Perspective Drawing – FREEHAND AND MECHANICAL
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Perspective Drawing – FREEHAND AND MECHANICAL
By JOSEPH WILLIAM HULL
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, BERKELEY AND LOS
ANGELES • 1964
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES
CALIFORNIA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON, ENGLAND
COPYRIGHT, 1950, BY
THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH PRINTING, 1964
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
- Origin and Development of Perspective
- Definition of Perspective, Linear and Aerial
- Common Errors in Perspective Drawing
- Equipment
I. ESSENTIALS OF REPRESENTATIONAL DRAWING
1, Definition of Representational Forms
2, The Potential of the Pencil
a. Limbering-up Exercises
II. THE FREEHAND SKETCH - Determination of View
- Relative Positions of Drawing Board and Student
- The Three Phases of Freehand Drawing
III. LINE DRAWING - Calligraphy and the Drawn Linea. Examples from Manuscripts and Woodcuts
- Type Soloids and Simple Objects
- Round and Curved Objects
a. Suggested Exercises
b. Internai Structural Framework of Natural Forms
c. Foreshortened. Position of Opposite Features
d. Tangency of Internal Ellipses to Sides; Lengthening of Minor Axis of
Ellipse
e. Beginning Sketching in Architecture - Perspective in Figure Drawing
IV. RELIEF DRAWING, OR DRAWING IN LIGHT AND SHADE - Comparison, Line and Relief Drawing
- The Tonal Scale
- Practice Strokes in Pencil; Suggestions for Textures and Modeling
- Forai without Line
a. Comparison between Forms with Line and. Forms without Line
b. Use of Models of Type Forms; Experience with Tonal Scales, Textures,
Gradation of Values - Type Form Evolutions a. Suggestions
a. Suggestionsb. Convex and Concave Forms
1) Regular and. Irregular Curvature
2) Curvature and Perspective in Drawing the Human Form
3) Curvature and Perspective in Light and Shade in the Human Form
c. Derivatives of the Cylinder - Scientific Illustration, Modeling Techniques
a. Student Drawings
b. Professional Scientific Illustration
a. Development of
b. Professional Architectural Rendering - Sketching for Enjoyment
- Landscape Drawing
I. THEORY OF PERSPECTIVE
II. PRINCIPAL TERMS DEFINED - The Picture Plane (PP)
- The Horizon Line (HL) or Eye Level (EL)
- The Line of Sight (LS)
- The Station Point (SP), or Eye
- The Center of Vision (CV)
- The Vanishing Trace (VT)
- The Ground Line (GL)
- The Measuring Point (MP)III. BASIC LAWS
IV. SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL TERMS AND BASIC LAWS - Basic Laws
- “Paste-on’ Exercise
V. THE THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE - One-point Perspective
a. Definition
b. Ascending and Descending Two-dimensional Planes
o. One-point Perspective Projection
d. Further Uses of One-point Perspective
1) Views from Unusual Station Points - Two-point Perspective
a. Definition
b. Projection
c. Multi-vanishing-point Perspective
d. Box Construction - Three-point Perspective
a. Definitionb. Comparison of the Three Types of Perspective
c. Projection
d. Unusual Views with an Inclined Picture Plane
VI. ISOMETRIC DRAWING - Definition
- Comparison of Cubes in Isometric and Perspective Drawing
a. Isometric Cube
b. Perspectively Drawn Cube - Isometric Four-point Oval Compared with Perspectively Drawn Ellipse
- Isometric Drawing of an Interior
VII. MEASURING DEPTHS OF PLANES - Diagonal Method
- The Plan Principle
VIII. INCLINED PLANES - The Second Horizon Line, the Doubly Inclined Plane, and Intersecting
Inclined Planes - Uphill Views (in Parallel Perspective)
- Downhill Views (in Parallel Perspective)
- Progressive In el ine d-plane Construction; the Chair PrincipleIX. THE CIRCLE AND THE ELLIPSE
- Ellipse Construction
- Plan, Elevation, Perspective Projection
- The Axis of Rotation
- Measuring Depths for Moving x Planes
- Measuring Depths for Single-curve Surfaces
- Box Construction
- The Semicircular Plan
- Cylindrical Direction
- Spiral Planes
X. THE SPHERE - Sphere Distortion and Axial Direction
XI. SHADOWS - Definition
- Natural and Artificial Light
- Shadow Principles
- Shadows of Curved Surfaces and Curved Edges
- The Shadow Cast by an Object Parallel to the Ground Plane
XII. REFLECTIONS - The Theory of Reflections
- Rules for ReflectionsXIII. GEOMETRI REVIEW 1. Definitions and. Classifications
- Construction of Regular Polygons
- Methods of Dividing Lines into Equal or Proportionate Parts, Finding
Centers, etc. - Some Methods of Constructing an Oval
- The Parabolic Carve
- Development of Surfaces
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RECOMMENDED READING
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