Schaum’s Easy Outlines – College Physics Crash Course

Schaum’s Easy Outlines – College Physics Crash Course
Based on Schaum’s Outline of College Physics
By Fredrick J. Bueche and Eugene Hecht
Abridgement Editor:
George J. Hademenos
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Contents
Chapter 1 Newtonian Mechanics 1
Chapter 2 Density, Elasticity, and Fluids 37
Chapter 3 Heat, Temperature,
and Thermodynamics 53
Chapter 4 Waves 70
Chapter 5 Electricity and Magnetism 79
Chapter 6 Light and Geometrical Optics 118
Index 133
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Chapter 1
Newtonian
Mechanics
In This Chapter:
Scalars and Vectors
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Newton’s Laws
l/ Equilibrium under the Action of
Concurrent Forces
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body under
Coplanar Forces
t/ Work, Energy, and Power
|Z Impulse and Momentum
l/ Angular Motion in a Plane
Rigid-Body Rotation
Solved Problems
Scalars and Vectors
Definitions of Scalars and Vectors
A scalar is a quantity that possesses only magnitude. Examples of
scalar quantities are mass, length, time, distance, speed, and density.
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Chapter 2
Density,
Elasticity,
and Fluids
In This Chapter:
Simple Harmonic Motion and Springs
l/ Density and Elasticity
Fluids at Rest
l/ Fluids in Motion
Solved Problems
Simple Harmonic Motion
and Springs
Period
The period (T) of a cyclic system, one that is vibrating or rotating in a
repetitive fashion, is the time required for the system to complete one
full cycle. In the case of vibration, it is the total time for the combined
back and forth motion of the system. The period is the number of sec¬
onds per cycle.
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Chapter 3
Heat,
Temperature, and
THERMODYNAMICS
In This Chapter:
Thermal Expansion
\/ Ideal Gases
Heat Quantities
Transfer of Heat Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and the Second Law
Solved Problems
Thermal Expansion
Temperature
Temperature may be measured on the Celsius scale, on which the
freezing point of water is at 0°C, and the boiling point (under standard
conditions) is at 100°C. The Kelvin (or absolute) scale is displaced
273.15 Celsius-size degrees from the Celsius scale, so that the freezing
point of water is 273.15 K and the boiling point is 373.15 K. Absolute
53zzzPsgiolePfrp
Chapter 4
Waves
In This Chapter:
Transverse Waves
Wave Terminology
Standing Waves
\/ Resonance
\/ Longitudinal Waves
Sound Waves
Doppler Effect
Transverse Waves
Propagating Waves
A propagating wave is a self-sustaining disturbance of a medium that
travels from one point to another, carrying energy and momentum.
Mechanical waves are aggregate phenomena arising from the motion of
constituent particles. The wave advances, but the particles of the medi¬
um only oscillate in place. A wave has been generated on the string in
Figure 4-1 by the sinusoidal vibration of the hand at its end. The wave
furnishes a record of earlier vibrations of the source. Energy is carried
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Chapter 5
Electricity
and Magnetism
In This Chapter:
i/ Coulomb’s Law and Electric Fields
Potential and Capacitance
Current, Resistance, and Ohm’s Law
Electrical Power
Equivalent Resistance, Simple
Circuits, and Kirchhoff’s Laws
Magnetic Fields
if Induced EMF and Magnetic Flux
if Electric Generators and Motors
if Inductance; R-C and R-L
Time Constants
if Alternating Current
if Solved Problems
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118 COLLEGE PHYSICS
Chapter 6
Light and
Geometrical
Optics
In This Chapter:
Reflection of Light
\/ Refraction of Light
Thin Lenses
Optical Instruments
Interference and Diffraction of Light
l/ Solved Problems
Reflection of Light
118
Light (along with all other forms of electromagnetic radiation) is a fun¬
damental entity, and physics is still struggling to understand it. On an
observable level, light manifests two seemingly
contradictory behaviors, crudely pictured via
wave and particle models. Usually the amount of
energy present is so large that light behaves as if
it were an ideal continuous wave, a wave of inter¬
dependent electric and magnetic fields. The inter¬
action of light with lenses, mirrors, prisms, slits,
and so forth, can satisfactorily be understood viazzzPsgiolePfrp
Index
Absolute zero, 56
Acceleration, 7
angular 24—25
centripetal, 25—26
torque, 27
Adiabiatic process, 64
Alternating current, 110-12
Amplitude, 72
Angular acceleration, 24-25
Angular displacement, 23
Angular impulse, 28-29
Angular speed, 23-24
Average pressure, 47-48
Battery, 88
Beats, 77
Bernoulli’s equation, 50-51
Blackbody, 61-62
Boyle’s law, 56
Bulk modulus, 45-46
Capacitors, 86-87
Center of gravity, 17
Center of mass, 22-23
Centripetal acceleration, 25-26
Centripetal force, 26
Charles’ law, 56
Coefficients
kinetic friction, 12
restitution, 22
static friction, 12
Coherent waves, 128-29
Collisions, 21-22
Component method, 5-6
Concave mirrors, 120
Conduction, 59-60
Conservation of charge, 81
Conservation of energy, 19^ 40
Continuity, 49
Convection, 61
Converging lens, 126
Convex mirrors, 120
Coulomb’s law, 80-81
Critical angle, 123-24
Current. 88
Dalton’s law, 57
Density
mass, 43
specific gravity. 43
Diamagnetic materials, 101
Diffraction, 129-32
Diffraction grating equation, 130
Dimensional analysis, 11-13
Discharge, 49
Displacement. 38
Diverging lens, 126
Doppler effect, 77-78
Efficiency of heat engine, 65-66
Elasticity
Archimedes’ principle, 48-49
average pressure, 47-48
bulk modulus, 45-46
compressibility, 46
fluids, 47-48
hydrostatic pressure, 48
limit, 45
Pascal’s principle, 48
shear modulus, 46-47
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134 COLLEGE PHYSICS
Elasticity (continued)
standard atmospheric pressure,
48
strain, 44
stress, 44
Young’s modulus, 45
Electric generators, 104-05
Electric motors, 105-06
Electricity
absolute potential, 84-85
alternating current, 110-12
battery, 88
capacitors, 86-87
conservation of charge, 8 1
Coulomb’s law, 80-81
current, 87-88
field, 82-83
impedance, 113
Kirchhoff’s law, 94
Ohm’s law, 89, 112
phase, 113
phasors, 114
potential charges, 90
potential difference, 84-86
potential energy, 85-86
power, 9 1
power loss in impedance, 115
resistance, 88-89. 90, 92-94
resonance, 114
superposition principle, 83
terminal potential difference, 89
test charge, 81
work, 9 1
EMF
Farraday’s law, 103
induced, 102-03
Lenz’s law, 103
motional, 103-04
Energy
electrical potential, 85-86
conservation, 19,40
gravitational potential, 18-19
internal, 12
kinetic, 18
kinetic of rotation, 27
Kirchhoff’s laws, 94
stored in inductor, 108
thermal, 57
transfer of heat, 59-62
work-energy theorem, 19
Entropy, 66-68
Equations
Bernoulli’s, 50-51
continuity, 49
diffraction grating, 130
lensmaker’s, 126
mirror, 120-121
sound speed, 75
Equilibrium, 14-16
Expansion
area, 54-55
linear, 54
volume, 55
Explosions, 21-22
Farraday’s law, 103
Ferromagnetic materials, 99-100
First law of thermodynamics, 62-66
Flow, 49
Fluids, 47-48
Bernoulli’s equation, 50-51
discharge, 49
equation of continuity, 49
flow, 49
incompressible, 49
Poiseuille’s law, 50
Reynold’s number, 51
shear rate, 49
Torricelli’s theorem, 51
viscosity, 50
work by pressure, 50
Force
centripetal, 26
concurrent, 14zzzPsgiolePfrp
INDEX 135
coplanar, 14—16 Impedance, 113,115
friction, 12 Impulse, 20
normal, 12 Incompressible fluids, 49
restoring, 38 Index of refraction, 121-22
tensile, 12 Inductance
Frequency, 38, 71-72 mutual, 107
Friction force, 12 R-C time constant, 108-09
Fusion, 58 R-Ltime constant, 109-10
self, 107
Gases stored energy, 108
ideal, 55 Interia, 9
ideal gas law, 55-56 Instantaneous velocity, 8
Gay-Lussac’s law, 56 Interference effects, 78
Graphical addition of vectors, 4—5 Intensity, 76
Gravity, 9 Internal energy, 62
Gravitational potential energy, Isobaric process, 63
18-19
Kinetic energy, 18
Heat Kinetic energy of rotation, 27
adiabatic process, 64 Kirchhoff’s laws, 94
calorimetry problems, 59
conduction, 59—60 Law of relection, 119
convection, 61 Laws
efficiency of heat engine, 65-66 Boyle’s, 56
entropy, 66—68 Charles’, 56
first law of thermodynamics. Coulomb’s, 80-81
62-66 Dalton’s, 57
fusion, 58 Farraday’s, 103
isobaric process, 63 first of thermodynamics, 62-66
isothermal process, 63 Gay-Lussac’s, 56
radiation, 61-62 Hooke’s, 39
second law of ideal gas, 55-56
thermodynamics, 62-68 Lenz’s, 103
specific, 5, 8 Newton’s, 9-1 1
sublimation, 58 Ohm’s, 89, 112
thermal resistance, 60-61 Poiseuilie’s, 50
transfer, 59-62 reflection, 119
vaporization, 58 second of thermodynamics,
Hooke’s law, 39 62-66
Hydrostatic pressure, 48 Snell’s, 123
Human eye, 1 27 universal gravitation, 1 1zzzPsgiolePfrp
136 COLLEGE PHYSICS
Lens
converging, 126
diverging, 126
lensmaker’s equation, 126
power, 126
Lensmaker’s equation, 126
Lenz’s law, 103
Light
diffraction, 129
diffraction grating equation, 130
index of refraction, 121-22
inference, 128-30
law of relection, 118-19
refraction, 121-24
Snell’s law, 123
speed, 121
spherical mirrors, 120
Limit of elasticity, 45
Limit of resolution, 129-30
Linear momentum, 20
Longitudinal waves, 74
Loudness, 76-77
Magnetism
current element, 100-01
diamagnetic materials, 101
effects of matter, 101-12
Farraday’s law, 103
ferromagnetic materials, 99-100
field lines, 95, 102
force on a current, 97-98
flux, 102
induced EMF, 102-03
magnets, 95
moment, 100
motional, 103-04
paramagnetic materials, 101
poles, 96
sources, 98-99
Magnifying glass, 1 28
Mass, 9, 22
Mass density, 43
Mathematical operations, 13
Microscope, 128
Mirrors
concave, 120
equation, 120-21
plane, 119
spherical, 120
Modulus
bulk, 45-46
shear, 46-47
Young’s, 45
Moment of intertia, 26-27
Momentum, 20
Motion, 232-26, 39—43
Mutual inductance, 107
Newton’s laws, 8-11
Newtonian mechanics, 1-36
Normal force, 12
Ohm’s law, 89, 112
Optical instruments
human eye, 127
magnifying glass, 128
microscope, 128
telescope, 128
thin lens combination, 127
Optical path length, 131
Optics, 124-31
Parallel-axis theorem, 29
Parallelogram method, 5
Paramagnetic materials, 101
Pendulum, 42-43
Period, 37, 42, 71-74
Phase, 113
Phasors, 1 14
Plane mirrors, 119
Poiseuille’s law, 50
Potential, 84-86
Potential changes, 90
Power, 19, 28zzzPsgiolePfrp
INDEX 137
Pressure
average, 47-48
hydrostatic, 48
partial, 57
standard, 56—57
standard atmospheric, 48
Principles
Archimedes’, 48-49
Pascal’s, 48
superposition, 83
Prism, 124
Propagating waves, 70-71
Projectile problems, 9
P-V diagrams, 65
Radiation, 61-62
R-C time constant, 108-09
Reflection, 118-19
Refraction, 122
critical angle, 123-24
index. 121-22
prism, 124
Snell’s law, 123
Resonance, 73-74, 114
Restitution, 22
Restoring force, 38
Reference circle, 41
Resistance, 88-89, 90
Resistors, 92-94
Reynold’s number, 5 I
Rigid-body rotation
kinetic energy, 27
moment of inertia, 26
torque and angular
acceleration, 27
translation, 28
R-L time constant, 109-10
Rotation, 26-30
Scalars, 1-2
Second law of thermodynamics,
62-68
Self-inductance, 107
Shear modulus, 46-47
Shear rate of fluids, 49
Simple harmonic motion, 39
conservation of energy, 40
displacement, 38
Hooke’s law, 39
motion, 40-41
period, 37, 42
simple pendulum. 42-43
springs, 39-40
reference circle, 41
restoring force, 38
Single-slit diffraction, 129
Snell’s law, 123
Sound waves, 74-77
Specific gravity, 43
Specific, 58
Speed of light, 121
Speed, 6, 23-24
Spherical mirrors, 120
Springs, 39-40
Standard atmospheric pressure, 48
Standing waves, 72-73
Straight line motion, 7-8
Strain, 44
Stress, 44
Sublimation, 58
Telescope, 128
Temperature, 53-54, 56-57
Tensile force, 12
Terminal potential diffemce, 89
Test charge, 81
Theorems
parallel axis, 29
Tonicellt’s, 5 I
work-energy, 19
Thermal expansion, 53-55
Thermal resistence, 60™61
Therodynamics
first law, 62-66
second law, 66-68
processes, 63-64zzzPsgiolePfrp
138 COLLEGE PHYSICS
Thin lens, 124—27
Torque, 14—16, 98
Torricelli’s theorem, 51
Transfer of heat energy, 59-62
Transformer, 115
Translation, 28
Transverse waves, 70-71
Unifromly accelerated motion, 6—
7
graphical interpretation, 18
gravity, 9
instantaneous velocity, 8
projectile problems, 9
straight line, 7-8
velocity components, 9
Unit vectors, 3-4
Universal gravitation, 11
Vaporization, 58
Vectors
component method, 5-6
components, 2-3
definition, 2
graphical addition, 4—5
parallelogram method, 15
unit, 3-4
vector substraction, 6
Velocity, 6, 8
Viscosity, 50
Wavelength, 72
Waves
amplitude, 72
beats, 77
Doppler effect, 77-78
interference effects, 78
intensity, 76
length, 72
longitudinal, 74
loudness, 76-77
period, 71-72
propagating, 70-71
resonance, 73-74
standing, 72-73
sound, 74-77
terminology, 71 72
transverse, 70-71
Weight, 1 1
Work
electrical, 9 1
fluid pressure, 50
P-V diagram, 65
rotational, 28
system, 63
work-energy theorem, 19
X-rays, 130-31
Young’s modulus, 45
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