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Loading...Power Plant Engineering
by
BLACK & VEATCH
Lawrence F. Drbal
Managing Editor
Patricia 0. Boston
Associate Editor
Kayla L. Westra
Associate Editor
R. Bruce Erickson
Art Editor
CoNTENTS
Foreword
Preface
Authors
Contributors
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Lawrence F. Drbal
Chapter 2 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
John M. Wynne
Chapter 3 THERMODYNAMICS AND POWER PLANT CYCLE ANALYSIS
Mark F. McClernon
Chapter 4 FOSSIL FUELS
Kenneth E. Carlson
Chapter 5 COAL AND LIMESTONE HANDLING
Richard H. McCartney
Chapter 6 COMBUSTION PROCESSES
G. Scott Stallard and Todd S. Jonas
Chapter 7 STEAM GENERATORS
Benjamin W Jackson
Chapter 8 STEAM TURBINE GENERATORS
Stanley A. Armbruster
Chapter 9 STEAM CYCLE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Jay F. Nagori and Samuel Tarson
Chapter 10 FANS
Kris A. Gamble
Chapter 11 PUMPS
Lawrence J. Seibolt
Chapter 12 CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS 353
David J. Brill
Chapter 13 CYCLE PERFORMANCE IMPACTS 385
Michael J. Eddington
Chapter 14 POWER PLANT ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS CONTROL 418
Lloyd L. Lavely and Alan W Ferguson
Chapter 15 WATER TREATMENT 464
Richard G. Chapman
Chapter 16 LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 521
Kenneth R. Weiss
Chapter 17 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 551
Lloyd Wade Sherrill
Chapter 18 PLANT CONTROL SYSTEMS 599
Augustine H. Chen
Chapter 19 SITE/PLANT ARRANGEMENTS 642
Roger M. Prewitt
Chapter 20 GAS TURBINES 659
Jeffrey M. Smith
Chapter 21 FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION 689
Kenneth E. Habiger
Chapter 22 RESOURCE RECOVERY 710
Mitchell N. Bjeldanes and Gordon V. Z. Beard
Chapter 23 NUCLEAR POWER 733
Lawrence F. Drbal
Chapter 24 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 781
Larry E. Stoddard
Chapter 25 POWER PLANT PLANNING AND DESIGN 809
Stephen M. Garrett
Chapter 26 PERMITTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW REQUIREMENTS 829
Anne F. Harris, Amy L. Carlson, Douglas C. Timpe, and Lesley A. Wallingford
APPENDIX CONVERSION TABLE
Permitting and Environmental Review Requirements 853
Law/Regulations Citations
Clean Air Act Amendments
(CAAA) of 1990
CAAA, Title IV
CAAA, Title V
Clean Water Act (CWA) of
1978, sec. 11
Clean Water Act (CWA), sec.
404
Clean Water Act (NPDES
program), sec. 402
Endangered Species Act of
1973 (ESA)
Energy Policy Act of 1992,
sec. 711 (Amended the
Public Utility Holding
Company Act of 1932
(PUHCA))
Federal Aviation Act of 1958,
sec. 1101
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments
(CWA) of 1972
Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act of 1958
(FWCA)
National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
National Historic Preservation
Act of 1966
New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) (for
wastewater discharges from
steam electric power
generating stations): CWA,
sec. 306
Powerplant & Industrial Fuel
Use Act (FUA) of 1978
Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) under
CAA
Public Utility Holding
Company Act (PUHCA)
Law/Regulations
Pub. Law 101-549, 104 Stat.
2399
42 USC 7651 et seq.;
40 CFR 72, 40 CFR 73, 40
CFR 74, 40 CFR 75, 40
CFR 76, 40 CFR 77, 40
CFR 78
42 USC 7661 et seq.
33 USC 1251 et seq.;
40 CFR 112
42 USC 1344;
40 CFR 230, 40 CFR 231, 40
CFR 233, 33 CFR 330
40 CFR 70
42 USC 1342 et seq.;
40 CFR 122, 40 CFR 123, 40
CFR 125
16 USC 1531 et seq.;
33 CFR 322
42 USC 13201 et seq.
42 USC 1101;
14 CFR 77
33 USC 1251;
40 CFR 112
16 USC 742 et seq.;
40 CFR 1500-1508
42 USC 4371 et seq.; 42
USC 7609
16 USC 470
33 USC 1311 etseq., 33
USC 1361;
40 CFR 423.15
42 USC 8301 et seq.;
10 CFR 500 through 516
33 USC 1326;
40 CFR 52.21
16 USC 79 et seq.
Section 32—40 CFR 365
Citations
Public Utility Regulatory
Policies Act of 1978
(PURPA)
PURPA (Federal Register
[FR]) Resource
Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA)
Rivers and Harbors Act of
1899, sec. 10
Superfund Amendments &
Reauthorization Act of
1987
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
16 USC 791, 16 USC 2601 et
seq., 42 USC 7101, 31
USC 9701;
18 CFR 292
57 FR 55176 (11/24/92)
42 USC 6901 et seq.
42 USC 403;
33 CFR 322
26 USC 4611 etseq;
42 USC 9601 et seq.; Pub.
Law 99-499
16 USC 1278 et seq.
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code. Standard Industrial
Classification Manual. National Technical Information Service.
Executive Office of the President. Office of Management and
Budget.
APPENDIX 26A: SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT (DETAILED ANALYSIS OF
PREFERRED AND ALTERNATE SITES)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Site Description
3.1.1 Preferred Site
3.1.2 Alternative Site
3.2 Description of Proposed Facility
3.2.1 Site Layout
3.2.1.1 Site Arrangement
3.2.1.2 Water Supply Pipeline Corridor
3.2.2 Power Generation Equipment
3.2.2.1 Combustion Turbine Generator
3.2.2.2 Heat Recovery Steam
Generator
3.2.2.3 Steam Turbine Generator
3.2.3 Air Quality Control
3.2.4 Heat Rejection System
3.2.5 Fuel Supply and Storage
3.2.5.1 Fuel Types and Quantities
3.2.5.2 Fuel Supply Sources
3.2.5.3 Fuel Storage Facilities854 Power Plant Engineering
3.2.6 Water Supply and Treatment
3.2.6.1 Facility Water Uses and
Quantities
3.2.6.2 Water Supply Pipeline and
Intake Structure
3.2.6.3 Water Treatment
3.2.7 Chemical Supply and Storage
3.2.7.1 Chemical Types and Uses
3.2.7.2 Chemical Storage and Handling
3.2.8 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
3.2.8.1 Wastewater Sources and
Quantities
3.2.8.2 Wastewater Treatment and
Disposal
3.2.9 Solid Waste Management
3.2.9.1 Solid Waste Sources and Types
3.2.9.2 Solid Waste Disposal
3.2.10 Electric Transmission Facilities
3.2.11 Transportation Facilities
3.2.12 Cost of Facility
3.3 Analysis of Alternatives
3.4 Regulatory Requirements
4.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT OF PREFERRED
SITE
4.1 Air Quality
4.1.1 Existing Climatological Conditions
4.1.2 Existing Air Quality Conditions
4.2 Geology and Soils
4.3 Water Resources
4.3.1 Existing Water Supplies and Uses
4.3.1.1 Ground Water
4.3.1.2 Surface Water
4.3.2 Existing Water Quality
4.3.2.1 Ground Water
4.3.2.2 Surface Water
4.4 Terrestrial Resources
4.4.1 Botanical Resources
4.4.1.1 Species Composition and
Community Types
4.4.1.2 Wetlands
4.4.1.3 Species of Special Concern
4.4.2 Wildlife Resources
4.4.2.1 Habitat Types
4.4.2.2 Species Composition
4.4.2.3 Species of Special Concern
4.5 Aquatic Resources
4.5.1 Aquatic Habitat
4.5.2 Fish Communities
4.5.3 Invertebrate Communities
4.5.4 Species of Special Concern
4.6 Transportation
4.6.1 Existing Traffic ways
4.6.2 Existing Traffic Volumes and Patterns
4.7 Land Use
4.7.1 Existing Land Uses and Land Use
Plans
4.7.2 Existing Zoning Restrictions
4.8 Recreation
4.8.1 Existing Facilities
4.8.2 Existing Usages
4.9 Socioeconomics
4.9.1 Demographics
4.9.2 Housing
4.9.3 Wages and Employment
4.9.4 Existing Public Facilities and Services
4.10 Cultural Resources
4.10.1 Archaeological Resources
4.10.2 Historic Resources
4.11 Aesthetics
4.12 Noise
4.13 Hazardous Wastes
5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
5.1 Air Quality
5.1.1 Construction
5.1.2 Operation
5.2 Geology and Soils
5.2.1 Construction
5.2.2 Operation
5.3 Water Resources
5.3.1 Construction
5.3.2 Operation
5.4 Terrestrial Resources
5.4.1 Botanical Resources
5.4.1.1 Construction
5.4.1.2 Operation
5.4.2 Wildlife Resources5.4.2.1 Construction
5.4.2.2 Operation
5.5 Aquatic Resources
5.5.1 Construction
5.5.2 Operation
5.6 Transportation
5.6.1 Construction
5.6.2 Operation
5.7 Land Use
5.7.1 Construction
5.7.2 Operation
5.8 Recreation
5.8.1 Construction
5.8.2 Operation
5.9 Socieconomics
5.9.1 Construction
5.9.2 Operation
5.10 Cultural Resources
5.10.1 Construction
5.10.2 Operation
5.11 Aesthetics
5.11.1 Construction
5.11.2 Operation
5.12 Noise
Permitting and Environmental Review Requirements
5.12.1 Construction
5.12.2 Operation
5.13 Hazardous Wastes
6.0 MITIGATION
6.1 Air Quality
6.2 Geology and Soils
6.3 Water Resources
6.4 Terrestrial Resources
6.5 Aquatic Resources
6.6 Transportation
6.7 Land Use
6.8 Recreation
6.9 Socioeconomics
6.10 Cultural Resources
6.11 Aesthetics
6.12 Noise
6.13 Hazardous Wastes
7.0 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS
8.0 AGENCY CONSULTATION PROCESS
9.0 LITERATURE CITEDAPPENDIX: CONVERSION TABLE
To convert from
CLASSIFIED LIST OF UNITS1
to Multiply by
Acceleration
ft/s2
Angle
degree
Area
acre
ft2
mi2 (U.S. statute)»’
Bending moment or torque
dyne-cm
lbf-in»)
lbf-ft
Electricity and magnetism
ampere hour
faraday (chemical)
gauss
maxwell
ohm centimeter
Energy (Includes Work)
British thermal unit (mean)
calorie (mean)
electronvolt
erg
ft-lbf
kilocalorie (mean)
kW-h
therm (U.S.)
Energy per unit area time
Btu (International Table)/(ft2-s)
Force
dyne
kilogram-force
pound-force (lbf)
Heat
Btu (International Table)-ft/(h-ft2-
Btu (International Table)-in/(h-ft2′
Btu (International Table)-in/(s-ft2-
Btu (International Table)/ft2
Btu (International Table)/(h-ft2-°F) (thermal conductance)
Btu (International Table)/(s-ft2-°F)
Btu (International Table)/lb
Btu (International Table)/(lb-° F) (heat capacity)
Btu (International Table)/ft3
°F-h-ft2/Btu (International Table) (thermal resistance)
° F-h-ft2/[Btu (International table>in] (thermal resistivity)
Length
angstrom
foot
inch
micron (micrometer)
5
F)
0
F) (thermal conductivity)
°F)
meter per second squared (m/s2) 3.048 000E—01 radian (rad) 1.745 329 E-02 square meter (m2) 4.046 873 E+03 square meter (m2) 9.290 304E-02
square meter (m2) 2.589 998 E+06
newton meter (N-m) 1.000 000E-07 newton meter (N-m) 1.129 848 E-01 newton meter (N-m) 1.355 818 E+00 coulomb (C) 3.600 000E+03
coulomb (C) 9.649 57 E+04
tesla (T) 1.000 000E-04 weber (Wb) 1.000 000E-08
ohm meter (Q-m) 1.000 000E-02 joule (J) 1.055 joule (J) 4.190 joule (J) 1.602 joule (J) 1.000 joule (J) 1.355 joule (J) 4.190 joule (J) 3.600 joule (J) 1.054 watt per square meter (W/m2) 1.135 653 E+04 newton (N) 1.000 000E-05
newton (N) 9.806 650E+00 newton (N) 4.448 222 E+00 watt per meter kelvin [W/(m-K)] 1.730 735 E+00 watt per meter kelvin [W/(m-K)j 1.442 279 E-01 watt per meter kelvin [W/(m-K)] 5.192 204 E+02 joule per square meter (J/m2) 1.135 653 E+04 watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2-K)] 5.678 263 E+00 watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2-K)] 2.044 175 E+04 joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.326 000E+03
joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg-K)j 4.186 800E+03 joule per cubic meter (J/m3) 3.725 895 E+04 kelvin square meter per watt (K-m2/W) 1.761 102 E-01 kelvin meter per watt (K-m/W) 6.933 471 E+00 meter (m) 1.000 000E-10
meter (m) 3.048 000E-01 meter (m) 2.540 000E-02
meter (m) 1.000 000E-06 87 E+03 02 E+00 19 E-19 000E-07
818 E+00
02 E+03
000E+06 804E+08
856Conversion Table 857
To convert from to Multiply by
Length {continued)
mile (international nautical)
mile (U.S. nautical)
mile (international)
mile (U.S. statute2)
yard
Light
footcandle
Mass
grain
gram
kgf-s2/m (mass)
ounce (avoirdupois)
pound (lb avoirdupois)
ton (long, 2240 lb)
ton (short, 2000 lb)
tonne
Mass per unit area
lb/ft2
Mass per unit time
lb/h
lb/s
ton (short)/h
Mass per unit volume
lb/ft3
lb/gal (U.S. liquid)
ton (long)/yd3
ton (short/yd3)
Power
Btu (International Table)/h
Btu (International Table)/s
ft lbf/min
horsepower (electric)
foot of refrigeration (= 12000 Btu/h)
Pressure or stress (Force per unit area)
atmosphere, standard
foot of water (39.2° F)
inch of mercury (60° F)
inch of water (60° F)
kip/in2 (ksi)
lbf/ft2
lbf/in2 (psi)
Radiation units
curie
rad
rem
roentgen
Temperature
degree Celsius
degree Fahrenheit
degree Fahrenheit
degree Rankine
kelvin
Time
day
hour
minute
year (365 days)
Velocity
ft/h
ft/min
ft/s
knot (international)
mi/h (international)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
lux (lx)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)
kilogram per second (kg/s)
kilogram per second (kg/s)
kilogram per second (kg/s)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt (W)
watt (W)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
becquerel (Bq)
gray (Gy)
sievert (Sv)
coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)
kelvin (K)
degree Celsius (° C)
kelvin (K)
kelvin (K)
degree Celsius (° C)
second (s)
second (s)
second (s)
second (s)
meter per second (m/s)
meter per second (m/s)
meter per second (m/s)
meter per second (m/s)
meter per second (m/s)
1.852 000E+03 1.852 000E+03
1.609 344E+03 1.609 347 E+03 9.144 000E-01
1.076 391 E+01
6.479 891E-05 1.000 000E-03
9.806 650E+00 2.834 952 E-02 4.535 924 E-01 1.016 047 E+03 9.071 847 E+02 1.000 000E+03
4.882 428 E+00
1.259 979 E-04
4.535 924 E – 0 1
2.519 958 E-01
1.601 846 E+01
1.198 264 E+02
1.328 939 E+03
1.186 553 E+03
2.930 711 E-01
1.055 056 E+03
2.259 697 E-02
7.460 000E+02 3.517 E+03 1.013 250E+05
2.988 98 E+03
3.376 85 E+03
2.488 4 E+02
6.894 757 E+06
4.788 026 E+01
6.894 757 E+03
3.700 000E+10 1.000 000E-02
1.000 000E-02 2.580 000E-04
TK = tc + 273.15
tc = (tf – 32)/1.8
Tk = (tf + 459.67)/l
TK = TR/1.8
tc = T K – 2 7 3 . 1 5
8.640 000E+04 3.600 000E+03
6.000 000E+01 3.153 600E+07
8.466 667 E-05
5.080 000E-03 3.048 000E-01
5.144 444 E-01
4.470 400E-01858 Power Plant Engineering To convert from to pascal second (Pa-s) square meter per second (m2/s) square meter per second (m2/s) pascal second (Pa-s) pascal second (Pa-s) pascal second (Pa-s) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic meter per second (rn3/s) Multiply by 1.000 000E-03
1.000 000E-06 9.290 304E-02
4.133 789 E – 0 4
1.488 164 E+00
6.894 757 E+03
1.233 489 E+03
1.589 873 E – 0 1
2.831 685 E-02
3.785 412 E – 03
2.957 353 E-05
4.719 474 E-04
6.309 020 E-05
Viscosity
centipoise (dynamic viscosity)
centistokes (kinematic viscosity)
ft2/s
lb/(ft-h)
lb/(ft-s)
lbf-s/in2
Volume
acre foot
barrel (oil, 42 gal)
ft3
gallon (U.S. liquid)
ounce (U.S. fluid)
Volume per unit time
ft3/min
gallon (U.S. liquid) per minute
WASTM Standard, E-380-93, “Standard Practice for Use of the International System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System),” ASTM, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (1994).
2<>1
statute mile = 5,280 feet.
3<
lbf = pound force, lb = pound mass.INDEX
Above-grade reclaim systems, 141
Absolute pressure, 41, 315
Absolute zero, 40
Absorbers, for wet limestone FGD systems, 442-44
Absorption spectroscopy, 454
Accelerated depreciation, 16
Access ways, and plant arrangement, 658
Accumulator tank (AT), 769
Acid gases, 682, 730
Acid rain, 181, 842^3. See also Emissions control
Acid waste, 524
Acoustical soot removal systems, 207-208
Activated carbon pressure filters, 479
Activated coke emissions control process, 452-53
Active coal storage, 143^14
Adjustable speed motor, 307, 395
Administrative costs, 16
Advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR), 759-60
Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), 737
Advanced light water reactor (ALWR), 758, 759
Advanced liquid metal reactor (ALMR), 774-78
Advanced passive pressurized water reactor, 766-70
Advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR), 760-62
Advanced Reactor Corporation, 759
Advanced Reactor Policy (DOE-NRC), 770
Aeolian Vibration, 593
Aeration, of water, 475
Aeroderivative gas turbines, 685-86
Aesthetics, and environmental review, 850-51
Affinity Laws, 316-17
Africa, oil production and consumption in, 88
Agricultural waste, as alternate fuel, 85. See also Biomass
Ahlstrom Co., 698
Air. See also Air quality; Emissions control
combustion and composition of, 166
combustion and excess of, 172
as perfect gas, 49
specific heats of, 70
steam generator design and excess of, 192
Air-to-cloth (A/C) ratio, 423
Air-cooled condensers, 267
Air-door bottom dump railcars, 126, 127-28
Air-drying, of fuels, 85, 105
Air extraction, of condensers, 261, 265
Air flow, control of, 612-13
Air/gas flows, calculation of for combustion, 177-78
Air gasification, 712
Air heaters
air motor drive of, 203
cold end temperature control of, 620
fiuidized bed combustion and, 695, 702
leakage of, 173, 305-306
plant arrangements and, 653
preheat coils of, 203-206, 216
soot blowers and, 207
steam generators and, 201-203, 216, 437
Air inlet louvers, 375
Air permits, state government, 840-43
Air pollution. See Emissions control
Air preheat, and cycle performance, 390-91
Air pulse type fabric filter, 157-58
Air quality. See also Emissions control
control systems and design of power plants, 823
environmental reviews for, 850
Air separation unit (ASU), 783
Air-side control, of cooling tower airflow, 380-81
Air-side seal oil system, 247
Air staging, 430
Air-standard Brayton cycle, 660-62
Air-ventilated dry-type transformers, 560
Alabama, coal deposits in, 86
Alabama Electric Cooperative, Inc., 802
Alarm displays, 636-37
Alkali metals, 435
Alkaline precipitation, 540
Alkalinity, of water, 466, 499-500
All-aluminum conductors (AAC), 593
Allochthonous (drift) theory, of coal formation, 76-78
Allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), 16-17, 32, 36,
372-73
Alstrom (Finland), 705
Alternate fuels
capability certification of, 835
fossil fuels and, 81-86
renewable energy and, 789-801
Alternating current (ac), 222
Alternative depreciation system (ADS), 15-16
Alum, 474
Aluminum, as fan blade material, 288-89
Aluminum conductor, alloy-reinforced (ACAR), 593
Aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), 592-93
Aluminum lagging, 216
Ambient monitoring, 841
American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), 155
American Boiler Manufacturers’ Association (ABMA), 176
American Concrete Institute (ACI), 375
American Electric Power, 705, 707
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 284, 590, 593
American Petroleum Institute (API), gravity of oils, 86,108
American Railway Engineering Association (AREA), 156
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 48, 284, 618, 679
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 102, 108, 113, 123,
153, 683, 720, 829
American Water Works Association (AWWA), 517, 518
Ammonia, and emissions control, 432, 433, 434
Ammonia injection grid (AIG), 434
8 5 9860 Index
Ammonia injection systems, for fluidized bed combustion, 702
Ammonia wet scrubber, 447-48
Ammonium bisulfate, 432
Ammonium salts, 431-32
Anaerobic digestion, of biomass, 712, 797
Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, 622
Angular displacement, of transformers, 561-62
Anhydrous ammonia, 432-33, 434
Anion resins, 480-89
Annapolis Royal tidal energy plant (Canada), 798
Annual input data report, pro forma, 30-31
Annual price nomination, 122
Annuities. See Uniform series
Anthracite coal, 79, 80
Apparent power, 552
Aquatic resources
environmental reviews, 850
seawater scrubbing and, 447
Aqueous ammonia, 434
Aquifers, ground water, 464
ARCO Solar, 792
Area surface mining, 93
Argonne National Laboratory, 77, 78, 776
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), 621
Army Corps of Engineers, 86, 469, 831, 835, 844
Arrhenius equation, for chemical reaction rates, 78
Arsenic, 435
Artificial intelligence, 634
ASEA (Sweden), 705
As-fired costs, prediction of, 181-84
As-fired sampling system, 152
Ash, coal. See also Emissions control; Fly ash
fluidized bed combustion and, 694, 700
fusion temperatures for, 107
mineral analysis of, 106-107, 114-15
properties of, 105
Ash hoppers, for steam generators, 215, 216, 653-54
Ash ponds, 524, 527, 537
Ash sluice pumps, 653-54
Ash transport water, 526
Asia-Pacific region, production and consumption of oil in, 88
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 275
Aspect ratio, of ESP, 420
Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC), 691-704
Atmospheric pressure, 41, 315
Atomic bombs, 733
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), 737, 759, 762
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 734
Atoms for Peace program, 734
Australia
coal deposits in, 75, 76, 77
international market for coal and, 91
oil and gas deposits in, 78
Autochthonous (swamp) theory, of coal formation, 76, 77-78
Automated sampling and analysis systems, 113-14
Automatic depressurization system (ADS), 753, 769
Automatic on-off, for pump recirculating control systems, 324
Automatic shutoff valves, for feedwater heaters, 284-85
Auxiliary systems
control loops and, 618-20
cooling water and, 472, 502
electrical systems and, 570-76
gas turbines and, 670-72
nuclear reactors and, 746-47, 752
plant arrangements and, 654
steam turbine generators and, 243-48
Availability analysis, 45, 46, 821
Average cold end temperature (ACET), 203-204
Axial fans, 286-89, 299-301
Axial flow pump, 310, 313
Babbitt metal, 235
Babcock & Wilcox Company, 439, 691, 697, 734, 743, 746
Backward curved blades, 286
Backwashing
of condensers, 265-66
of water, 478, 479
Bacteria, in coal pile wastewater runoff, 528
Bagasse, 85
Baghouse filters, 731
Ball-and-race pulverizers, 210, 213, 612
Ball-and-tube pulverizers, 612-13
Ballast resistors, 570, 571
Bar charts, 635, 825
Barges, coal transportation by, 100, 125, 131-33, 645-46
Barns, for coal storage, 144
Barometric pressure, 70, 315, 676
Base option, 21
Basic insulation level (BIL), 558-59
Batteries
recycling of, 730-31
sizing of for electrical systems, 578-79
storage of energy, 801-802
Bearings
for motors and generators, 566-67
for steam turbines, 234-35
Beer-Lambert law, 454
Belgium, nuclear power in, 740
Below-grade conveyors, 152
Below-grade reclaim systems, 141
Belt conveyors, 150-52
Belt Conveyors for Bulk Material (СЕМА, 1988), 150
Belt feeder, 142-43
Belt scales, 152-53, 154-55
Beneficiation, of coal, 114-16
Bentonite, 78
Best available technology economically achievable (BAT), 522-23, 679-
80, 842, 844
Best management practices plan, 845
Biased firing, of burners, 194
Bid analyses, 7, 24
Binary cycle systems, 800-801
Biochemical conversion processes, for biomass, 797
Biological control, of cooling water, 499
Biomass fuels
advantages of, 85
development of new technologies for, 796-97
Bisector design, of air heaters, 202-203
Bituminous coal, 79, 80
Black Hills Power and Light Company, 449
Black & Veatch, 4, 24, 445, 715
Black Warrior Basin (Alabama), 86
Blade pitch, 299-301
Blade rings, 233
Blast cleaning, of water storage tanks, 519
Blowdown control, of cooling water systems, 500, 526
Blowers, for fluidized bed combustion, 695, 702
Boiler blowdown tank, 654
Boiler circulating pumps, 200, 216
Boiler control systems, 608-609
Boiler efficiency, methods of calculating, 173-77
Boiler feed pumps
cavitation protection, 285
cycle performance and, 393-97Index 861
design of power plants and, 822
materials for construction of, 318
plant arrangements and, 654-55
recirculation control, 619-20
selection of, 341-47
turbines and, 395-97
Boiler follow, 609
Boiler pressure, and Rankine cycle, 57
Boiler soot blowing control, 606
Boiler trip, 607-608
Boiling water nuclear reactors (BWR), 507, 735-36, 748-54
Booster pump, 246
Bottom ash, 524, 653-54, 730
Bottom dump railcars, 126-28, 130
Boucherot, Paul, 797-98
Bowl-and-roller pulverizer, 209-10, 612
Box trusses, 152
Brayton cycle, 65-70, 660-62
Breakeven analysis, 22
Breeder reactors, 735, 738, 774-78
Brine concentrators, 542, 543
British Coal, 708
British Gas Lurgi (BGL) process, 784
British Sea Clam, 798
British Thermal Units (Btu), 41
Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) combustion, 689-91, 706, 725-26
Bucket wheel stacker-reclaimer, 136-37, 141
Buffer zones, 645
Building permits, 848
Building support column rows, 656-57
Burner control systems, 605-606
Burners, for steam generators, 210-12, 216
Busbar costs, 14
Bus duct, 567-68
Bushings, transformer, 560
Bypass regulation, of pumps, 323
Bypass switch, 588
Bypass valves, 229
Cables, for underground transmission lines, 597-98
Calandria reactor, 736-37
Calcium carbonate, conversion factors, 470
Canada
nuclear reactors in, 736, 737, 759, 762, 764
tar sands in, 86
tidal energy sites in, 798
Candidate sites, selection of for power plants, 814
CANDU reactors (Canada deuterium uranium), 737, 762, 764
Capacity control, of pumps, 322-23
Capesize class, 100, 101
Capital, weighted cost of, 10, 15, 33
Capital equivalent cost method, 20-21, 24
Capital recovery period method, 22
Capping, of coal piles, 161
Carbon dioxide neutralization system, for wastewater, 537
Carboniferous period, 76
Carbon monoxide, 172, 681-82
Carnot cycle, 53-54, ,56, 60, 61, 353, 354, 385
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD),
624-25
Cartridge filtration, 479, 534
Cascade control, 602-603
Cash flow report, pro forma, 26-29, 817-18
Casing, of cooling tower, 375
Catalyst management plan (CMP), 435
Catalytic oxidation, 681-82
Cathode ray tubes (CRT), 595
Cation resins, 480-89
Caustic soda softening, 476
Caustic waste, 524
Cavitation, of pumps, 317-18
Celsius measurement system, 40
Central Electricity Generating Board (United Kingdom), 705
Central processing unit (CPU), 621
Central receiver, solar thermal, 793-94
Centrifugal fans, 286, 287, 292, 298-99, 303
Centrifugal pumps, 323
Centrifuge-type oil conditioner, 247
Ceramic linings, for coal pipes, 210
Certificate of Occupancy, 848
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity laws, 6, 840
Chadwick, Sir James, 733
Chemical balance, of power plant, 522
Chemical cleaning wastewater, 529
Chemical dust suppressants, 160
Chemical Engineer’s Handbook (Perry and Chilton, 1973), 179
Chemical stabilization, of coal storage piles, 160
Chemical wetting agents, 160
Chemiluminescence, 455-56
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, accident at, 738, 779
Chicago pile, 733
Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, 728
Chlorine, in coals, 106
Circuit breakers, 588
Circulating dry scrubber (CDS), 449-50
Circulating fluidized bed (BFB) combustors, 689-91, 697-98, 706
Circulating water piping, 357
Circulating water pumps, 326-35
Circulating water systems
basic principles of, 353
components and arrangements of, 355-61
cooling ponds and, 355
cooling towers and, 361-84
once-through cooling and, 353-55
recirculating cooling systems, 355
water treatment and, 498-500
Clamshell bucket unloader, 130, 132
Clarification, and water treatment, 474-75
Class I analyses, PSD program, 842
Claude, George, 797-98
Clean Air Act (1955, amended 1990), 121, 181, 418, 453, 459, 521, 704,
835, 842, 843
Clean Coal Technology Program (DOE), 698, 786
Clean Water Act (CWA), 642, 831, 843. See also Federal Water Pollution
Control Act
Clinch River Breeder Reactor (CRBR), 774, 775
Closed cooling water heat exchangers, 656
Closed cycle cooling water system, 618
Closed feedwater heaters, 60-61, 271-78, 284, 388, 389
Closed loop cooling system (CLCS), 752
Closure, of landfills, 549-50
Coagulation, of water, 474-75
Coal. See also Coal piles; Fossil fuels; Pulverizer systems
beneficiation of, 114-16
classification of, 103
coalification, 75, 78
combustion of, 168-69, 180-81
ESP size variance for types of, 422-23
geological formation of, 74-78
handling systems for, 124-64
international markets for, 91-92
international production of, 91
long-term supply agreements for, 121-22
markets for in U.S., 918 6 2 Index
mining technologies for, 92-96
as percentage of U.S. energy needs, 73
power plants fueled by compared to gas-turbine plants, 665
production and consumption patterns of, 87, 88
production of in U.S., 89, 90
properties of, 102, 104-108
reserves of in U.S., 79-80
sampling and reporting of laboratory results on, 111-14
transportation systems for, 98-101
Coalbed methane, 86
Coal burners, for steam generators, 210-12
Coalescer-type heat exchanger, 247
Coalescing-type oil separators, 536
Coal feeders, for steam generators, 208-209, 216, 649, 653
Coal Fired Flow Facility, 787-88
Coal jig, 115, 116
Coal piles. See also Storage
management and arrangement of, 144-45
site arrangement and, 645-46
wastewater runoff from, 527-28
Coal piping, for steam generators, 210-12, 216
Coal Quality Impact Model (CQIM), 182-84
Coal slurry pipelines, 101
Coastal Zone Management Act, 852
Coast Guard marine transportation-related facility response plan, 839-40
Coating, of water storage tanks, 518
Cofiring, of solid waste with other fuels, 711-12, 727, 729, 730
Cogeneration, and gas turbines, 664-65
Coke, manufacture of from coal, 78. See also Petroleum coke
Cold fusion, 806
Cold tests, of pumps, 347
Colorado, coalbed methane deposits in, 86
Colorado-Ute Electric Association, 698
Column row spacing, for building support, 656
Combined cycle, 70, 663-664, 782-786
Combined cycle gas turbines, 664, 672
Combustion
calculations for, 170-78
complexities of, 178-84
constants for hydrocarbon-based fuels, 167
definition of, 165
fundamentals of, 165-70
gas turbines and, 668-69
nitrogen oxide emissions from, 428-31
product quantities for, 190
Combustion Engineering, Inc., 691, 694, 696, 697, 698, 743, 746, 759,
760-61
Combustion Fossil Power Systems (Singer, 1991), 187
Combustion gas turbine (CGT), 65
Combustion reactions, chemical principles of, 165-66
Combustion turbines (CTs), 65, 70
Combustion wastes, disposal of, 524-25, 646
Common systems operation, 638-39
Commonwealth of Indepedent States (CIS), 83
Communication, relaying methods, 586-87
Competition, public utilities and economic, 6-7
Component Development and Integration Facility, 787
Compounding, of interest, 9, 32, 33, 34
Compressed air energy storage (CAES), 802-803
Compressors, for gas turbines, 668, 671-72
Computer models, for prediction of as-fired costs, 181-84
Computers, and plant control functions, 604, 620-40
Conceptual design engineering, 819-23
Concrete, and cooling tower construction, 375
Condensate polishing, 508-11
Condensate pumps, 335-41, 655
Condensate subcooling, 391
Condensate system controls, 618-19
Condensers
circulating water systems and, 356
hotwell level control loop for, 618-19
Rankine cycle and, 56-57
steam cycle heat exchangers and, 250-67
Condensing heat exchangers, 454
Conditional use permit, 847
Conductors, spacing of in transmission lines, 593
Constant efficiency method, and turbine expansion line, 65
Constant percentage cost increases, 13-14
Constant pressure operation, of steam generators, 194
Construction, of power plants, 649, 823, 824-25
Consumers, and fuel prices, 118
Consumption, of capital by depreciation, 15
Containment systems, for nuclear reactors, 747, 752-53
Containment water cooling tank (CWCT), 769-70
Containments, Use of ponds and, 531
Continuous bucket ladder unloader, 130-31, 132
Continuous control, for pump recirculating control systems, 324
Continuous emissions monitoring (СЕМ) technologies, 454-62
Continuous mining, 95, 96
Contour mining, 93
Controlled air furnace, 711, 718-19, 721
Control mass, in thermodynamic analysis, 44
Control point, 192
Control rods, nuclear, 750
Control room, 638-40
Control systems, for power plants
basic functions of, 599-604
computer hardware and software for, 620-34
computers and operator interface, 634-40
for fluidized bed combustion, 697-98, 703
future of, 640
for gas turbines, 672-74
modulating control applications and, 608-20
on-off control applications and, 604-608
planning of power plants and systems for, 656, 827-28
Control valves, 229-30
Control volume, in thermodynamic analysis, 44-45, 46
Convection pass performance, fuel effects on, 190
Conveyor belt scale, 154-55
Conveyor systems, transportation of coal by, 100, 125, 133-34, 150-52
Cooling air systems, for gas turbines, 670-71
Cooling ponds, 355
Cooling systems, for transformers, 559
Cooling Tower Institute (CTI), 369, 374
Cooling towers
blowdown of, 526
circulating water systems and, 356, 361
crossflow, 365-66
counterflow, 366-67
dry and wet-dry types of, 381-84
fan-assisted natural draft, 365
intake structure of, 359
materials for, 375-78
mechanical draft, 361-63, 645
natural draft, 363-64
performance criteria and design features of, 378-81
sizing of, 367-73
spacing and orientation of, 373-74, 645
water treatment and, 471-73
Cooling water intake structures, 844-45
Cool Water IGCC Plant (California), 785
Coordinated control, 609-11
Copper, in cooling water systems, 500, 506
Core makeup tank (CMT), 769Index 863
Corner fired boiler, cross section of, 187
Corona, of electrical conductor, 596
Corrosion, protection of condensers from, 261
Cost
of coal mining, 92
computer models for prediction of as-fired, 181-84
cooling tower design and, 371-72, 383
design of power plants and, 812-13, 820-21, 826-27
of fuel transportation, 98
of fossil fuels, 71-73, 119-20
minimization of, 5
of ocean transportation, 101
pump selection and, 334
Cost accounting, methods of analysis, 14-18, 33-38
Cost-benefit analysis, 820-21
Counterflow cooling towers, 366-67, 380
Counterflow hyperbolic natural draft towers, 363-64
Coupled-in-motion scales, 156
Critical Path Method (CPM), 825-26
Critical pressure, for steam generators, 216
Cross-compound turbine, 224
Cross-country transmission lines, 592-98
Crossflow natural draft cooling tower, 363, 364, 365-66, 380
Crude oil, 118-119,683
Crashing, of coal, 146-50, 164
Crusting agents, for coal storage piles, 160
Crystallizer processes, for wastewater, 542-43
Cultural resources, and environmental review, 829, 850
Cumulative present worth method, 22, 23, 24, 32
Curtis stage, 218, 219
Curtiss-Wright, 704
Cutter stock, 110
Cycle chemistry, and water control, 502-16
Cycle conditioning, of feedwater, 505-507
Cycle heat balance, calculations for feedwater cycle, 279-83
Cycle heat rejection, 822-23
Cycle makeup water, 501, 517
Cycle performance impacts
air preheat and, 390-91
boiler feed pumps and, 393-97
condensate subcooling and, 391
cycle makeup and, 390
design steam conditions and, 388
extraction line pressure drop, 390
feedwater heaters and, 388-89, 392-93
heat balance and, 397
reheater system pressure drop and, 389, 390
steam power cycle efficiency and, 385-88
superheat and reheat spray flows, 391-92
turbine exhaust pressure and, 390
turbine thermal kit and, 397-407
wet-bulb temperature, 392
Cycle time, in unit train operation, 99-100
Cyclone collectors, 427
Cyclone furnace unit, 711, 726-27, 729
Cyclone reburn system, 430
Cyclone separators, 538
Cyclothems, 77-78
Dairyland Power Cooperative, 705
Dakota Gasification Company, 447, 785
Dalton’s Law, 50, 269
Dampers, for steam generators, 215
Data Communication Equipment (DCE), 625
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), 625
Day bin fill system, 149-50
Deaerators
open heater construction and, 269-71
plant arrangement and, 283-84, 655
pressure control of, 673
storage tanks for, 618-19
Dechlorination, of wastewater, 538-40
Deep well injection, 532
Delayed coke, 83
DELSOL, computer program, 793
Delta-delta windings, 561, 562
Demand-side management, 811
Demineralization, of water, 480-98
Demineralizer operation, control of, 606-607
Demonstration-scale plants, 781
Density, and specific volume, 40
Department of Energy (DOE), 691, 734, 741-42, 759, 765, 767, 770, 774,
781, 804, 806, 835
Department of State, 835
Department of Transportation, 524
Depositional basin, 74
Depreciation, 15-16, 32, 36-37
Desalination, of water, 494-98
Design, of power plants. See also Plant arrangements: Site arrangements
conceptual engineering and, 819-23
detailed engineering and, 823-24
fuel supply and, 809-11
Design coal, for steam generators, 189, 191
Desulfurization solid waste, 524
Detailed design engineering, 823-24
Detroit Edison, 774
Deutsche Babcock, 705
Dewatering, and flue gas desulfurization, 444
Diesel cycle, 65
Differential capital equivalent method, 21
Differential relays, 581, 582-83
Diffuser centrifugal pumps, 310, 313
Dilution extractive СЕМ systems, 457-58, 459
Dioxin, 728
Direct air-cooled condensers, 267
Direct combustion technologies, for biomass, 796-97
Direct current (dc), 564, 576-79
Direct gasifiers, 712
Direct normal insolation (DNI), 789
Discharge dampers, 298-99
Discharge throttling, of pumps, 322-23
Discount rate, 10, 32
Dissolved gases, in water, 466
Distance relay, 583
Distillate oils, 168
Distributed control and information system (DCIS), 672, 673
Distributed control system (DCS), 629-31
Divided convection pass, 193
Division valve system, for variable pressure operation, 195
Double bus, 588
Double-flow turbines, 224
Double reheat cycle turbine, 222, 223, 224
Double-suction pumps, 320
Double-width double-inlet (DWDI) fans, 286
Dow Syngas Project (Louisiana), 785
Draft environmental impact statement, 849
Draft systems, and emissions control, 437
Drain Cooler Approach (DCA), 61, 388-89
Drain system, turbine, 244-45
Dravo Lime Company, 445
Drift eliminators, for cooling towers, 377
Drift mine, 93, 94
Drift theory, of coal formation, 76-788 6 4 Index
Drive shafts, of fans, 377-78
Drums, for steam generators, 199, 216
Drum reclaimer, 141-42
Drum-type steam generator, 216, 503-504, 512
Dry-bulb temperature, and cooling towers, 370
Dry cooling towers, 381-82
Dry disposal systems, for solid wastes, 546-48
Dry dust collection system, 156-58
Dry extractive СЕМ systems, 456-59
Dry flue gas scrubbers, 731
Dry well containment systems, 752-53
Dual-flow screens, 359-60
Duct vibrations, fan-induced, 301-302
Ductwork, for steam generators, 215, 216
Dulong formula, 105
Dummy rings, 233
Dust control systems
for coal, 144-45, 156-60, 164
for landfills, 548
Eastern Europe, natural gas reserves in, 80, 89
Econometric load forecasting models, 811
Economics. See also Cost
analysis methods for, 19-24, 33-38
auxiliary electrical systems and, 572
of coal beneficiation, 116
evaluation of in power plant design and planning, 5-7, 817
of fossil fuels, 116-20
fuel cost savings from improving net plant heat rate, 71-73
least-cost options, 32
of longwall mining, 95
present value studies, 7-14
renewable energy sources and, 789
supply-side alternatives for fuel, 812
of synfuel production, 86
utility cost accounting methods, 14-18
of wood waste as fuel, 85
Economizers, for steam generators, 201, 216
Edison, Thomas, 73
Effective projected radiant surface (EPRS), 199
Efficiency, 66ff, 173-174, 219, 238
Einstein, Albert, 733
Electricity
coal consumption in U.S. for generation of, 91
fuel-related impacts on cost of, 181-84
generation of by turbines, 220, 222
sociological significance of, 1
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 182, 246, 344, 440, 511, 691,
758, 765, 781
Electric systems
auxiliary systems for, 570-76
basic principles of, 551-55
direct current systems, 576-79
grounding of, 568-70
motors and generators, 562-68
primary power supply system and, 587-92
protective relaying of, 579-87.
transformers and, 555-62
transmission lines and, 592-98
Electric utilities. See Public utilities
Electroanalytical techniques, for emissions monitoring, 456
Electrodialysis, for water treatment, 492-94
Electro-hydraulic control unit, 654
Electromagnetics, of transmission lines, 595-96
Electronically erasable PROM (EEPROM), 622
Electronics Industry Association (EIA), 625
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP), 419-23, 426, 437, 454, 731
Elevated conveyors, 152
Elevated reversing shuttle conveyor, 137-38
Elevation, and gas turbine performance, 676
Emergency backup oil pump (EBOP), 246
Emergency core cooling system (ECCS), 752, 764
Emergency feedwater storage tank (EFSRT), 761-62
Emergency governors, for turbines, 284
Emissions control. See also Nitrogen oxide; Sulfur dioxide
combination nitrogen oxide-sulfur dioxide removal processes, 451-53
design of power plants and, 823
fluidized bed combustion and, 708
future regulations and design of systems for, 418
gas turbines and, 679-82
hazardous materials and, 453-54
monitoring systems for, 454-62
paniculate control, 418-27
systems for reduction of nitrogen oxides, 427-38
systems for reduction of sulfur dioxide, 438-51
Enclosure systems, for conveyor supports, 152, 153
Endangered Species Act, 853, 851
End-use forecasting models, 811
Enelco precipitator, 422
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 117
Energy Policy Act of 1992, 6, 7, 32, 839
Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA), 734
Energy storage, 801-803
English Engineering system of units, 39
En masse chain conveyor, 149
Enthalpy, as property of thermodynamics, 41—42, 49
Entrained flow gasifiers, 785
Entropy, and second law of thermodynamics, 43-44
Environmental analysis, state government, 849-51
Environmental assessment (EA), 848, 853-55
Environmental impact statement (EIS), 848-49
Environmentally sensitive areas, 829
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 110, 419, 522, 560, 595, 642,
679, 682, 729, 731, 835-38, 840, 843, 846
Environmental review. See also Regulation
federal permits and, 831-40
local permits and approvals, 847-48
preliminary considerations in, 829-31
requirements for, 848-52
state permits and approvals, 840-46
suggested outline for, 853-55
Environment Canada, 731
Equipment procurement, 824-25
Equivalent uniform annual cost, See levelization
Erasable PROM (EPROM), 622
Erosiveness, of coal or ash, 107
Escalation rates, 9-10, 32, 33-34, 35, 38
Ethanol, 797
Ethernet, 624
Ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), 528
Ethylene glycol system, for air preheat coils, 204, 206
Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), 597
Europe, production and consumption of natural gas in, 89
Evaluation, economic for power plant design and planning, 5-7
Evaporation/distillation processes, for wastewater, 542
Evaporation ponds, 532
Evaporative cooling cycle, 685
Event log, 637
Evergreen contract, 122
Excess air
in combustion, 172
fan sizing requirements and, 304
nitrogen oxide emissions and reduced, 431
steam generator design and, 192Excitation systems, 564-65
Exciter response ratio, 1AX-M
Exempt wholesale generators (EWGs), 6-7, 839
Exhaust
gas turbines and, 669, 676-77, 679-82
steam power cycle efficiency and pressure of, 386-87, 390
steam turbine generator and loss of, 238-39, 404
steam turbines and conditions of, 224
Exhauster fans, 210
Expansion line end point (ELEP), 239, 251, 401
Expansion lines, of steam turbines, 238, 399-403
Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR I), 774
Exploration programs, for fossil fuels, 79, 87
External drain cooler, 279
Externally fired combined cycle (EFCC), 786
Extraction flows, in steam cycle, 241
Extraction line pressure drop, 390
Extraction stage shell pressure, 398
Extraction types, of turbines, 224
Extractive СЕМ systems, 456-59
Fabric filters, for emissions control systems, 157-58, 427, 454
Faceplates, of CRT displays, 637
Fahrenheit measurement system, 40
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), 821
Fan-assisted natural draft cooling towers, 365
Fans
boiler requirements for, 177-78
cooling towers and, 377-78
cylinders, 376
design considerations for, 301-303
drives of, 307-309
fluidized bed combustion and, 695, 702
operating characteristics of, 298-301
performance of, 291-97
plant arrangements and, 653
selection of, 303
sizing of, 304-306
system geometry change and, 291
system resistance and, 289-90
types of, 286-89
Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTE), 774
Fault tree analysis (FTA), 822
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 838
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 121, 835, 838-39
Federal Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA), 375
Federal Register, 839
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA, 1972), 521, 522-23, 837
Feedback control loop, 602
Feedforward control, 602-603
Feedwater, quality of for steam generators, 195-96
Feedwater heaters
cycle performance impacts of, 388-89, 392-93
flow control for, 616-17
level control for, 618
plant arrangements and, 655
for steam cycle heat exchangers, 268-85
steam power cycle efficiency and, 387-88
Fermentation, and fuel production, 712
Fermi, Enrico, 733
Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans, 528
FGD Chemistry and Analytical Methods Handbook (Electric Power Research Institute), 440
Fiberoptic communications, 587
Field windings, 220
Fill, for cooling tower construction, 376-77
Index 865
Film fill design, for cooling towers, 366-67, 376
Filtration
emissions control systems and, 157-58, 427, 454
gas turbines and, 667-68
high-efficiency paniculate (HEPA) filters and, 753
of water and wastewater, 477-80, 534-36
Finance. See Cost; Cost accounting; Economics
Financial pro forma models, 817
Finding of insignificant impact (FONSI), 848
Fineness, of pulverizer product, 191-92
Fines, 108
Fire protection
for cooling towers, 372, 381
for gas turbines, 671
local approvals of, 848
storage of water for, 516-17
Firing rate control, 195, 611-12
First-of-a-Kind Engineering (FOAKE) program, 759, 767
First law of thermodynamics, 42, 43, 45
First-stage impellers, 337-38
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 851
Fish and Wildlife Service, 844
Fissioning, discovery of, 733
Fixed bed gasifiers, 712
Fixed boom conveyor, 135
Fixed carbon, in coal, 105
Fixed charge rate, 15-18, 32
Fixed costs, 15-18, 32, 35-36
Fixed roof tanks, 518
Fixed tripper conveyor, 147-48
Flame photometry, 456
Flame scanners, for steam generators, 216
Flash point, 110
Flash systems, geothermal, 800
Flexible membrane liners (FML), 549
Float/sink washability tests, 115
Floor heights, of buildings, 657-58
Florida Power Corporation, 161
Flow designation, turbine, 224
Flow margins, and fan sizing, 304-305
Floyd Myers Marsh Power Plant (California), 720, 723-24
Flue gas
combustion calculations for, 173
emissions for pulverized coal boilers, 195
resource recovery and, 728-31
velocity of, 420
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies, 439-48, 526-27, 543
Fluid bed combustion scrubbing, 439
Fluid coke, 83, 98
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC)
atmospheric, 691-704
pressurized, 704-708
principles of operation, 689-91
resource recovery and, 711, 725-26, 727, 728
Fluidized bed gasifiers, 712, 784-85
Fly ash
ammonia content of, 432
disposal of, 524
electrostatic precipitators and, 423
resource recovery and, 730
Foam dust suppressants, 159
Fog dust suppressants, 159
Force majuere, 121
Forced-cooled transformer, 559
Forced draft cooling towers, 361-63
Forced draft (FD) fans, 215, 216, 302, 303, 304-305, 306
Forced oxidation wet limestone FGD, 441-44866 Index
Forest harvest residue, 85
Fort St. Vrain Nuclear Plant (Colorado), 755, 770
Fossil fuels. See also Coal; Fuels
alternate types of, 81-86
commercial considerations, 120-22
cost of, 71-73
definition of, 71
development of new technologies, 782-89
economics of, 116-20
formation of, 74-79
pipelines, 101-102
production and consumption of, 86-98
properties of, 102-11
quality and procurement of, 120
reserves of, 79-81,82, 83, 84
transportation systems for, 98-102
use of by fuel type, 73-74
Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, 691, 692, 697, 698, 700,
768
Fouling, and coal combustion, 180-81
Four flow low-pressure turbine cycle, 223
480-V auxiliary electrical systems, 575-76
Four-unit plant supply systems, 147
France
nuclear power in, 740, 774
tidal energy plant in, 798
Francis and Lloyd formula, 105
Free Swelling Index, 104
Friction head, 315
Friedman, Heller, and Boyd, 703
Frish, Otto, 733
Frozen coal, unloading systems for, 129-30
Fuel cells, new technologies for, 788-89
Fuel feed systems, for fluidized bed combustion, 692-93, 699
Fuel nitrogen oxide, 181
Fuel rods, nuclear, 750, 756-57
Fuels. See also Fossil fuels
cofiring of solid waste with, 711-12
design of power plants and evaluation of, 809-11
fluidized bed combustion and, 693, 699-700, 707
gas turbines and, 671, 677, 682-84
steam generators and characteristics of, 189-90
Fuel staging, for emissions control, 430
Fuel Use Act (1988), 119
Full startup systems, for steam generators, 198
Furnace
controlled air, 711,718-19, 721
cyclone unit, 711, 726-27, 729
draft control of, 614-15
refractory, 711,715-16, 717
rotary kiln, 711,716-17, 718
for steam generators, 199, 216
tangentially fired, 211-12
temperature of exit gas, 180, 199
typical mass balance of, 168
wall-fired, 211
water-cooled rotary combustor, 711, 717-18, 719, 720
waterwall, 710-11, 713-15, 716
Furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT), 180
Furnace sorbent injection (FSI), 438-39, 440
Fusion energy systems, 803-806
Fusion temperatures, for coal ash, 107
Future value, 8-10, 32
Gantt charts, 825
Gas-cooled reactors (GCRs), 735, 737, 754
Gases. See also Gasification; Liquefied natural gas; Natural gas
byproducts of refinery operations as alternate fuel source, 85
monitoring of as emissions, 454-59
thermodynamic properties of, 48-50
velocity of and boiler efficiency, 178
Gas-filled transformers, 560
Gasification
biomass and, 797
development of new technologies for, 783-85
gas turbines and coal, 677
resource recovery and, 712
Gasification combined cycle (GCC), 782-85
Gas power cycle, 54
Gas recirculation (GR) fans, 303
Gassy seams, 86
Gas turbine-modular helium reactor (GT-MHR), 770-74
Gas turbines. See also Turbines
applications for, 659-60, 663-65
components and systems of, 666-74
cycle variations, 684-88
exhaust emissions of, 679-82
fuels for, 682-84
generator performance and, 674-79
manufacturers of, 666
thermodynamics of, 660-63
types of, 666
use of term, 65
Gas Turbine World Handbook , 666, 675
Gauge pressure, 315
General Electric Company, 397, 405, 447, 452, 734, 748, 752, 758, 764
General permits, 831, 845
Generation Building, 647, 648
Generators. See also Steam turbine generators
compressed gas equipment for, 247-48
cooling and purge, 247-48
differential relay, 582
electrical systems and, 562-68
frame for, 235-36
gas turbines and, 669, 674-79
motoring of, 608
plant arrangements and, 655
relays and protection of, 582-84
system grounding and, 569-70
transformers for, 556-58
trips of, 608
turbine efficiency losses, 240, 404
winding coils for, 552
Geology
environmental reviews and, 850
formation of fossil fuels, 74-79
Geopressurized conversion technology, 801
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL), 549
Geothermal energy, 800-801
Germany, coal mining in, 91
Geysers, the (California), 800, 801
Gibbs Equation, 43^14
Gilbert/Commonwealth, 708
Gland condenser, 654
Gland leakage, turbine, 398
Glen Cove Plant (New York), 716
Glycol system, and air preheat coils, 206
Governing control, 242
Government. See Environmental review; Regulation
Governor system, for turbines, 248
Governor valves, 229-30
Gradual in situ theory, of coal formation, 77
Granular media filtration, 477-79
Graphic displays, 635Graphite-moderated, light water-cooled reactors, 738-39
Gravimetric feeders, 208-209
Gravity-driven cooling pool (GDCS), 766
Gravity filters, for water and wastewater, 477-79, 535, 536
Gravity thickener, 539
Great Lakes, coal shipping on, 100
Great Lakes FBC Demonstration Plant, 696
Greenhouse gases, 781. See also Acid rain
Gross calorific value, 104-105
Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (GNPIPD), 116, 117
Gross plant heat rate (GPHR), 170
Grounding
of electrical systems, 568-70, 575-76
of transmission lines, 596-97
Ground water, 469, 531-32, 846
Group permits, 845
Guarantees, and pump selection, 334-35, 340-41, 346-47, 351
Gulf Oil Company, 698
Gypsum, 444
Hague International, 786
Haldor-Topsoe/ABB SNOX Process, 451-52
Hand/Auto control station, 601
Handling systems, for coal and limestone
characteristic features of, 161
composite facility arrangements for, 160-64
control systems for, 607
conveyor sizing, design, and support systems, 150-52
crushing and plant supply systems, 146-50
dust control systems, 156-60
sampling and weighing systems, 152-56
stockout, reclaim, and storage systems, 134-46
transportation and unloading systems, 124-34
Handysize class, 100, 101
Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI), 107, 216
Hard iron, and pump construction, 349
Hardware, and cooling tower construction, 376
Harvesting, of peat, 86
Hawaii, and ocean thermal energy, 798
Hazardous materials. See also Health hazards
emissions control standards and technologies for, 453-54
regulation of waste disposal and, 524
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and, 435
wastewater treatment and neutralization of, 536-37
Head pressure, 315
Health hazards, of electric and magnetic fields, 595-96. See also Hazardous materials
Heaped landfills, 547^48
Heat, as thermodynamic quantity, 41
Heat balance
calculation of, 408-17
cycle performance and, 397
thermodynamic analysis, 62-63, 64
turbine cycle, 188-89
Heat engine, 51-54
Heater drain disposal, and feedwater cycle design, 278-79
Heat Exchange Institute (HEI), 250, 254, 261, 275
Heat exchangers, for fluidized bed combustion, 701. See also Steam cycle
heat exchangers
Heating values
in
combustion calculations, 170-71
of fuel oils, 108, 110
Heat input per furnace plan area (HIPA), 180, 199
Heat load
condenser design and, 251
cooling tower design and, 368
Heat-loss method, of calculating boiler efficiency, 174-77
Heat rate comparisons, of steam cycle, 243
Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)
combined cycle of combustion turbine and, 70
deaerator pressure control and, 673-74
evaluation of alternative design concepts and, 823
gas turbines and combined cycle, 663, 664, 672
Heat transfer, in fluidized bed combustion, 689-90, 694, 701
Heavy media cyclone, 115, 117
Heavy metals, 540-41, 730. See also Metals; Trace metals
Heavy oils, 97-98
Heavy water reactors (HWRs), 735, 736
Helper tower cooling system, 355
Henry’s law, 269
High-density crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), 597
High-efficiency electrostatic precipitators, 454
High-efficiency paniculate (HEPA) filters, 753
Higher heating value (HHV), 104-105, 170-71
High-fire-point liquid-filled transformers, 560
High-pressure feedwater heaters, 274, 276, 388-89, 655
High-pressure-intermediate-pressure turbine, 231-33
High-purity water, 472, 473, 501
High-speed attrition mill, 210, 214
High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR), 737-38, 754-58
High-voltage auxiliary electric systems, 573-74
High-voltage cable transmission lines, 597-98
High-voltage switchgear, 656
Hogger capacities, for steam cycle heat exchangers, 265
Hollow fiber configuration, 491, 492
Horizon planning analysis, for transmission systems, 816
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Program (NASA), 795
Horizontal dry pit pumps, 328, 336
Horsepower
conveyor drive design and, 151-52
of fan brake, 292
Hot dry conversion technology, 801
Hot gas cleanup, and fluidized bed combustion, 707
Hot primary air (PA) fans, 210
Hot tests, of pumps, 347
Hot water air preheating coils, 205
Hot water distribution system, for cooling towers, 377
Humid air turbine cycle, 686
Humus, and formation of coal, 76
Hybrid variable pressure, of steam generators, 194, 242-43
Hydrated lime, 448
Hydraulic coupling, of boiler feed pumps, 394
Hydraulic Institute Standards, 310, 314, 318-20, 331, 333
Hydraulic oil system, in gas turbine, 670
Hydraulics, of boiler feed pump, 343
Hydroclones, 538
Hydroelectric power, 74
Hydrogasification, 712
Hydrogen fuel cell, 788
Hydrogen seal oil unit, 654
Hydrogen sulfide, 110
Hydrokinetic fluid coupling, 308
Hydrothermal conversion technologies, 800
Hydroviscous fluid coupling, 308-309, 394
Hyperbolic cooling towers, 363-64
Ice control, for cooling towers, 379-80, 381
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 774
Ideal gas, 48-50
Ignitors, for steam generators, 212-15, 216
Illinois Basin, coals deposits of, 76, 77, 91, 106
Illustrative analyses, for fuel oils, 109
Impedance and impedance relays, 553-54, 581, 585
Impellers, pump, 313-14868 Index
Impulse stage, turbine, 218-20
Income taxes, federal and local, 16
Incompressible liquids, 51
In-containment refueling water storage tank (IR-WST), 769
Independent power producers (IPPs), 6-7, 32
Indirect costs, 16, 32
Indirect fired combined cycle, 785-86
Individual permits, 831, 845
Indonesia, as producer of liquid natural gas, 82
Indoor transformers, 560
Induced draft cooling tower, 361-63
Induced draft (ID) fans, 216, 302, 303, 304-305, 306, 823
Induction machines, 565-66
Industrial process waste fuels, 85
Inertial confinement, of fusion energy, 805-806
Inflation, economic analyses and, 9, 116, 117
Initial deformation (ID) temperature. 107
Initial investment, fixed charges as j , rcent of, 17
Inlet air system, of gas turbine, 666-68
Inlet box vortex, 301-302
Inlet cone vortex, 301
Inlet dampers, 298-99, 302
Inlet ducts, of fans, 302
Inlet pressure loss, in gas turbine, 676-77
Inorganic constituents, in water, 465
Input-output method, of calculating boiler efficiency, 173-74
Input/output (I/O) unit, of computer, 621, 622
In situ СЕМ systems, 456, 458
In situ refining, of shale oil, 86
Insolation, solar, 789-90, 791
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 568, 590, 593,
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, 779
Instrumentation, of steam turbine generator, 248
Insulation
for motors and generators, 566
steam generators and, 216
transformers and, 558-59
of underground transmission lines, 597-98
Insurance, as fixed cost, 16
Intake pumping structures, 358-61
Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) fuel cycle, 776, 778
Integration gasification combined cycle (IGCC), 783
Interactive steam tables, 56
Intercept valves, 230
Intercooled cycle, of gas turbine, 685, 686-87, 688
Intercooled reheat steam-injected gas turbine (IR-STIG), 687-88
Interest during construction (IDC), 36
Interference, cooling tower design and, 368-69
Interfuel competition, 119
Intermountain Power Agency (Utah), 161-64
Internal energy (u), as property of thermodynamics, AX-A2
Internal rate of return (IRR), 24, 818
Internal sealing systems, of turbines, 220
International business, economic opportunities for utility engineers and
firms, 7
International Conference of Clean Air Companies (ICAC), 420
International Energy Agency, 705
International Fuel Cell Company, 788
International Standards Organization (ISO), 102, 113, 675
International Thermonuclear Engineering Test Reactor (ITER), 805
Investor-owned utility (IOU), 35
Ion exchange process, 480-89
Ionic compounds, water as solvent for, 465
Iowa Power Co., 705
Ireland, peat-fueled power plants in, 85
Iron, coagulants in water, 474
Iron/manganese removal, from water, 480
Isentropic process, 50, 55, 64
Isolated phase bus duct, 567-68
Isolation valves, 515-16
Israel, compressed air energy storage facility in, 803
Italy, geothermal energy in, 801
Japan
compressed air energy storage facility in, 803
nuclear power in, 740, 759, 764, 775
tests of solid oxide fuel cells, 789
turbine designations, 225
Jar testing, of wastewaters, 532
Jersey Central Power and Light Company, 734
Jet condensers, 267
Joint European Tokamak, 805
Journal bearings, 234-35
Kelvin scale, 40
Kennebunk Test Facility (Pennsylvania), 786
Kerogens, in shale oil, 86
Kilovolt amperes (kVA), 222, 553
Kilovolt amps reactive (kVAR), 222
Kinetic energy (KE), 42
Kinetic pumps, 310-14
Kirchhoffs law, 551,581
Kvaerner wave-energy plant (Norway), 798
Ladder tracks, 645
Lagging, for steam generators, 216
Lake evaporation rates, 532
Lake vessels, 100. See also Barges; Shipping
Land disposal systems, onsite, 545-56
Landfills
closure of, 549-50
combustion waste disposal and, 524-25
dry disposal systems and, 546-48
EPA standards for sanitary, 524
gas recovery from, 712
leachate control for, 548-49
liner systems for, 549
methane from as fuel, 111
monitoring of, 550
for municipal waste, 84
permits for, 846
Land use permits, 847, 850
Lardello system (Italy), 801
Latent heat, 47
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 521
Leachate control, for landfills, 548-49
Lead Agency System, 848^9
Leak detection, in condensers, 265
Least-cost plan, and planning of power plants, 813
Levelization, economic, 32
Levelized annual cost method, 19-20, 24, 32, 38
Levelized annual fixed charges, 18
Levelized fixed charge rate, 18, 19, 32
Levelized values, 12-14, 34, 35
Lightning, and transmission lines, 597
Lignin, 77
Lignite coal, 79, 80
Lihue Plantation Co., 721
Lime-soda ash softening, 476
Lime softening, of water, 476
Lime spray dryer/absorber, 450-51
Limestone, handling systems for, 124-64
Limestone injection and dry scrubbing (LIDS) system, 439, 440
Limestone injection furnace activation of calcium (LIFAC), 439Index 8 6 9
Limestone injection multistage burners (LIMB), 438
Liner systems, for landfills, 549
Liquefaction, and resource recovery, 713
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 81-83
Liquid-filled transformers, 559
Liquid fuel oil, 682-83
Liquid/gas fuel conversion technologies, 712-13, 727-28
Liquid immersed transformers, 559
Liquid transient analysis, of circulating water systems, 357-58
Liquid waste. See Wastewater
Lissajous Ellipse, 593
Lithuania, nuclear power in, 740
Ljungstrom air heater, 201-202
Load current duty requirements, 572
Load demand control, 609-10
Load flow studies, for transmission lines, 592, 815-16
Load forecasting, 811
Local distribution company (LDC), 121
Local permits, 847^t8
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD), 382
Logs, control system, 637
Long-term coal supply agreements, 121-22
Longwall mining, 95
Loop design, for breeder reactor, 775
Loss-of-coolant (LOCA) events, 765, 766
Loss-of-field relay, 583
Loss of injection seal water test, 347
Lower heating value (LHV), 105, 170-71
Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER), 680
Low-nitrogen oxide burners, 428-29
Low Nitrogen Oxide Concentric Firing System (LNCFS), 429
Low-pressure exhaust pressure, 241
Low-pressure feedwater heaters, 274, 275, 388-89, 655
Low-pressure turbines, 224, 232, 233-34
Low-speed ball tube mill, 209, 210
Low-volume wastewater sources, 529
Lubrication
of gas turbines, 670
of motors and generators, 566-67
plant arrangements and, 654, 656
of steam turbines, 245-41
Luminescence spectroscopy, 455-56
Lurgi, CFB Technolgoy, 697
Luz Solar Electric Generation Systems (SEGS), 793
Lyell, Charles, 76
Machine terminals, of motors and generators, 567
Magma conversion technology, 801
Magnesium, as fan blade material, 288-89
Magnetic confinement, and fusion energy, 804-805
Magnetic field
health hazards of, 595, 596
of turbine, 220, 222
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), 786-88
Magnox series reactors, 737
Main steam control valves, 229-30
Main steam stop valves, 228-29
Main suction pump (MSP), 246
Maintenance
of boilers, 180-81
plant arrangements and, 648-49
of railroads, 100
relative system costs of, 184
of transportation and unloading equipment, 126
Makeup flows, of steam cycle, 241
Makeup treatment, of water, 500
Manganese, removal of from water, 480
Manhattan Project, 733-34
Manual on-off, for pump recirculating control systems, 324
Manufacturers. See also Guarantees
of ftuidized bed combustion units, 697
of gas turbines, 666
of steam turbine generators, 218
Marcasite, 106
MARCO (maintainability, availability, reliability, constructibility, and operability), 648
Marine environment. See also Ocean shipping
environmental review and, 850
seawater scrubbing and, 447
Marine transportation-related (MTR) facilities, 839-40
Markets and marketing
of coal and petroleum products, 87, 91-92
price structure of fossil fuels and, 119-20
structure of for electric utilities, 5
Marley Cooling Tower Company, 361
Mass balance, of water, 473-74
Mass burn technologies, 710-11
Mass flow, and combustion turbines, 70
Master fuel trip (MFT), 606, 607
Matter, thermodynamic states of, 46-51
Maximum achievable control technology (MACT), 453
Maximum achievable load, for coal combustion, 180
Maximum continuous rating (MCR), 189, 304
Mclntosh plant (Alabama), 802
McKay Bay Refuse-to-Energy Facility, 717
Mean times between failure (MTBF), 183
Mean-of-valve-loop method, 400
Mechanical aeration, of water, 475
Mechanical atomization, for ignition of steam generators, 213-14
Mechanical draft cooling tower, 361-63, 366
Mechanical filter lube oil conditioner, 246-47
Mechanical losses, of turbines, 239
Mechanical vapor compression (MVC), 496-98
Media flue gas velocity, 423
Medium-speed vertical spindle mill, 209
Mega volt amperes (MVA), 553
Megawatt control signal, 610
Meitner, Lise, 733
Membrane desalination process, 489-94
Membrane processes, for volume reduction of wastewater, 541^42
Memory, of computer systems, 621-22
Mercury, 447, 730-31
Metal cleaning wastewater, 528-29
Metal oxide varistor (MOV), 558
Metals, in coal pile leachate and runoff, 528. See also Heavy metals;
Trace metals
Methane, as alternate fuel, 86, 111
Metric system of units, 39
Microorganisms, in fuel oil storage tanks, 110
Microprocessor-based control systems, 620-22
Middle East
natural gas reserves in, 80, 89
oil production and consumption in, 80, 81, 88
Milestone schedule, 825, 826
Mineral analysis, of coal ash, 106-107
Mineral matter, in coal, 75-76, 114-15
Minimum acceptable return, on capital investment, 15
Minimum load capability, of steam generators, 194
Minimum recirculation, of pumps, 323
Mining, of coal, 74, 89, 92-96
MINI OTEC (Hawaii), 798
Mississippi River, and river barges, 100
Mist eliminators, 445
Mitigation, and environmental review, 851870 Index
Mitsui-BF system, 452-53
Mixed flow centrifugal pumps, 310
Mixed flow impeller, 313
Mixtures, of perfect gases, 50
Modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS), 15-16, 36-37
Modular pressurized heavy water reactor (MPHWR), 762-64, 765
Modulating control
for power plants, 599, 601-603, 608-20
for pump recirculating control systems, 324
Moisture content
of air, 172
of coal, 105, 190
of peat, 85
of wood waste, 85
Moles, in combustion calculations, 170
Mollier Diagram, 48, 56, 58
Molten carbonate fuel cells, 788-89
Monitoring
of emissions, 454-62
of landfills, 550
of plant control functions, 603-604
wells for groundwater, 525
MONJU plant (Japan), 775
Monongahela Power Company, 691
Monopoly, electric utility as, 5
Montana, coal deposits in, 75
Montana Dakota Utilities (MDU), 692
Monthly escalation rate, 9
Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), 786
Motor control centers (MCCs), 575, 656
Motor-driven startup boiler feed pump, 655
Motors
electrical systems and, 562-68
starting requirements of, 571
Mountain top removal operation, 93
Mt. St. Helens volcano (Washington), 77
Moving bed gasifiers, 784
Multi-effect distillation (MED), 495, 542
Multiple fans, operation of, 297, 298
Multipressure condensers, 356
Multistage flash (MSF) evaporation, 495, 496, 497, 542
Municipal waste, as alternate fuel, 84-85
Munn vs. Illinois (1877), 5
M. W. Kellogg Co., 708
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 795
National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), 840, 842
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), 518
National Climatic Center, 790
National Coal Board (United Kingdom), 705
National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS), 374
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 590
National Electrical Safety Code (NESC), 575, 590, 593, 594
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), 843
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 642, 829, 848-49
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 214-15, 381, 606, 614, 615,
648, 655
National Forest Products Association, 374
National Historic Preservation Act, 850, 852
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook,
154-55
Marine Fisheries Service, 844
National Park System, 94
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 831, 835,
837, 843-44, 845
National Register of Historic Places, 829, 850
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 790, 795
Nationwide permits, Army Corps of Engineers, 831
Natural draft cooling tower, 363-64, 369, 374
Natural Environmental Policy Act, 522
Natural gas
combustion of, 166, 168
formation of, 78-79
gas turbines and, 682, 683
pipelines for, 101-102
production and consumption patterns, 89
production technologies, 96-98
properties of, 110-11
purchase of, 121
world reserves of, 80, 83
Natural Gas Act (1938), 119
Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, 119
Negative sequence and negative sequence relay, 555, 583
Net plant heat rate (NPHR), 71-73, 169-70, 180
Net positive suction head (NPSH), 318, 331, 338, 344, 346, 347, 350
Net present value (NPV), 24, 818
Net turbine heat rate (NTHR), 396
Net turbine output (NTO), 396
Networks, computer, 622-25
Neutral ground relay, 583
Neutralization, of hazardous wastes, 536-37
Nevada, and nuclear waste disposal, 742
New Mexico, coalbed methane deposits in, 86
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), 522, 680, 682, 707, 844, 845
Newton’s second law, 39
Nitrogen oxides. See also Emissions control
combustion processes and, 166, 181
in flue gas emissions from pulverized coal boilers, 195
fluidized bed combustion and formation of, 696, 703
gas turbines and, 671, 677-78, 680-81
injection water and, 501-502
reduction of combined with sulfur dioxide removal, 451-53
reduction of as requirement for power plants, 427-38
resource recovery and, 730
Noise
environmental review and, 851
fans and generation of, 302
Noise Control Act (NCA), 642
Nonsegregated phase bus duct, 567
Nontransportation-related Onshore Facility Response Plan, 838
Nonutility feasibility analyses, 7, 24
Nonutility generators (NUGs), 6-7, 19, 32
Nordwest Deutsche Kraftwerke (NWK), 802
Northern States Power (NSP), 691-92
Norway, wave energy plant in, 798
Notice of Intent to use the General Permit for Construction, 845
Nova Scotia Power Corporation, 704
Nozzle block, 233
Nozzle diaphragm, 233
Nozzle-mix burners, 168
Nuclear power plants
accidents at, 778-79
advanced designs for, 758-74
breeder reactors, 774-78
current generation power reactors, 742-58
history of, 73, 733-34
reactor concepts and, 734-39
role of, 739^10
safety and environmental issues and, 778-79
steam cycles of and water treatment issues, 507-508
turbine arrangements in, 226
uranium fuel cycle, 740-42
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 734, 770Index 871
Nuclear steam supply system (NSSS), 743, 749-51
Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA, 1982), 741^12
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 770
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 642, 648
Ocean energy systems, 797-98
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 797-98
Ocean vessels, for coal transportation, 100-101, 131-33. See also
Shipping
Ohio Edison, 439
Ohio River, and coal barges, 100
Ohm’s law, 551,553
Oil
combustion of, 168, 178-79
formation of, 78
ignition systems for steam generators, 213-14
pipelines for, 101
production of and consumption patterns, 88-89
production technologies for, 96-98
properties of, 108-10
reserves of, 80, 82
Oil crisis of 1970s, 781, 789
Oil-filled transformers, 560
Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 837
Oil Pollution Prevention regulations, 837
Oil purification, for turbines, 246-47
Oil separation, from wastewater, 536
Once-through cooling systems, 358-59
Once-through steam generators, 216-17, 504-505
IT heat engine, 52
On-line cleaning, of condensers, 265-67
On-off control, of power plants, 599-601, 604-608
Onshore facilities, nontransportation-related, 838
Opacity monitoring, 454-55
Open-end ring dumper, 129
Open feedwater heater, 60, 61
Open pit mining, 93
Open space, and site arrangement, 645
Operating costs, 14, 32
Operating pressure, for optimum condensers, 251, 253
Operator interface, and computer control systems, 634-40
Organic constituents, of water, 465-66
Organic phosphates, in circulating water systems, 500
Organic sulfur, 106, 115
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 80, 789
Orimulsion, 84
Otto cycle, 65
Outfall pumping structures, 358-61
Overbed feed systems, for fluidized bed combustion, 692-93
Overcurrent relays, 579-81, 584-85
Overfire air (OFA) systems, 217, 429, 430
Overhead conductors, 592-93
Overland conveyor transportation, 125, 133-34
Overspeed test, for steam-driven pumps, 347
Oxygenated treatment (ОТ), of feedwater, 506-507
Oxygen controller, 612
Oxygen gasification, 712
Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant (New Jersey), 734
Pacific Gas and Electric, 801
Paleozoic era, 76
Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (California), 761
Panamax class, 100, 101
Parabolic dish, 794
Parabolic trough, 792-93
Parallel path cooling tower, 383, 384
Parallel pump operation, 321-22
Paramagnetic analyzers, 456
Parr formulas, 105
Partial startup systems, for steam generators, 197-98
Paniculate matter emissions, control of, 418-27, 682
Passive containment cooling (PCC), 769-70
Passive residual heat removal heat exchanger (PRHR HX), 769
Passive screen systems, 359, 360
Peach Bottom I (Pennsylvania), 755, 770
Peat
as alternate fuel, 85-86
formation of coal and, 76
Pedestal, for steam turbine generator, 235
Penthouse, for steam generator, 217
Percolation ponds, 531-32
Perfect gas, 48-50
Periodic logs, 637
Permit applications
federal requirements, 831-40
local approvals and, 847-48
potential requirements for complete, 836-37
preliminary considerations in, 829-31
site development and, 525
state approvals and, 840-46
Permit-by-rule program (EPA), 537
Personal computers (PCs), 631
Per unit system, in electric power, 553-54
Petroleum coke, 83-84, 98
pH
of coal pile wastewater, 528
of hazardous materials in wastewater, 536-37
of slurry, 349
Phenix breeder reactor, 774
Phillip Sporn plant (West Virginia), 705
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), 788
Photovoltaic systems, 789, 790
Pilot plants, 781
Pipelines, natural gas, 101-102
Piping systems
for circulating water systems, 357
for deaerators and feedwater heaters, 284-85
Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC), 786
Planning, of power plants. See also Plant arrangements; Site
arrangements
economic and financial feasibility studies for, 817-18
equipment procurement and construction contracting, 824-25
project control and, 825-28
site evaluation and, 814-15
system studies and, 811-13
transmission analysis and, 815-16
Planning commissions, local, 847
Plant arrangements
definition of, 642
development of, 647-58
preliminary drawings for, 647
Plant water balance, 530-31
Plasma heating, 804
Plasma torch direct ignition system (PTDIS), 213
Plate-type clarifier, 534
Platinum, and SCR systems, 681
Plot plan, for coal handling facility, 163
Plume abatement tower, 382-83
PM burner system, 429
Pollution. See Emissions control; Hazardous materials; Wastewater
Pollution Minimum (PM) System, 429
Pollution prevention plans, 845
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 524, 728
Polystrate fossils, 77872 Index
Polytropic processes, 50
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 110-11
Pond containment systems, 531
Pool design, for breeder reactor, 775
Poris, Stanley, 806
Portal stacker-reclaimer, 138, 139, 140, 141
Positive sequence, 554
Postcombustion control, of emissions, 431-38, 439-51
Post trip review log, 637
Potential energy (PE), 42
Powder River Basin (Wyoming-Montana), 75, 78, 79, 91
Power, in electrical systems, 552-53
Power conversion system (PCS), 747, 753-54
Power cycles
Brayton cycle, 65-70, 660-62
combined cycle, 70
gas and vapor, 54
Rankine cycle, 54-65, 70, 385, 386, 387
Power factor, 241
Power generation, cost structure of, 71, 72
Power line carriers, 586-87
Power Piping Code (ANSI/ASME), 513
Power-plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act (FUA), 835
Power plants. See Auxiliary systems; Control systems; Design; Electric
systems; Emissions control; Planning; Regulation; specific topic
headings
Power plant simulators, 633-34
Power ratings (kVA), 241
Power Reactor Innovative Small Module (PRISM), 759, 776-78
Precipitation, and water quality, 464-65
Precipitators, and emissions control, 437. See also Electrostatic precipitators
Predicted unit output, for steam turbine generators, 240
Predischarge notification requirements, 831
Preliminary licensing schedule, 832-34
Premix burners, 168
Present value (PV), 7-14, 23, 32, 34, 35, 37-38, 38
Present value of uniform series, 11-12, 32-33, 34
Present worth discount rate, 9
Preservatives, for wood, 375
Presidential permits, 835
Pressure
Brayton cycle and ratio of, 67-68
compound stages of, 218-19
definition of, 315
as property of thermodynamics, 40-41
Rankine cycle and increased, 58
ratio, 67ff
reducing devices for, 515
Pressure filters, for water and wastewater, 479, 534-35, 536
Pressure head, 316
Pressure-reheat designation, of turbines, 222, 224
Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC), 691, 704-708
Pressurized water reactors, 507-508, 734, 735, 743-47
Prestressed concrete reactor vessel (PCRV), 755-57
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permits, 729, 835, 840-42
Prevention of Water Damage to Steam Turbines Used for Electric Power
Generation (ANSI/ASME), 284
Price. See also Cost; Markets and market structure
controls on for fossil fuels, 119
of fossil fuels, 72, 87, 116
of fuels and design of power plants, 810
increase in average electricity between 1970 and 1985, 6
Primary air (PA) fans, 217, 302, 303, 304, 306
Primary and emergency drain lines, for feedwater heaters, 284-85
Primary power supply system, 587-92
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 804
Process development unit (PDU), 781
Process graphic displays, 635
Process reactions, in emissions control systems, 431-32, 436
Procurement, of fuels, 73, 120. See also Equipment procurement
Production cost analysis, and design of power plants, 812-13
Products of incomplete combustion (PICs), 728
Pro forma analysis, 23-24, 25-31, 32, 33, 817-18
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), 826
Programmable logic controllers, 625-29
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), 621-22
Programming language, 627, 629-31
Project control, 825-28
Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis, 113-14
Propane, 684
Property taxes, 16
Proportionality constants, in systems of units, 39
Protective interlocks, for on-off control, 604
Protective relaying, of electrical systems, 579-87
Proximate analysis, of coal, 102,105
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW), 522, 844
Public participation, in environmental review process, 842, 852
Public Service Company of Colorado, 755
Public utilities
economics of, 5
fixed costs of, 35-36
regulation of, 5-6
Public utilities commissions, and economic reviews, 5-6, 7
Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA), 6, 32, 33, 592, 838-39
Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA), 7, 839
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, 802
Pulse jet fabric filters (PJFF), 425-26
Pulverizer systems
coal properties and design of, 102
control systems for, 612-13
plant arrangements and, 649, 653
steam generator and, 190-92, 196, 209-10, 216
Pumps
history of, 310
hydraulic nomenclature and definitions, 314-24
kinetic types of, 310-14
power station applications, 312, 326-52
selection of, 325-26
Pure variable pressure, of steam generators, 194
PVFORM, computer model, 792
Pyrite, 106, 107, 115,528
Pyrolysis, and gasification processes, 712
Pyrolytic gasification, 712, 797
Qualifying facility (QFs), 6, 33, 838-39
Qualifying Facility Certification, 838-39
Quartz, in coal, 107
Quick lime, 448
Radial bus, 587-88
Radial concept, of site arrangement, 643^14
Radial stacker, 135, 136
Radial tip blades, 286
Radio communications, 587
Railcar shakers, 127
Railcar vibrators, 129
Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, 99
Railroads, and transportation of coal, 98-100, 124, 126-30, 155-56, 162,
645
RAM (reliability/availability/maintainability) analysis, 45
Random Access Memory (RAM), 621-22
Rank, classification of coal by, 104
Rankine cycle, 39, 54-65, 70, 385, 386, 387Index 8 7 3
Rankine scale, 40
Rapping systems, of ESP, 421
Rateau impulse stages, 218
Rated steam conditions, for steam turbine generators, 240-41
Rawhide Energy Station (Colorado), 145
RCELL, computer program, 793
Reactance grounded systems, 576
Reaction stages, turbine, 219-20
Reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS), 773
Reactor coolant system (RCS), 744-46, 768
Reactor core, 756
Reactor Protection System (RPS), 747
Reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS), 778
Reactor water cleanup system (RWCS), 752
Read Only Memory (ROM), 621-22
Reagents, and emissions control systems, 432-34, 437, 441-42
Real gases, 51
Reburning, for emissions control, 430
Reciprocating grate, 715
Recirculating cooling systems, 355
Recirculation
boiling water nuclear reactors and, 751-52
cooling tower design and, 368-69
pump applications and, 324
Reclaim equipment, for coal, 140, 141-43, 145, 164
Reclamation programs, and surface mining, 93-94
Recommended Design Guidelines for Feedwater Pumps in Large
Generating Units (EPRI, 1980), 345, 346
Record of Decision (EIS), 849
Recreation, and environmental reviews, 850
Rectangular cooling towers, 362, 369, 373-74
Recuperative cycle, of gas turbine, 685
Recycle ponds, 524
Recycling
of ash in fluidized bed combustors, 700-701
catalyst disposal and, 435
of solid wastes, 730-31
Refined products, production of from oil, 97-98
Refinery gas, 85, 683-84
Refractory furnace, 711, 715-16, 717
Refractory linings, for fluidized bed combustors, 701-702
Refueling water storage tank (RWST), 761
Refuse-derived fuels, 84-85, 720, 722
Regasification, of liquid natural gas, 82-83
Regeneration
Brayton cycle and, 68-69
Rankine cycle and, 59-62
Regenerative air heater, 196
Regenerative cycle, for feedwater heaters, 268-69
Regenerative feedwater heating, 387-88
Regenerative pumps, 310, 312
Regenerative turbine pump, 314
Regulation, government. See also Environmental review
circulating water systems and water quality, 354-55
economics of public utilities and, 5-6
emissions control and, 418
of fuel supply and pricing, 118-19
nuclear accidents and, 779
of peat production, 86
of public ultilities, 5
site selection and, 642-43
of waste treatment and disposal, 521-25
Regulatory compact, 5, 33
Reheater outlet steam attemperator, 197-98
Reheaters
cycle performance impact of, 389, 390
for steam generators, 200-201, 217
Reheat
cycle performance and spray flows, 391-92
gas turbines and, 686
Rankine cycle and, 58-59, 60
steam attemperation system, 198
steam generator design, 217
steam power cycle and, 387
steam temperature control of, 615-16
steam temperature for steam generators, 193-94
stop valves, 230
Relative humidity, and cooling towers, 370
Reliability block diagram (RBD) method, 821-22
Relief valves, 515-16
Renewable energy, and power generation systems, 789-801
Reports, and control systems, 637
Reproducibility standards, for coal sampling, 112
Request for Proposal (RFP), 6-7
Research and development programs (R&D), 781
Reserve appreciation factor, 97
Reserve coal storage, 143, 144, 145, 159-60
Reserve recovery, of fossil fuels, 87
Reserves, of fossil fuels, 79-81
Residual fuel oils, 168
Residual heat removal (RHR) system, 752
Resins, and ion exchange process, 480-89
Resistance grounded systems, 576
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), 622
Resistivity, of electrostatic precipitators, 421
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 1976), 522, 523-24,
642, 846
Resource depletion, 117
Resource recovery. See also Waste treatment and disposal
classes of technology for, 710-13
flue gas treatment and, 728-31
system arrangements for, 713-28
Response plans, for fuel spills, 837, 838, 839-40
Retail wheeling, 7
Retractable soot blowers, 207
Retractable water lances, 206-207
Return on investment (ROI), 15, 24, 33, 818
Revenue requirements, to offset fixed charges, 17-18, 33
Reverse gas fabric filters (RGFF), 424-25, 426
Reverse osmosis membranes, 480, 489-92, 494
Reverse power relay, 583
Reversible stationary conveyors, 148^9
Reversible 2T heat engine, 53-54
Rezoning variances, 848
Richmond Power & Light Co., 439
Right-of-ways, for transmission lines, 594
Rigid frame precipitator, 422
Ring bus, 588-89
Ring granulator crusher, 147
Rise rate, for solids contact basin, 533
River barges, 100, 125, 130-31. See also Shipping
River Bend PCS (Louisiana), 754
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 831
River water, analyses of, 471
Rivesville BFB, 691
Rod-in-tube type pressure reducing valve, 515
Roof tanks, for water storage, 518
Roof top hatch plenum, 426
Root systems, and coal formation, 77
Rotary car dumper unloading, 98 , 128-29
Rotary kiln furnace, 711, 716-17, 718
Rotary plow feeder reclaim, 136, 138, 143
Rotary soot blowers, 207
Rotary washers, 4798 7 4 Index
Rotating bucket, 219, 220
Rotating stall, 302
Rotative speed limitations, for pumps, 333
Rotor
electrical system and, 564, 565
of generator, 237
seals for, 220
of turbine, 234
Rothemuhle air heater, 201-202
Round cooling towers, 362-63, 369, 380-81
RS232C interface, 625
Rubber, and pump construction, 349
Russia
natural gas reserves in, 80, 89
nuclear power in, 775
peat resources in, 85
Sacramento Municipal Utility District, 792, 801
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 522, 642
Safety depressurization system (SDS), 761
Safety grounding, 568-69
Safety relief valves (SRVs), 753
Sag, of transmission lines, 593-94
St. Nicholas Cogeneration Project (Pennsylvania), 720
Salinity, of water, 467
Salter, S. H., 798
Salter Duck, 798
Sample cooling, 514-15
Sample cutter, 154
Sample piping, for water quality control, 513-14
Sample points, for water quality control, 511, 513
Sampling systems, for coal, 111-14, 152-56
San Diego Gas & Electric, 801
Sandia National Laboratories, 793
Sanitary landfills, 524
San Juan Basin (Colorado-New Mexico), 86
Saskatchewan Power Corporation, 439
Saturable current transformer (SCT), 565
Scales, for weighing of coal, 152-53, 154-56
Schedule control, 825-26
Schultz, Leonard G., 77
Scoping process, for environmental impact statement, 849
Scotland, gasifier plant in, 785
Scott Paper Company, 698
Screening systems, for circulating water systems, 359-60
Seal oil systems, for generators, 247
Seal systems, for turbines, 243-44
Seawater, desalination of, 494-98
Seawater scrubbing, for emissions control, 446-47
Secondary air fans, 216
Secondary air flow control, 614
Secondary solids dewatering, 539
Secondary unit substations (SUSs), 575, 576, 656
Second law of thermodynamics, 43^44, 45, 353
Sedimentary rocks, and formation of fossil fuels, 74-79
Sedimentation, and water treatment, 474-75
Segregated phase bus duct, 567
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 431-35, 680-81, 682
Selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) systems, 435-37
Self-cooled transformer, 559
Self-propelled rotary plow feeder, 143
Self-unloading vessels, 101, 133
Semidry scrubbing, 448-51, 453-54
Sensible heat, 47
Sensitivity analyses, 18, 32, 33
Sequence of events (SOE) log, 637
Sequential control logic, for on-off control, 604-607
Series path wet-dry tower, 382-83
Series pump operation, 321-22
Service water, 472, 516-17, 752
Settling ponds, 532-33
Shaft design, for condensate pumps, 340
Shaft mine, 93, 94-95
Shaft orientation, of turbines, 224
Shaft packings, leakage of, 239
Shaft seals, 243-44
Shale oil, 86
Shell bearing, 235
Shell Development Company, 785
Shell pressure, 404-405
Shielding, of transmission lines, 596-97
Shipping, Ocean. See also Barges
coal transportation by, 100-101, 124-25, 130-33
economics of for international coal markets, 91-92
of liquid natural gas, 82
Shop testing, of pumps, 335, 341, 347, 351
Short-circuit duty requirements, 572
Short-circuit ration, 241
Short prox, 106
Sidestream treatment, of cooling water, 500
Sieve sizes, 107-108
Silica, 77
Silicon-controlled rectifier stacks (SCRs), 571
Silos, for coal storage, 135, 144, 146-49, 164, 216, 649, 653
Simple compressible substance, 46
Simple cycle gas turbines, 663-64, 672
Simplified boiling water reactor (SBWR), 764-66, 767, 768
Simulators, power plant, 633-34
Single nonautomatic extraction condensing turbine, 223
Single-pressure condensers, 356
Single reheat cycle turbine, 222, 223
Single-speed fans, 380
Single-speed induction motor, 307
Single-stage axial fan, 288
Single-suction pumps, 319
Single-width single-inlet (SWSI) fans, 286
Siphon piping, 358
Site arrangements
definition of, 642
development of, 525, 643-47
local approvals and, 847-48
site selection and, 642-43
Site audits, 829-30
SIW reactors, 734
Size classes, of ocean vessels, 100-101
Size consist, of coal, 107-108
Sizing
of batteries for electrical systems, 578-79
of gas turbines, 666
of steam condensers, 251-56, 260-61
of transformers, 556-58
of water storage, 516-17
Skid wires, 598
Slagging, and coal combustion, 180-81
Slewing type stacker-reclaimer, 136-37, 138, 141
Slurry pumps, 347-52
Solid-end ring dumper, 129
Solids dewatering, 537-38
Slope mine, 93, 94
Smog, and nitrogen oxide emissions, 181
SNOX Process, 451-52
Socioeconomics, and environmental reviews, 850
Socioenvironmental impacts, of peat as alternate fuel, 86
Sodium cycle ion exchange, 476-77Index 875
Softening, of water, 476-77
Soil profiles, 77, 850
Solar energy, 789-94
Solar photovoltaic systems, 790-92-
Solar thermal technologies, 792-94
SOLERGY, computer program, 793
Solid coke, 98
Solid oxide fuel cells, 789
Solids contact basins (SCBs), 533-34
Solid wastes. See Waste solids; Waste treatment and disposal
SOLARPLANT I (California), 794
Solar Total Energy Project (Georgia), 794
Soot blowers, 206-208, 217
Sorbent, requirements for fluidized bed combustion, 693-94, 700, 707
Source separation, of solid wastes, 730-31
South Africa, gasifier complex in, 785
Southern California Edison, 793, 802
Spare pulverizers, 190
Special use permits, 847
Specific collection area (SCA), of precipitator, 419
Specific energy content, of fossil fuels, 102
Specific gravity
of coal constituents, 114-15
concept of, 40
of oils
of slurry, 349-50
Specific heat
of air, 70
as property of thermodynamics, 42, 43
Specific speed, for pumps, 313-14
Specific volume, as property of thermodynamics, 40
Speed, of slurry pump, 350-51
Speed reducers, for fans, 377-78
Speed regulation, of pumps, 323
Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC), 837-38
Spiral wound configuration, 491-92, 493
Splash type fills, for cooling towers, 376
Spontaneous combustion, of coal, 108, 145
Spot market, 122
Spray aeration, of water, 475
Spreader stoker-fired boiler, 711, 720-23, 724, 725
Stability studies, for transmission lines, 816
Stack loss, and steam generators, 217
Staggers Rail Act of 1980, 99
Stall, of axial fans, 300-301
Stal Laval (Sweden), 705
Stand-alone controllers, 631-32
Standard atmospheric pressure, 315
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
(Greenborg et al., 1992), 467
Standards for Closed Feedwater Heaters (Heat Exchange Institute),
275
Standards for Steam Surface Condensers (Heat Exchange Institute),
250, 254, 261
Standby gas treatment system (SGTS), 753
Startup systems
control of, 617-18
for fluidized bed combustion, 695, 702
for gas turbines, 669-70
for steam generators, 195, 196-98
State commissions. See Public utility commissions
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), 850
State Implementation Plan (SIP), 840
State permits and approvals, 840-46, 849
Static discharge head, 315
Static head, 315
Static pressure, and fan sizing, 306
Static scales, 156
Stationary feeders, 142-43
Stationary nozzle, 219, 220
Stationary parts, of steam turbine, 231-34
Station batteries, 578-79
Stator
electrical systems and, 563-64
of steam turbine generator, 237
winding cooling system, 248
Steam air preheating coils, 205
Steam cycle, and design of power plants, 822
Steam cycle heat exchangers, 250-85
Steam cycle performance. See Cycle performance impacts
Steam expansion, and turbines, 220
Steam generators
basic principles of, 185-86
component design for, 198-216
emissions control and, 437
history of, 185
plant arrangements and, 649
principal components of, 186
relationship between fuel and performance, operations, and design of, 179
system design for, 186-98
water conditioning for, 503-505
Steam heat transfer system, for air preheat coils, 204
Steam injection, and gas turbines, 677-78, 685-86
Steam: Its Generation and Use (Stultz and Kitto, 1992), 187
Steam turbine generators
generator components of, 235-37
operating principles of, 218-22
performance and rating of, 237-42
plant arrangements and, 654
steam flow control, 242-43
turbine components of, 226-35
types of turbines for, 222-26
Steam turbines. See also Turbines
bypass controls for, 672-73
for draft fan drives, 307
Steel lagging, 216
Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC), 518
Stellite, 234
Stock gravimetric feeder, 209
Stockholm Energi Cogeneration Plant (Sweden), 705
Stockout systems, for coal, 134-40, 162
Stoichiometric air, 171
Stoichiometry, and combustion calculations, 171-72
Stoker grate system, 715
Stokes’ law of hindered settling, 78
Stop valves, 228-29
Storage. See also Coal piles; Silos
of coal, 143-46, 162, 164, 645
of emissions control system reagents, 437
of energy, 801-803
of fuel oils, 110
of natural gas, 101
of radioactive wastes, 741-42
of water, 516-19
Stormwater control
permits and discharge of, 845
for slurried waste ponds, 546
Straight blades, 286
Straight condensing feedwater heater, 277
Straight-flow turbine, 222, 223
Straight-line depreciation, 16
Straight line method, and turbine expansion line, 64
Straight-tube feedwater heater, 271-72
Strip mining, 928 7 6 Index
Structural connectors, for cooling towers, 376
Structural members, of steam generators, 217
Struthers Wells Corporation, 698
Subbituminous coal, 79, 80
Subcritical drum type boilers, 187, 200
Subcritical steam cycle, 217
Submarines, nuclear propulsion of, 734
Submergence, of pumps, 331
Subsidies, for domestic coal mining operations, 91
Substations
clearances and spacings for, 590-91
grounding of, 568
Suction head, 315
Suction lift, 315
Suction specific speed, 318-20, 333, 338
Sudden pressure relay, 583
Suez Canal, and shipping of liquid natural gas, 82
Sugar cane, waste from as fuel source, 85
Sulfate sulfur, 106
Sulfonators, 540
Sulfur
in coal, 80, 106, 115
combustion of, 165-66
in fuel oils, 110
in Orimulsion fuel, 84
in petroleum coke, 83, 84
Sulfur dioxide. See also Emissions control
combustion processes and, 166
design of power plants and control of emissions of, 823
emissions control systems for reduction of, 438-51
in flue gas emissions from pulverized coal boilers, 195
gas turbines and, 682
physical properties of, 540
removal of combined with nitrogen oxide reduction, 451-53
resource recovery and, 730
Sulfur trioxide, 431-32
Sulfuric acid, 528
Summary report, pro forma, 25
Sumner County Plant (Tennessee), 717
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1987, 846
Superheated steam tables, 58
Superheater bypass, 197, 617-18
Superheater outlet steam attemperator, 198
Superheat and superheating
cycle performance and spray flows, 391-92
Rankine cycle and, 57-58, 59
steam power cycle and, 385-86
steam temperature control of, 193, 615-16
Superheat/reheat desuperheaters, 217
Superheaters, for steam generators, 200, 217
SuperPhenix breeder reactor, 774, 775, 776
Supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA),
576
Supervisory instrumentation system, 248-49
Supplemental dust control, 157
Suppliers, and fuel prices, 118
Supply agreements, long-term for coal, 121-22
Supply systems, for coal, 146-50, 811-12
Support towers, for transmission line conductors, 594-95
Surface condenser, 654
Surface mining, of coal, 89, 92-94
Surface washers, 479
Surface waters, 465, 469, 531
Survey of Feed Pump Outages (EPRI, 1978), 344, 345
Suspended solids removal, from wastewater, 532-34
Suspension-fired boiler, 711, 723-24
Swamp theory, of coal formation, 76, 77-78
Sweden
nuclear power in, 740
peat-fueled power plants in, 85
Switchyards
bus forces and, 591-92
configuration of, 587-89
typical spacings for, 591
Switzerland, nuclear power in, 740
Symmetrical components, in electrical systems, 554-55
Synfuels, 86, 782
Synthetic fuels, 684
System analyses, 7, 24
Systeme International (SI) units, 39, 40
System head curves, 321
System planning studies, 7, 24
System resistance
of fans, 289-91, 292
of pumps, 338-39
Tandem-compound turbine, 224, 225
Tangentially fired furnaces, 211-12
Tar sands, 86
Taxation, 16
Tax Reform Act of 1986, 15
Temperature
of ash fusion, 107
of coal formation, 77
control methods and range for steam generators, 192-94
of furnace exit gas, 199
gas turbines and ambient, 676
as property of thermodynamics, 39-40
for spontaneous combustion of coal, 108
Temperature-entropy diagrams, 48
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 691, 692, 694, 696
Tension, of transmission lines, 593-94
Terminal Temperature Difference (TTD), 61, 388-89
Terrestrial resources, and environmental reviews, 850
Testing. See also Shop testing
of cooling towers, 379
of gas turbines, 679
Texas-New Mexico Power Company (TNP), 698, 699, 700, 702,
704
Thaw shed, 130
Thermal desalination process, 494-98
Thermal discharges, 844
Thermal energy, 792-94
Thermal nitrogen oxide, 181
Thermal turbine kit, 240
Thermochemical conversion processes, for biomass, 797
Thermodynamics
analysis tools in, 42-45
Brayton cycle, 65-70
circulating water systems and, 353
of combustion, 169-70
definition of, 39
gas turbines and, 660-63
history of, 39
properties and units of, 39-42
Rankine cycle, 54-65
states of matter, 46-51
thermomechanical energy conversion, 51-54
Thermomechanical energy conversion, 51-54
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, 528′
Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, accident at, 778-79
Three-stage sampling system, 153-54
Three-zone feedwater heater, 274
Throttle flow, 404-405Index 877
Throttle valve control, of boiler feed pumps, 393-94
Throttling control, 242
Through-flow traveling screen, 359
Thrust bearings, 234-35
Thunderstorms, and electric fields, 596
Tidal energy, 798-801
Tidd Station (Ohio), 705, 707
Tilting burners, 193
Tilting pad bearing, 235
Time series trend analysis, 811
Time value of money, 8, 33, 37. See also Present value
Tipping fees, for municipal waste, 84
Tires, as fuel, 85
Titanium dioxide, 434
Title IV Acid Rain Operating Permit, 842-43
Title V Operating Permit, 843
Tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR), 804-805
Tokyo Electric Power Company, 788
Top-door plenum, 426
Top dump railcars, 130
Total annual fixed charges, 18
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 531
Total escalation rate (TER), 9
Total horizontal insolation (THI), 790
Totally enclosed, water-to-air cooled (TEWAC) generator, 669
Total present worth method, 20, 21, 24, 33
Total static head, 315
Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP), 548
Toxic Substances Control Act, 522
Trace elements
in coal pile wastewater, 528
emissions control and, 435
Trace metals, in solid waste, 729. See also Heavy metals; Metals
Train positioners, 128-29
Train scales, 155-56
Transformer differential relay, 582-83
Transformer-rectifiers (T-Rs), 419
Transformers
electrical systems and, 555-62
plant arrangements and, 655-56
Transient cavitation test, 347
Transmission lines
electrical systems and, 592-98
permits for, 835
planning analysis and, 815-16
relays and protection of, 584-86
site arrangement and, 647
Transportation. See also Barges; Railroads; Shipping; Trucks
coal markets in U.S. and, 91
design of power plants and, 810, 822
environmental reviews and, 850
for fossil fuels, 98-102
handling systems for coal and limestone, 124-34, 162
international coal markets and, 91-92
onsite and disposal of solid wastes, 544-46
site arrangement and, 645-46
Traveling hammermill, 129
Traveling screen systems, 359, 360
Traveling stacker, 135, 136, 138, 139
Traveling tripper, 148
Tray-type deaerator, 270
Trench type stacker-reclaimer, 136, 141
Trend displays, 636
Trend logs, 637
Triple automatic extraction condensing turbine, 223
Triple flow low-pressure turbine cycle, 223
Triple modular redundancy (TMR), 633
Trip system, for turbines, 248
Trisector design, of air heaters, 202-203
TRISO fuel coating, 772
Trucks, transportation of coal by, 100, 125, 133, 645
Truck scales, 155
Tube banks, for steam generators, 200
Tube characteristics, for steam cycle heat exchangers, 257-59
Tubular membrane device, for water treatment, 491, 492
Tuffs, volcanic, 78
Tugboats, 125
Tungsten oxide, 434
Turbine-driven boiler feed pump, 395-97, 654-55
Turbine end point (ТЕР), 239
Turbine expansion line, 63-65
Turbine follow, 610-11
Turbine induction prevention measures, 245
Turbines. See also Gas turbines; Steam turbine generators; Steam turbines;
Combine Cycle
arrangements of, 226, 228, 229
Brayton cycle and efficiency of, 67
cycle heat balances, 188-89
drain system, 244-45
electrical energy generation, 220, 222
exhaust pressure of and cycle performance, 390
governor system for, 248
heat balance calculation, 408-17
lubrication oil system, 245-47
major components of, 226-35
as mass flow devices, 70
maximum overload for, 285
overspeed protection for, 284
plant arrangements and, 654
pressure-reheat designation, 222, 224
Rankine cycle and efficiency of, 59
seal systems, 243-44
stage types of, 218-20
steam expansion and, 220
water protection for, 284-85
wind devices, 795-96
Turbine thermal kit, 397-407
Turbine trip, 607-608
Turning gear, 235, 302-303
Turning gear oil pump (TGOP), 245-46
Two day bins, 150
Two-pass condensers, 252
Two section condensing turbine, 222, 223
Two-speed induction motor, 307
Two-stage axial fan, 287, 288
Two-stage sampling system, 153, 154
2T heat engine, 52-53
Two-zone feedwater heater, 272, 273, 277
Ultimate analysis, of coal, 106
Ultrafiltration, 479-80
Underbed feed systems, for fluidized bed combustion, 692-93
Underground mining, of coal, 89, 92, 93, 94-96
Underground storage tank registration, 846
Underground transmission lines, 597-98
Ungrounded delta systems, 576
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 648
Uniformitarianism, theory of, 76
Uniform series, 11-12, 33, 34, 38
Unit air/flue gas flow rates, 172-73
United Kingdom
coal mining in, 91
nuclear power capacity of, 7548 7 8 Index
United States
coal markets in, 91
coal production in, 89, 90
coal reserves of, 79-80, 81
electric power generation by fuel type, 74
hydrothermal energy resources in, 800
natural gas production in, 96-97
nuclear power in, 739-40, 758, 774
peat resources of, 85
renewable energy use in, 789
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Section 10 Permit, 831, 835
Section 404 Permit, 831, 835
U.S. Geological Survey, 799
United Technology, 786
Unit protection logic, and control systems, 607-608
Unit system operation, 639-40
Unit trains, 98-100, 126-30
Unit turndown, of pulverizer system, 191
University of Houston, 793
Unloading systems, for coal and limestone, 124-34, 162
Upflow filters, for wastewater, 535, 536
Uranium fuel cycle, 740-42
Urea, 437
Used energy end point (UEEP), 239, 251, 401
Utah, coal mining in, 161
Utility Scale Applications, 792
Vacuum, definition of, 315
Vacuum dehydration systems, 247
Vacuum packings, 243
Valley landfills, 547-48
Valve loop curve, 400
Valves, of steam turbines, 228-31
Valve stem leakages, in steam turbine generators, 239
Valves wide open (VWO), 240
Valves-wide-open normal pressure condition (VWO-NP), 240
Vanadium pentoxide, and SCR systems, 434, 680-81
Van der Waals forces, 51
Vapor compression crystallizer, 543
Vapor dome, 47^t8
Vaporization
of emissions control systems reagents, 437
of water, 47-48
Vapor power cycle, 54
Variable pitch axial fans, 289, 303
Variable-pressure control, 242
Variable pressure operation, of steam generators, 194-95
Variable-speed condensate pumps, 339
Variable-speed coupling control, of boiler feed pump, 394-95
Variable-speed fluid drive, 308
Variances, zoning, 848
VARS (volt-amps-reactive), 552, 564
Vegetation, and environmental reviews, 850
Vegetative stabilization, of coal storage piles, 159-60
Velocity compound stages, 218
Velocity head, 315-16
Ventilator valves, 230-31
Venting equipment capacities, for steam cycle heat exchangers, 262-64
Vertical dry pit pumps, 328, 330, 331
Vertical screw unloader, 132-33
Vertical spindle mills, 210, 211
Vertical traveling screen, 359-60
Vertical wet pit pumps, 326-28, 329, 335
Vibration, fan, 301-302
Vibration and dynamic pressure pulsation test, 347
Vibratory feeder, 142
Viscosity
of fuel oils, 110
of slurry, 350
Visible plume, 438
Visual display unit (VDU), 622
Vitrified ceramic tile fill, 376
Volatile matter, of coal, 105
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 681-82
Volatility, of fuel prices, 117, 118
Volcanic activity, and coal formation, 77, 78
Voltage balance relay, 583-84
Voltages
of auxiliary electrical systems, 571, 572
nomenclature system for, 552
regulation requirements, 571-72
Volt-amps, 552
Volts-per-Hertz relay, 584
Volume reduction, of wastewater, 533, 541
Volumetric belt feeders, 208
VolundUSA Ltd., 716
Volute centrifugal pumps, 310, 313
Wall blowers, 206
Wall-fired furnaces, 211
Walls, and plant arrangements, 658
Warmup burners, for steam generators, 212-15, 216
Wash box, 115, 116
Waste to electric energy (WTEE) technology, 710-28
Waste fuels, properties of, 110-11
Waste solids, emissions control and handling of, 437-38. See also Waste
treatment and disposal
Waste treatment and disposal. See also Emissions control; Resource recovery; Wastewater
discharge limits for steam electric plants, 523
federal regulatory requirements, 521-24
of fuel gas desulfurization solids, 444
nuclear power plants and, 741-42, 778
postcombustion emissions control and, 437-38
site arrangement and, 646
solid waste disposal systems, 543-50
state regulatory requirements, 524-25
Wastewater
discharge limits for steam electric plants, 523
discharge permits, 843-44
flue gas desulfurization and, 445
liquid waste treatment and disposal systems, 525-43
management plans for, 529-32
monitoring plans for, 525
site arrangement and, 647
sources of, 521
Waterfall aerator, 475
Water graphite reactors, 735
Water oscillation chamber, 798
Water quality certificate, 845
Water and water supplies. See also Wastewater
calcium carbonate conversion factors, 470
common characteristics of natural, 468-69
cycle chemistry and control of, 502-16
as dust suppressant, 158-59
environmental reviews and, 850
expression of concentrations of constituents in, 470
feedwater quality for steam generators, 195-96
flue gas desulfurization and consumption of, 445
management of, 529-32
permits and, 843-46
power plant requirements for, 469-74
pump selection and, 334Index 8 7 9
quality of, 464-69, 843-46
river water analyses, 471
sources of, 464
specific heats of, 43
storage systems for, 516-19, 646^47
thermodynamic states of, 46-48
treatment applications for, 498-502
treatment processes for, 474-98, 646-47
well water analyses, 471
Water-based scrubbers, 453, 454
Water-cooled rotary combustor furnace, 711, 717-18, 719, 720
Water induction prevention measures, 245
Water injection, and nitrogen oxide emissions from gas turbines, 677-78
Water reuse concepts, 531
Water-side control, of icing on cooling towers, 381
Waterwall furnace, 710-11, 713-15, 716
Wave energy, 798, 799
Wear allowance, and pulverizer design, 192
Weighing systems, for coal, 152-56
Weighted cost of capital, 10, 15, 33
Wells turbine, 798
Well water, analyses of, 471
Westinghouse, 404, 707, 708, 717, 734, 743, 746, 758, 760-61, 766
Wet-bulb temperature
cooling towers and, 368
cycle performance and, 392
Wet disposal systems, for solid wastes, 546
Wet-dry cooling tower, 382-83, 384
Wet dust suppression, 156, 158-59, 160
Wet electrostatic precipitators, 423
Wet extractive СЕМ systems, 457, 459
Wet-gas Sulfuric Acid Condensor (WSA-Condenser), 452
Wetlands, environmental regulation of, 86
Wet lime FGD systems, 445-46
Wet scrubbing, emissions control systems, 439^8, 731
Wet venturi scrubber, 427
Wildlife, and environmental reviews, 850
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 851
Wind
cooling towers and, 373-74
energy systems, 794-96
site arrangement and prevailing, 645
Windbox, for steam generators, 217
Windbreaks, 159
Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), 795
Wind erosion, of coal storage piles, 159
Wind farms, 796
Winding terminal markings, 560-61
Windmills, 794
Winter operation, of cooling towers, 379-80, 381
Wire breakage, in electrostatic precipitators, 421-22
Wire pilots, 586
Wood, and construction of cooling towers, 374-75
Wood chips, 85
Wood waste, as alternate fuel, 85, 111
Work, as thermodynamic quantity, 41
Wye connection, 553, 554
Wye-wye windings, 561, 562
Wyoming, coal deposits in, 75, 89, 91
Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Site (Nevada), 742
Zeolites, and SCR systems, 681
Zero discharge water balance, 530, 532
Zero sequence, 554
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 40
Zircaloy pressure tube, 736-37
Zirconium oxide analyzers, 456
Zoning, and local permits, 847, 848
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