Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning – Analysis and Design
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning – Analysis and Design
Sixth Edition
Faye C. McQuiston
Oklahoma State University
Jerald D. Parker
Oklahoma Christian University
Jeffrey D. Spitler
Oklahoma State University
Contents
Preface xi
About the Authors xiii
Symbols xv
1. Introduction 1
1-1 Historical Notes 1
1-2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 3
1-3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 6
1-4 Additional Comments 18
References 18
Problems 19
2. Air-Conditioning Systems 22
2-1 The Complete System 22
2-2 System Selection and Arrangement 26
2-3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 28
2-4 Types of All-Air Systems 29
2-5 Air-and-Water Systems 36
2-6 All-Water Systems 37
2-7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 39
2-8 Heat Pump Systems 41
2-9 Heat Recovery Systems 44
2-10 Thermal Energy Storage 45
References 46
Problems 46
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 49
3-1 Moist Air and the Standard Atmosphere 49
3-2 Fundamental Parameters 51
3-3 Adiabatic Saturation 53
3-4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 55
3-5 Classic Moist Air Processes 56
3-6 Space Air Conditioning—Design Conditions 65
3-7 Space Air Conditioning—Off-Design Conditions 75
References 79
Problems 79
v4. Comfort and Health—Indoor Environmental Quality 85
4-1 Comfort—Physiological Considerations 85
4-2 Environmental Comfort Indices 86
4-3 Comfort Conditions 89
4-4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 92
4-5 Common Contaminants 93
4-6 Methods to Control Humidity 95
4-7 Methods to Control Contaminants 98
References 115
Problems 116
5. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 119
5-1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 119
5-2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 138
5-3 Moisture Transmission 153
References 154
Problems 154
6. Space Heating Load 158
6-1 Outdoor Design Conditions 158
6-2 Indoor Design Conditions 159
6-3 Transmission Heat Losses 160
6-4 Infiltration 160
6-5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 173
6-6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 175
6-7 Intermittently Heated Structures 175
6-8 Supply Air For Space Heating 175
6-9 Source Media for Space Heating 176
6-10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads 177
References 178
Problems 179
7. Solar Radiation 181
7-1 Thermal Radiation 181
7-2 The Earth’s Motion About the Sun 184
7-3 Time 185
7-4 Solar Angles 187
7-5 Solar Irradiation 190
7-6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 197
7-7 Energy Calculations 212
References 213
Problems 213
vi Contents8. The Cooling Load 216
8-1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 216
8-2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 219
8-3 Design Conditions 220
8-4 Internal Heat Gains 221
8-5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 226
8-6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 228
8-7 Outside Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 231
8-8 Fenestration—Transmitted Solar Radiation 237
8-9 Interior Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 240
8-10 Surface Heat Balance—Transparent Surfaces 246
8-11 Zone Air Heat Balance 249
8-12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 254
8-13 Radiant Time Series Method 255
8-14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 266
8-15 Supply Air Quantities 273
References 273
Problems 275
9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 279
9-1 Degree-Day Procedure 279
9-2 Bin Method 282
9-3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 289
9-4 Energy Calculation Tools 293
9-5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294
References 295
Problems 297
10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 299
10-1 Fluid Flow Basics 299
10-2 Centrifugal Pumps 310
10-3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 314
10-4 Piping System Fundamentals 317
10-5 System Design 335
10-6 Steam Heating Systems 343
References 358
Problems 359
11. Space Air Diffusion 366
11-1 Behavior of Jets 366
11-2 Air-Distribution System Design 374
References 391
Problems 391
Contents vii12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 394
12-1 Fans 394
12-2 Fan Relations 394
12-3 Fan Performance and Selection 399
12-4 Fan Installation 407
12-5 Field Performance Testing 414
12-6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 416
12-7 Air Flow in Ducts 418
12-8 Air Flow in Fittings 425
12-9 Accessories 437
12-10 Duct Design—General 439
12-11 Duct Design—Sizing 444
References 454
Problems 454
13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 461
13-1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 461
13-2 Spray Chambers 464
13-3 Cooling Towers 472
References 479
Problems 479
14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 482
14-1 The Log Mean Temperature Deficiency (LMTD) Method 483
14-2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 484
14-3 Heat Transfer–Single-Component Fluids 485
14-4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 492
14-5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 496
14-6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 504
14-7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 513
References 524
Problems 525
15. Refrigeration 529
15-1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 529
15-2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 531
15-3 Refrigerants 534
15-4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 540
15-5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 553
15-6 Absorption Refrigeration 560
15-7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 570
15-8 The Aqua–Ammonia Absorption System 572
15-9 The Lithium Bromide–Water System 576
References 578
Problems 579
viii ContentsAppendix A. Thermophysical Properties 583
Table A-1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—
English Units 584
Table A-1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—SI Units 585
Table A-2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)—
English Units 586
Table A-2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)—
SI Units 588
Table A-3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—
English Units 590
Table A-3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—
SI Units 592
Table A-4a Air—English Units 594
Table A-4b Air—SI Units 595
Appendix B. Weather Data 596
Table B-1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada,
and the World—English Units 597
Table B-1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada,
and the World—SI Units 600
Table B-2 Annual BinWeather Data for Oklahoma City,OK 603
Table B-3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, IL 603
Table B-4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, CO 604
Table B-5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, DC 604
Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 605
Table C-1 Steel Pipe Dimensions—English and SI Units 606
Table C-2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions—English and SI Units 607
Appendix D. Useful Data 608
Table D-1 Conversion Factors 609
Contents ixAppendix E: Charts 611
Chart 1a ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by
permission of ASHRAE.) 611
Chart 1b ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by
permission of ASHRAE.) 611
Chart 1Ha ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by
permission of ASHRAE.) 612
Chart 1Hb ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by
permission of ASHRAE.) 612
Chart 2 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for ammonia–water solutions
(From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright ©1951
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 613
Chart 3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by
permission.) 613
Chart 4 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22 (Reprinted by
permission.) 614
Chart 5 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide–water
solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.)
Index 615
x AppendixesPref
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