Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Eleventh Edition
Richard G. Budynas
Professor Emeritus, Kate Gleason College of Engineering,
Rochester Institute of Technology
J. Keith Nisbett
Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering,
Missouri University of Science and Technology
Contents
Preface xv
Part
Basics
Chapter
Introduction to Mechanical
Engineering Design
– Design
– Mechanical Engineering Design
– Phases and Interactions of the Design
Process
– Design Tools and Resources
– The Design Engineer’s Professional
Responsibilities
– Standards and Codes
– Economics
– Safety and Product Liability
– Stress and Strength
– Uncertainty
– Design Factor and Factor of Safety
– Reliability and Probability of Failure
– Relating Design Factor to Reliability
– Dimensions and Tolerances
– Units
– Calculations and Significant Figures
– Design Topic Interdependencies
– Power Transmission Case Study
Specifications
Problems
Chapter
Materials
– Material Strength and Stiffness
– The Statistical Significance of Material
Properties
– Plastic Deformation and Cold Work
– Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties
– Hardness
– Impact Properties
– Temperature Effects
– Numbering Systems
– Sand Casting
– Shell Molding
– Investment Casting
– Powder-Metallurgy Process
– Hot-Working Processes
– Cold-Working Processes
– The Heat Treatment of Steel
– Alloy Steels
– Corrosion-Resistant Steels
– Casting Materials
– Nonferrous Metals
– Plastics
– Composite Materials
– Materials Selection
Problems
Chapter
Load and Stress Analysis
– Equilibrium and Free-Body Diagrams
– Shear Force and Bending Moments in
Beams
– Singularity Functions
– Stress
– Cartesian Stress Components
– Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
– General Three-Dimensional Stress
– Elastic Strain
– Uniformly Distributed Stresses
– Normal Stresses for Beams in
Bending Contents xi
– Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending
– Torsion
– Stress Concentration
– Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders
– Stresses in Rotating Rings
– Press and Shrink Fits
– Temperature Effects
– Curved Beams in Bending
– Contact Stresses
– Summary
Problems
Chapter
Deflection and Stiffness
– Spring Rates
– Tension, Compression, and Torsion
– Deflection Due to Bending
– Beam Deflection Methods
– Beam Deflections by Superposition
– Beam Deflections by Singularity Functions
– Strain Energy
– Castigliano’s Theorem
– Deflection of Curved Members
– Statically Indeterminate Problems
– Compression Members—General
– Long Columns with Central Loading
– Intermediate-Length Columns with Central
Loading
– Columns with Eccentric Loading
– Struts or Short Compression Members
– Elastic Stability
– Shock and Impact
Problems
Part
Failure Prevention
Chapter
Failures Resulting from Static Loading
– Static Strength
– Stress Concentration
– Failure Theories
– Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory for Ductile
Materials
– Distortion-Energy Theory for Ductile
Materials
– Coulomb-Mohr Theory for Ductile
Materials
– Failure of Ductile Materials Summary
– Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory for Brittle
Materials
– Modifications of the Mohr Theory for Brittle
Materials
– Failure of Brittle Materials Summary
– Selection of Failure Criteria
– Introduction to Fracture Mechanics
– Important Design Equations
Problems
Chapter
Fatigue Failure Resulting from
Variable Loading
– Introduction to Fatigue
– Chapter Overview
– Crack Nucleation and Propagation
– Fatigue-Life Methods
– The Linear-Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Method
– The Strain-Life Method
– The Stress-Life Method and the
S-N Diagram
– The Idealized S-N Diagram for Steels
– Endurance Limit Modifying Factors
– Stress Concentration and Notch Sensitivity
– Characterizing Fluctuating Stresses
– The Fluctuating-Stress Diagram
– Fatigue Failure Criteria
– Constant-Life Curves
– Fatigue Failure Criterion for Brittle
Materials
– Combinations of Loading Modes
– Cumulative Fatigue Damage
– Surface Fatigue Strength
– Road Maps and Important Design Equations
for the Stress-Life Method
Problems xii Mechanical Engineering Design
Part
Design of Mechanical Elements
Chapter
Shafts and Shaft Components
– Introduction
– Shaft Materials
– Shaft Layout
– Shaft Design for Stress
– Deflection Considerations
– Critical Speeds for Shafts
– Miscellaneous Shaft Components
– Limits and Fits
Problems
Chapter
Screws, Fasteners, and the Design
of Nonpermanent Joints
– Thread Standards and Definitions
– The Mechanics of Power Screws
– Threaded Fasteners
– Joints—Fastener Stiffness
– Joints—Member Stiffness
– Bolt Strength
– Tension Joints—The External Load
– Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
– Statically Loaded Tension Joint with
Preload
– Gasketed Joints
– Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
– Bolted and Riveted Joints Loaded in Shear
Problems
Chapter
Welding, Bonding, and the Design of
Permanent Joints
– Welding Symbols
– Butt and Fillet Welds
– Stresses in Welded Joints in Torsion
– Stresses in Welded Joints in Bending
– The Strength of Welded Joints
– Static Loading
– Fatigue Loading
– Resistance Welding
– Adhesive Bonding
Problems
Chapter
Mechanical Springs
– Stresses in Helical Springs
– The Curvature Effect
– Deflection of Helical Springs
– Compression Springs
– Stability
– Spring Materials
– Helical Compression Spring Design for Static
Service
– Critical Frequency of Helical Springs
– Fatigue Loading of Helical Compression
Springs
– Helical Compression Spring Design for
Fatigue Loading
– Extension Springs
– Helical Coil Torsion Springs
– Belleville Springs
– Miscellaneous Springs
– Summary
Problems
Chapter
Rolling-Contact Bearings
– Bearing Types
– Bearing Life
– Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability
– Reliability versus Life—The Weibull
Distribution
– Relating Load, Life, and Reliability
– Combined Radial and Thrust Loading
– Variable Loading
– Selection of Ball and Cylindrical Roller
Bearings
– Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
– Design Assessment for Selected
Rolling-Contact Bearings Contents xiii
– Lubrication
– Mounting and Enclosure
Problems
Chapter
Lubrication and Journal Bearings
– Types of Lubrication
– Viscosity
– Petroff’s Equation
– Stable Lubrication
– Thick-Film Lubrication
– Hydrodynamic Theory
– Design Variables
– The Relations of the Variables
– Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained
Bearings
– Clearance
– Pressure-Fed Bearings
– Loads and Materials
– Bearing Types
– Dynamically Loaded Journal
Bearings
– Boundary-Lubricated Bearings
Problems
Chapter
Gears—General
– Types of Gears
– Nomenclature
– Conjugate Action
– Involute Properties
– Fundamentals
– Contact Ratio
– Interference
– The Forming of Gear Teeth
– Straight Bevel Gears
– Parallel Helical Gears
– Worm Gears
– Tooth Systems
– Gear Trains
– Force Analysis—Spur Gearing
– Force Analysis—Bevel Gearing
– Force Analysis—Helical Gearing
– Force Analysis—Worm Gearing
Problems
Chapter
Spur and Helical Gears
– The Lewis Bending Equation
– Surface Durability
– AGMA Stress Equations
– AGMA Strength Equations
– Geometry Factors I and J
(ZI and YJ)
– The Elastic Coefficient C
p (ZE)
– Dynamic Factor Kv
– Overload Factor K
o
– Surface Condition Factor C
f (ZR)
– Size Factor K
s
– Load-Distribution Factor K
m (KH)
– Hardness-Ratio Factor CH (ZW)
– Stress-Cycle Factors YN and ZN
– Reliability Factor KR (YZ)
– Temperature Factor KT (Yθ)
– Rim-Thickness Factor KB
– Safety Factors SF and SH
– Analysis
– Design of a Gear Mesh
Problems
Chapter
Bevel and Worm Gears
– Bevel Gearing—General
– Bevel-Gear Stresses and Strengths
– AGMA Equation Factors
– Straight-Bevel Gear Analysis
– Design of a Straight-Bevel Gear
Mesh
– Worm Gearing—AGMA Equation
– Worm-Gear Analysis
– Designing a Worm-Gear Mesh
– Buckingham Wear Load
Problems xiv Mechanical Engineering Design
Chapter
Clutches, Brakes, Couplings, and
Flywheels
– Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes
– Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and
Brakes
– External Contracting Rim Clutches and
Brakes
– Band-Type Clutches and Brakes
– Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches
– Disk Brakes
– Cone Clutches and Brakes
– Energy Considerations
– Temperature Rise
– Friction Materials
– Miscellaneous Clutches and Couplings
– Flywheels
Problems
Chapter
Flexible Mechanical Elements
– Belts
– Flat- and Round-Belt Drives
– V Belts
– Timing Belts
– Roller Chain
– Wire Rope
– Flexible Shafts
Problems
Chapter
Power Transmission Case Study
– Design Sequence for Power
Transmission
– Power and Torque Requirements
– Gear Specification
– Shaft Layout
– Force Analysis
– Shaft Material Selection
– Shaft Design for Stress
– Shaft Design for Deflection
– Bearing Selection
– Key and Retaining Ring Selection
– Final Analysis
Problems
Part
Special Topics
Chapter
Finite-Element Analysis
– The Finite-Element Method
– Element Geometries
– The Finite-Element Solution Process
– Mesh Generation
– Load Application
– Boundary Conditions
– Modeling Techniques
– Thermal Stresses
– Critical Buckling Load
– Vibration Analysis
– Summary
Problems
Chapter
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
– Dimensioning and Tolerancing Systems
– Definition of Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
– Datums
– Controlling Geometric Tolerances
– Geometric Characteristic Definitions
– Material Condition Modifiers
– Practical Implementation
– GD&T in CAD Models
– Glossary of GD&T Terms
Problems
Appendixes
A Useful Tables
B Answers to Selected Problems
Index
Index Mechanical Engineering Design
AGMA symbols for bevel gear
rating equations, –
Buckingham wear load and, –
classification of, –
straight-bevel gear analysis and,
–
straight-bevel gear mesh design
and, –
stresses and strengths of, –
worm-gear mesh design
and, –
Bevel gears. See also Bevel and
worm gears
analysis of straight, –
description of,
force analysis and, –
hypoid,
spiral,
straight, – ,
stresses and strengths of, –
zerol, –
Big-end connecting rod
bearings, –
Bilateral tolerance,
Blake, J. C.,
Blanking,
Bolted joints
loaded in shear, –
tension-loaded,
Bolts. See also Joints
function of,
preload and,
relating bolt torque to bolt
tension, –
stiffness and,
strength of, –
thread length of,
torquing of,
Bonds, adhesive. See Adhesive bonds
Bonus tolerance,
Booker, J. F.,
Bottom land,
Boundary conditions,
Boundary elements,
Boundary-lubricated bearings
bushing wear and, –
description of, –
linear sliding wear and,
temperature rise and,
Boundary lubrication, –
Boundary representation (B-rep),
Bowman Distribution,
Boyd, John,
Brakes
band-type, –
cone, –
antifriction,
ball and cylindrical roller,
– , –
big-end connecting rod, –
boundary-lubricated, –
collar,
combined radial and thrust loading
in, –
double-row,
life of, – ,
load life at rated reliability and,
–
lubrication of, –
material choice for, –
mounting and enclosure of, –
needle,
overview of,
related load, life, and reliability and,
–
reliability vs. life of, –
rolling-contact, –
screw, ,
selection of, –
self-aligning,
self-contained, –
sleeve,
tapered roller, –
thrust and,
types of, –
variable loading in, –
Bearing stress,
Belleville springs, –
Belting equation,
Belts
flat metal, –
timing, – , –
types of, –
V, , –
Bending moments
in beams, – , – , – ,
– (See also Beams)
fundamental equations for,
on shafts,
in springs,
Bending-strength geometry factor,
,
Bending stress, – , – ,
– , – , , .
See also Lewis bending equation
Bergsträsser factor,
Beryllium bronze,
Beryllium copper,
Bevel and worm gears. See also Gears;
Worm gears
AGMA equation factors for,
– , –
Axial clutch, frictional contact, –
Axial layout, for shaft components,
–
Axial loads, –
Axial pitch,
Axial stresses, on shafts,
Axle,
B
Backlash,
Back to back mounting (DB),
Bainite,
Ball bearings. See also Bearings
selection of, –
thrust and, , –
types of,
Ball bushings,
Band-type clutches and brakes,
–
Barth, Carl G.,
Barth equation,
Base circle,
Base pitch, –
Basic dimension,
Basic Dynamic Load Rating,
Basic static load rating,
Basquin’s equation,
Bauschinger effect, –
Beach marks,
Beam deflections
due to bending, –
methods for,
by singularity functions, –
by superposition, –
Beams
with asymmetrical sections, –
bending in curved, –
bending moment and curvature
of, –
normal stresses and beams in
bending, –
shear force and bending moments
in, –
shear stresses for beams in bending,
–
two-plane bending and, –
Bearing alloys, –
Bearing characteristic number,
Bearing life, – ,
Bearing pressure,
Bearing reliability, –
Bearings. See also Journal bearings;
Rolling-contact bearings; specific
types of bearings
alignment of, ,
alloys for, – Index
Codes, –
Coefficient of friction
journal bearings and,
in screw threads,
torque and,
Coefficients of variance,
Coining,
Cold-drawn steel,
Cold rolling,
Cold-work factor,
Cold working, – , –
Cold-working processes, –
Collins, J. A.,
Columns
classification of,
with eccentric loading, –
intermediate-length with central
loading, –
long with central loading, –
Commercial bronze,
Commercial seal,
Complete journal bearing,
Completely reversed stress,
Completely reversing simple loading,
–
Composite materials,
Compound gear train,
Compound reverted gear train,
Compression,
Compression members, analysis and
design of,
Compression springs
description of, –
extension springs vs.,
helical, –
Compression tests, stress-strain
relationships from,
Compressive stress,
Computational errors,
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
programs,
Computation frame,
Computer-aided design (CAD)
software, – ,
Computer-aided engineering (CAE),
Concentrated force function,
Concentrated moment
function,
Concentricity control,
Concept design, –
Cone angle, –
Cone clutch
description of, –
uniform pressure in,
uniform wear in, –
Conical springs,
of gear teeth,
investment,
materials for, –
permanent-mold,
sand,
Casting alloys,
Cast irons
hardness,
numbering system for, –
shafts and,
stress concentration and,
types of, –
Cast steels,
Catalog load rating,
Centrifugal casting,
Centrifugal clutch,
Cermet pads,
CES Edupack software,
Chain dimensioning, –
Chains,
Chains for Power Transmissions and
Materials Handling (American
Chain Association),
Charpy notched-bar test,
Chevron lines,
Chordal speed variation,
Choudury, M.,
Chrome-silicon wire,
Chrome-vanadium wire,
Chromium,
Circularity control, –
Circular pad caliper brake, –
Circular pitch p,
Circular runout, –
Classical method of design,
Clearance,
journal bearings and, –
Clearance c,
Clearance circle,
Close-wound extension springs,
Clough, R. W.,
Clutches
band-type, –
cone, –
energy considerations for,
–
external contracting rim, –
friction,
frictional-contact axial, –
friction materials for, –
internal expanding rim, –
miscellaneous, –
static analysis of, –
temperature rise for, –
uniform pressure in,
uniform wear in, –
disk, –
energy considerations for, –
external contracting rim, –
friction materials for, –
internal expanding rim, –
linings for,
static analysis of, –
temperature rise for, –
Brake shoe,
Brass, –
Breakeven points,
Brinell hardness,
Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)
theory,
Brittle-ductile transition temperature,
Brittle materials
Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)
theory,
classification of,
failure of, –
fatigue failure criteria for, –
modifications of Mohr theory for,
–
relatively,
Smith-Dolan fracture criteria
for, –
stress-concentration factor and,
Broghamer, E. I.,
Bronze,
Bubble chart,
Buckingham, E.,
Buckingham load-stress factor,
,
Burnishing, gear,
Bushings, –
Bushing wear, –
Button pad caliper brake, –
Butt welds, –
C
CAD software
applications for, –
GD&T and,
Caliper brakes, –
Cap screws, –
Carbon steels, ,
Cartesian stress components, –
Cartridge brass,
Case hardening, –
Case study (power transmission). See
Power transmission (case study)
Castigliano’s theorem, – ,
– , ,
Casting
centrifugal,
die, Mechanical Engineering Design
long columns with central loading
and, –
shock and impact and, –
spring rates and, –
statically indeterminate problems,
–
strain energy and, –
struts or short compression members
and, –
tension, compression, and torsion
and,
Deflection equations,
Deformation equation,
DE-Gerber criteria,
Degrees of freedom (dof’s),
DE-Morrow criteria,
Derived unit,
Design basics
calculations and significant
figures, –
case study specifications, –
considerations,
design factor/factor of
safety, –
dimensions and tolerances,
–
economics, –
in general, –
information sources, –
phases and interactions of, –
relating design factor to
reliability, –
reliability and probability of
failure, –
safety/product liability,
standards and codes, –
stress and strength,
tools and resources, –
topic interdependencies,
uncertainty in, –
units, –
Design engineer
communication and, –
professional responsibilities
of, –
Design factor,
Design Manual for Cylindrical
Wormgearing,
DE-SWT,
Deterministic design factor
method,
Deviation,
Diametral interference, between shaft
and hub,
Diametrical pitch P,
Die castings,
Cyclic frequency,
Cyclic hardening,
Cyclic-minimum film thickness,
Cyclic Ramberg-Osgood,
Cyclic softening,
Cyclic strain strengthening
exponent,
Cyclic strength coefficient,
Cyclic stress-strain curve, –
Cyclic stress-strain properties, –
Cyclic yield strength,
Cylindrical contact stresses,
–
Cylindrical roller bearings,
– , –
Cylindricity control,
D
Damage-tolerant design,
Datum features, – , – ,
– ,
Datum feature simulator, ,
Datum reference frame,
Datums. See also Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
(GD&T)
actual mating envelopes
and, –
description of, –
feature symbol for, –
immobilization of part and,
nonplanar features of,
order of, –
Dedendum b,
Deflection analysis,
shafts and, – , –
in springs, , –
Deflection and stiffness, .
See also Stiffness
beam deflection methods and,
beam deflections by singularity
functions and, –
beam deflections by superposition
and, –
bending and, –
Castigliano’s theorem and,
, –
columns with eccentric loading
and, –
compression members and,
deflection of curved members
and, –
elastic stability and, –
helical springs and,
intermediate-length columns with
central loading and, –
Conjugate action, –
Constant amplitude loading,
Constant-force springs,
Constant-life approach,
Constant-life curves, –
Constructive solid geometry
(CSG),
Contact adhesives,
Contact ratio, –
Contact strength (contact fatigue
strength),
Contact stresses
cylindrical, –
description of, – ,
spherical, –
Continuing education,
Coordinate dimensioning system, .
See also Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing (GD&T)
Copper-base alloys,
Corrosion (endurance limit),
Corrosion-resistant steels,
Cost considerations. See Economics
Cost estimates,
Coulomb-Mohr theory, – ,
,
Couplings, –
Courant, R.,
Crack growth,
Crack modes, stress intensity factor
and, –
Crack nucleation, fatigue failure from,
–
Crack propagation, fatigue failure
from,
Cracks, . See also Fracture
mechanics
Creep, ,
Creep test,
Creep-time curve,
Critical buckling load,
Critical deflection, of springs,
Critical speeds, for shafts, –
Critical stress intensity factor,
Critical unit load,
Crossed belts,
Crowned pulleys,
Crowning factor for pitting,
Cumulative fatigue damage, –
Curvature effect,
Curve-beam theory,
Curved beams, bending in, –
Curved members, deflection
in, –
Curve-fit equations,
Curve-fit polynomials, – Index
Engineers’ Creed (NSPE),
Engraver’s brass,
Envelope principle,
Epicyclic gear trains,
Equilibrium,
unstable,
Equivalent bending load,
Equivalent radial load,
Euler column formula,
Euler equation,
Euler’s method, – ,
– ,
Evaluation,
Expanding-ring clutch,
Extension springs
close-wound,
compression springs vs.,
correction stresses for, –
description of, –
ends for,
fatigue and, –
function of,
initial tension in,
Extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants,
–
Extrusion,
F
Face-contact ratio,
Face load distribution factor, –
Face-to-face mounting (DF),
Factor of safety, – , ,
, , , .
See also Safety
Fail-safe design,
Failure. See also Fatigue failure;
Fatigue failure from variable
loading; Static loading, failures
resulting from
examples of, –
meaning of,
Mohr theory of, – ,
probability of, –
selection of criteria for,
theories of, ,
Failure prevention, knowledge of,
Failure theory flowchart,
Fasteners. See also specific types
of fasteners
eccentric loading of,
overview of,
stiffness of, –
threaded, –
Fatigue damage, cumulative, –
Fatigue ductility coefficient,
Fatigue ductility exponent,
Eccentricity ratio,
Eccentric loading
columns with, –
shear joints with, –
Economics
breakeven points,
cost estimates,
large tolerances, –
standard sizes,
Edge shearing, –
Effective arc,
Effective slenderness ratio,
Effective stress,
Effective viscosity,
Eigenvalues,
Eigenvectors,
Elastic coefficient, – ,
Elastic creep,
Elastic deformation,
Elastic instability,
Elasticity,
Elastic limit,
Elastic stability, –
Elastic strain, –
Elastic-strain Basquin equation,
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication
(EHL),
Electrolytic plating,
Element geometries, –
Element library,
Element loads,
Elimination approach,
Enclosures (bearings), –
End-condition constant, ,
Endurance limit modifying factors
application of, –
corrosion,
cyclic frequency,
electrolytic plating,
frettage corrosion,
loading factor,
metal spraying,
miscellaneous-effects factor, –
reliability factor, –
size factor, –
surface factor, –
temperature factor, –
Endurance limits
estimation of, –
flexural,
Energy absorption, properties
of, –
Energy considerations, for brakes and
clutches, –
Engineering stress-strain diagrams,
,
Dimensioning. See Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
(GD&T)
Dimensions
choice of, –
terminology of, –
Dimension-series code, –
Direct load,
Direct mounting,
Discrete distributions,
Discretization errors, –
Disk brakes
description of, –
uniform pressure in,
uniform wear in,
Disk clutches, . See also Disk brakes
Dislocations,
Distortion-energy (DE) theory, –
, , ,
yield strength in shear and, –
Dolan, T. J.,
Doorstops,
Double-row bearings,
Dowling, N.,
Drawing (tempering),
Drum brake,
Ductile cast iron,
Ductile materials
classification of,
Coulomb-Mohr theory for, –
distortion-energy theory for, –
failure of, –
maximum-shear-stress theory for,
–
selection of failure criteria for,
static loading and, –
stress-strain diagram of, –
Ductility,
Dunkerley’s equation,
Duplexing,
Duplex mounting,
Dynamically loaded journal bearings,
–
Dynamic factor, spur and helical gears
and, – ,
Dynamic loads
as element loads,
journal bearings and, –
stress concentration effect and,
Dynamic viscosity,
Dyne,
E
Eccentricity, centrifugal force
deflection in shafts and,
Eccentricity rate, – Mechanical Engineering Design
tension and, –
theory of, –
Flat belts, ,
Flat metal belts, –
Flatness control, –
Flat springs, . See also Springs
Flexible mechanical elements
belts as, –
flat-and round-belt drives as, –
flexible shafts as,
roller chains as, –
timing belts as, – ,
–
V belts as, , –
wire rope as, –
Flexible shafts,
Flexural endurance limit,
Floating caliper brake, –
Fluctuating simple loading, –
Fluctuating-stress diagram, –
Fluctuating stresses
fatigue cracks and,
fatigue failure criterion and,
issues characterizing, –
Fluctuating-stress values,
Fluid lubrication,
Flywheels, –
Foot-pound-second system (fps),
Force analysis
of bevel gearing, –
free-body diagrams for, –
guidelines for,
of helical gearing, –
of spur gearing, –
of worm gearing, –
Forging,
Forming,
Fracture mechanics
background on, –
crack modes and stress intensity
factor and, –
equation for,
fatigue failure and, –
fracture toughness and, –
quasi-static fracture and, –
Fracture toughness, ,
Free-body diagrams, for force
analysis, –
Free-body force analysis,
Free-cutting brass,
Frettage corrosion,
Frictional-contact axial clutches
description of,
uniform pressure in, –
uniform wear in, –
Friction clutch,
Fatigue strength
data for, –
estimated at cycles,
nature of,
of springs, –
Fatigue strength coefficient,
Fatigue strength exponent,
Fatigue stress-concentration factor,
, – , ,
Fazekas, G. A.,
FEA. See Finite-element analysis (FEA)
Feature,
Feature control frame, – ,
Feature of size,
Felt seals,
Ferritic chromium steels,
Field, J.,
Filler,
Fillet welds, –
bending properties of, –
steady loads and size of,
torsional properties of,
Filling notch,
Film pressure, –
Finite element,
Finite-element analysis (FEA)
applications for, , –
beam deflections and,
boundary conditions and,
critical buckling load and,
element geometries and, –
load application and, –
mesh generation and, –
method of, –
modeling techniques and, –
software programs for, ,
,
solution process and, –
stress-concentration factors and,
stress interactions and,
summary of,
thermal stresses and, –
vibration analysis and, –
Firbank, T. C.,
Fits
description of shaft, –
interference, –
using basic hole system,
Fitted bearing,
Flat-belt and round-belt drives
analysis of, –
description of, ,
flat metal belts and, –
function of, –
materials for,
pulley size and, –
Fatigue failure
background on,
examples of, –
low-cycle, –
mechanisms of, –
shaft materials and,
stages of, –
Fatigue failure criteria
applications of, –
ASME-Elliptic,
for brittle materials, –
Gerber, ,
Goodman, – , –
Morrow,
in pure shear case,
recommendations, –
Smith-Watson-Topper,
Soderberg, –
Walker,
Fatigue failure from variable loading
characterizing fluctuating stresses
and, –
combinations of loading modes
and, –
constant-life curves and, –
crack formation and propagation
and, –
cumulative fatigue damage
and, –
endurance limit modifying factors
and, –
fatigue failure criteria and, –
fatigue failure criterion for brittle
materials and, –
fatigue-life methods and, –
fluctuating-stress diagram
and, –
idealized S-N diagram for steels and,
–
linear-elastic fracture mechanics
method and, –
road maps and important design
equations for the stress-life method
and, –
strain-life method and, –
stress concentration and notch
sensitivity and, –
stress-life method and, –
surface fatigue strength
and, –
Fatigue-life methods, –
Fatigue loading
of helical compression
springs, –
of tension joints, –
of welded joints, – Index
Grooved pulleys,
Grossman, M. A.,
Guest theory. See Maximumshear-stress theory (MSS)
H
Hagen-Poiseuille law,
Haigh diagram,
Ham, C. W.,
Hard-drawn steel spring wire,
Hardness,
Hardness-ratio factor, – ,
–
Hardness testing,
Haringx, J. A.,
Haugen, E. B.,
Heading,
Heat transfer analysis, –
Heat transfer rate,
Heat treatment, of steel, –
Helical coil torsion springs
bending stress in, –
deflection and spring rate
in, –
description of, –
end location of, –
fatigue strength in, –
static strength in, –
Helical compression spring design,
for static service, –
Helical compression springs
design for fatigue loading, –
fatigue loading of, –
Helical gears. See also Gears; Spur
and helical gears
crossed,
description of,
force analysis and, –
parallel, –
standard tooth proportions for,
Helical rollers,
Helical springs
critical frequency of, –
deflection of,
fatigue loading of, –
maximum allowable torsional
stresses for,
for static service, –
stresses in, –
Hertz, H.,
Hertzian contact pressure,
Hertzian endurance strength,
Hertzian field, –
Hertzian stress, ,
Hertz theory,
Hexagonal-head bolts,
Gear trains
axes rotation and,
description of, –
train value and, –
two-stage compound,
Gear wheel,
Generating line,
Geometric characteristic controls and
symbols,
Geometric controls
form, –
location, –
orientation, –
profile, –
runout, –
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T),
CAD models and,
control of, –
datums and, –
defined, –
geometric attributes of features
for, –
geometric characteristic definitions
and, –
glossary of terms for, –
material condition modifiers
and, –
overview of, , –
practical implementation
of, –
standards for,
symbolic language for, –
Geometric stress-concentration
factor,
Geometry factor, –
Gerber fatigue-failure criterion,
, ,
Gerber line,
Gib-head key,
Gilding brass,
Glasses,
Global instabilities,
Goodman, John,
Goodman diagram,
Goodman failure criterion,
Goodman failure line,
Goodman-Haigh diagram,
Goodman line, – , ,
Government information sources,
Gravitational mass of units,
Gravity loading,
Gray cast iron, – ,
Green, I.,
Griffith, A. A.,
Grip l,
Friction materials, –
Friction variable,
Full-film lubrication,
Functions, singularity, –
Fundamental contact stress
equation, –
Fundamental deviation, for
shafts,
G
Gamma function,
Gasketed joints,
Gaskets, soft,
Gates Rubber Company,
Gaussian (normal) distribution,
GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing). See Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
(GD&T)
Gear bending strength, –
Gear mesh
analysis of, –
design of, – , –
Gears. See also Bevel and worm gears;
Spur and helical gears; specific
types of gears
AGMA approach and, –
conjugate action in, –
contact ratio and, –
fundamentals of, –
interference in, –
involute properties of, –
nomenclature for, –
parallel helical, –
selecting appropriate, –
straight bevel, – ,
tooth systems for, –
types of,
worm, , – ,
Gear strength, –
Gear teeth
bending stress in, –
conjugate action and, –
contact ratio and, –
formation of, –
helical, –
interference and, –
terminology of, –
Gear tooth bending, ,
Gear tooth wear, ,
Gear train force analysis
bevel gearing, –
helical gearing, –
notation for,
spur gearing, –
worm gearing, – Mechanical Engineering Design
Lap joints, –
Law of action and reaction
(Newton),
Least material condition
(LMC), – ,
Leibensperger, R. L.,
Lengthwise curvature factor for
bending strength,
Lewis, Wilfred,
Lewis bending equation,
– ,
Lewis form factor,
Limits,
Limits (shaft), –
Linear-elastic fracture mechanics
(LEFM) method, –
Linear sliding wear,
Linear springs,
Linear stress analysis,
Linear transverse line loads,
Lined bushing,
Line elements,
Line of action,
Line of contact,
Lipson, C.,
Little, R. E.,
Load and stress analysis
Cartesian stress components
and, –
contact stresses and, –
curved beams in bending, –
elastic strain and, –
general three-dimensional stress
and, –
Mohr’s circle for plane stress and,
, –
normal stresses for beams in bending
and, –
press and shrink fits and, –
shear stresses for beams in bending
and, –
singularity functions and,
–
stress and, , –
stress concentration and, –
stresses in pressurized cylinders
and, –
stresses in rotating rings
and, –
temperature effects and, –
torsion and, –
uniformly distributed stresses
and, –
Load-application factor,
Load-distribution factor, – ,
Load factor,
malleable cast, –
white cast,
Ito, Y.,
Izod notched-bar test,
J
J. B. Johnson formula, – ,
Joerres, R. E.,
Joints. See also specific types of joints
arrow side of,
bolted,
bolted and riveted, –
eccentric loading in shear, –
fastener stiffness and, –
fatigue loading of, –
gasketed,
lap, –
member stiffness and, –
statically loaded, – , –
stiffness constant of,
strength of welded, –
tension, –
tension-loaded bolted,
welded, – , –
Jominy test,
Journal bearings. See also Bearings;
Lubrication and journal bearings
alloys for, –
big-end connecting rod, –
boundary-lubricated, –
design variables for, –
dynamically loaded, –
fitted,
material choice for, –
nomenclature of complete,
partial,
pressure-fed, –
self-contained, –
Trumpler’s design criteria
for, –
types of, –
Journal orbit, –
Journal translational velocity, –
K
Karelitz, G. B.,
Keys (shafts), – , –
Kinematic viscosity,
Kuhn, P.,
Kurtz, H. J.,
L
Labyrinth seal,
Lamont, J. L.,
Langer lines,
Lang-lay rope,
Hexagon-head cap screws,
Hexagon nuts,
Hobbing,
Holding power,
Hole basis,
Hooke’s law, ,
Hoop stress,
Hot melts, –
Hot rolling, – ,
Hot-working processes, –
Hrennikoff, A.,
Hydraulic clutches,
Hydrodynamic lubrication,
–
Hydrostatic lubrication,
Hypoid gears,
I
Idle arc,
Impact, shock and, –
Impact load,
Impact properties, –
Impact value,
Inch-pound-second system (ips),
Indirect mounting,
Infinite-life design,
Influence coefficients,
Information sources, –
Injection molding,
Interference
diametral,
gear teeth and, –
nature of,
Interference fits, –
Interference of strength,
Interference of stress,
Internal-friction theory,
Internal gear,
Internal-shoe brake, –
International Committee of Weights
and Measures (CIPM),
International System of Units
(SI),
International tolerance grade
numbers (IT),
Internet information sources,
Interpolation equation,
Investment casting,
Involute helicoid,
Involute profile,
Involute properties, of gears,
–
Irons
alloy cast,
ductile and nodular cast,
gray cast, – Index
heat treatment of steel and, –
hot-working processes and, –
impact properties and, –
investment casting and,
nonferrous metals and, –
numbering systems and, –
plastic deformation and cold work
and, –
plastics and,
powder-metallurgy process and,
sand casting and,
selection of, –
for shafts, –
shell molding and,
statistical significance of properties
of, –
strength and stiffness, –
temperature effects and, –
Materials selection charts, –
Matrix,
Maximum load, – , – ,
Maximum material condition (MMC),
,
Maximum-normal-stress theory for
brittle materials, – ,
Maximum shear stress, ,
,
Maximum-shear-stress theory (MSS),
ductile materials and, – ,
,
Maximum shear theory,
Maxwell’s reciprocity theorem,
McHenry, D.,
McKee, S. A.,
McKee, T. R.,
McKee abscissa,
McKelvey, S. A.,
Mean coil diameter,
Mean stress,
fatigue failure and, – ,
fluctuating stresses and, –
loading mode and,
nonzero,
Mechanical springs. See Springs
Mesh,
Mesh density,
Mesh design
for straight-bevel gears, –
for worm gears, –
Mesh generation
fully automatic,
manual,
semiautomatic,
Mesh refinement,
Metal-mold castings,
Metals, nonferrous, –
Lubrication and journal bearings
bearing types and,
boundary-lubricated bearings
and, –
clearance and, –
design variables for, –
dynamically loaded journal bearings
and, –
hydrodynamic theory and,
–
loads and materials and, –
lubrication types and, –
Petroff’s equation and, –
pressure-fed bearings and, –
relationship between variables
and, –
stable lubrication and, –
steady-state conditions in selfcontained bearings and, –
thick-film lubrication and, –
viscosity and, –
Lüder lines, –
M
Mabie, H. H.,
Macaulay functions. See Singularity
functions
Magnesium,
Magnetic clutches,
Major diameter, of screw threads,
Malleable cast iron, –
Manganese,
Manson, S. S.,
Manson-Coffin equation,
Map frame,
Margin of safety,
Marin, Joseph,
Marin’s equation,
Martensite,
Martensitic stainless steel,
Martin, H. C.,
Master fatigue diagram,
Material condition modifiers
(MMC), – ,
Material efficiency coefficient,
Material index, –
Materials. See also specific materials
alloy steel and, –
casting, –
cold-working processes and, –
composite,
corrosion-resistant steel and,
cyclic stress-strain properties and,
–
energy absorption properties of, –
hardness and,
Loading factor (endurance
limit),
Loading modes, – ,
Load intensity,
Load-life-reliability relationship,
Load-sharing ratio,
Loads/loading
critical unit,
dynamic,
element,
fatigue, –
impact,
nodal,
reversed,
static, , – ,
(See also Static loading, failures
resulting from; Static loads/
loading)
surface, –
variable, – (See also
Fatigue failure from variable
loading)
Load-stress factor,
Load zone,
Location controls
concentricity,
position, –
symmetry, –
Loose-side tension,
Loss-of-function parameter,
Low brass,
Low-contact-ratio (LCR) helical
gears,
Low-cycle fatigue, –
Low-leaded brass,
Lubricant flow,
Lubricant temperature rise, – ,
,
Lubrication
boundary, –
elastohydrodynamic,
function of,
hydrodynamic, –
hydrostatic,
mathematical theory of,
mixed-film,
roller chain,
rolling bearing, ,
–
solid-film,
splash,
stable, –
temperature rise and, – ,
,
thick-film, –
unstable, Mechanical Engineering Design
Overload factor,
Overrunning clutch or coupling,
P
Palmgren linear damage rule,
Palmgren-Miner cycle-ratio summation
rule (Miner’s rule), ,
Parabolic formula, –
Parallel-axis theorem,
Parallel helical gears, –
Parallelism control, –
Paris equation,
Partial journal bearing,
Partitioning approach,
Pedestal bearings,
Performance factors,
Permanent joint design
adhesive bonding and, –
butt and fillet welds and, –
resistance welding and, –
welded joints and, – , –
welding symbols and, –
Permanent-mold casting,
Permissible contact stress number
(strength) equation,
Peterson, R. E.,
Petroff’s equation, –
Phosphor bronze, ,
Pilkey, W. D.,
Pillow-block bearings,
Pinion, ,
Pinion bending,
Pinion cutter,
Pinion tooth bending, ,
,
Pinion tooth wear,
Pins (shafts), –
Pitch
of bevel gears,
of screw threads, ,
timing belt, –
Pitch circle, , ,
,
Pitch diameter
of screw threads,
of spur-gear teeth,
Pitch length,
Pitch-line velocity, ,
Pitch point,
Pitch radius,
Pitting,
Pitting resistance, ,
– ,
Pitting-resistance geometry factor,
,
Plane slider bearing,
Multiple-threaded product,
Multipoint constraint
equations,
Muntz metal,
Music wire,
N
Naval brass,
Necking,
Needle bearings,
Neuber, H.,
Neuber constant,
Neutral plane,
Newmark, N. M.,
Newtonian fluids,
Newton (N),
Newton’s cooling model, –
Newton’s third law,
Nickel,
Nodal loads,
Nodes, ,
Nodular cast iron,
Noll, C. J.,
Nominal size,
Nominal stress,
Nonferrous metals, –
Nonlinear softening spring,
Nonlinear stiffening spring,
Nonplanar datum features,
Nonprecision bearings,
Normal circular pitch,
Normal diametrical pitch,
Normalizing process,
Normal strain,
Normal stress,
Norris, C. H.,
Notched-bar tests,
Notch sensitivity, stress concentration
and, –
Numbering systems, –
Nuts
grade of,
hexagon,
O
Octahedral shear stress, –
Octahedral-shear-stress theory,
,
Offset method,
Oil outlet temperature,
Oil-tempered wire,
Opening crack propagation mode,
,
Orientation control, –
Osgood, C. C.,
Overconstrained systems,
Metals Handbook (ASM),
Metal spraying,
Metric threads, –
Milling, gear teeth,
Miner’s rule, ,
Minimum film thickness,
Minimum life,
Minor diameter, of screw threads,
Mischke, Charles R.,
Mitchiner, R. G.,
Mixed-film lubrication,
MMC. See Material condition
modifiers (MMC)
Mobility map,
Mobility method, –
Mobility vector,
Modal analysis,
Mode I, plane strain fracture
toughness,
Modeling techniques, –
Moderate applications,
Modern Steels and Their Properties
Handbook (Bethlehem Steet),
Modified-Goodman diagram,
Modified-Goodman line, –
Modified Mohr (MM) theory,
–
Modified Mohr (plane stress),
Module m,
Modulus of elasticity,
Modulus of elasticity of rope,
Modulus of resilience, –
Modulus of rigidity,
Modulus of rupture,
Modulus of toughness,
Mohr’s circle diagram, ,
Mohr’s circle for plane stress,
– ,
Mohr’s circle shear convention,
–
Mohr theory for brittle materials,
–
Mohr theory of failure, – , .
See also Coulomb-Mohr theory
Molded-asbestos linings,
Molded-asbestos pads,
Molding,
Molybdenum,
Moment connection,
Moment load,
Monte Carlo computer simulations,
Morrow fatigue-failure criterion,
,
Morrow line,
MSC/NASTRAN,
Multiple of rating life, Index
Resistance welding, –
Retaining rings, – , –
Reynolds, Osborne, ,
,
Reynolds equation, ,
Right-hand rule, ,
Rim clutches
external contracting, –
internal expanding, –
Rim-thickness factor, –
Ring gear,
Riveted joints, loaded in
shear, –
Roark’s formulas,
Roark’s Formulas for Stress and
Strain (Young, Budynas &
Sadegh),
Rockwell hardness,
Roller chains, –
Rolling bearings
description of,
lubrication and, ,
, –
types of, –
Rolling-contact bearings
ball and cylindrical roller bearing
selection and, – ,
–
bearing load life at rated reliability
and, –
combined radial and thrust loading
of, –
description of,
design assessment for, –
fit and,
life of, –
lubrication of, –
mounting and enclosure of, –
relating load, life and reliability and,
–
reliability of, –
reliability vs. life of, –
tapered roller bearings selection and,
–
types of, –
variable loading and, –
Roll threading,
Ropes,
Rotary fatigue,
Rotating-beam specimen,
Rotating-beam test,
Rotating rings, stresses in, –
Rotscher’s pressure-cone method,
Round-belt drives. See Flat-belt and
round-belt drives
Round belts,
Primary shear,
Principal stresses,
Probability density function
(PDF),
Probability of failure, –
Product liability,
Professional societies,
Profile control, –
Profile of a line,
Profile of a surface,
Proof load, bolt,
Proof strength, bolt,
Propagation of dispersion,
Propagation of error,
Propagation of uncertainty,
Proportional limit,
Puck pad caliper brake, –
Pulleys
flat-belt and round-belt, –
forces and torque on,
Pure shear,
Q
Quality numbers (AGMA),
Quasi-static fracture, –
Quenching, –
R
R. R. Moore high-speed rotating-beam
machine, –
Radial clearance ratio,
Radial loading/thrust loading
combined, –
Radial stress, – ,
Radius of gyration,
Raimondi, Albert A.,
Raimondi-Boyd analysis, –
Rain-flow counting technique,
Ramberg-Osgood relationship,
Ramp function,
Rating life, –
Rayleigh’s equation,
Redundant supports,
Reemsnyder, Harold S.,
Regular-lay rope,
Related actual mating envelope,
–
Relative velocity,
Reliability factor, – ,
– , –
Reliability method of design,
, –
Repeated stress,
Residual stress,
Resilience, –
Plane strain,
Plane stress,
Mohr’s circle for, – ,
–
Plane-stress transformation
equations,
Planetary gear trains,
Planet carrier (arm),
Planet gears,
Plastic deformation, , –
Plastics,
Plastic strain,
Plastic-strain Manson-Coffin
equation,
Pneumatic clutches,
Poisson’s ratio, ,
Position control, –
Positive-contact clutch,
Potential energy. See Strain energy
Pound-force (lbf),
Powder-metallurgy process,
Power curve equation,
Power screws, –
Power transmission (case study)
background of,
bearing selection, –
design sequence for, –
final analysis,
force analysis,
gear specification, –
key and retaining ring
selection, –
power and torque
requirements,
shaft design for deflection,
–
shaft design for stress,
shaft layout, –
shaft material selection,
Precipitation-hardenable
stainless steels,
Preload
bolt,
considerations for,
statically loaded tension joint
with, –
Presetting,
Press fits, – , –
Pressure angle, ,
Pressure-fed bearings, –
Pressure line,
Pressure-sensitive adhesives,
Pressure-strength ratio,
Pressurized cylinders, stresses
in, –
Pretension, – Mechanical Engineering Design
Singularity functions
application of, – ,
beam deflections by, –
description of, –
Sintered-metal pads,
Size factor, – ,
Sleeve bearings,
Slenderness ratio,
Sliding fit,
Sliding mode,
Slip,
Slip lines, –
Slip planes,
Slug,
Smith, G. M.,
Smith-Dolan locus, –
Smith-Watson-(SWT) criterion,
,
Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) fatiguefailure criterion, ,
,
S-N diagram. See Stress-life (S-N)
diagram
Snug-tight condition,
torque and,
Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE),
bolt strength standards,
Society of Manufacturing Engineers
(SME),
Socket setscrews, –
Soderberg line, –
Software
CAD, – ,
engineering-based,
engineering-specific,
Solid elements,
Solid-film lubricant,
Sommerfeld, A.,
Sommerfeld number, ,
,
Special-purpose elements,
Specific modulus (specific
stiffness),
Speed ratio,
Spherical contact stresses,
–
Spherical-roller thrust bearing,
Spinning,
Spiral bevel gears,
Spiroid gearing,
Splash lubrication,
Splines,
Spot welding,
Spring brass,
Spring constant,
assembly and disassembly
and, –
axial,
supporting axial loads,
torque transmission provisions
and, –
Shaft material
fatigue failure and,
selection of,
Shafts,
bearings in,
bending moments on,
couplings, –
critical speeds for, –
defined,
deflection analysis and, –
flexible,
fundamental deviation for,
layout of, –
limits and fits for, –
materials for, –
misalignment in,
Shallow drawing,
Shear-energy theory,
Shear force
bending moments in beams
and, –
welded joints in torsion and,
,
Shearing edge, –
Shear-lag model,
Shear loading, bolted and riveted joints
and, –
Shear modulus,
Shear stress
for beams in bending, –
maximum,
tangential, ,
torsion in shaft and, –
transverse, –
Shear stress-correction factor,
Shear yield strength,
Sheaves, – , –
Shell molding,
Shock,
Short compression members, struts
as, –
Shrink fits, – , –
Significant figures, –
Silicon,
Silicon bronze,
Simple loading
completely reversing, –
fluctuating, –
Sines failure criterion,
Single-row bearings,
Runge-Kutta method,
Runout controls, –
Russell, Burdsall & Ward Inc.
(RB&W), –
Ryan, D. G.,
S
Safe-life design,
Safety, – , . See also
Factor of safety
Salakian, A. G.,
Samónov, C.,
Sand casting,
Saybolt Universal viscosity
(SUV),
Screws
cap, –
elongation of,
power, –
self-locking,
stiffness and,
Screw threads
efficiency of,
square,
terminology of and standards
for, –
Sealants. See Adhesive bonds
Sealings, –
Seam welding,
Secant column formula,
Secondary shear,
Self-acting (self-locking)
phenomenon,
Self-aligning bearings,
Self-contained bearings, –
Self-deenergizing brake shoe,
Self-energizing brake shoe,
Self-locking screw,
Series system,
Set removal,
Setscrews, –
Shaft basis,
Shaft components
keys and pins as, –
retaining rings as, –
setscrews as, –
Shaft coupling, –
Shaft design, for deflection, –
Shaft design for stress
critical locations and,
estimating stress concentrations and,
–
first iteration estimates for,
shaft stresses and, – ,
Shaft layout
about, – , – Index
Static strength
in helical coil torsion springs,
–
static loading and, –
Statistical tolerance system,
Steels
alloy, – ,
cast,
cold-drawn,
corrosion-resistant,
hardness,
heat treatment of, –
modulus of elasticity,
numbering system for, –
quantitative estimation of properties
of heat-treated,
for springs, ,
stress-life (S-N) diagram for, –
temperature and, –
Stereolithography (STL),
Stiffness. See also Deflection and
stiffness
bolt,
fastener, –
joint, –
procedure to find fastener,
,
Stiffness constant of the joint,
Stochastic methods,
Stock sizes,
Straight-bevel gears. See also Bevel
and worm gears; Bevel gears
analysis of, –
description of, – ,
mesh design for, –
standard tooth proportions for,
Straightness control,
Straight roller bearings,
Straight-tooth bevel gears,
Strain
elastic, –
shear,
true, –
Strain energy, –
Strain hardening,
Strain-life method, –
Strain-life relation,
Strain-strengthening equation,
Strain-strengthening exponent,
Strength
nature of, –
static loading and, (See also
Static loading, failures resulting
from)
Strength equations (AGMA),
–
overload factor and,
reliability factor and, –
rim-thickness factor and, –
safety factors and,
size factor and,
spur gears analysis and, –
stress-cycle factors and, –
surface condition factor and,
surface durability of, –
temperature factor and,
Square-jaw clutch,
Square threads,
Squeeze-film action,
Stable cyclic hysteresis loop,
Stable lubrication, –
Stainless steels,
Stamping,
Standard Handbook of Machine
Design (Shigley et al.),
Standards and codes, –
defined,
organizations with specific, –
Standard sizes,
Statically indeterminate
problems, –
Statically indeterminate systems,
Static equilibrium,
Static loading, failures resulting from
Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) and
modified Mohr (MM)
theories, –
brittle materials failure and, –
Coulomb-Mohr theory for ductile
materials and, –
design equations and, –
distortion-energy theory for ductile
materials, –
ductile materials and, –
failure theories and,
fracture mechanics and, –
maximum-normal-stress theory for
brittle materials and, – ,
maximum-shear-stress theory for
ductile materials and, –
selection of failure criteria and,
static strength and, –
stress concentration and, –
Static loads/loading
background of,
basic rating,
defined,
helical coil compression spring
design flowchart for, –
stress-concentration factors
and,
welding and, –
Spring index, ,
Spring rate, , ,
–
Springs. See also specific types of
springs
Belleville, –
classification of,
compression, –
conical,
constant-force,
critical frequency of helical,
–
curvature effect in,
deflection in helical,
extension, –
fatigue loading of helical
compression, –
function of,
helical coil torsion, –
helical compression spring
design for fatigue loading,
–
helical compression spring design
for static service, –
linear,
materials used for, –
nonlinear softening in,
nonlinear stiffening in,
scale of,
stability of, –
stresses in helical, –
volute,
Spring surge,
Sprockets,
Spur and helical gears. See also Gears;
Helical gears
AGMA nomenclature, –
AGMA strength equations
and, –
AGMA stress equations
and, –
analysis of, –
description of,
dynamic factor and, – ,
,
elastic coefficient and,
–
force analysis and, –
gear mesh analysis and, –
gear mesh design and, –
geometry factors and, –
hardness-ratio factor and, –
Lewis bending equation and,
, –
load-distribution factor and,
– Mechanical Engineering Design
Taper pins,
Tearing mode,
Temperature effects
on impact values,
load and stress analysis and,
–
on materials, –
Temperature factor, – ,
,
Temperature rise
boundary-lubricated bearings
and,
brakes and, –
clutches and, –
lubricant, – ,
Tempered martensite,
Tempering,
Tensile strength, ,
Tensile stress, ,
Tensile tests
application of, –
stress-strain relationships from,
–
of threaded rods,
Tension,
loose-side,
tight-side,
Tension joints
external load and, –
fatigue loading of, –
statically loaded, –
Tension-loaded bolted joint,
Tension-test specimen, –
Theoretical stress-concentration
factor,
Thermal loading,
Thermal stresses, –
Thermoplastics,
Thermoset,
Thin-film lubrication, –
Threaded fasteners, –
Threads, screw, – . See also
Screws
Three-dimensional printing,
Three-dimensional stress, –
-D truss element,
Three-parameter Weibull
distribution,
Thrust load,
Thrust loading/radial loading
combined, –
Tight-side tension,
Timing belts, – ,
–
Timken Company, , –
Tin bronze,
Stress intensity factor, –
Stress intensity modification
factor,
Stress-life method, – ,
–
Stress-life (S-N) diagram
description of, –
high-cycle, –
mean stress and,
for steels, –
Stress numbers,
Stress raisers,
Stress ratio,
Stress relieving,
Stress-strain diagram, – ,
of ductile materials, –
for hot-rolled and cold-drawn
steel,
stable cycle, –
strain rate in, –
Stress yield envelope,
Strict liability concept,
Structural adhesives,
Structural instabilities
(buckling), –
Struts, –
Studs, –
Sun gear,
Superposition, beam deflections by,
– ,
Surface compression stress,
Surface condition factor,
Surface elements,
Surface endurance shear,
Surface endurance strength,
Surface factor (endurance
limit), –
Surface fatigue strength, –
Surface loads, –
Surface-strength geometry
factor, –
Symmetry control, –
T
Tandem mounting (DT),
Tangential stress, – ,
,
Tapered fits,
Tapered roller bearings
advantages of,
components of, –
nomenclature for, –
radial load on,
selection of, –
single-row straight bore,
–
Stress-concentration factor (SCF)
application of elastic,
estimation of, –
fatigue, – ,
,
gear teeth and,
geometric,
static loading and, – ,
,
theoretical,
Stress concentrations
estimation of, –
load and stress analysis and,
–
mesh and, –
notch sensitivity and, –
shafts and,
static loading and, –
Stress-correction factor,
Stress-cycle factor, – ,
Stress distributions, adhesives and,
–
Stress equations (AGMA), –
Stresses/stress analysis
bearing,
bending, – , – , –
, – ,
Cartesian stress components
and, –
compressive,
contact, –
elastic strain and, –
fluctuating, – ,
in helical springs, –
hoop,
in interference fits, –
Mohr’s circle for plane,
–
nature of, , –
nominal,
normal, –
press and shrink fits and,
–
in pressurized cylinders, –
principal,
radial, –
residual,
in rotating rings, –
shaft design for, – ,
shear, , – ,
temperature effects on, –
tensile,
three-dimensional, –
torsion and, – , –
true, –
uniformly distributed, – Index
Welded joints
fatigue loading of, –
strength of, –
stresses in bending, –
stresses in torsion, –
Welds/welding
butt and fillet, –
resistance, –
symbols for, –
Wheel,
White cast iron,
Whole depth h,
Width of space,
Wileman, J.,
Wire diameter,
Wire rope
selection of, –
types of, –
Wire springs, . See also Springs
Wirsching, P. H.,
Wöhler, Albert, ,
Wöhler curve,
Wolford, J. C.,
Woodruff key,
Work hardening, . See also
Cold working
Worm gears. See also Bevel and worm
gears; Gears
AGMA equation factors for, –
analysis of, –
description of,
force analysis and, –
mesh design for, –
nomenclature of,
pitch diameter of, –
pressure angle and tooth depth
for,
Worms,
Worm wheel,
Woven-asbestos lining,
Woven-cotton lining,
Wrought alloys,
Y
Yellow brass,
Yield design equation,
Yield point,
Yield strength,
Young’s modulus, , ,
,
Z
Zerol bevel gear,
Zimmerli, F. P., ,
,
Zinc, brass with, –
Tungsten,
Turner, M. J.,
Turn-of-the-nut method,
Two-bearing mountings,
Two-plane bending, –
U
Ultimate strength,
Ultimate tensile strength,
Uncertainty, –
Undercutting,
Unified Numbering System for Metals
and Alloys (UNS), – ,
Unified thread series,
Uniform transverse line loads,
Unilateral tolerance,
Unit step function,
UNS. See Unified Numbering System
for Metals and Alloys (UNS)
Unstable equilibrium,
Unstable lubrication,
V
Vanadium,
Variable loading, – . See also
Fatigue failure from variable
loading
V belts, , –
Velocity
journal translational, –
pitch-line, ,
relative,
Velocity factor, – ,
Vibration analysis, –
Virtual number of teeth,
Viscosity, – ,
Viscosity-temperature trends,
Volkersen, O.,
Volute springs,
von Mises, R.,
von Mises stresses, – , ,
, , ,
W
Wahl, A. M.,
Wahl factor,
Walker fatigue-failure criterion,
,
Washers,
Wave equation,
Wear,
Wear factor,
Weibull distribution, ,
Weibull probability density
function,
Weld bonding,
Titanium, –
Tolerances/tolerancing. See also
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T)
bilateral,
choice of,
cost considerations, –
defined,
modifiers and symbols,
position letters,
shaft,
tolerance stack-up, –
unilateral,
Tolerance zones, – ,
Toothed wheels,
Tooth systems, –
Tooth thickness,
Top land,
Topp, L. J.,
Torque, – ,
Torque capacity, –
Torque transmission, –
Torque-twist diagram,
Torque vector, –
Torque wrench,
Torsion
closed thin-walled tubes in, –
function of, –
open thin-walled sections in,
–
stresses in welded joints in, –
Torsional loading,
Torsional strengths,
Torsional yield strength,
Torsion springs, helical coil, –
Torsion tests, stress-strain relationships
from,
Total runout, –
Toughness,
Tower, Beauchamp, –
Train value, –
Transmission accuracy umber,
Transmission error,
Transmitted load,
Transverse circular pitch,
Transverse shear stress, –
Tredgold’s approximation,
Tresca theory. See Maximum-shearstress theory (MSS)
True fracture strain,
True fracture strength,
True strain, –
True stress, –
True stress-strain diagram,
Trumpler, P. R., –
Truss element,

Tungsten,

Welded joints

Index

Turner, M. J.,
Turn-of-the-nut method,
Two-bearing mountings,
Two-plane bending, –
U
Ultimate strength, Ultimate tensile strength, Uncertainty, –
Undercutting,
Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys (UNS), – ,
Unified thread series, Uniform transverse line loads, Unilateral tolerance,
Unit step function,
UNS. See Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys (UNS)
Unstable equilibrium,
Unstable lubrication,
V
Vanadium,
Variable loading, – . See also Fatigue failure from variable loading
V belts, , –
Velocity
journal translational, –
pitch-line, ,
relative,
Velocity factor, – ,
Vibration analysis, –
Virtual number of teeth,
Viscosity, – ,
Viscosity-temperature trends,
Volkersen, O.,
Volute springs, von Mises, R.,
von Mises stresses, – , ,
, , ,
W
Wahl, A. M.,
Wahl factor,
Walker fatigue-failure criterion, ,
Washers,
Wave equation,
Wear,
Wear factor,
Weibull distribution, , Weibull probability density
function,
Weld bonding,

fatigue loading of, – strength of, –
stresses in bending, – stresses in torsion, –
Welds/welding
butt and fillet, – resistance, –
symbols for, –
Wheel,
White cast iron, Whole depth h, Width of space, Wileman, J.,
Wire diameter, Wire rope
selection of, –
types of, –
Wire springs, . See also Springs Wirsching, P. H.,
Wöhler, Albert, ,
Wöhler curve, Wolford, J. C., Woodruff key,
Work hardening, . See also
Cold working
Worm gears. See also Bevel and worm gears; Gears
AGMA equation factors for, – analysis of, –
description of, force analysis and, – mesh design for, – nomenclature of,
pitch diameter of, – pressure angle and tooth depth
for,
Worms,
Worm wheel,
Woven-asbestos lining,
Woven-cotton lining,
Wrought alloys,
Y
Yellow brass,
Yield design equation, Yield point,
Yield strength,
Young’s modulus, , ,
,
Z
Zerol bevel gear, Zimmerli, F. P., ,
,
Zinc, brass with, –
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