Perspective Drawing – FREEHAND AND MECHANICAL
اسم المؤلف
JOSEPH WILLIAM HULL
التاريخ
المشاهدات
219
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Perspective Drawing – FREEHAND AND MECHANICAL
By JOSEPH WILLIAM HULL
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, BERKELEY AND LOS
ANGELES • 1964
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES
CALIFORNIA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON, ENGLAND
COPYRIGHT, 1950, BY
THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH PRINTING, 1964
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

  1. Origin and Development of Perspective
  2. Definition of Perspective, Linear and Aerial
  3. Common Errors in Perspective Drawing
  4. Equipment
    I. ESSENTIALS OF REPRESENTATIONAL DRAWING
    1, Definition of Representational Forms
    2, The Potential of the Pencil
    a. Limbering-up Exercises
    II. THE FREEHAND SKETCH
  5. Determination of View
  6. Relative Positions of Drawing Board and Student
  7. The Three Phases of Freehand Drawing
    III. LINE DRAWING
  8. Calligraphy and the Drawn Linea. Examples from Manuscripts and Woodcuts
  9. Type Soloids and Simple Objects
  10. Round and Curved Objects
    a. Suggested Exercises
    b. Internai Structural Framework of Natural Forms
    c. Foreshortened. Position of Opposite Features
    d. Tangency of Internal Ellipses to Sides; Lengthening of Minor Axis of
    Ellipse
    e. Beginning Sketching in Architecture
  11. Perspective in Figure Drawing
    IV. RELIEF DRAWING, OR DRAWING IN LIGHT AND SHADE
  12. Comparison, Line and Relief Drawing
  13. The Tonal Scale
  14. Practice Strokes in Pencil; Suggestions for Textures and Modeling
  15. Forai without Line
    a. Comparison between Forms with Line and. Forms without Line
    b. Use of Models of Type Forms; Experience with Tonal Scales, Textures,
    Gradation of Values
  16. Type Form Evolutions a. Suggestions
    a. Suggestionsb. Convex and Concave Forms
    1) Regular and. Irregular Curvature
    2) Curvature and Perspective in Drawing the Human Form
    3) Curvature and Perspective in Light and Shade in the Human Form
    c. Derivatives of the Cylinder
  17. Scientific Illustration, Modeling Techniques
    a. Student Drawings
    b. Professional Scientific Illustration
    a. Development of
    b. Professional Architectural Rendering
  18. Sketching for Enjoyment
  19. Landscape Drawing
    I. THEORY OF PERSPECTIVE
    II. PRINCIPAL TERMS DEFINED
  20. The Picture Plane (PP)
  21. The Horizon Line (HL) or Eye Level (EL)
  22. The Line of Sight (LS)
  23. The Station Point (SP), or Eye
  24. The Center of Vision (CV)
  25. The Vanishing Trace (VT)
  26. The Ground Line (GL)
  27. The Measuring Point (MP)III. BASIC LAWS
    IV. SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL TERMS AND BASIC LAWS
  28. Basic Laws
  29. “Paste-on’ Exercise
    V. THE THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE
  30. One-point Perspective
    a. Definition
    b. Ascending and Descending Two-dimensional Planes
    o. One-point Perspective Projection
    d. Further Uses of One-point Perspective
    1) Views from Unusual Station Points
  31. Two-point Perspective
    a. Definition
    b. Projection
    c. Multi-vanishing-point Perspective
    d. Box Construction
  32. Three-point Perspective
    a. Definitionb. Comparison of the Three Types of Perspective
    c. Projection
    d. Unusual Views with an Inclined Picture Plane
    VI. ISOMETRIC DRAWING
  33. Definition
  34. Comparison of Cubes in Isometric and Perspective Drawing
    a. Isometric Cube
    b. Perspectively Drawn Cube
  35. Isometric Four-point Oval Compared with Perspectively Drawn Ellipse
  36. Isometric Drawing of an Interior
    VII. MEASURING DEPTHS OF PLANES
  37. Diagonal Method
  38. The Plan Principle
    VIII. INCLINED PLANES
  39. The Second Horizon Line, the Doubly Inclined Plane, and Intersecting
    Inclined Planes
  40. Uphill Views (in Parallel Perspective)
  41. Downhill Views (in Parallel Perspective)
  42. Progressive In el ine d-plane Construction; the Chair PrincipleIX. THE CIRCLE AND THE ELLIPSE
  43. Ellipse Construction
  44. Plan, Elevation, Perspective Projection
  45. The Axis of Rotation
  46. Measuring Depths for Moving x Planes
  47. Measuring Depths for Single-curve Surfaces
  48. Box Construction
  49. The Semicircular Plan
  50. Cylindrical Direction
  51. Spiral Planes
    X. THE SPHERE
  52. Sphere Distortion and Axial Direction
    XI. SHADOWS
  53. Definition
  54. Natural and Artificial Light
  55. Shadow Principles
  56. Shadows of Curved Surfaces and Curved Edges
  57. The Shadow Cast by an Object Parallel to the Ground Plane
    XII. REFLECTIONS
  58. The Theory of Reflections
  59. Rules for ReflectionsXIII. GEOMETRI REVIEW 1. Definitions and. Classifications
  60. Construction of Regular Polygons
  61. Methods of Dividing Lines into Equal or Proportionate Parts, Finding
    Centers, etc.
  62. Some Methods of Constructing an Oval
  63. The Parabolic Carve
  64. Development of Surfaces
    BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RECOMMENDED READING

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