, 348
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 190
Fourier series, 190
amplitude-phase form of, 201
applications, 216
definition of, 191, 192
exponential type of, 199
properties of, 205
sine-cosine form of, 201
trigonometric type of, 192
truncated complex type of, 214
Fourier transform, 243
applications of, 263
definition of, 244, 245
pairs of, 259
properties of, 232, 258
Frequency convolution, 306
Frequency differentiation, 134, 255, 305
Frequency scaling, 345
Frequency shifting, 131, 254, 302
G
Global positioning system (GPS), 1
I
IEEE, 336
Impulse response, 75, 76
Initial value, 137, 348
Integrodifferential equation, 160
Inverse Laplace transform, 144, 262
Inverse z-transform, 355
L
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 123
Laplace transform, 123
applications of, 160
definition of, 124
pairs of, 140
properties of, 128, 139
Linear difference equation, 361450 Index
Linearity, 128, 205, 252, 301, 344
Long division expansion, 355
M
Modulation, 136, 346
O
Odd symmetry, 208
P
Parseval relation, 308
Parseval theorem, 209, 273, 274
Partial fraction expansion, 357
Properties of convolution sum, 91, 92
R
Rectangular pulse function, 18
Region of convergence, 125, 341
Repeated poles, 146
S
Sampling, 270
Sampling theorem, 218
Scaling, 129
Signals, 2, 3
analog type of, 6
classification of, 3
continuous-time type of, 3, 13
digital type of, 6
discrete-time type of, 3, 4, 27
energy type of, 7, 8
even type of, 8
nonperiodic type of, 4
odd type of, 8
periodic type of, 4, 5, 135, 192
power type of, 7
Simple poles, 145
Sinusoidal sequence, 29
Sinusoidal signal, 20
Spectrum analyzers, 217, 218
Square-law devices, 52
Systems, 2, 4
causal type, 46, 47
classification of, 43
continuous-time type of, 46
discrete-time type of, 46
linear type of, 47, 48
noncausal type, 46
nonlinear type of, 47
time-invariant type of, 48
time-varying type of, 48
with memory, 50
without memory, 50
T
Time convolution, 132, 306
Time differentiation, 131, 254
Time integration, 133, 255
Time periodicity, 135
Time reversal, 32, 38, 207, 303, 346
Time scaling, 33, 207, 252, 304
Time shifting, 34, 38, 130, 206, 253, 302, 344
Touch-tone telephone, 323
Transfer function, 155, 156, 363
Triangular pulse function, 19
U
Unit impulse function, 15
Unit impulse sequence, 28
Unit ramp function, 17
Unit ramp sequence, 28
Unit step function, 13
Unit step sequence, 27
W
Windowing, 324
Z
z-transform, 336
applications of, 360
definition of, 337
pairs of, 351
properties of, 343, 350

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