Sensor Technology Handbook

Sensor Technology Handbook
Editor-in-Chief
Jon S. Wilson
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1: Sensor
Fundamentals 1
1.1 Basic Sensor Technology
1.2 Sensor
Systems
CHAPTER 2: Application Considerations
2.1 Sensor
Characteristics
2.2 System Characteristics
2.3 Instrument Selection
2.4 Data Acquisition and Readout
2.5 Installation
CHAPTER 3: Measurement Issues and Criteria
CHAPTER 4: Sensor Signal Conditioning
4.1 Conditioning Bridge Circuits
4.2 Amplifiers for Signal Conditioning
4.3 Analog to Digital Converters for Signal
Conditioning
4.4 Signal Conditioning High Impedance Sensors
CHAPTER 5: Acceleration, Shock and Vibration Sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Technology Fundamentals
5.3 Selecting and Specifying Accelerometers
5.4 Applicable Standards
5.5 Interfacing and Designs
CHAPTER 6: Biosensors
6.1 Overview: What Is a Biosensor?
6.2 Applications of Biosensors
6.3 Origin of Biosensors
6.4 Bioreceptor Molecules
6.5 Transduction Mechanisms in Biosensors
6.6 Application Range of Biosensors
6.7 Future Prospects
CHAPTER 7: Chemical Sensors .181
7.1 Technology Fundamentals . 181
7.2 Applications 188
CHAPTER 8: Capacitive and Inductive Displacement Sensors .193
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Capacitive Sensors . 194
8.3 Inductive Sensors . 196
8.4 Capacitive and Inductive Sensor Types . 198
8.5 Selecting and Specifying Capacitive and Inductive Sensors . 200
8.6 Comparing Capacitive and Inductive Sensors . 203
8.7 Applications 204
8.8 Latest Developments . 221
8.9 Conclusion 222
CHAPTER 9: Electromagnetism in Sensing .223
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Electromagnetism and Inductance . 223
9.3 Sensor Applications . 226
9.4 Magnetic Field Sensors 232
9.5 Summary . 235
CHAPTER 10: Flow and Level Sensors .237
10.1 Methods for Measuring Flow . 237
10.2 Selecting Flow Sensors 246
10.3 Installation and Maintenance . 247
10.4 Recent Advances in Flow Sensors 249
10.5 Level Sensors . 250
10.6 Applicable Standards . 254
CHAPTER 11: Force, Load and Weight Sensors 255
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Quartz Sensors 255
11.3 Strain Gage Sensors 262
CHAPTER 12: Humidity Sensors 271
12.1 Humidity . 271
12.2 Sensor Types and Technologies 271
12.3 Selecting and Specifying Humidity Sensors 275
12.4 Applicable Standards . 279
12.5 Interfacing and Design Information . 280
CHAPTER 13: Machinery Vibration Monitoring Sensors .285
13.1 Introduction 285
13.2 Technology Fundamentals . 288
13.3 Accelerometer Types 291
13.4 Selecting Industrial Accelerometers 294
13.5 Applicable Standards
Latest and Future Developments 304
13.7 Sensor Manufacturers 304
13.8 References and Resources 305
CHAPTER 14: Optical and Radiation Sensors .307
14.1 Photosensors . 307
14.2 Thermal Infrared Detectors 317
CHAPTER 15: Position and Motion Sensors 321
15.1 Contact and Non-contact Position Sensors 321
15.2 String Potentiometer and String Encoder Engineering Guide 370
15.3 Linear and Rotary Position and Motion Sensors 379
15.4 Selecting Position and Displacement Transducers . 401
CHAPTER 16: Pressure Sensors 411
16.1 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensing . 411
16.2 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors 433
CHAPTER 17: Sensors for Mechanical Shock 457
17.1 Technology Fundamentals . 457
17.2 Sensor Types, Advantages and Disadvantages 459
17.3 Selecting and Specifying 461
17.4 Applicable Standards . 473
17.5 Interfacing Information 474
17.6 Design Techniques and Tips, with Examples . 478
17.7 Latest and Future Developments 480
CHAPTER 18: Test and Measurement Microphones 481
18.1 Measurement Microphone Characteristics . 481
18.3 Traditional Condenser Microphone Design . 483
18.4 Prepolarized (or Electret) Microphone Design . 484
18.5 Frequency Response 484
18.6 Limitations on Measurement Range . 490
18.7 Effect of Environmental Conditions 491
18.8 Microphone Standards 492
18.9 Specialized Microphone Types 494
18.10 Calibration 497
18.11 Major Manufacturers of Test and Measurement Microphones 499
CHAPTER 19: Strain Gages .501
19.1 Introduction to Strain Gages 501
19.2 Strain-Gage Based Measurements . 511
19.3 Strain Gage Sensor Installations . 522
CHAPTER 20: Temperature Sensors 531
20.1 Sensor Types and Technologies 531
20.2 Selecting and Specifying Temperature Sensors . 535viii
CHAPTER 21: Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors .563
21.1 Possibilities 564
21.2 Realities . 566
21.3 Applications 567
23.4 Summary . 571
CHAPTER 22: Wireless Sensor Networks: Principles and Applications .575
22.1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks 575
22.2 Individual Wireless Sensor Node Architecture . 576
22.3 Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture 577
22.4 Radio Options for the Physical Layer inWireless Sensor Networks . 580
22.5 Power Consideration in Wireless Sensor Networks . 583
22.6 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks . 585
22.7 Future Developments . 588
APPENDIX A: Lifetime Cost of Sensor Ownership .591
APPENDIX B: Smart Sensors and TEDS FAQ .597
APPENDIX C: Units and Conversions 601
APPENDIX D: Physical Constants .607
APPENDIX E: Dielectric Constants .615
APPENDIX F: Index of Refraction 617
APPENDIX G: Engineering Material Properties 619
APPENDIX H: Emissions Resistivity .625
APPENDIX I: Physical Properties of Some Typical Liquids .629
APPENDIX J: Speed of Sound in Various Bulk Media 631
APPENDIX K: Batteries .633
APPENDIX L: Temperatures .635
Contributor’s Biographies .637
Contributing Companies .647
Sensor Suppliers .655
Subject Index 683
Sensor Technology Index
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