Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics Handbook
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D. Kumar
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697
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Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics Handbook
D. Kumar
Contents
Chapter 1: Stresses and Strains 1
1.1 Stress 1
1.2 Tension, Compression, and Strain 3
1.3 Elastic Limit, Hook’s Law, and Modulus of Elasticity 3
1.4 Stress−Strain Diagram 7
1.5 Extension of a Tapered Bar 13
1.6 Extension of Bar Due to Self-Weight 17
1.7 Principle of Superposition 20
1.8 Stresses in Bars of Varying Cross-Section 20
1.9 Stresses in Composite Bars 32
1.10 Shear Stress, Shear Strain, and Modulus of Rigidity 38
1.11 Complimentary Shear Stress 40
1.12 Hydrostatic Stress, Volumetric Strain, and
Bulk Modulus 42
1.13 Poisson’s Ratio 44
1.14 Relation Between Elastic Constants E, K, and C 45
1.15 Temperature Stresses 55
Review Questions 61
Chapter 2: Shear Force and Bending Moment 69
2.1 Shear Force and Bending Moment 69
2.2 Types of Beams and Loads 71vi • Contents
2.3 Relation Between Load Intensity, SF and BM 72
2.4 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
for a Few Standard Cases 73
Review Questions 101
Chapter 3: Internal Combustion Engines 107
3.1 Heat Engines 107
3.2 Classification of IC Engines 108
3.3 Engine Parts and Their Functions 110
3.4 Four-Stroke Petrol Engine 114
3.5 Four-Stroke Diesel Engine 118
3.6 Comparison Between Petrol and Diesel Engines 121
3.7 Two-Stroke System 122
3.8 Comparison Between Two-Stroke and
Four-Stroke Engines 125
3.9 Applications of Two-Stroke Engines 126
3.10 Performance Analysis of IC Engine 127
3.11 Measurement of Indicated Power and Brake Power 128
3.12 Performance Parameters 131
3.13 Morse Test 133
3.14 Heat Balance Sheet 134
3.15 Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 146
Review Questions 147
Chapter 4: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 155
4.1 Refrigeration: What Is It? 155
4.2 Heat Engine, Refrigerator, and Heat Pump 156
4.3 Rating or Capacity of A Refrigerating Unit 159
4.4 Methods of Refrigeration 160
4.5 Applications of Refrigeration 168
4.6 Domestic Refrigerator 170
4.7 Psychrometry 172
4.8 Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law 173
4.9 Specific Humidity, Relative Humidity, and Degree
of Saturation 174Contents • vii
4.10 Dry-Bulb Temperature and Wet-Bulb Temperature 177
4.11 Dew-Point and Adiabatic Saturation Temperature 179
4.12 Psychrometric Chart 183
4.13 Psychrometric Processes 187
4.14 Air Conditioning 190
4.15 Applications of Air Conditioning 190
4.16 Comfort Air Conditioning and Its Types 191
4.17 Human Comfort 192
4.18 Window Air Conditioner 192
Review Questions 195
Chapter 5: Fluid Mechanics 201
5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 202
5.2 Ideal And Real Fluids 203
5.3 Significance of Fluid Mechanics 204
5.4 Fluid Properties 205
5.5 Pressure and Its Relationship with Height 228
5.6 Equations of Motion 243
Review Questions 261
Chapter 6: Hydraulic Machines 267
6.1 Hydraulic Turbines 268
6.2 Pelton Turbine 273
6.3 Francis Turbine 275
6.4 Propeller and Kaplan Turbines 278
6.5 Hydraulic Pumps 281
6.6 Pump Classification and Selection Criterion 282
6.7 Pump Applications 283
6.8 Centrifugal Pumps 284
6.9 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps 285
6.10 Hydraulic Systems 290
Review Questions 298viii • Contents
Chapter 7: Measurement and Instrumentation 301
7.1 Measurement and Instrument 302
7.2 Measurement Methods 303
7.3 Static Terms and Characteristics 308
7.4 Measurement Errors 316
7.5 Pressure Measurements 321
7.6 Velocity Measurement 335
7.7 Flow Measurement 340
7.8 Temperature Measurement 349
7.9 Strain Measurement 361
7.10 Force Measurement 362
7.11 Torque Measurement (Torsion Meters) 367
7.12 Interchangeability: Limits, Fits, and Tolerances 370
Review Questions 373
Chapter 8: Control Systems 379
8.1 Control System: What Is It? 379
8.2 Examples of Control Systems 380
8.3 Classification of Control Systems 382
8.4 Control Systems Terminology 388
8.5 Servomechanism, Process Control, and Regulator 390
8.6 Sequence Control 391
8.7 Manual and Automatic Systems 392
Review Questions 397
Chapter 9: Mechatronics Systems: Basic Concepts
and Applications 403
9.1 Mechatronics: What Is It? 403
9.2 Origin and Evolution 404
9.3 Avionics, Bionics, and Autotronics 405
9.4 Applications of Mechatronics 408
9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 409Contents • ix
9.6 Sensors and Transducers 409
9.7 Mechanical Detector-Transducer Elements 410
9.8 Electrical Transducers 414
9.9 Transducer Classification and Description 418
9.10 Variable Resistance Transducers 420
9.11 Thermoelectric Transducers 422
9.12 Variable Inductance Transducers 423
9.13 Capacitive Transducers 430
9.14 Piezoelectric Transducers 433
9.15 Photoelectric Transducers 436
9.16 The Hall Effect 439
Review Questions 440
Chapter 10: Actuation and Actuating Systems 447
10.1 Actuator and Actuation 447
10.2 Mechanical Actuation Systems 448
10.3 Kinematic Link, Kinematic Pair, Mechanism,
and Machine 449
10.4 Kinematic Chains and Their Inversions 455
10.5 Belt and Chain Drive 463
10.6 Gears and Gear Drive 477
10.7 Cams and Followers 492
10.8 Bearings 497
10.9 Ratchet and Pawl 500
10.10 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuating Systems 501
10.11 Control Valves: Functions and Type 502
10.12 Accumulator 506
10.13 Amplification 507
10.14 Hydraulic Systems 514
10.15 Pneumatic Actuators Systems 519
Review Questions 525x • Contents
Chapter 11: Applications of Robots 529
11.1 Introduction 529
11.2 Robot Capabilities 530
11.3 Applications of Robots 531
11.4 Manufacturing Applications 532
11.5 Material Handling Applications 541
11.6 Cleanroom Robots 545
Review Questions 546
Index 547C H A P T E R
x
A
Absolute pressure, 234
Accumulator, 506
Accuracy, 308
Active component, 448
Active material, 448
Actuation, 447
Actuator, 447
Addendum, 482
Adhesion, 218
Adiabatic mixing, 189
Adiabatic saturation temperature, 179
Air-fuel ratio, 132
Amplification, 507
Anti-friction bearings, 499
Arc welding, 532
Assembly operation, 538
Atmospheric pressure, 233
Automatic control, 385
Autotronics, 407
Avionics, 405
Axial piston pump, 516
B
Beam, 69
Bearings, 497
Belt drive, 463
Bending moment, 70
Bernoulli’s equation, 248
Bevel gear, 478
Bimetallic thermometer, 351
Bionics, 406
Bourdon gauge, 333
Brake power, 128
Brake thermal efficiency, 131
Breaking strength, 9
Bulk modulus, 43
C
Calibration, 314
Cams and followers, 492
Camshaft and valve mechanism, 112
Capacitive transducer, 430
Capillarity, 218
Carburetor and spark plug, 114
Centrifugal pump, 284
Chain drive, 474
Circular pitch, 480
Cleanroom robots, 545
Closed loop, 384
Coefficient of performance, 157
Coefficient of velocity, 337
Cohesion, 218
Complimentary shear stress, 40
Composite bar, 32
Composite system, 32
Compound gear train, 486
Connecting rod, 111548 • Index
Coupled locomotive wheels, 461
Crank and crankshaft, 112
Creep, 466
Crossed belt, 463
Cup anemometer, 339
Current meter, 340
Cylinder and cylinder head, 110
D
Dalton’s law, 173
Dead zone, 310
Degree of saturation, 176
Dehumidification, 188
Detector-transducer, 409
Deviation, 371
Dew point, 179
Diametral pitch, 481
Die casting, 538
Directional control valve, 503
Domestic refrigerator, 170
Drift, 310
Drilling robots, 541
Dry bulb temperature, 177
E
Elastic constants, 45
Elastic force meters, 364
Elastic limit, 4
Electrical transducers, 414
Electromechanical actuator, 448
Electron beam welding (EBW), 534
Epicyclic gear train, 488
Error, 308
F
Factor of safety, 10
Fits, 370
Flapper nozzle valve, 517
Fluid power actuation, 501
Follower, 492
Forging, 537
Four bar linkage, 460
Four stroke
diesel engine, 118
petrol engine, 114
Francis turbine, 275
Fuel pump and injector, 114
G
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 535
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 535
Gage pressure, 232
Gear drive, 477
Gear pump, 515
Gear terminology, 480
Gear trains, 484
Generalized measurement system, 409
Grinding robots, 541
H
Hall effect, 439
Heat balance, 134
Heat engine, 107
Helical gear, 478
Herringbone gear, 478
Hook’s law, 4
Human comfort, 192
Humidification, 188
Humidity ratio, 175
Hydraulic
accumulator, 291
amplifier, 512
intensifier, 294
lift, 297
Hydraulic load cell, 365
Hydraulic turbines
Francis, 275
Kaplan, 278
Pelton, 273
Hydrodynamic head, 249
Hydrostatic law, 230
Hydrostatic strain/stress, 42
Hysteresis, 310Index • 549
I
IC engine, 107
Ideal fluid, 203
Impulse turbine, 269
Indicated power, 127
Indicated thermal efficiency, 131
Inductive transducer, 423
Interchangeability, 370
Inversion point, 165
J
Jet pipe valve, 518
Joule-Thomson coefficient, 165
Journal bearing, 497
K
Kaplan turbine, 278
Kinematic
chain, 455
link, 449
pair, 451
Kinematic viscosity, 212
L
Lateral strain, 44
Lever, 508
Limit of proportionality, 8
Limits, 370
Linearity, 313
Linear variable differential transformer, 428
Load intensity, 72
Longitudinal strain, 44
M
Machine, 451
Machine loading robotics, 545
Machine tending, 536
Machine vision applications, 540
Magnetic refrigeration, 168
Magnetoresistive, 420
Manometers, 321
Manual control, 392
Mass density, 206
Material handling, 541
Material removal robot, 540
Measurand, 302
Measurement, 302
Measurement errors, 316
Mechanical amplifiers, 508
Mechanical efficiency, 131
Mechanical refrigeration, 166
Mechanism, 451
Mechatronics, 403
Methods of refrigeration, 160
MIG welding, 535
Module, 481
Modulus of
elasticity, 4
rigidity, 39
Morse test, 133
N
Newtonian fluid, 227
Newton’s law of viscosity, 209
Non-Newtonian fluid, 227
Nozzle flapper valve, 517
O
Open belt, 463
Open loop, 382
Optical pyrometer, 360
Orifice flow meter, 343
Oscillating cylinder engine, 462
P
Palletizing, 543
Partial pressure, 174
Parts transfer robots, 543
Pascal’s law, 229
Pelton wheel/turbine, 273
Pendulum pump, 462550 • Index
Pendulum scale, 363
Photocells, 436
Pick and place operations, 544
Piezoelectric transducer, 433
Piezometer, 322
Piston and piston rings, 111
Pitot static tube, 335
Plastic molding, 538
Pneumatic actuator, 522
Pneumatic amplifier, 513
Pneumatic load cell, 366
Pneumatic nozzle flapper, 520
Pneumatic relay, 522
Poise/centipoise, 211
Poisson’s ratio, 44
Potentiometers, 420
Precision, 312
Primary strain, 44
Principle of superposition, 20
Process control, 390
Proportional limit, 8
Proving ring, 365
Psychrometric chart, 183
Psychrometry, 172
Pyrometers, 358
R
Rack and pinion, 479
Radiation pyrometer, 358
Random error, 320
Range, 308
Ratchet and pawl, 500
Reaction turbine, 269
Real fluid, 203
Refrigerating effect, 158
Regulator, 390
Relative COP, 158
Relative humidity, 175
Repeatability, 312
Reproducibility, 312
Resistance thermometer, 355
Resistive transducer, 420
Resolution, 311
Reverted gear train, 487
Robotic deburring, 540
Robotic palletizing, 543
Robot order picking process, 545
Robots
applications of, 531
capabilities of, 530
for material handling
benefits of, 542
machine loading and unloading
applications, 545
order picking, 545
palletizing, 543
parts transferring, 543
pick and place operations, 544
uses, 529
Rotameter, 347
Round belt, 466
S
Scavenging, 123
Sealing/Dispensing, 539
Secondary strain, 44
Sensible cooling/heating, 188
Sensitivity, 310
Sensor, 409
Sequence control, 391
Servomechanism, 390
Shear force, 70
Shear strain/stress, 38
Simple gear train, 484
Slider crank chain, 462
Sling psychrometer, 178
Slip, 466
Specific fuel consumption, 132
Specific gravity, 207
Specific humidity, 174
Specific output, 132
Specific speed, 272
Specific weight, 206
Spiral gear, 479
Spool valves, 517
Spot welding, 533Index • 551
Spray painting robots, 535
Spur gear, 478
Stokes/centistokes, 212
Strain, 3
Strain gauge load cell, 366
Strain measurement, 361
Stress, 1
Stress-strain diagram, 7
Surface tension, 218
Systematic error, 320
T
Thermal stress/strain, 56
Thermistor, 357
Thermocouple, 353
Thermoelectric cooling, 167
Thermostat, 171
Threshold, 311
Throttling process, 164
Thrust bearing, 498
TIG welding, 535
Tolerance, 370
Ton of refrigeration, 159
Torsion meters, 367
Total radiation pyrometer, 358
Transducer, 409
Turbine
Francis, 275
Kaplan, 278
Pelton, 273
Turbine meter, 340
Two stroke system, 122
U
Ultimate strength, 9
V
Valve, 502
Vane anemometer, 339
Vane pump, 515
Variable inductance transducer, 423
Variable resistance transducers, 420
V-belt, 465
Velocity ratio, 466
Venturi flow meter, 341
Viscosity, 208
Volumetric strain, 42
Vortex tube, 168
W
Welding, 532
Wet bulb temperature, 177
Window air-conditioner, 192
Working stress, 10
Worm gear, 479
Y
Yield point, 9
Young modulus, 4

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