Make – DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Biology Experiments

Make – DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Biology Experiments
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Robert Bruce Thompson, Barbara Fritchman Thompson
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Make – DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Biology Experiments
All Lab, No Lecture
Robert Bruce Thompson, Barbara Fritchman Thompson
Master the use of the microscope, including sectioning and staining
Build and observe microcosms, soda-bottle worlds of pond life
Investigate the chemistry of life from simple acids, bases, and buffers to complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes, and DNA
Extract, isolate, and observe DNA
Explore photosynthesis, osmosis, nitrogen fixation, and other life processes
Investigate the cell cycle (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Observe populations and ecosystems, and perform air and water pollution tests
Investigate genetics and inheritance
Do hands-on microbiology, from simple culturing to micro-evolution of bacteria by forced selection
Gain hands-on lab experience to prepare for the AP Biology exam
Table of Contents
DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Biology Experiments: All Lab, No
Lecture
Preface
Who this Book is For
How this Book is Organized
Acknowledgments
How to Contact Us
Thank You
Author Bios

  1. Introduction
    Using this Book with Your Curriculum
    Planning and Scheduling
    Work Areas
    Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
    Laboratory Notebook Guidelines
    Laboratory Notebook Format
  2. Equipping a Home Biology Laboratory
    Microscopes and Accessories
    Microscope Types
    Compound Microscope
    Head Style
    Illumination Type and Power Source
    Illumination Methods
    Nosepiece and Objective Lenses
    Eyepieces (Oculars)
    Focuser
    Mechanical Stage
    Substage Condenser, Diaphragm, and Filter Holder
    The Final Decision
    Stereo Microscope
    Portable Microscopes and Magnifiers
    Microscope Accessories
    Cleaning EquipmentImmersion Oil
    Photomicrography Equipment
    Slide Preparation Equipment and Supplies
    Slides
    Coverslips
    Butane Lighter or Alcohol Lamp
    Forceps and Slide Tongs
    Mountants
    Biological Stains
    Coplin Staining Jar
    Slide Storage
    Culturing Equipment and Supplies
    Autoclave
    Incubator
    Culturing Containers
    Petri Dishes
    Culture Tubes
    Culture Flasks
    Culturing Media
    Culturing Accessories
    Histology Equipment and Supplies
    Microtome
    Dehydration Baths
    Embedding Blocks
    General Laboratory Equipment
    Major Equipment
    Spectrophotometer
    Cellphone Spectrophotometer
    Ultracentrifuge
    DNA Processing Equipment and Supplies
    Prepared Slides
    Specimens
  3. Laboratory Safety
    Prepare Properly
    Dress Properly
    Avoid Laboratory Hazards
    Don’t Do Stupid Things4. Using a Microscope
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure I-1-1: A Microscope Tour
    Controlling and Focusing the Light
    Focusing the Microscope
    Determining Field of View and Measuring Specimens
    Positioning and Observing a Slide
    Build a Darkfield Apparatus from Pocket Change
    Review Questions
  4. Mounting Specimens
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure I-2-1: Making Wet Mounts
    Mounting a Hair Specimen
    Comparing Temporary Mounting Fluids
    Procedure I-2-2: Making Smear Mounts
    Procedure I-2-3: Making Hanging Drop Mounts
    Procedure I-2-4: Making Sectional Mounts
    Review Questions
  5. Staining
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure I-3-1: Simple Staining
    Procedure I-3-2: Gram Staining
    Review Questions
  6. Building and Observing Microcosms
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    BackgroundProcedure II-1-1: Gathering Materials
    Field Trip!
    Procedure II-1-2: Building Aquarium Microcosms
    Procedure II-1-3: Building Winogradsky Column Microcosms
    Procedure II-1-4: Observing Winogradsky Column Microcosms
    Review Questions
  7. Observing Succession in Aquarium Microcosms
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure II-2-1: Observe Succession in Microcosms
    Review Questions
  8. Observing the Effects of Pollution in Microcosms
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure II-3-1: Build Polluted Microcosms
    Procedure II-3-2: Observe Succession in Polluted Microcosms
    Review Questions
  9. Acids, Bases, and Buffers
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure III-1-1: Percentage and Molar Concentrations
    Making Up 1 M Solutions
    Procedure III-1-2: Effect of Concentration on pH
    Populating the Reaction Plate
    Determining the pH of the Solutions
    Procedure III-1-3: pH of Household Materials
    Procedure III-1-4: Buffers
    Preparing a 0.1 M Acetate Buffer Solution
    Testing the Buffer Solution
    Review Questions
  10. Carbohydrates and LipidsEquipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Carbohydrates (Saccharides)
    Lipids
    Procedure III-2-1: Investigating Sugars
    Procedure III-2-2: Investigating Starches
    Testing Specimens for the Presence of Starch
    Testing for Starch at the Cellular Level
    Procedure III-2-3: Investigating Lipids
    Solubility of Lipids
    The Grease-Spot Test for Lipids
    The Effect of Sudan III Stain on Lipids
    Observing Lipids at the Cellular Level
    Review Questions
  11. Proteins, Enzymes, and Vitamins
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Proteins
    Enzymes
    Vitamins
    Procedure III-3-1: Investigating Proteins
    Preparing Specimens
    Detecting Proteins with the Biuret Test
    Testing for the Presence of Cystine
    Denaturing Proteins with Alcohol, Acids, Bases, and HeavyMetal Ions
    Procedure III-3-2: Investigating Enzyme Catalysis
    Prepare a Standard Peroxidase Solution
    Prepare Modified Peroxidase Solutions
    Prepare a Neutral Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide
    Test the Activity of Peroxidase Solutions
    Procedure III-3-3: Assaying Vitamin C Concentration in Urine
    Make Up a Standardized Vitamin C SolutionAssay Vitamin C Concentrations
    Review Questions
  12. Coacervates
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure III-4-1: Prepare and Observe a Coacervate
    Review Questions
  13. Extracting, Isolating, and Visualizing DNA
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure III-5-1: Extracting and Visualizing DNA
    Review Questions
  14. Build a Gel Electrophoresis Apparatus
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure III-6-1: Making the Gel Casting Container and Comb
    Procedure III-6-2: Assemble the Apparatus
  15. Simulated DNA Separation by Gel Electrophoresis
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure III-7-1: Prepare Running Buffer
    Procedure III-7-2: Prepare and Cast the Gel
    Procedure III-7-3: Load and Run the Dye Specimens
    Review Questions
  16. Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    BackgroundProcedure IV-1-1: Observing Carbon Dioxide Uptake
    Procedure IV-1-2: Determining the Effect of Light Intensity on
    Photosynthesis
    Procedure IV-1-3: Chromatography of Plant Pigments and Locating
    Cellular Energy Reserves
    Review Questions
  17. Investigating Osmosis
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure IV-2-1: Observing Osmosis in Chicken Eggs
    Review Questions
  18. Investigating Cell Division
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure IV-3-1: Observing Mitosis
    Review Questions
  19. Sampling Plant Populations in a Community
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure V-1-1: Choosing and Preparing the Survey Area
    Procedure V-1-2: Surveying the Plant Community
    Procedure V-1-3: Performing a Population Count
    Review Questions
  20. Observing the Effect of Rhizobia on Plant Growth
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure V-2-1: Grow Lima Beans With and Without Rhizobia
    Endnote
    Review Questions22. Air Pollution Testing
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure V-3-1: Building Particle Traps
    Procedure V-3-2: Positioning and Exposing the Particle Traps
    Procedure V-3-3: Counting and Identifying Particles
    Review Questions
  21. Soil and Water Pollution Testing
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure V-4-1: Obtaining Soil and Water Specimens
    Procedure V-4-2: Testing the Reagents
    Procedure V-4-3: Making Boron Concentration Comparison Standards
    Procedure V-4-4: Testing Specimens for Boron
    Review Questions
  22. Exploring Mendelian Genetics
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure VI-1-1: Testing Subjects for the Ability to Taste PTC
    Procedure VI-1-2: Charting Inheritance of PTC-Tasting Ability
    Review Questions
  23. Observing Specialized Eukaryotic Cells
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure VII-1-1: Observing Onion Epidermal and Elodea Leaf Cells
    Procedure VII-1-2: Comparing and Contrasting Eukaryotic Cells
    Review Questions
  24. Preparing Culturing Media
    Equipment and MaterialsMaterials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure VII-2-1: Preparing Normal Saline and Nutrient Media
    Review Questions
  25. Culturing Bacteria
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure VII-3-1: Staining and Observing the Original Culture
    Procedure VII-3-2: Inoculating Plates and Tubes
    Procedure VII-3-3: Producing Pure Cultures
    Review Questions
  26. Investigating Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure VII-4-1: Testing Antibiotic Sensitivity
    Procedure VII-4-2: Culturing an Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Strain
    Procedure VII-4-3: Retesting Sensitivity of the Resistant Strain
    Review Questions
  27. Investigating Protista
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure VIII-1-1: Observing Spirogyrae
    Procedure VIII-1-2: Observing Euglenae
    Procedure VIII-1-3: Observing Amoebae
    Procedure VIII-1-4: Observing Paramecia
    Review Questions
  28. Investigating Fungi
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You ProvideBackground
    Procedure IX-1-1: Observing Zygomycota
    Procedure IX-1-2: Observing Ascomycota
    Procedure IX-1-3: Observing Basidiomycota
    Review Questions
  29. Investigating Simple Plants: Mosses and Ferns
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure X-1-1: Observing Moss Structures
    Procedure X-1-2: Observing Fern Structures
    Review Questions
  30. Investigating Seed Plants
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure X-2-1: Observing Germination of a Seed Plant
    Procedure X-2-2: Observing Root Structures
    Procedure X-2-3: Observing Stem Structures
    Procedure X-2-4: Observing Leaf Structures
    Procedure X-2-5: Observing Reproductive Structures
    Review Questions
  31. Investigating Porifera and Cnidaria
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure XI-1-1: Observing Porifera
    Procedure XI-1-2: Observing Cnidaria
    Review Questions
  32. Investigating Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    BackgroundProcedure XI-2-1: Observing Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
    Procedure XI-2-2: Observing Nematoda (Roundworms)
    Procedure XI-2-3: Observing Annelida (Segmented Worms)
    Review Questions
  33. Investigating Arthropods
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure XI-3-1: Observing and Comparing Arthropod Structures
    Procedure XI-3-2: Observing Insect Metamorphosis
    Review Questions
  34. Investigating Vertebrate Tissues
    Equipment and Materials
    Materials from Kit
    Materials You Provide
    Background
    Procedure XI-4-1: Observing Epithelial Tissues
    Procedure XI-4-2: Observing Connective Tissues
    Procedure XI-4-3: Observing Muscle Tissues
    Procedure XI-4-4: Observing Nervous Tissues
    Review Questions
    Index
    About the Authors

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