Introduction to Materials Handling
Introduction to Materials Handling
Siddhartha Ray
Ph.D.
Director-in-Charge
National Institute of Technical
Teachers’ Training and Research
KOLKATA
CONTENTS
Preface . (vii)
Acknowledgement . (ix)
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS HANDLING . 1 – 8
1.1 Definition and Scope of Materials Handling . 1
1.2 Importance of Materials Handling . 2
1.3 Systems Concept . 3
1.4 Characteristics and Classification of Materials . 4
2.0 PRINCIPLES OF MATERIALS HANDLING . 9 – 15
2.1 Planning Principle . 9
2.2 Systems Principle . 10
2.3 Material Flow Principle . 10
2.4 Simplification Principle . 11
2.5 Gravity Principle . 11
2.6 Space Utilization Principle . 11
2.7 Unit Size Principle . 12
2.8 Safety Principle . 12
2.9 Mechanization Principle . 12
2.10 Equipment Selection Principle . 12
2.11 Standardization Principle . 13
2.12 Flexibility Principle . 13
2.13 Dead-Weight Principle . 13
2.14 Motion Principle . 13
2.15 Idle Time Principle . 14
2.16 Maintenance Principle . 14
2.17 Obsolescence Principle . 14
2.18 Control Principle . 15
2.19 Capacity Principle . 15
2.20 Performance Principle . 15
3.0 UNIT LOAD CONCEPT . 16 – 20
3.1 Definition of Unit Load . 16
3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages . 16
3.3 Load Unitization Process and Handling Methods . 173.4 Pallets, Skids and Containers . 19
3.5 Alternative Methods of Handling . 23
3.6 Packaging for Materials Handling . 24
4.0 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT . 29 – 34
4.1 Basic Equipment Types . 29
4.2 Classification of Handling Equipment . 30
5.0 INDUSTRIAL VEHICLES/TRUCKS . 35 – 56
5.1 Hand Trucks . 35
5.2 Power Trucks . 40
5.3 Fork Lift Trucks . 43
5.4 Tractors . 52
6.0 CONVEYORS . 57 – 118
6.1 Belt Conveyors . 57
6.2 Chain Conveyors . 78
6.3 Haulage Conveyors . 95
6.4 Cable Conveyors . 98
6.5 Bucket Conveyors . 101
6.6 Roller Conveyors . 101
6.7 Screw Conveyors . 112
7.0 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC CONVEYORS . 119 – 131
7.1 Pneumatic Conveyors . 119
7.2 Hydraulic Conveyors . 129
8.0 HOISTING EQUIPMENT . 132 – 175
8.1 Parts of Hoisting Equipment . 132
8.2 Hoists . 146
8.3 Winches . 148
8.4 Elevators . 149
8.5 Cranes . 161
8.6 Derricks . 174
9.0 BULK HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS . 176 – 184
9.1 Storage of Bulk Solids . 176
9.2 Bulk Handling Equipment . 177
CONTENTS xii10.0 ROBOTIC HANDLING . 185 – 190
10.1 Materials Handling at the Workplace . 185
10.2 Robots and their Classification . 185
10.3 Robotic Handling Applications . 189
11.0 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT . 191 – 198
11.1 Gates . 191
11.2 Feeders . 192
11.3 Chutes . 195
11.4 Positioners . 196
11.5 Ball Table . 197
11.6 Weighing and Control Equipment . 197
11.7 Pallet Loader and Unloader . 198
12.0 ORGANISATION, MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY . 199 – 209
12.1 Organisation . 199
12.2 Maintenance . 201
12.3 Safety in Materials Handling . 202
APPENDIX : List of Materials Handling Equipment
Manufacturers . 211 – 223
INDEX . 225 –23
INDEX
A
Accident prevention, forklift 205-206
Aerial tramways 99
A-frame derrick 175
Air-lock feeder 121
Air-activated gravity conveyor 125
Air-lock gate 126
Airslide 125
Apron conveyor 78-80
Apron feeders 192
Arm Conveyor 80
Automatic weighing scale 197
Automation principle 12
Auxiliary equipment 30, 191
B
Ball table
ball transfer 197
castor table 197
Ball transfer 197
Batcher 198
Battery charging 51
Belt conveyors
chain or rope driven 60
characteristics 57
closed 58
definition / description 57
design 67-76
flat 57
metallic 59
portable 60
submerged 60
parts of
belt 61-62
conveyor pulley 64
drives 64
idler 62-64
loading / unloading devices 65-66
take ups / belt tensioning
device 64-65
training idlers 66
troughed, 58
Belt feeders 192
Belt sag 73
Belt tension 71
Belt wagon 178
Bins 176
Blow tank 128
Boom 161
Bowl feeders 192, 195
Brake 140-141
Brake-drum coupling 148
Bridge cranes 165-167
bottom running 167
top running 167
Bridges 197
Bucket conveyors 101
Bucket elevators 149-158
Bucket wheel excavator 177-178
Bucket wheel reclaimer 180
Bulk handling 176
Bulk handling equipment 30, 177-183
belt wagon 178
bucket wheel excavator 177-178
bucket wheel reclaimer 180
container handling crane 183
mobile transfer conveyor 178
scraper reclaimer 180
shiploader 181-182
shipunloader 182
spreader 178-179
stacker 179
stacker-cum-reclaimer 181
Bunkers 176
C
Cable Conveyors
classification 99
bicable system 99
223224 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS HANDLING
monocable system 99
components 99-100
definition/description 98
Capacity principle 15
Carrier beams 143
Carrier chain conveyor 82-83
Cartons 26
Car-type conveyor 81
Castor table 197
Centrifugal discharge elevator 151
Chain conveyors
apron / pan design 79-80
apron or pan 78
carrier 82-83
car-type 81
characteristics 78
components 89-92
chain link-plate 90-91
chain, combination 90
chain, round link 89
drive arrangements 91
sprockets 91
take-up arrangements 91
Cross bar /arm 80-81
definition /description 78
design, aspects of 92-95
flat-top 83
pivoted bucket 88-89
power and free 86-88
suspended tray 88-89
swing tray 88-89
trolley 83-86
Chain guide 133
Chain sprocket 91, 132-133
Chamber feeder 128
Change over valve 121,126,128
Characteristics of materials 4-6
Charger 195
Chutes
ladder / spiral 196
pipe 196
transfer slides 196
trough 195-196
Clamps 143-144
Classification of materials 4-6
Codification of materials 6-8
Continuous discharge elevator 152
Control principle 15
Container 19, 22
Container handling crane 183
Conveyor scale 197
Conveyors 30
classification, 31-32
Conveyor belt 61
cleaners 66
construction 61
designation 62
splicing 62
tensioning devices 64
Counter 197
Crab 165
Crane grabs 143
Crane trolley 165
Cranes 32, 161-173
bridge 165-167
types of 166-167
gantry 167-169
jib 163-165
mobile 162
overhead travelling 165-167
rotary 161
slewing 161
stationary revolving 162
stationary 162
wharf 169-172
Crates 25
Crawler cranes 173
Crawler drive 191
Cross bar conveyor 80
Crushing plant 129
Cyclone separator 128INDEX 225
D
Dead-weight principle 13
Derricks 174-175
A-frame 175
gin pole 175
guy 174
stiffleg 175
Disk feeders 194
Diverting valve 121, 126, 128
Dock board 197
Dock leveler 197
Drag chain conveyor 95-96
Dust collector 126, 128
Dynamic phenomena in
chain conveyor 92-93
E
Electric hoist 147
Electro magnets 145
Electro-hydraulic brakes 141
Electromagnetic brakes 141
Elevating platform 197
Elevators 32, 149, 160
bucket 149-198
capacity calculation 158
centrifugal discharge 151
continuous discharge 152
definition 149
descriptive specification 149-151
fixing arrangement 156-157
positive discharge 151
selection of type of 153-154
types 151-152
use 151
freight 160
Equipment
basic type 29
classification 30-33
Equipment selection principle 12-13
F
Feeders 192
apron 192-193
belt 192
bowl 195
disk 194
oscillating 192
screw 192
vibrating 193-194
Filter 126,128
Flat-top conveyor 83
Flexibility principle 13
Flight conveyor 96
Floating cranes 174
Fork lift truck (FLT) 43
attachments 47-49
batteries 49-52
capacity rating 46
parts of 44
specifications 45-46
turning radius 47
Freight elevators 160
cage 160
shaft 160
G
Gantry cranes 167-169
cantilever 169
fixed 168
portable 168
semi 168
single leg 168
Gates 191
pivoted 191
slide 191
trough 191
Gin pole derrick 175
Grab buckets 144-145
Grabbing attachments 144
Grabs 143
Gravity principle 11226 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS HANDLING
Guide block 133
Guy derrick 174
H
Hand operated hoist 146-147
Hand trucks 35
multiple wheel 36-38
lift 38-40
pallet 38-39
platform 37, 39
two-wheel 35-36
Haulage conveyors 95-98
definition/characteristics 95
types of 95-98
drag chain 95-96
flight 96-97
tow 97-98
Hoisting Equipment 30, 132
parts 132
arresting gears 140
brakes 140-141
load handling attachments 141-145
pulleys 138-140
roller chain 132-133
rope drum 134, 135
sprockets 132-133
welded chain 132
wire rope 134-135
Hoists 92,146
characteristics 146
constructional features 146-147
definition 146
electric 147
fixed 146
hand operated 146-147
safe use 207
specifications 148
travelling 146
uses 146
Hooks 141-142
suspension of 142
Housekeeping 208
Hydraulic conveyors 129
advantage/ disadvantage 129
definition 129
design consideration 130
volume of water 130
water head 130
working velocity 130
Hydraulic lifts 197
Hydraulic loss factor 130
I
Idle time principle 14
Industrial packaging 24
Industrial tractor 52-53
Industrial vehicles / trucks 29
classification 30-31
J
Jib crane 163-165
fixed-tower hammerhead 164-165
revolving mast 163-164
revolving pillar 163
rotary girder 164
swinging pillar 163
travelling 164
L
Ladder chutes 196
Ladles 145
Level control 198
Level luffing system 170
four bar link 170
swing lever 170
topils mechanism 170
Lifts 160
Locomotive cranes 174
Lowest cost solution 1
Luffing 161
M
Maintenance 201-202
Maintenance principle 14
Manipulator 185INDEX 227
Material
characteristics 4-6
classification 4-6
code 6-8
Materials flow principle 10
Materials handling
at workplace 185
basic equipment type 29
definition of 1
equation 9
importance of 2-3
principles 9-15
scope of 1
systems concepts 3-4
Mechanical handling 1
Mechanization principle 12
Mobile transfer conveyor 178
Monorail tramways 99
Motion principle 13-14
N
Nozzle suction 126
O
Obsolescence principle 14
Open pile storage 177
Open cast mining 177
Organisation 199-201
Oscillating feeder 192, 193
OSHA 203
Overhead travelling cranes 165-167
P
Packing 24
Pallet 19-21
Pallet loader 198
Pallet pattern 21
Pallet truck 38-39
Pallet unloader 198
Pan conveyor 78-80
Pawl and ratchet 140
Performance principle 15
Pillar crane 172
Pivoted bucket conveyor 88-89
Pivoted gate 191
Planning principle 9-10
Pneumatic conveyors
definition 119
type of 120
combination system 122-123
high pressure system 120-121
low pressure system 120
medium pressure system 120
negative pressure system 121-122
positive pressure system 120-121
Port handling equipment 181
Positioners 196
manipulator and charger 197
positioning holding fixture 196-197
table, lifts, bridge, ramps 197
Positioning table 197
Positive discharge elevator 151
Power and free conveyor 86-87
Power trucks 40
fixed platform 40-41
pallet lift 41-42
platform lift 41
reach 41
side loader 41
straddle carrier 43
walkie 42-43
Power shovel 177
Principles of materials handling 9-15
Pulley 138
fixed 138
moveable 138
Pulley systems 130-140
multiple 139-140
Pulp 129
R
Railroad cranes 174
Ramp 197
Reach truck 41
Receiver 126, 128228 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS HANDLING
Recovery system 129
Robot
articulated 187-188
jointed cylindrical 187, 188
paralellogram 187-188
pure spherical 187-188
cartesian coordinate 187
classifications 186-188
components 186
controller 186
manipulator 186
power conversion unit 186
sensory devices 186
cylindrical coordinate 187
definition 185
jointed arm 187-188
spherical coordinate 187
Robotic handling 30, 185
machine loading / unloading 189
material transfer 189
palletisation / depalletisation 189
pick and place 189
Roller conveyors
definition and characteristics 101
design 107-112
parts of powered 106-107
rollers 106
frames 106
drive arrangement 106-107
parts of unpowered 102-105
rollers 102-103
frame 103-104
stands or trestles 104
portable 107
powered 106
type of 102
unpowered 102
Roller ratchet 141
Rope drum 135-138
Ropeways 98
S
Safety 202-208
Safety and health regulation 202
Safety policy 202
Safety principle 12
Screw conveyors
definition, characteristics and use 112
design 114-117
capacity 116
power 116-117
recommended dimensions 114-115
specifications 112-114
Scraper reclaimer 180
Screw feeder 123, 127, 192
Screw feeders 192
Selection of
belt carcass 74
driving pulleys 72
idlers 75-76
pneumatic handing system 124
Self closing tongs 144
Seperator 126-128
Settling velocity 130
Sheds 177
Shrink wrapping 26
Shiploader 181-182
Shipunloader 182
Side loader truck 41-42
Silos 177
Simplification principle 11
Skid 19-20
Skip 158
Skip hoists 158-159
Skipbridge/ skipway 158
Slewing crane 161
Slide gates 191
Space utilization principle 11
Spiral chutes 196
Spreader 178-179
Standardization principle 13
Stacker 179INDEX 229
Stacker-cum-reclaimer 181
Steel wire rope 134-135
Stiffleg derrick 175
Stockhouse bins 176
Stock piling 176-177
Storage guildelines 208
Storage of bulk solids 176
bins 176
bunkers 176
open pile 177
sheds 177
silos 177
stockhouse bins 176
Straddle carrier 43
Stretch wrapping 26
Suction nozzle 126
Suspended tray conveyor 88-89
Swing tray conveyor 88-89
Systems concepts 3-4
Systems principle 10
T
Thrustor brake 141
Tongs, self closing 144
Tow conveyor 97-98
Tower cranes 172
Tractors
industrial tractor 52-53
trailer 53
Trailer 53-54
Training 203
Transfer slide 196
Travelling crane 165
Tripper car 178
Trolley conveyor 83-86
Trough chutes 195
Trough gates 191
Truck & Wagon cranes 172-173
Tube conveyor 126
Tubs 144
Turning-roll positioner 197
Turntable 161
U
Unit load
concept 16
definition of 16
Unit size principle 12
Unitized load 16
types of 18-19
Universal vise 196
V
Vibrating feeders 193
electromagnetic 193
mechanical 193
W
Walkie truck 42
Weigh hopper 198
Welding positioner 197
Wharf cranes 169-172
high pedestal 169
level luffing 170, 169
portal 169
semi-portal 169
stability of 172
technical specifications 171
Winches 148
constructional features 148
definition 148
multiple drum 148
uses 148
Wire rope 134-135
lang lay 135
parallel lay 135
regular lay 135
Wooden boxes 25
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