Loading...Handbook of Manufacturing Processes
How Products, Components and Materials Are Made
James G. Bralla
With Contributions by a Distinguished
Editorial Board
TABLE OF CONTENTS IN BRIEF
Editorial Board xxvii
About the Author xxix
Dedication xxxi
Preface xxxii
Acknowledgments xxxv
How to use this Handbook xxxvii
Section I – Manufacturing Processes xxxix
Chapter 1 – Casting Processes 1
Chapter 2 – Metal Forming Processes 33
Chapter 3 – Machining Processes 87
Chapter 4 – Processes for Plastics 147
Chapter 5 – Glass and Ceramic Processes 211
Chapter 6 – Woodworking Processes 255
Chapter 7 – Assembly and Fusion (or Joining) Processes 295
Chapter 8 – Finishing Processes (including Heat Treating) 329
Chapter 9 – Paper, Fiber and Printing Processes 361
Chapter 10 – Textile Processes 385
Chapter 11 – Chemical Processes 417
Chapter 12 – Food Processes 483
Chapter 13 – Processes for Electronic Products 519
Chapter 14 – Advanced Manufacturing Methods 585
Section II – How Products, Components and Materials Are Made 613
Index 78
v
Preface xxxii
Section I-Manufacturing Processes
Editorial Board xxvii
About the Author xxix
Dedication xxxi
Preface xxxii
Acknowledgments xxxv
How to use this Handbook xxxvii
Chapter 1-Casting Processes 1
A. Melting Metal for Casting 1
A1. cupola melting 1
A2. electric arc melting 1
A3. crucible melting 2
A4. air furnace (reverbatory) melting 2
A5. induction melting (high frequency
and low frequency) 2
A6. open-hearth melting 4
A7. pouring 4
B. Sand-mold Casting 5
B1. green sand casting 6
B2. dry sand casting 6
B2a. skin-dried casting 6
B3. other sand-mold casting processes 6
B3a. shell mold casting 6
B3b. lost foam casting 8
B3c. magnetic molding 9
B3d. V-process casting (vacuum molding) 9
B3e. cement-sand molding 9
B3f. loam molding 9
B3g. flaskless mold casting 11
B3h. Antioch process 11
B4. core making 12
B4a. green sand cores 13
B4b. core blowing 13
B4c. core baking 13
B4d. oil-oxygen process 13
B4e. furan no-bake core process 13
B4f. carbon-dioxide process 14
B4g. shell process for cores 14
B5. sand mold methods 14
B5a. ramming 14
B5b. bench molding 14
B5c. floor molding 14
B5d. pit molding 14
B5e. machine methods 14
B5e1. jolt-squeeze methods 14
B5e2. sand slinging 15
B5e3. rap-jolt machines 15
B5e4. match-plate molding 15
B6. sand processing 16
B6a. sand mulling 16
B6b. reclamation of sand 16
B6b1. mechanical reclamation 16
B6b2. thermal reclamation 17
B6b3. wet reclamation 17
B6c. metal separation from sand 17
B6d. cooling of sand 17
B7. pattern making 18
B8. post-molding operations 18
B8a. shakeout 18
B8b. core knockout 18
B8c. blast cleaning 19
B8d. tumble cleaning 19
B8e. wire brush cleaning 20
B8f. gate, riser and fin removal 20
B8g. snagging 20
C. Other Expendable Mold Processes 20
C1. ceramic mold casting 20
C2. ceramic-shell process 21
C3. Shaw process 21
C4. Unicast process 21
C5. plaster mold casting 22
C5a. foamed plaster mold casting 22
D. Permanent Mold Processes 23
D1. permanent mold casting 23
D2. low pressure permanent
mold casting 24
D3. slush casting 24
D4. pressed casting 24
D5. vacuum casting 24
E. Centrifugal Casting 24
E1. true centrifugal casting 25
E2. semicentrifugal casting 25
E3. centrifuged casting 25
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTSvi Table of Contents
F. Die Casting 26
F1. hot-chamber die casting 26
F2. cold-chamber die casting 27
F3. trimming 28
F4. impregnation of die castings 28
G. Investment Casting (lost wax process) 29
G1. flask method 29
G2. shell method 29
H. Continuous Casting 32
Chapter 2-Metal Forming Processes 33
A. Hot and Warm Forming Methods 33
A1. hot rolling 33
A2. hot drawing or cupping 34
A3. extrusion 34
A3a. indirect extrusion 35
A3b. Sejournet process 35
A4. forging 35
A4a. open-die drop-hammer forging
(hammer, flat-die or smith forging) 36
A4b. impression die forging (closed die forging)
(die forging) 36
A4b1. drop forging 36
A4b2. precision forging 37
A4b3. flashless forging 37
A4c. press forging 37
A4d. upset forging 38
A4e. roll forging 38
A4f. isothermal forging 38
A4g. swaging 38
A4h. ring rolling (mandrel forging) 38
A5. piercing 39
A6. pipe welding 39
A7. hot spinning 39
A9. warm heading 39
B. Primary Cold-working Operations 39
B1. rolling 39
B2. cold drawing 40
C. Sheet Metal Cutting Operations 40
C1. shearing 40
C1a. squaring shears 41
C1b. alligator shears 41
C1c. rotary shears 42
C2. nibbling 42
C3. slitting 42
C4. blanking 42
C4a. steel rule die blanking 43
C4b. dinking 43
C4c. cutoff 44
C4d. parting 44
C4e. photochemical blanking 44
C5. punching 44
C5a. turret punching 44
C5b. notching 45
C6. trimming 46
C7. shaving 46
C8. lancing 46
C9. fineblanking 46
C9a. semi-piercing 48
D. Press Bending and Forming Operations
of Sheet Metal 48
D1. bending 48
D1a. press brake bending 48
D1b. V-die bending 49
D1c. air bending 50
D1d. punch press (bending die) bending 50
D2. forming 50
D3. forming with rubber tooling 51
D3a. rubber tool forming
(rubber pad forming) 51
D3b. Guerin process 51
D3c. Marform process 51
D3d. rubber diaphragm forming
(hydroform process) (fluid forming) 52
D3e. Verson-Wheelon process 53
D4. drop hammer forming 53
D5. drawing (sheet metal parts) 54
D5a. shallow drawing 55
D5b. deep drawing 55
D5c. redrawing, direct and reverse 55
D6. coining 55
D6a. drop hammer coining 55
D7. embossing 56
D8. flanging 56
D9. beading 56
D10. hemming and seaming 56
D11. edge curling 57
D12. swaging 57
D13. sizing 57
D14. ironing 58
E. Multiple Die Stamping
Press Operations 58
E1. progressive die operations 58
E2. transfer die (transfer press) operations 59
E3. compound die operations 60
F. Sheet Metal Operations Performed
on Equipment Other Than Presses 61
F1. rotary swaging 61
F1a. stationary die swaging 62
F2. three-roll forming 62
F3. stretch forming 62
F3a. stretch draw forming 62
F3b. stretch wrapping
(stretch wrap forming) 63
F3c. compression forming 63
F3d. radial-draw forming 64
F4. roll coining 64
F5. rotary embossing 64
F6. metal spinning 64
F6a. manual spinning 065
F6b. power spinning, “flow turning”
or “shear spinning” 65
F7. roll forming (contour roll forming) 66
F7a. roll forming of tubing and pipe 66
G. Wire Forming Operations 67
G1. wire forming 67
G1a. manual forming of wire parts 67
G1b. wire forming in power presses
and special machines 67
G2. forming in four-slide machines 67
Table of Contents vii
G3. spring forming 68
G4. Turk’s-head rolling of wire 68
H. Tubing and Section Operations 68
H1. tube spinning 68
H1a. forward tube spinning 68
H1b. backward tube spinning 68
H2. tube and section bending 68
H2a. draw bending 68
H2b. compression bending 70
H2c. ram-and-press bending 70
H2d. stretch bending 71
H2e. wrinkle bending 71
H2f. roll bending 71
H2g. roll extrusion bending 72
H2h. bulging, mechanical 72
H2i. bulging, hydraulic 72
H2j. other methods of bulging tubing 73
I. Non-sheet Forming Operations 73
I1. shearing of bars and other non-flat shapes 73
I2. cold heading 73
I3. thread rolling 74
I4. impact/cold extrusion 74
I4a. backwards extrusion 74
I4b. forward extrusion 75
I4c. combined extrusion 75
J. High-energy-rate Forming Methods 75
J1. explosive forming 75
J2. combustible gas forming 75
J3. electromagnetic forming (EMF)
(also known as magnetic pulse forming) 76
J4. spark-discharge forming
(electrospark forming) 77
J5. electrohydraulic forming 77
J6. pneumatic-mechanical forming 78
J7. peen forming 78
K. Straightening 78
K1. manual straightening 78
K2. press straightening 79
K3. parallel roll straightening 79
K4. rotary straightening 79
K5. epicyclic straightening 80
K6. stretch straightening 80
L. Other Forming Processes 80
L1. powder metallurgy (P/M) processes 80
L1a. metal powder manufacture 80
L1b. powder blending and mixing 80
L1c. pressing (compacting) 81
L1d. sintering 81
L1e. repressing 83
L1f. secondary operations 83
L1g. powder metal forging 83
L2. electroforming 84
L3. metal injection molding (MIM) 84
Chapter 3-Machining Processes 87
A. Lathe and Other Turning Operations 87
A1. lathe operations (general description) 87
A1a. turning 87
A1b. form turning 87
A1c. tracer turning 87
A1d. facing 88
A1e. grooving 88
A1f. knurling 88
A1g. cutting off (parting) 89
A2. lathes and other turning machines 89
A2a. engine lathes 89
A2b. turret lathes 90
A2c. screw machines 90
A2c1. single spindle screw machines 91
A2c2. Swiss-type screw machines 91
A2c3. multiple spindle screw machines 91
A2d. chucking machines 92
A2e. turning centers 93
B. Round-hole-making Methods 93
B1. drilling 93
B2. counterboring 93
B3. countersinking 94
B4. reaming 94
B5. boring 94
B5a. jig boring 95
B5b. horizontal boring mills 95
B5c. vertical boring mills 95
B6. gun drilling 96
B7. trepanning 97
B8. multiple-spindle drilling 97
C. Grinding and Abrasive Machining 97
C1. cylindrical grinding 98
C1a. center-type cylindrical grinding 98
C1b. centerless grinding 99
C1b1. through-feed centerless grinding 99
C1b2. infeed centerless grinding 100
C1b3. end-feed centerless grinding 100
C2. internal grinding 100
C2a. internal centerless grinding 101
C3. surface grinding 101
C3a. horizontal spindle
surface grinding 102
C3b. vertical spindle surface grinding 102
C3c. creep-feed grinding 102
C4. jig grinding 103
C4a. tool post grinding 103
C5. low-stress grinding 103
C6. plunge grinding 103
C7. disc grinding 103
C8. abrasive belt grinding 104
C9. abrasive jet machining 104
C10. abrasive flow machining (AFM) 104
C11. ultrasonic machining 105
C11a. rotary ultrasonic machining 105
D. Milling 106
D1. face milling 106
D2. peripheral milling 106
D3. end milling 106
D4. slab milling 106
D5. form milling 106
D6. gang milling 106
D7. straddle milling 106
D8. fly cutter milling 106
D9. pin routing 108
D10. spotfacing 109viii Table of Contents
E. Screw Threads 109
E1. hand-die external threading 109
E2. internal thread tapping 109
E3. single-point screw-thread cutting 110
E4. thread cutting die heads 110
E5. thread milling 110
E6. thread grinding 111
E7. thread rolling 111
E8. cold-form tapping of internal threads 111
F. Broaching 112
F1. internal broaching 113
F2. external broaching 113
F3. pot broaching 113
G. Sawing 113
G1. circular sawing 113
G2. band sawing 113
G3. contour sawing 114
G4. hacksawing 114
G5. abrasive sawing 114
G6. diamond-edge sawing 114
G7. friction sawing 114
H. Flame Cutting (Thermal Cutting) 116
H1. oxy-fuel gas cutting (OFC) 116
H2. metal powder cutting (POC) 116
H3. chemical flux cutting (FOC) 117
H4. arc cutting 117
H4a. plasma-arc cutting (PAC) 117
H4b. air-carbon arc cutting and grooving 118
H4c. oxygen lance cutting (LOC) 118
H4d. gas metal arc cutting 118
H4e. gas tungsten arc cutting 118
H4f. shielded metal arc cutting 118
H4g. carbon arc cutting 118
H5. laser cutting 118
I. Electrical Machining Processes 119
I1. electrical discharge machining or EDM 119
I1a. ram EDM 119
I1b. wire EDM 120
I1c. electrical discharge grinding (EDG) 120
I2. electrochemical machining (ECM) 120
I2a. electrochemical grinding (ECG) 122
I2b. electrochemical turning (ECT) 122
I3. electrochemical discharge grinding (ECDG) 122
I4. electrochemical honing (ECH) 123
I5. electro etching 123
J. Finish Machining Operations 123
J1. honing 123
J2. lapping 124
J3. superfinishing 124
J4. burnishing 125
J5. roller burnishing 125
K. Deburring 126
K1. abrasive flow deburring 126
K2. abrasive jet deburring 127
K3. barrel tumbling 127
K4. chemical deburring 128
K5. electropolish deburring 128
K6. electrochemical deburring 128
K7. liquid hone deburring 128
K8. manual deburring 128
K9. thermal energy deburring 128
K10. ultrasonic deburring 128
K11. vibratory deburring 128
K12. water-jet deburring 129
K13. centrifugal barrel tumbling 129
K14. spindle finishing 129
K15. powered brush deburring 129
K16. abrasive belt sanding 129
K17. laser deburring 129
K18. plasma glow deburring 129
K19. skiving 130
K20. edge rolling 130
K21. burnish deburring 130
K22. edge coining 130
K23. robotic deburring 130
K24. CNC machining center deburring 130
K25. cryogenic deflashing 130
L. Filing 130
L1. burring (rotary filing) 131
M. Water Jet Machining (Hydrodynamic Machining) 131
M1. abrasive water jet machining (AWJ) 131
N. Electron Beam Machining (EBM) 132
O. Laser Beam Machining 133
O1. laser-assisted hot machining (LAM) 134
P. Shaping 134
Q. Planing 134
R. Slotting 135
S. Chemical Machining 135
S1. chemical milling 136
S2. chemical engraving 136
S3. chemical blanking 136
S4. photochemical blanking 136
T. Machining Centers 137
T1. turning centers 139
T2. multiple operation machines 139
U. Numerical and Computer Control 139
U1. NC, numerical control 140
U2. computer numerical control (CNC) 140
U2a. DNC (direct numerical control) 144
U3. programmable controllers 144
U4. CAD-CAM 144
U5. digital readouts in machining 145
U6. automatic tracing 145
U7. robots and robotic operations 145
V. Trimming 145
W. High-Speed Machining 145
X. Special Purpose Machines 145
Y. Transfer Lines 146
Chapter 4-Processes for Plastics 147
A. How Plastics Are Made 147
A1. definition – Plastics 147
A2. polymerization reactions 147
A2a. addition polymerization 147
A2b. condensation polymerization 148
A3. polymerization methods 148
A3a. bulk polymerization 148
A3b. solution polymerization 149
Table of Contents ix
A3c. suspension polymerization 149
A3d. emulsion polymerization 149
A3e. gas-phase polymerization 149
A4. compounding plastics 149
A4a. mixing by tumbling 150
A4b. intensive dry mixing 150
A4c. internal intensive batch mixing 151
A4d. continuous mixing 151
A4e. single screw extruders 151
A4f. compounder-extruder mixing 151
A4g. twin screw extruder mixing 152
A5. pelletizing and dicing of plastics 152
A5a. mixing and dicing with two-roll mills 153
A5b. strand pelletizers 153
A5c. underwater pelletizing 153
B. Compression and Transfer Molding 153
B1. compression molding 153
B1a. automatic compression molding 155
B2. transfer molding 155
B2a. plunger molding 155
B2b. screw transfer molding 155
B3. cold molding 156
C. Injection Molding 156
C1. conventional injection molding 156
C1a. hot runner molding
(heated runnerless molding) 157
C2. injection molding of thermosetting plastics 158
C3. structural foam molding processes 158
C3a. low-pressure injection molding
of structural foam plastics 158
C3b. reaction injection molding 158
C3c. high-pressure injection molding
of structural foam plastics 158
C3d. gas counterpressure molding 159
C3e. co-injection or sandwich molding 159
C3f. gas-assisted injection molding 160
C3g. casting of structural foam plastics 160
C3h. extrusion of structural foam plastics 160
C3i. slabstock foam process 161
C4. expanded polystyrene foam processes 161
C4a. pre-expansion of EPS beads 161
C4b. shape molding of EPS beads 161
C4c. block molding of EPS 162
C4d. expanded polyolefin foam process 162
C5. two-color injection molding 162
C6. insert molding 163
D. Thermoforming (Vacuum Forming) 163
D1. straight vacuum forming 163
D2. pressure forming 163
D3. drape vacuum forming 164
D4. plug-assist forming 164
D5. vacuum snap-back forming 165
D6. slip-ring forming (slip forming) 165
D7. matched mold forming 168
D8. pressure-bubble plug-assist forming (also called
reverse-draw plug-assist forming, pressure-bubble
plug-assist forming, billow-up plug-assist forming
or reverse-draw with plug assist) 169
D9. pressure-bubble vacuum-snapback forming
or billow-up vacuum snap-back forming 169
D10. trapped sheet, contact heat, pressure forming 170
D11. air-slip forming 171
D12. free forming (free blowing) 171
D13. dual sheet forming (twin sheet forming) 171
D14. solid phase pressure forming 171
E. Rotational Molding 173
F. Blow Molding 173
F1. extrusion blow molding 173
F2. injection blow molding 173
F3. In stretch blow molding 174
F4. multilayer blow molding 175
F5. dip blow molding 175
F6. other blow molding processes 176
G. Processes for Reinforced
Thermosetting Plastics 176
G1. hand lay-up 176
G2. spray-up 177
G3. vacuum-bag molding 177
G4. pressure-bag molding 177
G5. autoclave molding 177
G6. centrifugal casting 177
G7. Filament winding 178
G8. continuous laminating 178
G8a. continuous laminating with
a thermosetting plastic 178
G8b. continuous laminating with a thermoplastic 178
G9. matched metal mold forming (cold stamping) 179
G10. matched metal mold forming of reinforced
thermosetting material 179
G11. pultrusion 179
G12. pulforming 180
G13. resin transfer molding (RTM)
(liquid resin molding) 181
G14. other processes for reinforced
thermosetting plastics 181
H. Casting of Plastics 182
H1. casting of sheet 182
H1a. cell casting of sheet 182
H1b. continuous casting of sheet 182
H2. casting structural foam parts 183
H3. casting nylon parts 184
H4. casting acrylic parts 184
H5. encapsulation and potting 184
I. Plastics Extrusion 184
I1. profile extrusion 184
I2. coextrusion (dual extrusion) 185
I3. foam extrusion 185
I4. extrusion coating and laminating 186
I4a. wire coating 186
I5. extrusion of film and sheet 187
I5a. blown film extrusion 187
I5b. cast film extrusion 188
I6. operations after extruding 188
J. Calendering 188
K. Vinyl Dispersion Processes 189
K1. spread coating 189
K1a. knife coating (knife-over-roll coating) 189
K1b. roll coating 189
K2. dip coating (hot dipping) and dip molding 189
K2a. cold dipping 190x Table of Contents
K3. slush molding 191
K4. cavity, in-place and low-pressure molding 191
K5. strand coating, using plastisols and organisols 191
K6. spray coating 191
K7. extrusion of plastisol 192
L. Welding and Adhesive Bonding of Plastics 192
L1. friction or spin welding 192
L2. hot plate welding 193
L3. vibration welding 193
L4. ultrasonic welding and sealing 194
L5. ultrasonic spot welding 194
L6. ultrasonic film and fabric welding 195
L7. adhesive bonding of plastics 195
L7a. solvent cementing of plastics 195
L7b. pretreatment of plastic surfaces for bonding 195
L7c. electromagnetic adhesive bonding 195
L8. induction welding 196
L9. radio frequency sealing (dielectric sealing) 196
L10. thermal sealing (heat sealing) of sheet 196
L11. hot gas welding 197
M. Surface Finishing and Decorating
Processes for Plastics 197
M1. surface treatments for plastic parts 197
M1a. washing and cleaning 197
M1b. chemical etching 197
M1c. corona discharge 197
M1d. flame treatment 198
M1e. plasma treatment 198
M2. hot stamping 199
M2a. transfer coating (hot transfer coating) 199
M3. painting 199
M3a. spray and wipe 200
M3b. powder painting of plastics 200
M3c. manufacture of powder coatings 201
M3c1. dry blending 201
M3c2. melt mixing 201
M3c3. solution method 201
M4. decorating plastic parts with processes
that are also common to non-plastics 201
M4a. electroplating of plastics 201
M5. in-mold decorating 201
M6. sheet and film embossing 202
N. Other Plastics Processes 203
N1. insert assembly 203
N1a. molding-in inserts 203
N1b. ultrasonic insertion 203
N1c. expansion installation 203
N1d. threaded hole installation 203
N1e. press insertion 203
N1f. self tapping 203
N1g. cemented installation 203
N1h. hot insertion 204
N2. other mechanical assembly of plastic parts 204
N3. granulating plastics 204
N4. coloring and blending of plastics 204
N5. drying of plastics 204
N6. machining of plastics 205
N7. trimming and die cutting of plastics 205
N8. radiation processing 206
N8a. non-ionizing radiation processing 206
N9. vacuum handling and loading of plastic materials 206
N10. robotic handling 207
N11. deflashing 207
N12. reel-to-reel molding (continuous strip molding) 207
O. Rubber and Elastomers 207
O1. natural rubber 207
O2. rubber, synthetic 208
O3. rubber compounding 209
O4. rubber fabrication methods 209
Chapter 5-Glass and Ceramics
Processes 211
A. Glass Processes 211
A1. basic glassmaking 211
A1a. raw materials 211
A1a1. coloring materials 212
A1b. batching 212
A1c. melting 212
A2. primary forming processes 213
A2a. pressing 213
A2b. blowing 213
A2b1. manual blowing 213
A2b2. lampworking (lamp blowing,
and scientific glass blowing) 215
A2b3. machine blowing 217
A2b3a. gob feeding machine 218
A2b3b. Owens bottle machine
(the suck-blow process) 218
A2b3c. the blow-blow process 220
A2b3d. the press-blow process 222
A2b3e. the rotary-mold (paste mold)
process 222
A2b3f. ribbon machine blowing
process 222
A2c. glass tubing manufacture 222
A2d. centrifugal casting 224
A3. flat glass processes 224
A3a. manual methods 224
A3b. drawing sheet glass (the
Fourcault process) 224
A3c. drawing sheet glass (the Colburn
or Libby-Owens process) 225
A3d. drawing sheet glass
(the Pittsburgh process) 225
A3e. plate glass manufacture 226
A3f. float glass process 227
A3g. rolling (casting) flat glass 228
A4. heat and chemical treating operations 229
A4a. annealing 229
A4b. tempering 230
A4c. chemical toughening 230
A5. secondary, finishing and decorating operations 231
A5a. bending and sagging 231
A5b. grinding 231
A5c. polishing 233
A5d. fusion sealing 233
A5e. grit blasting 234
Table of Contents xi
A5f. acid etching 234
A5g. shrinking 234
A5h. staining 234
A5i. decorating with vitrifiable colors
(vitreous enamels) 234
A5j. metallic coating 235
A5k. organic decorating 235
A5l. silk screening (screen printing) 235
A6. glass fiber manufacturing 235
A6a. mechanical drawing of continuous fibers 236
A6b. steam blowing 236
A6c. flame blowing (superfine process) 237
A6d. rotary wool forming process 237
A6e. methods for production of traditional
optical glass fibers 237
A6f. methods for production of optical
communications fibers 239
A7. manufacture of other types of glass 243
A7a. glass ceramics manufacture 243
A7b. photosensitive glass manufacture 243
A7c. cellular glass (foam glass) manufacture 243
A7d. glass microsphere manufacture 244
A8. powdered glass processes 244
A8a. dry pressing and sintering 244
A8b. slip casting of glass 244
A8c. fritted filter manufacture 244
B. Ceramics Processes 244
B1. the nature of ceramics 244
B2. ceramic materials 245
B3. ceramics operation sequence 245
B4. ceramic material preparation 245
B4a. material preparation for advanced ceramics 246
B5. pressing 246
B5a. isostatic pressing 247
B6. injection molding 247
B7. extruding 248
B8. slip casting of ceramics 248
B8a. pressure casting 248
B9. jiggering 249
B10. roll compaction 249
B11. tape casting 249
B12. throwing 249
B13. drying 249
B13a. partial in-process drying 250
B13b. final drying 251
B13c. microwave drying (also called dielectric
or radio frequency drying) 251
B14. machining and grinding 251
B15. glazing 251
B16. sintering (firing) 251
B17. hot pressing 252
B17a. hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 252
Chapter 6-Woodworking Processes 255
A. Lumber Making Including
Saw Mill Operations 255
A1. debarking 255
A2. headsaw operation (breakdown sawing) 256
A3. plain sawing of boards 257
A4. quarter sawing 257
A5. rift sawing 257
A6. edging 257
A7. trimming (cutting to length) 258
A8. inspecting and grading boards 258
A9. drying (seasoning) 258
A9a. air drying 259
A9b. kiln drying 259
A9c. radio frequency drying 259
B. Making Wooden Components 260
B1. cutting boards to size 260
B1a. ripping 260
B1b. cutting to length (crosscutting) 260
B2. surfacing with planers and jointers 260
B2a. planing (surfacing) 260
B2b. jointing 264
B3. contour (curved line) sawing 266
B4. turning 266
B5. drilling and boring 267
B6. shaping and routing 267
B7. other form, and special cutting and
joint-making operations 270
B7a. computer-controlled routering 270
B7b. laser machining of wooden parts 271
B7c. dedicated special machines and
multi-operation machines 271
B8. filing and sanding 271
C. Making Wood Joints 272
C1. butt joints 272
C2. rabbet joints 273
C3. dado and groove joints 273
C4. tongue-and-groove joints 274
C5. mortise and tenon joints 274
C6. dovetail joints 275
C7. dowelled and biscuit (joining plate)
joints 276
C8. lap (halved and bridle), scarf
and bevelled joints 278
D. Making Bent Wooden Components 279
D1. wet bending 279
D2. making curved laminations 279
D3. kerf bending 279
E. Assembly and Fastening Wood Products 280
E1. clamps and fixtures 281
E2. mechanical fastening 281
E3. adhesive bonding 282
E4. Assembling veneer and inlaid surfaces 282
F. Manufacture of Plywood and Other
Panel Materials 284
F1. making veneer 284
F2. making plywood 284
F3. making wafer board (chipboard) 286
F4. making oriented strand board 286
F5. making particle board 286
F6. making fiberboard 287
F7. making engineered lumber, prefabricated
wooden beams and joists 288
F8. making rigid plastic laminates
(high pressure laminates) 289xii Table of Contents
F9. making synthetic lumber (composite lumber)
and components from plastics 289
G. Wood Finishing 290
G1. preparing the surface for finishing 290
G2. staining 290
G3. varnishing, lacquering and painting 290
G4. polishing 291
H. Upholstery 291
H1. installing webbing 292
H2. installing springs 292
H3. installing padding and cushioning 293
H4. installing covering 293
H5. cushions, channeling and tufting 293
Chapter 7-Assembly and Fusion
(or Joining) Processes 295
A. Soldering and Brazing 295
A1. solder application methods 295
A1a. wire or rod soldering 295
A1b. preform soldering 296
A1b1. how solder preforms are made 296
A1c. solder paste soldering 296
A1d. Dip soldering (DS) 296
A1e. wave soldering 296
A1f. drag soldering 296
A1g. ultrasonic soldering 297
A2. workpiece heating methods: 297
A2a. with soldering iron (INS) 297
A2b. with gas torch 297
A2c. oven or furnace heating 297
A2d. selective infrared heating 297
A2e. vapor-phase heating 297
A2f. Resistance heating (RS) 297
A2g. laser heating 298
A2h. induction heating 298
A2i. hot gas 298
A3. fluxes 298
B. Brazing 299
B1. application of filler metal 299
B2. torch brazing 299
B3. furnace brazing 299
B4. induction brazing (IB) 300
B5. dip brazing 300
B6. salt bath brazing 300
B7. Resistance brazing (RB) 300
B8. diffusion brazing 301
C. Welding 301
C1. Arc welding 301
C1a. Shielded-Metal Arc (SMAW)
or Stick Welding 301
C1b. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 302
C1c. Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) 302
C1d. Gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) 302
C1e. Gas-tungsten arc welding GTAW) 304
C1f. Plasma arc welding (PAW) 304
C1g. Electroslag welding (ESW) 304
C2. induction welding (electromagnetic welding) 305
C3. Oxyfuel gas welding (OFW) 306
C4. Electron beam welding (EBW) 306
C5. Laser-beam welding (LBW) 306
C6. Resistance welding 306
C6a. Spot welding (RSW) 306
C6b. Seam welding (RSEW) 306
C6c. projection welding (RPW) 307
C7. stitch welding 308
C8. stud welding 308
C9. Friction welding (FRW) 308
C10. Flash welding (FW) 309
C11. percussive welding or percussion
welding 309
C12. Thermit welding (TW) 310
C13. Solid-state welding, (SSW) 310
C13a. forge welding 310
C13b. forge-seam welding 310
C13c. cold welding 310
C13d. metal cladding 310
C13e. Roll welding (roll bonding) (ROW) 310
C13f. Explosive welding (EXW) 311
C13g. diffusion welding
(diffusion bonding) 312
C13h. ultrasonic welding (of metals) 312
C13i. Friction stir welding (FSW) 312
D. Adhesive Bonding 313
D1. surface preparation methods for
adhesive bonding 314
D1a. cleaning 314
D1b. surface roughening 314
D1c. surface ionization pretreatment 315
D2. adhesive application methods 315
D2a. brush, spray, dipping, roller
or spatula application 315
D2b. dry film application 315
D2c. hot melt adhesives application 315
D2d. pressure sensitive and contact
adhesive application 315
D2e. pump/pressure application
of solid adhesives 316
D3. joint assembly methods 316
D4. curing methods 316
E. Welding of Plastics 317
F. Mechanical Assembly Processes 317
F1. bench assembly 317
F2. assembly lines 317
F3. automatic assembly 318
F3a. parts feeding equipment 320
F3b. high speed assembly with dedicated
equipment 320
F3c. robotic assembly 321
F4. mechanical fastening methods 323
F4a. assembly with threaded fasteners 323
F4b. riveting 323
F4c. stitching/stapling 323
F4d. snap fit fastening 324
F4e. press and shrink fit fastening 326
F4f. staking, seaming and crimping 327
Table of Contents xiii
Chapter 8-Finishing Processes
(including Heat Treating) 329
A. Cleaning Processes 329
A1. mechanical cleaning processes 329
A1a. brushing 329
A1b. abrasive blasting 329
A1b1. wet blast cleaning 329
A1b2. dry blast cleaning 329
A1c. steam jet cleaning 329
A1d. tumbling 329
A2. chemical cleaning processes 330
A2a. solvent cleaning 330
A2a1. immersion cleaning 330
A2a2. spray degreasing 330
A2a3. vapor degreasing 330
A2b. ultrasonic cleaning 330
A2c. emulsion cleaning 331
A2d. alkaline cleaning 331
A2e. acid cleaning 331
A2f. pickling 331
A2g. salt bath cleaning 331
A3. electrochemical cleaning processes 332
A3a. electrolytic cleaning 332
A3b. electrolytic pickling 332
B. Polishing Processes 332
B1. conventional polishing 332
B1a. buffing 332
B2. barrel polishing (tumbling) 332
B3. electropolishing 332
B4. burnishing 332
C. Plating Processes 333
C1. conventional electroplating 333
C2. electroless plating 333
C3. barrel plating 333
C4. mechanical plating 333
C5. brush plating 333
C6. electroplating of plastics 334
D. Painting (Organic Finishing) 334
D1. brushing 334
D2. roller coating 334
D3. curtain coating 334
D4. dip painting 334
D5. flow coating 334
D6. spray painting 335
D6a. air atomized spray 335
D6b. airless spray 335
D7. electrostatic painting 335
D7a. with centrifugal spraying head 335
D8. powdered paint coating 335
D8a. electrostatic spray powder coating 335
D8b. fluidized bed powder coating 336
D8c. electrostatic fluidized bed powder coating 336
D8d. friction static spraying 337
D8e. flame spraying of powdered paint 337
D9. electrocoating (also referred to as electropainting,
electrophoresis, electrophoretic coating
or electrodeposition of paint) 337
D10. vinyl plastisol coatings 337
E. Chemical Surface Treatments 338
E1. anodizing 338
E1a. hardcoat anodizing 338
E2. phosphating 338
E3. chromate conversion coatings 338
E4. black oxide coating 339
F. Other Coatings 339
F1. porcelain enameling 339
F2. hot dip coating (galvanizing) 339
F3. vacuum metalizing 339
F3a. sputtering 340
F3b. chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 340
F3b1. plasma-enhanced (or plasma-assisted)
chemical vapor deposition 341
F3c. physical vapor deposition (PVD) 341
F3d. ion implantation 341
F4. thermal spray coating 341
F4a. wire metalizing 341
F4a1. electric arc wire metalizing 342
F4b. powder spraying 342
F4c. detonation gun spraying 342
F4d. plasma arc spraying 343
F4d1. transferred plasma-arc spraying 344
F4e. high velocity oxy-flame coating (HVOF) 345
F5. clad metals 345
G. Heat Treating of Metals 345
G1. annealing 345
G2. annealing processes for steel 346
G2a. full annealing 346
G2b. isothermal annealing 347
G2c. spherodizing 347
G2d. stress relieving 347
G2e. normalizing 347
G2f. tempering 348
G2g. process annealing 348
G3. hardening processes for steel 348
G3a. surface hardening 348
G3a1. flame hardening 348
G3a2. induction hardening 348
G3a3. laser-beam hardening 349
G3a4. electron-beam hardening 349
G3a5. other surface heating methods
for hardening 349
G3b. case hardening 349
G3b1. carburizing 349
G3b1a. pack carburization 349
G3b1b. liquid carburization 350
G3b1c. gas carburization 350
G3b2. carbonitriding 350
G3b3. cyanidizing 351
G3b4. nitriding 351
G3b5. liquid nitriding 351
G3c. through hardening 351
G3d. martempering 351
G3e. austempering 351
G4. solution treating/precipitation hardening
(aging or age hardening) 352xiv Table of Contents
G5. heat treating processes for non-ferrous metals 352
G5a. Aluminum alloys 352
G5b. copper and copper alloys 353
G5c. magnesium alloys 354
G5d. nickel and nickel alloys 354
G5e. titanium and titanium alloys 355
H. Shot Peening 355
I. Product Marking Methods 356
I1. manual marking 356
I2. stamp indented marking 356
I3. etching (chemical etching) 356
I4. engraving 356
I4a. pantograph engraving 356
I5. laser marking and engraving 356
I6. stenciling 357
I7. printing 357
I7a. pad printing 357
I7b. screen printing (silk screening) 357
I8. branding 357
I9. decal marking 357
I10. casting and molding 358
I11. embossing and coining 358
I12. nameplates, labels and tags 358
I13. hot stamping 359
I14. dyeing 359
I15. flocking 359
Chapter 9-Paper, Fiber
and Printing Processes 361
A. Definition, Paper 361
B. Paper-making Processes 361
B1. raw materials 361
B2. paper making from wood (by machine) 361
B2a. debarking of wood logs 363
B2b. pulping of wood 363
B2b1. mechanical pulping of wood 363
B2b2. chemical pulping of wood 363
B2b3. semi-chemical pulping of wood 363
B2c. refining 364
B2d. removing foreign material 364
B2e. bleaching and washing 364
B2f. beating 364
B2g. making paper from pulp 364
B2g1. Fourdrinier and cylindrical
paper-making machines 365
B2h. finishing (converting) 366
B2h1. extrusion coating and
laminating of paper 366
B2h2. water dispersion coating 366
B2h3. sizing 366
B2h4. filling 366
B3. paper making from rags and other textile fibers 367
B4. paper making from synthetic fibers 367
B5. paper making from waste paper (paper recycling) 367
B5a. waste paper processed with de-inking 367
B5b. waste paper processed without
de-inking 367
C. Manufacture of Various Paper Grades 367
C1. bond paper 368
C2. newsprint 368
C3. paperboard 368
C4. sanitary papers 368
C5. kraft paper 368
C6. vulcanized fiber 369
D. Printing 369
D1. relief or letterpress printing 369
D1a. typesetting for letterpress printing 369
D1b. flexographic printing 371
D2. planographic printing 371
D2a. lithography and offset lithography 371
D2b. collotype (collography) 372
D3. intaglio printing 373
D3a. gravure printing 373
D3b. making gravure plates 374
D4. stencil and screen printing (porous printing) 376
D4a. stencil printing 376
D4b. screen printing (serigraphy)
(silk screening) 376
D5. electronic printing methods 377
D5a. laser printing 377
D5b. copy machine printing 378
D5b1. electrophotographic printing systems 378
D5c. ink-jet printing 379
D5d. magnetographic printing 380
D5e. ion or electron deposition printing
(ionography) 380
D5f. microcapsule printing 380
D5g. thermal sublimation, dye sublimation,
thermal wax and wax transfer printing 380
D5h. dot-matrix printing 380
D6. sheet and web printing 380
D7. color printing 382
D8. halftone screens 382
D9. pad printing 383
Chapter 10-Textile Processes 385
A. Textile Fibers 385
A1. natural fibers 385
A2. manufactured and synthetic fibers 386
B. Yarn Making (Spinning) 387
B1. picking (including opening and blending) 387
B2. carding 389
B3. combing 389
B4. drawing (drafting), (re-blending) 390
B5. spinning (twisting) 390
B6. spinning synthetic fibers 391
C. Weaving 392
C1. Jacquard loom weaving 393
C2. automatic bobbin changing 393
C3. shuttle-less looms 394
C4. pile weaving 394
D. Knitting 394
D1. weft or filling knitting 396
D2. warp knitting 396
Table of Contents xv
E. Non-woven Fabrics 398
F. Finishing 398
F1. preparation 398
F2. bleaching 399
F3. finishing to improve appearance 399
F3a. napping 399
F3b. shearing 400
F3c. brushing 400
F3d. beetling 400
F3e. decating 400
F3f. calendering 400
F3g. creping 400
F3h. embossing 400
F3i. optical brightening 401
F3j. tentering 401
F3k. crabbing 401
F3l. flocking 401
F4. finishing to improve feel (tactile properties)
of the fabric 401
F4a. sizing (stiffening) 401
F4b. weighting 401
F4c. fulling, (felting or milling) 402
F4d. softening 402
F5. finishing to improve performance 402
F5a. anti-shrinkage treatment 402
F5b. durable press (permanent press)
(wash and wear) 402
F5c. antistatic treatment 402
F5d. treatment for soil and stain
release properties 402
F5e. water repelling and water proofing
treatments 403
F5f. other treatments 403
G. Coloring 403
G1. dyeing 403
G1a. stock dyeing 404
G1b. top dyeing 404
G1c. yarn dyeing 404
G1d. piece dyeing 404
G1e. cross dyeing 404
G1f. solution pigmenting (dope dyeing) 404
G2. printing 404
G2a. block printing 405
G2b. engraved printing (intaglio printing) 405
G2b1. duplex printing 405
G2c. discharge printing 405
G2d. heat-transfer printing 405
G2e. stencil and screen printing 405
G2f. resist printing 406
G2g. warp printing 406
G2h. pigment printing 406
H. Manufacture of Clothing and Other
Sewn Products (“Needle Trades”) 406
H1. spreading/stacking 406
H2. marking 407
H3. cutting (chopping or knifing) 407
H4. sewing 409
H4a. stitch-less joining (seam bonding)
(heat sealing) 411
H5. pressing 411
H6. folding, labeling, wrapping/packing 411
I. Rug and Carpet Making 412
I1. weaving rugs and carpets 412
I2. tufting rugs 413
I3. making knitted rugs 413
I4. making needlepunch carpets 413
I5. making hooked rugs 413
I6. making braided rugs 413
I7. making oriental rugs 415
I8. making needlepoint rugs 415
Chapter 11-Chemical Processes 417
A. Batch Processes in General 417
B. Continuous Processes in General 417
C. Separation Processes 418
C1. distillation 418
C1a. fractional distillation (rectification,
fractionation or enrichment) 418
C1b. vacuum distillation 421
C1c. flash distillation (equilibrium
distillation) 421
C1d. multiple-effect distillation
(multistage flash evaporation) 422
C1e. steam distillation 422
C1f. sublimation 422
C1g. destructive distillation 422
C2. absorption-stripping 422
C3. extraction and leaching 424
C4. expression 426
C5. crystallization 427
C6. precipitation 428
C7. fluid-particle separation 429
C7a. filtration 429
C7b. types of filters 430
C7c. membrane separation (including
ultra filtration) 432
C7d. sedimentation 435
C7e. centrifugation 435
C7e1. cyclone separation, cycloning 438
C7f. bag filtering 439
C7g. evaporation 439
C7h. scrubbers – or wet collectors 441
C8. separation of solids 443
C8a. screening (sieving) 443
C8b. flotation 444
C8c. dense-media separation 445
C8d. magnetic separation 446
C8e. electrostatic separation 446
C9. adsorption and ion exchange 448
C10. electrolytic processes (electrolysis) 449
C11. electro thermal processes 449
C12. drying 449
C12a. spray drying liquid materials 453
C12b. freeze drying 454
D. Size Reduction 454
D1. crushing 454xvi Table of Contents
D2. secondary crushing 455
D3. pulverizing 455
E. Size Enlargement 458
F. Fermentation 458
G. Mixing Methods 458
G1. mixing gases with gases 459
G2. mixing gases with liquids 459
G3. mixing liquids with liquids 460
G4. liquids-solids mixing 461
G5. solids mixing 461
H. Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals 465
H1. separation 465
H1a. fractional distillation of crude petroleum 465
H1b. vacuum distillation of petroleum fractions 465
H1c. absorption/stripping of petroleum factions 466
H1d. solvent extraction 466
H1e. crystallization of petroleum fraction
contaminants 466
H2. conversion 466
H2a. cracking 466
H2a1. thermal cracking 466
H2a2. catalytic cracking 466
H2b. polymerization 467
H2c. alkylation 467
H2d. reforming 467
H3. chemical and other treatments 467
H3a. sulfur removal (hydrogen treatment) 467
H3b. additive addition 468
H3c. blending 468
I. Chemical Reactions 468
I1. gas-phase reactions 469
I2. gas/liquid reactions 469
I3. liquid/liquid reactions 470
I4. gas/liquid/solid reactions 472
I5. solids/solids and solids/gas reactions 472
I6. reactions with catalysts 474
J. Heat-transfer Methods 474
J1. heat exchange for solid materials 476
J2. cooling with air 476
K. Extracting and Recovering Metals from Ores 478
K1. recovery/refining processes 478
K1a. hydro metallurgy 479
K1a1. precipitation in hydro metallurgy 479
K1b. pyrometallurgy processes 479
K1b1. roasting 479
K1b2. smelting 480
K1c. electrometallurgy 480
K1c1. electrowinning (electrolytic deposition) 480
K1c2. electrorefinning 480
K2. other chemical processes 480
K3. alloying processes 480
L. Esterification 481
Chapter 12-Food Processes 483
A. Cleaning Raw Food Materials 483
B. Sorting and Grading of Foods 484
C. Size Reduction 485
C1. roll crushing 487
C2. hammer milling 487
C3. ball milling (tumble milling) 487
C4. disc attrition milling 487
C5. milling grain 487
C5a. post-milling treatments 488
C5a1. altering protein content 488
C5a2. bleaching flour 488
C5a3. enriching flour 488
D. Mixing 489
E. Separation Processes 490
E1. filtration 490
E2. expression 490
E3. centrifugation 492
E4. crystallization 492
E5. extraction 494
F. Concentration 495
F1. evaporation 495
F2. freeze concentration 496
F3. reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration 496
G. Thermal Processing of Foods 497
G1. blanching 497
G2. pasteurization 498
G3. heat sterilization 498
G4. canning 498
G5. aseptic processing 499
G6. cooking 500
G7. baking 501
H. Dehydration and Drying 501
H1. vacuum drying 503
H2. spray drying 503
H3. drum drying 503
H4. fluidized-bed drying 503
H5. freeze drying (freeze dehydration) 503
I. Cooling for Preservation 505
I1. freezing food 505
I1a. freezing with refrigerated air 505
I1b. freezing with a liquid medium 505
I1c. indirect-contact freezing 506
I2. dehydrofreezing 506
J. Other Operations 506
J1. irradiation 506
J2. homogenization 506
J3. hydrogenation 507
J4. fermentation 507
J5. extrusion of foods 507
J6. food additives 508
J7. pickling 508
J8. salting 510
J9. sugar curing/sugar addition 510
J10. candying and glazing 510
J11. high-intensity pulsed electric field
processing (PEF) 510
J13. high pressure processing (or ultra-high
pressure processing) 511
K. Meat Packing 511
K1. stunning 512
K2. slaughtering 512
K3. butchering 512
L. Bottling 513
M. Other Packaging 515
Table of Contents xvii
N. Storage 515
O. Food Equipment Cleaning and Sanitizing 515
O1. equipment rinsing 516
O2. equipment cleaning 516
O3. equipment sanitizing 516
O4. other factors 516
Chapter 13-Processes
for Electronic Products 519
A. Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) 519
A1. making bare printed circuit boards 519
A1a. resists and photoresists 520
A1b. subtractive process for making
wiring patterns on the board 521
A1c. additive method 522
A1d. making photo masters and masks 522
A1e. screen printing the masks 523
A1f. stripping resists from printed
circuit boards 524
A2. other board operations 524
A2a. hole making in boards 524
A2b. contact finger plating 524
A2c. solder fusing 524
A2d. solder masks 524
A2e. separating boards (depanelling) 525
A2f. silkscreen identification 525
A3. multilayer boards 525
A4. making flexible printed circuit boards 527
B. Wiring and Populating Boards 527
B1. populating boards with through-hole
connections 527
B2. assembling surface mounted components 528
B2a. dispensing adhesives 530
B2b. using solder paste 530
B2b1. syringe dispensing of solder paste
(pressure dispensing) 530
B2b2. pin transfer dispensing
of solder paste 531
B2b3. screen printing of solder paste 531
B2b4. stencil dispensing of solder paste 532
B2b5. submerged disk dispensing
of solder paste 532
B2b6. dip coating of solder paste 532
B2b7. roller coating of solder paste 533
B2c. using solder preforms 533
B3. cleaning prior to soldering 533
B4. prebaking before soldering 533
C. Soldering Processes 534
C1. flux application 534
C1a. dip fluxing 534
C1b. brush application of flux 534
C1c. foam flux application 534
C1d. spray application of flux 534
C1e. wave fluxing 534
C1f. roller fluxing 535
C1g. cored solder fluxing 535
C1g1. making flux cored wire solder 535
C2. preheating 535
C3. dip soldering 536
C4. drag soldering 536
C5. wave soldering 537
C6. reflow methods 538
C6a. oven heating for reflow 538
C6b. vapor-phase soldering 539
C6c. laser soldering 540
C7. hot gas soldering 541
C8. soldering iron soldering 541
C9. using lead-free solders 541
D. Cleaning After Soldering 541
D1. solvent cleaning 542
D2. water washing 542
D3. semi-aqueous cleaning 543
E. Making Solder Paste 544
E1. making solder powder by gas atomization 544
E2. spinning disk powder making 545
E3. ultrasonic method of powder making 546
E4. screen classification of powder 546
E5. air classification of powder 547
E6. inspection of powder 547
E7. mixing solder paste 547
E8. inspection of paste 547
F. Ball Grid Arrays 549
G. Fluxes for Electronics 549
H. Tinning 550
I. Quality Control and Inspection Operations 550
I1. visual inspection of joints 550
I2. incoming inspection 550
I3. solderability testing 550
J. Repair and Touch-up 551
K. Integrated Circuits (ICs)
(Microcircuits or Chips) 551
K1. material preparation – making
ultra-pure silicon 551
K2. making a single crystal of silicon 552
K2a. slicing into wafers 553
K2b. polishing the wafers 553
K2c. other wafer preparation operations 554
K3. wafer fab 554
K3a. layering 555
K3a1. oxidation of silicon 556
K3a2. nitridation 556
K3a3. chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 556
K3a3a. epitaxy 557
K3a4. vacuum deposition 557
K3a5. sputtering 557
K3a6. adding thick films 557
K3a7. adding protective layers 558
K3b. patterning 558
K3b1. lithography 558
K3b1a. making masks 560
K3b1b. applying resist
(photoresist film) 560
K3b1c. expose and develop the resist 562
K3b2. etching 563
K3b2a. wet etching with liquid
etchants (wet chemical
etching) 563xviii Table of Contents
K3b2b. dry etching 564
K3b2b1. plasma etching 564
K3b2b2. ion beam etching
(sputter etching or
ion milling) 564
K3b2b3. reactive ion
etching (RIE) 565
K3b3. stripping photoresist from wafers 565
K3c. doping (dopant defusion) 566
K3d. heat treating 568
K3d1. annealing 568
K3d2. alloying 568
K4. wafer testing and sorting 568
K5. packaging (assembly) of chips 569
K5a. backside preparation 570
K5b. dicing (die separation) 570
K5c. chip insertion and fastening
to the package 570
K5d. wire bonding 570
K5e. closing and sealing the package 571
K5f. lead plating and trimming 571
K5g. marking and final testing 571
K6. other methods of connecting the integrated
circuit to the board 573
K6a. chip on board (COB) technology 573
K6b. conductive adhesive connections 573
K6c. tape automated bonding (TAB) 573
K6d. flip-chips 574
L. Making Discrete Devices 575
L1. making resistors 575
L2. making capacitors 576
L3. making inductors (chokes, choke coils) 578
L4. making transformers 578
L5. making discrete transistors and diodes 582
M. Conformal Coatings 582
N. Other Chip Configurations 582
N1. multiple integrated circuit packages (multichip
devices, assemblies, modules [MCM], system
in a package (SIP) or packages) 582
Chapter 14-Advanced
Manufacturing Methods 585
A. Rapid Prototyping (RP) Methods 585
A1. initial step: computer aided design
(CAD) 586
A2. the STL file 586
A3. the SLI file 586
A4. liquid-based rapid prototyping systems 586
A4a. the stereolithography (SLA) system 586
A4b. QuickCast 587
A4c. solid ground curing (SGC) 588
A4d. solid creation system (SCS) 589
A4e. solid object ultraviolet-laser
printer (SOUP) 589
A4f. soliform System 589
A4g. MEIKO system 589
A4h. E-Darts system 589
A5. solid-based systems 590
A5a. laminated object manufacturing (LOM) 590
A5b. fused deposition modeling (FDM) 591
A5c. paper lamination technology (PLT) 591
A5d. multi-jet modeling (MJM) 592
A5e. ModelMaker and PatternMaster 592
A5f. slicing solid manufacturing (SSM),
melted extrusion modeling (MEM)
and multi-functional RPM systems
(M-RPM) 592
A6. powder-based systems 592
A6a. selective laser sintering (SLS) 592
A6b. EOSINT 594
A6c. three dimensional printing (3DP) 594
B. Rapid Tooling 594
B1. direct shell production casting (DSPC) 596
B2. Prometal 3D printing process 596
B3. RapidTool 596
B4. laminated metal tooling 597
B5. direct AIM 597
B6. SL composite tooling 597
B7. 3D Keltool 597
B8. direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) 597
C. Manufacturing Cells (Group Technology)
(Family of Parts Concept) 597
D. Advanced Inspection Devices 599
D1. coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) 599
D2. machine vision 599
D3. laser scanning 601
E. Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) Systems 602
F. Automated Storage/Retrieval (AS/R)
Systems 603
G. Use of Robots in Manufacturing
Operations 605
G1. areas of robot applicability 605
G2. robots in foundries 606
G2a. in die casting 606
G2b. in sand-mold casting 606
G2c. in investment casting 606
G3. robots in forging 606
G4. robots in metal stamping 606
G5. robots in injection molding and other
plastics molding 606
G6. robots in welding 607
G7. robots in painting, sealing, coating 608
G8. robots in material handling 608
G9. robots in mechanical assembly 608
G10. robots in electronics 608
G11. robots in quality control 609
G12. robots in machining 609
G13. robots in heat treatment 610
G14. robots in some specific industries 610
G14a. in automobile assembly 610
G14b. in appliances 610
G14c. in the food industry 610
G14d. in glass making 610
G14e. in chemical industries 611
G14f. in woodworking 611
G14g. in other industries 611
Table of Contents xix
Section II-How Products, Components
and Materials Are Made 613
(listed in alphabetical order)
A 615
abrasives 615
ABS plastics 615
acetal plastics 615
acetate fibers and fabrics – See chapter 10,
particularly section 10A2. 616
acetone 616
acrylic plastics 616
adhesives 616
advanced ceramic materials, (high technology ceramics),
(modern ceramics), (fine ceramics) – See 5B4a. 617
air bags (for automotive passenger protection) 617
air conditioners 618
aircraft, (airplanes) 619
alcohol, denatured 623
alcohol, ethyl (ethanol) 623
alcoholic beverages 624
alcohol, isopropyl, (isopropanol or rubbing alcohol) 624
alcohol, methyl 624
ale 624
alloys 625
aluminum 625
aluminum foil 627
aluminum oxide – See abrasives. 627
ammonia 627
antifreeze 627
antimony 627
anti-shrink fabrics (cloth) – See 10F5a. 627
apple sauce 627
argon 627
asbestos / asbestos board 628
asphalt 628
aspirin 628
athletic shoes – See shoes, athletic. 628
automobile engines 628
automobile bodies 629
automobile chassis 629
automobiles 629
automobile windshields 630
B 632
bacon 632
bags, paper 632
bags, plastic 632
baking powder 632
ball bearings 632
ball grid arrays – See 13F. 632
ballpoint pens 632
balls, athletic 633
banknotes – See paper money. 633
bar codes 633
baseballs 633
bathtubs, cast iron 634
bathtubs, plastic 634
bathtubs, steel 634
bats, baseball 634
batteries, flashlight (dry cells) 634
bauxite – See aluminum. 636
beams, plastic, reinforced 636
beer 636
bells 638
bent wood components – See 6D. 638
bicycles 638
bills, dollar, and other paper money –
See paper money. 638
bleach 638
blue jeans 639
boats, small, plastic 639
boats, fiberglass 639
bolts (machine screws, cap screws, set screws) 639
books 639
bond paper 639
bottled drinks – See 12L and soft drinks. 640
bottles, glass 640
bottles, plastic 640
bowling balls 640
bowls, glass 640
boxes, corrugated – See cartons, corrugated. 640
brake linings 640
brandy 640
brass 640
bread 641
breakfast cereal – See cereals, breakfast. 642
bricks 642
bronze 642
brushes 642
bulbs, light – See light bulbs. 643
bulletproof glass 643
bullet-proof vests 643
bullets (small arms ammunition or cartridges) 643
bungee cords 644
burlap 644
butter 644
buttons 645
C 646
cabinets, wood – See chapt. 6. 646
cams 646
candied fruit – See 12J10. 646
candy 646
canned food – See 12G4. 647
cans, metal 647
capacitors, electronic – See 13L2. 649
carbon, activated 649
carbon black 649
carbon fibers 649
carpets 649
carrying cases, power tools and instruments 649xx Table of Contents
cars – See automobiles. 649
cast iron 649
CDs – See compact discs. 649
cellophane 649
cellular glass – See 5A7c. 650
cellulose acetate plastics 650
cement, portland 650
ceramic materials, advanced, (high technology ceramics),
(modern ceramics), (fine ceramics) – See 5B4a. 650
ceramics – See 5B. 650
cereals, breakfast 650
chairs, upholstered – See 6H. 652
chairs, wooden – See chapt. 6. 652
charcoal 652
cheese 652
cheese, Swiss 652
chewing gum 653
chinaware 653
chipboard (wafer board) – See 6F3. 654
chips, electronic – See 13K. 654
chlorine 654
chocolate 654
chokes, choke coils, inductors (electronic) –
See 13L3. 654
chromium 654
cider 655
clad metals – See 7C13d. 655
cloth, anti-shrink – See 10F5a. 655
cloth, knitted – See 10A, 10B and 10D. 655
cloth, non-woven – See 10A, 10B and 10E. 655
cloth, woven – See 10A, 10B and 10C. 655
clothing – See 10H. 655
coal gas – See gas, manufactured. 655
coffee 655
coffee, decaffeinated 655
coffee, instant 655
coils, electrical – See 13L3. 655
coins 655
combs 656
compact discs 656
composite structural lumber – See 6F7. 656
concrete blocks 656
condensers, electronic – See 13L2 and 13K3a6. 656
confectioner’s glaze – See candy. 656
contact lenses – See lenses, contact. 656
containers, plastic 656
cooking utensils 656
copper 657
corn flakes – See cereals, breakfast. 659
corn, frozen – See 12I1. 659
corn oil 659
corrugated cartons 659
cotton fabric 660
cottonseed oil – See margarine. 660
crayons (wax) 660
crepe fabric – See 10F3g. 660
crystal, lead glass – See 5A1. 660
cups, plastic, disposable 660
cups, paper – See drinking cups, paper. 660
cut glass – See 5A5b. 660
D 661
denim 661
detergents 661
diamonds, synthetic 661
diesel fuel – See fuel, diesel. 662
digital video discs (DVDs) 662
dinner plates – See chinaware. 663
diodes and transistors – See 13L5 and Fig. 13L5. 663
dishes, china – See chinaware. 663
dishes, glass 663
dishes, plastic 663
distilled spirits (distilled liquors) 663
downspouts, roof 663
drill bits 664
drinking cups, foam plastic 664
drinking glasses 665
drive screws – See screws. 665
drums, 55 gallon 665
dry cells – See batteries, flashlight. 665
dry ice 665
ductwork, steel 665
ductwork, plastic 665
DVD’s – See digital video discs. 665
dyed fabrics – See 10G1. 665
dyes 665
dynamite 665
E 666
edible oils – See oils, edible. 666
elastomers 666
electrical wire – See wire, electrical. 666
electricity 666
electric light bulbs – See light bulbs and lights,
fluorescent. 666
electric motors – See motors, electrical. 666
electric transformers – See 13L4. 666
electrical wire – See wire, electrical. 666
enamel, vitreous (porcelain enamel) 666
enclosures, shower 666
engineered lumber – See 6F7. 666
engine blocks 666
envelopes 667
epoxy 668
essential oils – See oils, essential. 668
etched glass – See 5A5f. 668
ethanol – See alcohol. 668
ethylene (ethene) 668
explosives – See dynamite. 668
eyeglasses 668
F 669
fabrics, anti-shrink – See 10F5a 669
fabrics, dyed – See 10G1. 669
fabrics, knitted – See 10A, 10B and 10D. 669
fabrics, flocked – See 10F3l. 669
Table of Contents xxi
fabrics, non-woven – See 10A, 10B and 10E. 669
fabrics, permanent press (wash and wear) – See 10F5b. 669
fabrics, printed – See 10G2. 669
fabrics, stain release – See 10F5d. 669
fabrics, woven – See 10A, 10B and 10C. 669
felt 669
felt-tip marking pens – See marking pens, felt tipped. 669
fertilizer 669
fiberboard, low density (insulation board) – See 6F6. 669
fiberboard, medium density – See 6F6. 669
fiberglass insulation 669
fibers, glass 669
fibers, textile – See 10A. 669
fibers, optical – See 5A6, 5A6e and 5A6f. 669
fibers, synthetic – See 10A2 and 10B6. 669
fiber, vulcanized – See 9C6. 669
film, photographic 669
film plastic – (See section 4I5.) 670
filters 670
finger-jointed lumber – See 6F7. 670
fireworks 670
fishing rods (poles) 671
flashlights 673
flatware (tableware)(silverware) 673
flexible printed circuit boards – See 13A4. 674
flocked fabrics – See 10F3l. 674
floor covering, vinyl – See vinyl flooring. 674
flour 674
flour, bleached – See entry 12C5a2. 674
flour, enriched – See entry 12C5a3. 674
fluorescent lights 674
flux-cored wire solder – See 13C1g1. 675
foam plastics – See 4C3. 675
food wrap, (“saran wrap”) – See saran. 675
footballs 675
footwear – See shoes. 675
Formica(r), Micarta(r) (rigid plastic laminates) – See 6F8
and fig 6F8. 675
fragrances (perfumes) 675
freeze dried food – See 12H5. 675
frozen food – See 12I1, 12I1a, 12I1b, 12I1c and 12I2. 676
fuel, diesel 676
fuel, jet 676
furniture, upholstered – See 6H. 676
furniture, wooden – See chapt. 6. 676
G 677
garlic – See spices. 677
garments (clothing) 677
gaskets, packings and seals 677
gas, manufactured 677
gas, liquified petroleum (LPG) 677
gasoline 678
gears 678
Gemstones – See Jewelry. 684
gin – See distilled spirits. 684
ginger – See spices. 684
girders, steel 684
glass – See 5A 684
glass bottles – are made by glass blowing (5A2b). 684
glass, bulletproof (bullet resistant) 684
glass, cellular (foam glass) – See 5A7c. 684
glass ceramics – See 5A7a. 684
glass containers – See 5A2b1 and 5A2b3. 684
glass, cut – See 5A5b. 684
glasses, drinking – See drinking glasses. 684
glasses, eye – See eyeglasses. 684
glass, etched – See 5A5f. 684
glass, pyrex – See cooking utensils. 684
glass fibers 684
glass filters – See 5A8c 684
glass, foam (cellular glass) – See 5A7c. 684
glass jars 684
glass lenses – See lenses. 684
glass microspheres – See 5A7d. 684
glass, photosensitive – See 5A7b. 684
glass pitchers – See 5A2b1 684
glass, plate – See 5A3e. 684
glass, safety – See safety glass. 684
glass thermometers – See thermometers, glass. 684
glass tubing – See 5A2 684
glassware, laboratory (scientific) – See 5A2b1,
5A2b2, 5A5h and 5A5i. 684
glass vases – See 5A2b1 684
glass, window – See flat glass processes, 5A3. 684
glass wool – See glass fibers. 684
glazing compound – See putty. 684
glove compartments, automotive 684
gloves 684
glue – See adhesives. 684
glued-laminate lumber (“glulam”) – See 6F7. 684
gold 684
golf balls 685
golf clubs 685
graphite 686
gravure printing plates – See 9D3b. 686
grease, lubricating 686
grinding wheels 686
guitars, acoustic 687
gum, chewing – See chewing gum. 687
guns (firearms) 687
gutters, roof 689
gypsum plaster 689
gypsum board – See plasterboard. 689
H 690
ham 690
hammers 690
handles, cooking utensils 690
handles, tool 690
hand tools – See hammers, pliers, wrenches,
screwdrivers and handles, tool. 690
hardboard (including tempered hardboard) – See 6Fc. 690
helium 690
herbicides 691
high-density polyethylene – See polyethylene,
high-density. 691xxii Table of Contents
hosiery (stockings and socks) 691
houses, prefabricated (modular houses) 691
housings, appliance 692
housings, business machine 692
hydraulic fluid 693
hydrochloric acid (HCl) 693
hydrogen 693
I 694
I-joists, wooden – See 6F7 and Fig. 6F7-1. 694
ice, dry – See dry ice. 694
ice cream 694
ice skates 694
inductors (chokes, choke coils) – See 13L3. 694
ink 694
in-line skates 695
insecticides (pesticides) 695
instant coffee – See coffee, instant. 696
insulation board (low-density fiberboard) – See 6F6. 696
integrated circuits – See 13K. 696
iron 696
isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol or rubbing alcohol) –
See alcohol, isopropyl. 697
J 698
jars, glass – See 5A2b3. 698
jelly 698
jelly beans 698
jet engines (gas turbines) 698
jet fuel 701
jewelry 701
K 703
kerosene 703
Kevlar 703
keyboards, computer 703
keys 703
keys for computer keyboards 704
kidskin 704
knit fabrics 704
kraft paper – See 9C5, 9B and 9B2b. 704
L 705
lace 705
lacquer 705
ladders 705
lasers 705
latex 706
lawn mowers 707
lead 707
lead glass (lead crystal) 707
leather 707
leather goods 708
lenses 709
lenses, contact 710
licorice 711
light bulbs, incandescent 711
lights, fluorescent – See fluorescent lights. 712
linen 712
liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 712
locks, combination 713
low-density fiberboard – See 6F6. 714
lubricating grease – See grease, lubricating. 714
lumber 714
lumber, pressure treated 714
M 715
magnesium 715
magnets 715
manganese 716
maple syrup 716
marbles 716
margarine 716
marking pens, felt tipped 717
matches 717
meat – See 12K. 717
meat tenderizer 717
melamine plastic – See urea and melamine plastic. 717
mercury 717
medium density fiberboard – See 6F6. 717
metal cans – See cans, metal. 717
metal powders – See powders, metal. 717
methane 717
microcircuits – See 13K. 718
microspheres, glass – See 5A7d. 718
milk, condensed 718
milk, powdered 718
milk, skim 718
mineral wool (rock wool) – See 5A6d. 718
mirrors 718
molybdenum 718
monuments 718
motors, electric 719
multiple chip packages (electronic) – See 13N1. 720
musical instruments 720
musical instruments, brass 720
N 722
nail polish 722
nails 722
nameplates – See 8I12, 8I2, 8I4, 8I4a, 8I5, 8I7 and other
items under 8I (Product Marking). 722
naphtha – See 11H1a and 11H2a1. 722
napkins, paper – See 9C4 and 9B5. 722
napped fabrics – See 10F3a 722
natural gas 722
natural rubber – See 4O1. 723
needlepoint carpets – See 10I8. 723
needlepunch carpets – See 10I4. 723
neon signs 723
neoprene – See 4O2. 723
newspapers 723
Table of Contents xxiii
newsprint – See 9C2 723
nickel 723
nitrile rubber – See 4O2. 724
nitrogen 724
no-clean solder flux – See 13G 724
non-woven fabric – See 10E. 724
nuclear power – See electricity and Fig. E1. 724
numerical controls – See 3U and 3U1. 724
nutmeg – See spices. 724
nuts, screw 724
nylon 724
O 726
oils, edible 726
oils, essential 726
oil, fuel (furnace oil) 726
oil, lubricating 726
oils, vegetable – See oils, edible; olive oil; oils, essential 726
olive oil 727
olives, green 727
optical glass fibers – See 5A6, 5A6e and 5a6f. 727
optical lenses – See lenses. 728
orange juice 728
oriented strand board (OSB) – See 6F5. 728
o-rings 728
Orlon 728
oxygen 728
P 729
packages, blister 729
paint 729
paint brushes – See brushes. 730
paint removers (paint strippers) 730
pallets, plastic 730
pallets, wood 730
pans, cooking – See cooking utensils. 730
paper – See 9A and 9B. 730
paperboard 730
paper, bond – See 9B and 9C1. 730
paper clips 730
paper hankerchiefs – See 9C4. 730
paper, kraft – See 9B, 9B2b2 and 9C5. 730
paper money 730
paper, rag (rag bond) – See 9B and 9B3. 730
paper, sanitary – See 9B and 9C4. 730
paper towels – See 9C4. 730
particle board – See 6F5. 730
partition glass – See 5A3g. 730
pasta 731
patterns for casting – See 1B7. 731
peanut butter 731
pencils, lead 731
pens, ball point – See ballpoint pens. 731
pepper – See spices. 731
perfume 731
permanent press fabrics – See 10F5b. 732
pesticides – See insecticides. 732
petrochemicals – See 11H. 732
petroleum 732
petroleum jelly (petrolatum, Vaseline) 732
pewter 732
phenolic plastics 732
photographic film – See film, photographic. 732
pickles – See 12J. 732
pig iron 732
pile rugs (tufted rugs) – See 10I2. 732
pipe, plastic – See tubing, plastic. 732
pipe and tubing,metal 732
pipe, cast – See 1E1. 733
pipe, welded – See pipe and tubing, metal above. 733
plaster – See gypsum plaster. 733
plasterboard, gypsum board, wallboard and drywall 734
plastics 734
plastic film – See 4I5. 734
plastic laminates, rigid (“Formica” or “Micarta”) – See 6F8. 734
plastic wood, wood filler 734
plate glass – See 5A3e. 734
platinum 734
playground equipment 734
plexiglas 735
pliers 735
plywood – See 6F2. 735
polycarbonate plastic, PC 735
polyester plastic 735
polyethylene plastic, PE 735
polyethylene plastic, high-density, HDPE 736
polyethylene plastic, linear, low density, LLDPE 736
polyethylene plastic, low-density, LDPE 737
polyethylene plastic, ultra-high-molecular-weight, UHMWPE 737
polypropylene plastic, PP 737
polystyrene plastic, PS 737
polyurethane plastic 737
polyvinyl chloride plastic, PVC, vinyl 737
polymers 738
porcelain 738
portland cement – See cement, portland. 738
“popcorn” loose-fill packaging 738
potato chips 738
pottery – See chinaware and 5B2. 738
powders, metal 738
powdered milk – See milk, powdered. 739
powder metal parts – See 2L1. 739
pretzels 739
printed circuit boards – See 13A through 13D. 739
printed fabrics – See 10G2. 739
printing plates, gravure – See 9D3b. 739
propane – See gas, liquified petroleum. 739
prototypes, rapid – See 14A. 739
putty 739
pyrex glass – See cooking utensils. 739
Q 740
quarter-sawed lumber boards – See 6A2, 6A4
and Fig. 6A2-1. 740
quartz glass 740
quicklime 740xxiv Table of Contents
R 741
rag paper (rag bond) – See 9B3. 741
rapid prototypes – See 14A. 741
rapid tooling – See 14B. 741
rattan furniture 741
rayon 741
refractories 741
resistors, electronic – See 13L1. 741
rice wine 741
rings (jewelry) – See jewelry. 742
rock wool (mineral wool) – See 5A6d. 742
roller blades and skates – See skates, roller blade. 742
rope 742
rubber bands 742
rubber, natural – See 4O1. 743
rubber, synthetic – See 4O2. 743
rubber, silicone – See silicones 743
rubber, urethane – See polyurethane and 4O2
(synthetic rubber). 743
rubies and sapphires 743
rugs (carpets) 743
rum 743
S 744
safety glass for automobiles 744
sailplanes (gliders) 744
salt 745
sandpaper 746
sanitary paper – See 9B and 9C4. 746
sanitary ware 746
sapphire, synthetic 747
saran 747
satellites and spacecraft 747
satin 747
sausages 747
sauerkraut 747
screwdrivers 747
screws, machine and cap – See bolts. 749
screws, wood, drive, and sheet metal 749
screw threads – See 3E. 749
semiconductors 749
sewing machines 749
shampoo 749
shellac 749
shirts 750
shoes 750
shoes, athletic and sneakers 750
shortening 751
shrinkproof (shrink resistant) fabrics – See 10E5a. 751
signs, neon – See neon signs. 751
silicon – See 13K1 for silicon refining. 751
silicon carbide – See abrasives. 751
silicones (silicone plastic resins, silicone oils,
silicon rubber) 751
silicone rubber 752
silicon single crystals – See 13K2. 752
silicon wafers (for integrated circuits) – See 13K2c
through 13K4 752
silk 752
silver 752
silverware – See flatware. 752
single crystals of silicon – See 13K. 752
skim milk – See milk, skim. 752
soap 752
sodium carbonate (soda ash) 753
soft drinks 753
solar cells (photovoltaic cells) 754
solder 755
solder paste – See 13E. 755
solder preforms – See 7A1b. 755
solder powder – See 13E1 through 13E6. 755
spandex 755
spark plugs 755
spices 756
spirits, distilled – See distilled spirits. 758
sporting goods 758
springs 758
stained glass windows 759
stainless steels – See steels, stainless. 759
stain-release fabrics – See 10F5d. 759
stamps, postage 759
starch 759
steel 760
steels, stainless 761
structural composite lumber – See 6F7. 761
structural foam plastics – See 4C3. 761
styrofoam 761
sugar 762
suits – See manufacture of clothing (10H). 762
sulfuric acid 762
superconductors 762
swiss cheese – See cheese, Swiss. 763
switches, electrical – See electrical switches. 763
synthetic fibers and fabric – See 10A2, 10B6, 10C
and 10D. 763
synthetic lumber (composite lumber) – See 6F9. 763
synthetic rubber – See 4O2. 763
T 764
T-shirts 764
tableware, plastic 764
tableware, metal (silverware) – See flatware. 764
tacks 764
talcum powder, baby powder 764
tanks, fuel for automobiles 764
tanks, plastic, storage for chemicals 764
tea 765
tea, instant 765
teflon 765
tennis balls 765
textile fabrics – See chapt. 10. 765
thermometers 765
thermoplastics 766
Table of Contents xxv
thread 766
tiles, ceramic 766
tiles, floor – See vinyl flooring. 766
tiles, plastic – See vinyl flooring. 766
tin 766
tires, rubber 766
titanium 767
toilets and other sanitary ware – See sanitary ware. 767
toilet paper – See 10C4. 767
tooling, rapid – See 14B. 767
tools, hand – See hammers, pliers, wrenches
and handles, tool. 767
toothpaste 767
toothbrushes – See brushes. 768
towels, paper – See 10C4. 768
trailers 768
trampolines 769
transformers – See 13L4. 769
transistors – See 13L5. 769
trays, plastic 769
trumpets and other brass musical instruments –
See musical instruments, brass. 769
tubing, glass – See 5A2c. 769
tubing, metal, seamless and welded – See pipe
and tubing, metal. 769
tubing, plastic 769
tungsten 769
turbine blades – See jet engines. 769
turpentine 769
U 770
ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene –
See polyethylene, ultra-high-molecular-weight. 770
ultra-high-strength steels 770
umbrellas 770
undergarments (underwear) 770
unwoven fabric – See 10E. 770
upholstered furniture – See 6H. 770
uranium fuel 770
urea and melamine plastics 771
urethane rubber 771
utensils, cooking – See cooking utensils. 771
V 772
vacuum bottles (Thermos(r) bottles,
Dewer flasks) 772
vanilla 772
varnish 773
vases – (made by manual blowing) See 5A2b. 773
veneer, wood – See 6F1, 6B7b, 6E4, 6D2. 773
vermouth 773
vials, glass – (made from tubing) See 5A2c. 773
vinegar 773
vinyl flooring 773
vinyl plastic – See polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 774
vinyl plastisol coatings – See 8D10. 774
vinyl siding (for buildings) 774
viscose (viscose rayon) – See rayon and 10A2. 774
vitreous enamel coatings – See 8F1. 774
vodka 774
vulcanized fiber – See 9C6. 774
W 775
wafer board lumber – See 6F3. 775
wallboard (plasterboard, gypsum board, drywall, sheetrock) 775
wall paper 775
washers (as used with bolts, etc.) 775
watches 775
water repellant fabrics – See 10F5e. 776
water, potable 776
wax 776
whiskey 777
white glue – See adhesives. 777
window panes 777
window panes, antique – See 5A3a. 777
windows 777
windshields, automotive – See automotive windshields. 777
wine 777
wire, electrical 778
wire forms 778
wire glass – See 5A3g. 779
wire, mechanical 779
wooden I-joists – See 6F7 and Fig.6F7-1. 779
wood veneer – See 6F1. 779
wool 779
woolen fabric – is woven or knit. See wool above,
chapter 10 and Fig. W2. 780
woven fabrics – See 10A, 10B and 10C. 780
wrenches 780
wrench sockets 781
writing paper 781
X 782
xylene (xylol) 782
Y 783
yarn 783
yogurt 783
Z 784
zinc 784
zippers 784
A
abrasive
belt deburring 129
belt grinding 104
belt sanding 129
blasting 329
flow deburring 126
flow machining 104, 126
jet deburring 127
jet machining 104
sawing 113
diamond-edge sawing 114
water jet machining 131
abrasives 615
aluminum oxide 615
silicon carbide 615
ABS plastics 615
absorption/stripping 422
of petroleum 466
acetal plastics 615
acetate fiber 386
acetone 616
acid cleaning 331
acid etching (glassware) 234
acrylic plastics 616
adding protective layers (to ICs) 558
adding thick films (to ICs) 557
addition polymerization 147
additive additions 468
additive method (PCBs) 522
adhesive bonding 313
application methods 315
brush 315
dipping 315
dry film 315
hot melt 315
pressure sensitive and contact 315
pump pressure application of solid
adhesives 316
roller 315
spatula 315
spray 315
cleaning for 314
curing methods 316
joint assembly methods 316
of plastics 195
surface preparation 313, 314
cleaning 314
roughening 314
ionization pretreatment 315
adhesives 616
alloy adhesives 616
animal and fish glues 616
application methods 315
cyanoacrylate glues (super glues) 616
electrically-conductive adhesives
616
epoxy resins 616
hot-melt adhesives 315, 617
plant-based adhesives 617
pressure-sensitive adhesives 617
pyroxylin cements 617
rubber-based adhesives 617
vegetable-based adhesives 617
white glue 617
adsorption and ion exchange 448
advanced ceramics, material
preparation 246
advanced inspection devices 599
coordinate measuring machines
(CMMs) 599
laser scanning 601
machine vision 599
advanced manufacturing methods 585
advanced inspection devices 599
automatic guided vehicle (AGV)
systems 602
automated storage and retrieval
(AS/R)
systems 603
manufacturing cells
(group technology) 597
rapid prototyping (RP) methods 585
rapid tooling 594
Use of robots in manufacturing 605
age hardening or ageing 352
air atomized paint spray 335
air bags (automotive) 617
air bending of sheet metal 50
air-carbon arc cutting and grooving 118
air classification of powder 547
air conditioners 618
aircraft (airplanes) 620
air drying of lumber 259
airless spray painting 335
air (reverberatory) furnace melting 2
air-slip forming of plastic sheet 171
alcohol (denatured) 623
ethyl (ethanol) 623
alcoholic beverages 624
alcohol, isopropyl (isopropanol
or rubbing) 624
alcohol methyl 624
ale 624
alkaline cleaning 331
alkylation 467
alligator shears, for sheet metal 41
787
Indexalloying IC wafers 568
alloying processes 480
alloys 625
altering protein content of food 488
aluminum alloys, heat treating 352
aluminum foil 627
aluminum oxide 615
aluminum production 625
ammonia 627
animal and fish glues 616
annealing IC wafers 568
annealing of glass 229
annealing of metals, general 345, 348
annealing of steels 345, 346, 347, 348
full 346
isothermal 347
process 348
spherodizing 347
anodizing 338
hardcoat 338
antifreeze 627
antimony 627
Antioch plaster process 11
anti-shrink fabric treatment 401
antistatic treatment 402
apple sauce 627
application of adhesives 315
brush, spray, dipping, roller
and spatula 315
dry film 315
hot melt 315
pressure sensitive and contact 315
pump pressure application of solid
adhesives 316
application of brazing filler metal 299
apply resist (photoresist film) 560
arc cutting 117
air-carbon arc cutting and grooving
118
carbon arc 118
gas metal arc 118
gas tungsten arc 118
oxygen arc 118
plasma arc 117
shielded metal arc 118
arc (electric) melting 1
consumable 2
direct 2
indirect 2
arc welding 301
areas of robot applicability 605
appliances 610
automobile assembly 610
chemical industry 611
coating 608
die casting 606
electronics 608
food industry 610
forging 606
foundries 606
glass making 610
heat treatment 610
injection molding 606
investment casting 606
machining 609
material handling 608
mechanical assembly 608
metal stamping 606
other industries 611
other plastics molding 606
packaging and shipping 611
painting 608
quality control 609
sand mold casting 606
sealing 608
welding 607
woodworking 611
argon 627
asbestos 628
asbestos board 628
aseptic processing of food 499
asphalt 628
aspirin 628
assembling surface mounted
components 528
assembly and fastening wood
products 280
adhesive bonding 282
assembling veneer and inlaid
surfaces 282
clamps and fixtures 281
mechanical fastening 281
assembly and fusion processes 295
adhesive bonding 295
brazing 299
mechanical assembly 317
soldering and brazing 295
welding 301
assembly, automatic 318
assembly, mechanical 317
assembly lines 317
automatic assembly 318
bench assembly 317
dedicated equipment 320
high speed assembly 320
holding the assembly 321
inspection and testing 321
marking and labeling 321
moving the assembly 321
packaging 321
parts fastening 321, 323
parts feeding equipment 320, 321
parts insertion 321
press and shrink fit fastening 326
processes 317
riveting 323
robotic assembly 321
snap fit fastening 324
staking, seaming, and crimping 327
stitching/stapling 323
with threaded fasteners 323
assembly of veneer and wood inlays 282
athletic shoes 750
austempering of steels 351
autoclave molding of reinforced
thermosetting plastics 177
automated storage/retrieval (AS/R)
systems 603
automatic bobbin changing 393
automatic compression molding
of plastics 155
automatic guided vehicle (AGV)
systems 602
automatic screw machines 90
chucking machines 92
multiple spindle screw machines 91
screw machines 90
single spindle screw machines 91
Swiss-type screw machines 91
automatic tracing 145
automobile
bodies 629
engines 628
chassis 629
windshields 630
automobiles 629
B
baby powder 764
backside preparation of wafer 570
backward extrusion 74
bacon 632
bag filtering 439
bags, paper 632
bags,plastic 632
baking food 501
baking powder 632
ball bearings 632
ball grid arrays 549
ball milling food material 487
ballpoint pens 632
balls, athletic 633
balls, bowling 640
band sawing 113
banknotes-See paper money 730
bar codes 633
barrel tumbling (finishing) 127, 332
baseballs 633
bats 634
basic glassmaking 211
788 Indexbatching glass materials 212
batch processes 417, 468
bathtubs
cast iron 634
plastics 634
steel 634
battening (weaving) 392
batteries (flashlight) 634
bats, baseball 634
bauxite-See aluminum 625
Bayer process (for aluminum) 625
beading 56
beam, electron, machining 132
laser 133
laser assisted hot machining 134
beams, plastic, reinforced 636
beams, wooden prefabricated 288
beating (of paper pulp) 364
beer 637
beetling 400
bells 638
bench assembly 317
bench molding 14
bending and sagging (glass) 231
bending sheet metal
air 50
die 50
punch press 50
bending tubing and sections 68
compression 70
draw 68
ram and press 70
roll 71
roll extrusion 72
stretch 71
wrinkle 71
bending wood 279
kerf bending 279
making curved laminations 279
wet bending 279
bentonite clay 5, 6
bent wood components 279
bicycles 638
billow-up plug-assist forming 169
billow-up vacuum snap-back forming
169
bills, dollar-See paper money 730
black oxide coatings 339
blanching 497
blanking of sheet metal 42
chemical 136
dinking 43
fineblanking 46
photochemical, 44, 136
with steel rule dies 43
blast cleaning of castings 19
blasting, abrasive 329
bleach 638
bleaching and washing (paper pulp)
364
bleaching fabric 399
bleaching flour 488
blending petroleum fractions 468
blending (yarn making) 387
block chopping fabric 407
block molding of EPS
block printing fabric 404
blow-blow process (glass parts) 220
blowing glass 213
blow molding of plastics 173
coextrusion 175
coinjection 175
dip 175
extrusion 173
injection 173
in stretch 174
multilayer 175
other processes 176
blown film extrusion (plastics) 187
blue jeans 369
boats
fiberglass 639
small, plastic 639
bobbin (weaving) 393
automatic changing 393
bolts 639
books 639
bond paper 368, 639
boring 94
counterboring 93
countersinking 94
horizontal boring mills 95
jig boring 95
vertical boring mills 95
bottled drinks-See soft drinks 753
and bottling 513
bottles
glass 640
plastic 640
bottling 513
bowling balls 640
bowls, glass 640
boxes, core 12
boxes, corrugated 659
braided rugs 413
brake linings 640
branding 357
brandy 640
brass 640
brazing 299
application of filler metal 299
diffusion 301
dip 300
furnace 299
induction (IB) 300
resistance (RB) 300
salt bath 300
torch 299
bread 641
baking 641
kneading 641
mixing 641
rising 641
breakdown sawing 257
breakfast cereals 650
bricks 642
broaching 112
external 113
internal 113
pot 113
bronze 642
brush application of adhesives 315
brush application of flux 534
brushes 642
brushing (for cleaning) 329
brushing fabric 400
brush plating 333
buffing (for polishing) 332
bulbs, light, incandescent 711
bulging tubing 72
hydraulic 72
mechanical 72
other methods 73
bulk polymerization of plastics 148
bullet-proof glass (bullet resistant) 684
bullet-proof vests 643
bullets (small arms ammunition
or cartridges) 643
bungee cords 644
burlap 644
burnish deburring 130
burnishing, 125, 332, 682
burring (rotary filing) 131
butchering 512
butter 644
butt joints (wood) 272
buttons 645
C
cabinets, wood-See Chapter 6 255
CAD-CAM 144
calendering of fabric 400
calendering of plastics 188
cams 646
candied fruit-See candying
and glazing 510
candy 646
candying and glazing 510
canned food-See canning 498
canning 498
Index 789cans, metal 647
capacitors, electronic 576
cap screw 639
carbon
activated 649
black 649
fibers 649
carbon arc cutting 118
carbon-dioxide core process 14
carbon fibers 387
carbonitriding of steels 350, 351
carburizing of steels 349
gas 349
liquid 349
pack 349
carding (yarn making) 389
carpets 649
carpet and rug making 412
braided rugs 413
frames 412
hooked rugs 413
knitted rugs 413
needlepoint rugs 415
needlepunch carpets 413
oriental rugs 415
tufting rugs 413
weaving rugs and carpets 412
carpets 649
weaving 412
cars (automobiles) 629
carrying cases 649
cartons, corrugated 659
cartridges 643
case hardening 349
cast film extrusion 188
casting acrylic parts 184
casting and molding (product marking)
358
casting cleaning 18–20
blast cleaning 19
core knockout 18
fettling 20
gate, riser and fin removal 20
rotary shakeout 18
shakeout 18
table 18
snagging 20
tumble blasting 20
tumble cleaning 19
vibrating conveyor 18
vibrating drum 18
wire brush cleaning 20
casting nylon parts 184
casting of plastics 182
acrylic parts 184
cast film extrusion 188
centrifugal 177
encapsulating and potting 184
nylon parts 184
sheet 182
cell casting 182
continuous casting 182
slush molding of vinyl dispersions
191
structural foam parts 183
casting processes 1–32
Antioch 11
cement-sand 9
centrifugal of metals 24
centrifugal of plastics 177
centrifuged 25
ceramic mold 20
ceramic-shell 21
continuous 32
die 26
cold-chamber 27
hot chamber 26
dry sand 6
flaskless 11
green-sand 6
investment 29
flask method 29
shell method 29
loam molding 9
lost foam 8
lost wax 29
low pressure permanent mold 24
magnetic molding 9
of plastics 182
acrylics 184
cast film extrusion 188
cell casting of sheet 182
centrifugal
continuous of sheet 182
encapsulating and potting 184
nylon 184
sheet 182
slush molding of vinyl dispersions
191
structural foam 183
other sand mold 6
permanent mold 23
plaster mold 22
foamed plaster 22
pressed 24
sand 5
semicentrifugal 25
Shaw process 21
shell mold 6
skin-dried 6
slush 24
true centrifugal 25
Unicast process 22
vacuum 24
V-process 9
with sand cores 23
casting structural foam parts 183
cast iron 649
catalytic cracking petroleum 466
cavity, in place, and low-pressure
molding of plastisol 191
CDs (compact discs) 656
cell casting of plastic sheet 182
cellophane 649
cellular (foam) glass manufacture 243
cellulose acetate plastics 650
cemented installation of inserts
in plastics 203
cementing inserts in plastics parts 203
cement, Portland 650
cements and glues-See adhesives 616
cement-sand casting 9
centerless grinding 99
center-type cylindrical grinding 98
centrifugal barrel tumbling 129
centrifugal casting of glass 224
centrifugal casting of metal 24
semi–25
true 25
centrifugal casting of plastics 177
centrifugation 435, 490
centrifuged castings 25
ceramic materials 245
advanced 246
ceramic mold casting 20
ceramic-shell casting 21
ceramics 244
advanced 246
calcination of 246
ceramic materials 245
preparation 245
drying 249, 251
dielectric or radio frequency 251
final 251
microwave, dielectric 251
partial in-process 250
radio frequency 251
extruding 248
firing 251
glazing 251
grinding and machining 251
high technology 244
hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 252
hot pressing 252
injection molding 247
isostatic pressing 247
jiggering 249
machining and grinding 251
material preparation 245
for advanced ceramics 246
materials 245
790 Indexnature of 244
operation sequence 245
preparation of materials 245
for advanced ceramics 246
pressing 246
pressure casting 248
processes 244
roll compaction 249
sequence of operations 245
sintering (firing) 251
slip casting 248
tape casting 249
throwing 249
cereals (breakfast) 650
corn flakes 650
oatmeal 651
other shredded cereals 651
oven-puffed cereals 652
shredded wheat 651
wheat flakes 650
chairs, upholstered 291
chairs, wooden-See Chapter 6 255
charcoal 652
cheese 652
Swiss 652
chemical and other treatments 467
chemical
blanking 136
cleaning 330
deburring 128
engraving 136
etching 123, 197, 234, 356
electro 123
of glass 234
of plastics 197
flux cutting (FOC) 117
machining 135
milling 136
pulping of wood 363
reactions 468
surface treatments 338
vapor deposition 556
chemical processes
batch 417
cleaning 330
continuous 417, 468
esterification 481
evaporation 439
extracting metals from ores 478
fermentation 458
heat transfer 474
mixing methods 458
petrochemicals 465
petroleum refining 465
recovering metals from ores 478
reactions 468
separation 418
size enlargement 458
size reduction 454
chemial pulping of wood 363
chemical reactions 468
continuously-stirred tank reactors
(CSTR) 468
flooded fixed-bed reactions 472
gas/liquid reactions 469
gas/liquid/solid reactions 472
gas-phase reactions 469
heterogeneous reactions 469
homogeneous reactions 469
liquid/liquid reactions 470
packed bed reactors (PBR) 468
plug flow reactors (PFR) 468
reactions with catalysts 474
solids/solids and solids/gas
reactions 472
tubular flow reactors (TFR) 469
chemical surface treatments 338
anodizing 338
hardcoat 338
black oxide coatings 339
chemical cleaning 330
chemical toughening of glass 230
chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) 340
plasma-assisted 341
plasma-enhanced 341
chromate conversion coatings 338
cleaning 330
ion implantation 341
phosphating 338
chemical toughening of glass 230
chemical vapor deposition 340, 556
plasma-assisted 341
plasma-enhanced 341
chewing gum 653
chinaware 653
chipboard 286
chip insertion and fastening 570
chip on board (COB) technology 573
chips (integrated circuits)
(microcircuits) 551
chlorine 654
chocolate 654
choke coils (chokes) 578
chromate conversion coatings 338
chromium 654
chucking machines 92
cider 655
hard (alcoholic) 655
circular sawing 113
cladding, metal 310
clamps and fixtures (for wood) 281
cleaning after soldering 541
semi-aqueous cleaning 543
solvent cleaning 542
water washing 542
cleaning castings-See casting
cleaning 18–20
cleaning equipment 516
cleaning prior to soldering 533
cleaning processes 329
abrasive blasting 329
acid 331
alkaline 331
brushing 329
chemical 330
dry blast 329
electrochemical 332
electrolytic 332
pickling 332
emulsion 331
for adhesive bonding 314
immersion 330
mechanical 329
pickling 331
salt bath 331
solvent 330
spray degreasing 330
steam jet 329
tumbling 329
ultrasonic 330
vapor degreasing 330
wet blast cleaning 329
cleaning raw food materials 483
closed die forging 36
closing and sealing IC package 571
cloth, anti-shrink 402
cloth, knitted 394
cloth, non-woven 398
cloth, woven 392
clothing and sewn products
manufacture 406
chopping 407
block 407
pattern 407
cutting 407
computer controlled 408
press 408
drilling
awl 408
hypodermic 408
folding 411
heat sealing 411
knifing 407
continuous blade 408
oscillating knife 407
round knife 408
labeling 411
marker 407
marking 407
packing 411
Index 791clothing and sewn products
manufacture (Continued)
pressing 411
mangles 411
seam bonding 411
sewing 409
spreading 406
stacking 406
stitch-less joining 411
CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
140
CNC machine center deburring 130
coal gas 677
coating, dip 189
coating, roll 189
coatings of paper
water dispersion 366
coating, spread 189
coating wire
by extrusion 186
plastisol 192
strand coating with plastisols
and organisols 191
coffee 655
decaffeinated 655
instant 655
coils, electrical 578
coining sheet metal 55
drop hammer 55
ironing 58
roll coining 64
sizing 57
swaging 57
co-injection or sandwich molding 159
coins 655
Colburn process (sheet glass) 225
cold-chamber die casting 27
cold dipping (plastisol) 190
cold drawing 40
cold extrusion 74
cold-form tapping of internal threads
111
cold heading 73
cold molding 156
cold stamping of reinforced
thermosetting plastics 179
cold welding 310
cold working, primary
drawing 40
rolling 39
collotype (collography) 372
coloring and blending of plastics 204
coloring fabric 403
coloring materials for glass 212
color printing 382
combination locks 713
combined extrusion 75
combing (yarn making) 389
combs 656
combustible gas forming 75
compact discs 656
composite lumber 289
compound die operations 60
compounder-extruder of plastics 151
compounding plastics 149
compounding rubber 209
compression bending 70
compression forming 63
compression molding
of plastics 153
computer aided
design (CAD) 144
manufacturing (CAM) 144
computer
control 139
controlled routering 270
keyboards 703
numerical control 140
concentration 495
freeze (foods) 496
concrete blocks 656
condensation polymerization 148
condensers, electronic (capacitors) 576
conductive adhesive connections 573
conductive adhesives 616
confectioners’ glaze 647
conformal coatings 582
contact finger plating 524
contact lenses 710
containers, plastic 656
continuous casting (metals) 32
continuous casting (plastic sheet) 182
continuous chemical processes
417, 468
continuous glass fibers 386
continuous laminating 178
with thermoplastics 178
with thermosetting plastics 178
continuous mixing 151
contour roll forming 66
contour sawing (metal) 114
contour sawing (wood) 266
controllers, programmable 144
conventional electroplating 333
conventional injection molding
of plastics 159
conventional polishing 332
conversion (in petroleum refining) 466
converting (finishing) paper 366
cooking 500
cooking utensils 656
cooling for preservation (food) 505
cooling of sand 17
cooling with air 476
coordinate measuring machines
(CMMs) 599
copper 657
copper and alloys, heat treating 353
annealing 354
stress relieving 354
solution treating 354
copy machine printing 378
core boxes 12
cored solder fluxing 535
core knock-out 18
core prints 12
cores (foundry) 12
baking 13
blowing 13
carbon dioxide process 14
dry-sand 12
furan no-bake process 13
green sand 13
knock-out 18
making 12
oil-oxygen process 13
shell process for cores 14
corn flakes 650
corn, frozen 505
corn oil 659
corona discharge 197
corona discharge (plastics) 197
corrugated cartons 659
cotton fabric 660
cottonseed oil 716
counterboring 93
countersinking 94
crabbing fabric 401
cracking (in petroleum refining) 466
crayons 660
creel (weaving) 392
creep-feed grinding 102
crepe (creping fabric) 400
crimping, staking and seaming 327
crosscutting wooden boards 260
cross dyeing of fabric 404
crucible melting 2
crucibles 2
crushing 454
cryogenic deflashing 130
crystal (lead glass) 211
crystallization 427, 466, 492
crystallization of petroleum
contaminants 466
cupola melting 1
ladles 4
pouring 4
cups, plastic, disposable 660
curing methods for adhesives 316
curtain coating 334
curved laminations (of wood) 279
792 Indexcurved line wood sawing 266
cushions, channeling and tufting 293
cut glass 231–233
cutting (chopping or knifing)
of fabric 407
cutting wooden boards
to length 260
to size 260
cutting, flame 116
air-carbon arc cutting and
grooving 118
arc 117
carbon arc 118
chemical flux 117
gas metal arc 118
gas tungsten arc 118
laser 118
metal powder 116
oxy-fuel gas 116
oxygen arc 118
oxygen lance 118
plasma arc 117
shielded metal arc 118
thermal 116
cutting off (parting) 89
cutting sheet metal 40
cutoff (sheet metal) 44
cyaniding of steels 351
cyclone separation 438
cycloning 438
cylindrical grinding 98
D
dado and groove wood joints 273
debarking logs 255, 363
deburring 126
abrasive belt sanding 129
abrasive flow 126
abrasive jet 127
barrel tumbling 127, 332
burnish 130
centrifugal 129
chemical 128
CNC machining center 130
cryogenic deflashing 130
edge coining 130
edge rolling 130
electrochemical 128
electropolish 128
laser 129
liquid hone 128
manual 128
plasma glow 129
powered brush 129
robotic 130
skiving 130
spindle 129
thermal energy 128
ultrasonic 128
vibratory 128
water jet 129
decal marking 357
decating fabric 400
decorating glass with vitreous
enamels 234
silk screening glass 235
decorating plastics with processes
common to non-plastics 201
dedicated special woodworking
machines 271
deep drawing 55
definitions
paper 361
plastics 147
thermoplastics 147
thermosetting 147
deflashing of plastics 207
degreasing 330
alkaline 331
immersion 330
spray 330
vapor 330
dehydration and drying 501
freeze 503
dehydrofreezing 506
denim 661
dense-media separation 445
depanelling circuit boards 525
destructive distillation 422
detergents 661
detonation gun spraying 342
Dewar flasks 772
diamond-edge sawing 114
diamonds, synthetic 661
dicing (die separation) 570
die casting 26
cold-chamber 27
hot-chamber 26
impregnation of 28
trimming of 28
die forging 36
die heads for thread cutting 110
dielectric drying of ceramics 251
diesel fuel 676
die stamping, multiple 58
compound die 60
progressive die 58
transfer die 59
transfer press 59
die threading, hand 109
diffusion brazing 301
diffusion welding (diffusion bonding)
312
digital readouts 145
digital video discs (DVDs) 662
dinking 43
dinner plates-See chinaware 653
diodes and transistors 582
dip application of adhesives 315
dip blow molding 175
dip brazing 300
dip coating (hot dipping,
dip molding) 189
dip coating of solder paste 532
dip fluxing 534
dip molding 189
dip painting 334
dip soldering 296, 536
direct
AIM 597
arc melting 2
metal laser sintering 597
numerical control (DNC) 144
shell production casting (DSPC) 596
disc attrition milling 487
discrete electronics devices, making 575
disc grinding 103
discharge grinding, electrical (EDG)
120
discharge grinding, electrochemical
(ECDG) 122
discharge machining, electrical
(EDM) 119
discharge printing of fabric 405
dishes, china 653
dishes, glass 663
dishes, plastic 663
dispensing adhesives 530
dispersion of vinyl 189
cavity molding 191
cold dipping 190
dip coating 189
extrusion of plastisol 192
in-place molding 191
knife-over-roll coating 189
knife coating 189
low pressure molding 191
roll coating 189
slush molding 191
spread coating 189
strand coating with plastisols
and organisols 191
spray coating 191
disposable pattern casting 8
distillation 418
destructive 422
enrichment 418
equilibrium 421
flash 421
fractional 418
Index 793distillation (Continued)
multi-effect 422
multi-stage flash 422
rectification 418
steam 422
sublimation 422
vacuum 421
distilled spirits (liquors) 663
DNC (direct numerical control) 144
dope dyeing fabric 404
doping (dopant defusion) 566
dovetail wood joints 275
doweled and biscuit wood joints 276
downspouts, roof 663
drafting (yarn making) 390
drag soldering 296, 536
drape vacuum forming 164
draw bending 68
drawing, cold 40
drawing sheet glass 224, 225
drawing sheet metal 54
deep 55
redrawing, direct and reverse 55
shallow 55
drawing (yarn making) 390
drill bits 664
drilling and boring wood 267
drilling 93
stacks of fabric 409
drinking cups, foam plastic 664
drinking glasses 665
drive screws 749
drop forging 36
drop hammer coining 55
drop hammer forming 53
drum drying 503
drums, 55 gallon, plastic 665
dry blast cleaning 329
dry blending of plastics powders 201
dry cells 634
dry etching 564
dry film application of adhesives 315
dry ice 665
drying ceramics 249–251
drying in chemical processes 449
cabinet 450
compartment 450
dispersion 451
double-drum 452
fluidized-bed 452
freeze 454
infra-red 454
liquid materials 453
pneumatic-conveyor flash 451
rotary dryers 450
spray 453
tray 450
tunnel dryers 450
turbo 451
vacuum rotary 452
drying of ceramics 249
dielectric 251
final 251
microwave 251
partial 250
radio frequency 251
drying of lumber (seasoning) 258
kiln 259
in air 259
radio frequency 259
drying of plastics 204
drying (seasoning) wood 258
dry cells, flashlight 634
dry pressing and sintering (glass) 244
dry sand casting 6
drywall 734
dual sheet forming (plastics) 171
ductwork, plastic 665
ductwork, steel 665
duplex printing on fabrics 405
durable press fabrics 402
DVDs (digital video discs) 662
dyed fabric 403
dyes 665
dye sublimation printing 380
dyeing 359
dyeing fabric 403
cross 404
dope 404
piece 404
solution 404
stock 404
top 404
yarn 404
dynamite 665
E E
-Darts system 589
edge coining 130
edge curling 57
edge rolling 130
edging wood boards 257
edible oils 726
elastomers 666
electrical discharge grinding 120
electrical discharge machining
(EDM) 119
ram 119
wire 120
electrical machining processes 119
electrical discharge
grinding (EDG) 120
machining (EDM) 119
electrochemical
discharge grinding (ECDG) 122
grinding (ECG) 122
honing (ECH) 123
machining (ECM) 120
turning (ECT) 122
electro etching 123
electrical wire 778
electric arc melting 1
consumable arc melting 2
direct arc melting 2
electrodes 2
indirect arc melting 2
electric arc wire metalizing 341
electricity 666
electric lights
fluorescent 674
incandescent 711
electric motors 719
electric transformers 578
electrocoating of paint:
electrodepositiion, electropainting,
electrophoresis, electrophoretic
coating 337
electrochemical
cleaning processes 332
deburring 128
discharge grinding (ECDG) 122
grinding (ECG)122
honing (ECH) 123
machining (ECM) 120
turning (ECT)122
electro etching 123
electro-forming 84
electrohydraulic forming 77
electroless plating 333
electrolytic cleaning 332
electrolytic deposition in refining 480
electrolytic pickling 332
electrolytic processes (electrolysis) 449
electromagnetic adhesive bonding
of plastics 195
electromagnetic forming of sheet metal
75
electro-magnetic welding of metals 305
electrometallurgy 480
electron-beam hardening of steels 349
electron beam machining (EBM)132
electron beam welding (EBW) 306
electronic printing methods 377
electronic products
ball grid arrays 549
capacitors 576
thick film 558
chips 551
chokes and choke coils 578
discrete transistors and diodes 582
794 Indexflip chips 574
inductors 578
thick film 558
integrated circuits (chips) 551
microcircuits 551
multi-chip devices 582
multichip modules (MIM) 582
multiple integrated circuit
packages 582
other chip configurations 582
printed circuit boards (PCBs) 519
multilayer 525
flexible 527
resistors 575
thick film 558
system in a package (SIP) 582
transformers 578
transistors (discrete) 582
electronics processes 519
applying conformal coatings 582
cleaning after soldering 541
fluxes for electronics 549
making
ball grid arrays 549
discrete devices 575
integrated circuits (ICs) 551
printed circuit boards (PCBs) 519
solder paste 544
quality control and inspection 550
repair and touch-up 551
soldering processes 534
tinning 550
wiring and populating boards 527
electrophotographic printing 378
electro-plating of plastics 201
electropolish deburring 128
electro-polishing 128, 332
electrorefining 480
electroslag welding (ESW) 304
electrospark forming 77
electrostatic fluidized bed coating 336
electrostatic painting 335
electrostatic separation 446
electrostatic spray powder coating 225
electro thermal processes 449
electrowinning in refining metals 480
embossing and coining 55, 56, 358
embossing fabric 400
emulsion cleaning 331
emulsion polymerization 149
enamel, vitreous (porcelain enamel) 666
encapsulation and potting 184
enclosures, shower 666
end-feed centerless grinding 100
end milling 106
engine blocks 666
engineered lumber 288
engine lathes 89
engraved printing of fabric 405
engraving 356
engraving, chemical 136
enriching flour 488
enrichment 418
envelopes 667
EOSINT 594
epicyclic straightening 80
epitaxy 557
epoxy resins 668
equilibrium (flash) distillation 421
equipment cleaning 516
equipment rinsing 516
equipment sanitizing 515
essential oils 726
esterification 481
etched glass 234
etching, chemical of plastics 197
etching, electro 123
etching (wafer) 563
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) 623
ethylene (ethene) 668
evaporation 439, 495
evaporative casting 8
explosives-See dynamite 665
expanded polyolefin foam process 162
expanded polystyrene foam process
161
block molding of EPS 162
pre-expansion of beads 161
shape molding of beads 161
expansion installation of inserts
for plastic parts 203
expendable mold processes 5, 14, 20
Antioch process 11
bench molding 14
cement-sand molding 9
ceramic molds 20
ceramic-shell process 21
dry sand casting 6
flaskless mold casting11
floor molding 14
foamed plaster molds 22
green sand casting 6
investment casting 29
jolt-squeeze molding 14
loam molding 9
lost foam casting 8
machine methods 14
magnetic molding 9
match-plate molding 15
pit molding 14
plaster molds 22
rammer 14
ramming 14
rap-jolt machines 15
sand molds 5
Shaw process 21
shell mold casting 6
skin-dried casting 6
slinging 15
Unicast process 21
V-process (vacuum) 9
explosive forming 75
explosive welding (EXW) 311
expose and develop the resist 562
expression 426, 490, 726
external broaching 113
extracting and recovering metals from
ores 478
alloying processes 480
electrolytic deposition 480
electro-metallurgy 480
electrorefining 480
electrowinning 480
hydro metallurgy 479
precipitation in 479
other chemical refining processes 480
pyrometallurgy 479
recovery/refining processes 478
roasting 479
smelting 480
extraction 494, 726
and leaching 424–426
and recovery of metals 478
solvent (of petroleum) 466
extruding ceramics 248
extrusion
backward 74
cast plastic film 188
coating and laminating of
paper 186, 366
coextrusion (dual) of plastics 185
cold 74
combined 75
foam plastics 185
forward 75
Hooker process 75
impact 74
indirect 35
of ceramics 248
of foods 507
of metals 34
of plastic film and sheet 187
of plastisol (vinyl) 192
operations following 188
plastics 151, 184
profile 184
Sejournet process 35
structural foam plastics 160
wire coating by extrusion 186
extrusion blow molding 173
eyeglasses 668
Index 795F
fabrication of rubber 209
fabric coloring processes 403
dyeing 403
cross 404
dope 404
piece 404
top 404
solution 404
stock 404
yarn 404
printing 404
block 405
discharge 405
duplex 405
engraved 405
heat-transfer 405
intaglio 405
pigment 406
resist 406
stencil and screen 405
warp 406
solution pigmenting 404
fabric finishing processes 398, 402
anti-shrinkage treatment 402
antistatic treatment 402
beetling 400
bleaching 399
brushing 400
burling 399
calendering 400
crabbing 401
creping 400
decating 400
drying 399
durable press treatment 402
embossing 400
felting 402
flocking 401
fulling 402
gassing 399
mending 399
mercerizing 399
milling 402
napping 399
optical brightening 401
other treatments 402
permanent press treatment 402
preparation 398
scouring 399
shearing 400
singeing 399
sizing 401
softening 402
soil and stain release treatment 402
stiffening 401
tentering 401
wash and wear treatment 402
water repelling and proofing
treatments 403
weighting 401
fabrics, anti-shrink 402
dyed 403
flocked 401
knitted 394
non-woven 398
permanent press 402
printed 404
stain release 402
wash and wear 402
woven 392
face milling 106
facing 88
family of parts concept 597
fasteners, threaded, assembly with 323
felt 669
felting (fulling or milling) fabric 402
felt-tipped marking pens 717
fermentation 458, 507
fertilizer 669
fettling castings 20
fiberboard 287
low density 288
medium density 287
fiberglass insulation 669
fibers, glass 235, 669
fibers, glass, optical (communications)
239
fibers, glass, optical (traditional) 237
fibers, synthetic 386
fibers, textile 385
carbon 387
continuous glass 386
graphite 387
manufactured 386
melt spinning 386
metal 386
natural 385
spinnerets 386
synthetic 386
viscose rayon 386
fiber, vulcanized 369
filament winding of reinforced
thermosetting plastics 178
filing 130
burring (rotary filing) 131
filing and sanding wood boards 271
filler metal, application in brazing 299
filling knitting 396
filling (of paper) 366
film, photographic 669
filters 670
filtration 429, 490
final drying of ceramics 251
fineblanking (of sheet metal) 46
finger-jointed lumber 288
finishing and decorating of plastics 197
chemical etching 197
corona discharge 197
decorating with processes common to
non-plastics 201
dyeing 359
electroplating of plastics 201
flame treatment 198
hot stamping 199
hot transfer coating 199
in-mold decorating 201
manufacture of powder coatings 201
melt mixing 201
solution method 201
painting 199
painting, electrocoating 337
plasma treatment 198
powder painting of plastics 200
sheet and film embossing 202
spray and wipe 200
spray coating 191
transfer coating 199
treatments for plastic parts 197
washing and cleaning 197
finishing fabrics 398
finishing fabrics to improve appearance
399
beetling 400
brushing 400
calendering 400
crabbing 401
creping 400
decating 400
embossing 400
flocking 401
napping 399
optical brightening 401
finishing fabrics to improve feel
(tactile properties) 401
fulling (felting or milling) 402
sizing (stiffening) 401
softening 402
weighting 401
finishing fabrics to improve
performance 402
anti-shrinkage treatment 402
antistatic treatment 402
durable press (permanent press, wash
and wear) 402
other treatments 403
treatment for soil and stain release
402
water repelling and proofing 403
finishing processes (fabric) 398
796 Indexanti-shrinkage treatment 402
antistatic treatment 402
beetling 400
bleaching 399
brushing 400
burling 399
calendering 400
crabbing 401
creping 400
decating 400
drying 399
durable-press treatment 402
embossing textiles 400
felting 402
filing
finishing 402
flocking 401
fulling 402
gassing 399
mending 399
mercerizing 399
milling 402
napping 399
optical brightening 401
other treatments 403
permanent press treatment 402
preparation 398
scouring 399
shearing 400
singeing 399
sizing 401
softening 402
soil and stain release treatment 402
stiffening 401
tentering 401
water-repelling and proofing
treatments 403
weighting 401
finishing (converting) paper 366
finishing (product cleaning) 329
abrasive blasting 329
acid 331
alkaline 331
brushing 329
dry blast 329
electrochemical processes 332
electrolytic 332
electrolytic pickling 332
emulsion 331
immersion 330
pickling 331
salt bath 331
solvent 330
spray degreasing 330
steam jet 329
tumbling 329
ultrasonic 330
vapor degreasing 330
wet blast cleaning 329
finish machining operations 123
burnishing 125, 332, 682
honing 123
lapping 124
roller burnishing 125
superfinishing 124
fireworks 670
fishing rods (poles) 671
flame blowing of glass fibers 237
flame hardening of steels 348
flame spraying coating 341
flame spraying powdered paint 337
flame (thermal) cutting 116
air-carbon arc cutting and
grooving 118
arc 117
carbon arc 118
chemical flux 117
gas metal arc 118
gas tungsten arc 118
laser 118
metal powder 116
oxy-fuel gas 116
oxygen arc 118
oxygen lance 118
plasma arc 117
shielded metal arc 118
thermal 116
flame treatment of plastic surfaces 198
flash butt welding 309
flash (equilibrium) distillation 421
flashless forging 37
flaskless mold casting 11
flashlights 673
flash welding (FW) 309
flask method of investment casting 29
flat die forging 36
flat glass processes 224
flatware (tableware)(silverware) 673
flexible printed circuit boards 527
flexographic printing 371
flip-chips 574
float glass process 227
flocking fabric 401
floor covering, vinyl 773
floor molding 14
flotation 444
flour, bleached 488
flour, enriching 488
flour, post-milling treatments 488
flow coating 334
fluid forming 52
fluidized bed drying 503
fluidized bed powder coating 336
electrostatic 336
fluid-particle separation 429
fluorescent lights 674
flux application 534
flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) 302
flux-cored wire solder 535
fluxes for electronics 549
flux conformance to specifications 548
fluxing (application of flux) 534
brush 534
dip 534
foam 534
roller 535
spray 534
flux-cored solder 535
making 535
fluxes, soldering and brazing 298
fly cutter milling 106
foam (cellular) glass manufacture 243
foam (cellular) plastic processes
casting of structural foam plastics 160
coinjection or sandwich molding 159
expanded polyolefin foam (EPP) 162
expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) 161
block molding of EPS 162
pre-expansion of beads 161
shape molding of beads 161
extrusion of foam plastics 185
extrusion of structural foam
plastics 160
gas counterpressure molding 159
gas-assisted injection molding 160
high-pressure injection molding of
structural foam 158
low-pressure injection molding of
structural foam 158
reaction injection molding 158
slabstock foam process
foamed plaster mold casting 22
foam flux application 534
foam plastics 153, 161
folding garments 411
food additives 508
food equipment cleaning
and sanitizing 515
cleaning 516
rinsing 516
other factors 516
sanitizing 516
food extrusion 507
food freezing 505
with liquid air 505
with refrigerated air 505
food processes 483
bottling 513
cleaning raw food materials 483
concentration of food 495
evaporation 495
Index 797food processes (Continued)
freeze concentration 496
reverse osmosis 496
ultrafiltration 496
cooling for preservation 505
dehydro freezing 506
freezing food 505
freezing with a liquid medium 505
freezing with refrigerated air 505
indirect contact freezing 506
dehydration and drying of food 501
drum drying 503
fluidized bed drying 503
freeze dehydration 503
freeze drying 503
spray drying 503
vacuum drying 503
meat packing 511
stunning 512
bolt 512
carbon dioxide anaesthesia 512
electrical 512
butchering 512
slaughtering 512
mixing 489
other food operations 506
additives 508
candying and glazing 510
extrusion 507
fermentation 507
high-intensity pulsed electric
field processing (PEF) 510
high pressure processing 511
homogenization 506
hydrogenation 507
irradiation 506
pickling 508
salting 510
sugar addition 510
sugar curing 510
ultra high pressure processing 511
other packaging 515
separation processes 490
centrifugation 490
crystallization 492
expression 490
extraction 494
filtration 490
size reduction (food material) 485
ball milling 487
disc attrition milling 487
hammer milling 487
milling grain 487
post milling treatments 488
altering protein content of flour 488
bleaching flour 488
enriching flour 488
roll crushing 487
tumble milling 487
sorting and grading of food 484
storage 515
thermal processing 497
aseptic processing 499
baking 501
blanching 497
canning 498
cooking 500
heat sterilization 498
pasteurization 498
food wrap (“saran wrap”) 747
footballs 675
footwear-See shoes 750
forge-seam welding 310
forge welding 310
forging 35
closed die 36
die 36
drop hammer 36
flat die 36
hammer 36
impression die 36
drop 36
flashless 37
precision 37
isothermal 38
mandrel 38
open die drop hammer 36
powder metal parts 83
press 37
ring rolling 38
roll 38
smith 36
swaging 38
upset 38
formaldehyde 771
Formica (rigid plastic laminates) 289
forming
creep 39
cold heading 73
combustible gas 75
drop hammer 53
electroforming 84
electrohydraulic 77
electromagnetic 75
electrospark 77
embossing 56
explosive 75
four-slide machines 67
high energy rate 75
high velocity 75
hot and warm methods (metal) 33
metal injection molding 84
non-sheet forming operations
(metal) 73
other forming processes 80
peen 78
plastics sheet 163
air slip 171
dual sheet 171
free 171
free blowing 171
matched mold 168
plug-assisted 164, 169
pressure-bubble plug-assist 169
pressure-bubble vacuumsnapback 169
pressure forming 163
slip-ring (slip forming) 165
solid phase pressure 171
thermo 163
trapped sheet, contact heat,
pressure 170
twin sheet 171
vacuum 163
drape 164
snap-back 165
straight 163
pneumatic-mechanical 78
powder metal forging 83
powder metallurgy 80
powder metal manufacture 80
pressing 81
repressing 83
secondary operations 83
sintering 81
rubber tooling 51
spark discharge 77
upsetting 73
wire 67
four-slide machines 67
manual forming of wire parts 67
power presses forming 67
special machines 67
springs 758
non-coiled wire 759
Turk’s head rolling of wire 68
forming and bending sheet metal
air bending 50
beading 56
bending 48
coining 55
drop hammer 55
drawing 54
deep 55
redrawing 55
shallow 55
edge curling 57
embossing 56
flanging 55
hemming and seaming 56
high energy rate forming 75
798 Indexpress brake bending 48
V-die bending 48
ironing 58
roll forming strip 66
tubing and pipe 66
rubber pad forming 51
Marform process 51
fluid forming 52
Guerin rubber pad forming 51
hydroform process 52
rubber diaphragm 52
Verson-Wheelon process 53
sizing 57
swaging 57
with rubber tooling 51
forming, hot and warm
creep 39
heading, warm 39
piercing 39
pipe welding 39
spinning, hot 39
form milling 106
form turning 87
Fourcault process (sheet glass) 224
Fourdrinier and cylindrical
paper-making machines 365
four-slide machines 67
forward extrusion 75
forward tube spinning 68
fractional distillation 418
of crude petroleum 465
fractionation 418
fragrances (perfumes) 675, 731
free blowing plastic sheet 171
free forming plastic sheet 171
freeze concentration (foods) 496
freeze drying (freeze dehydration)
454, 503
freezing food 505
by indirect contact 506
with liquid medium 505
with refrigerated air 505
friction sawing 114
friction static spraying 337
friction stir welding (FSW) 312
friction welding (FRW) 308
friction welding of plastics 192
fritted filter manufacture 244
frozen food 505–506
fuel, diesel 676
fuel, jet 676
full annealing of steels 346
fulling (felting or milling) fabric 402
furan no-bake core process 13
furnace brazing 299
furnace or oven heating 297
furnaces
air (reverberatory) melting 2
arc (electric)
melting 1
consumable 2
direct 2
indirect 2
furniture, upholstered 291
furniture, wood 255
fused deposition modeling (FDM) 591
fusion sealing (glass) 233
G
galvanizing 339
gang milling 106
garlic 757
garments (clothing) 677
gaskets, packings and seals 677
gas
liquified petroleum (LPG) 677
manufactured 677
natural 722
gas-assisted injection molding 160
gas carburization 349
gas counterpressure molding 159
gas/liquid reactions 469
gas/liquid/solid reactions 472
gas metal arc cutting 118
gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) 302
gasoline 678
gas-phase polymerization 149
gas-phase reactions 469
gas tungsten arc cutting 118
gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 304
gas turbines 698
gate, riser and fin removal 20
gear manufacture 677
blanking 683
fineblanking 683
broaching 680
burnishing 682
casting 682
cold drawing 683
dual rotating cutter 680
extrusion 683
face mill cutting 681
forging 683
forming 683
grinding 681
hobbing 679
honing 682
lapping 682
milling 678
planing 680
spiral gear generator process 680
straight bevel 680
two-tool method 680
plastics molding 683
powder metallurgy 683
revacycle method 680
shaping 679
shaving 681
shear cutting 680
stamping 683
worm gears 681
gelatin 683
gemstones 701
drilling 702
faceting 702
grinding 701
lapping 701
polishing 701
tumbling 702
gin-See distilled spirits 663
ginger 757
girders, steel 684
glass products
bottles 684
bullet-proof (bullet resistant)
684
cellular (foam glass) 243
ceramics 243
containers 213, 217
cut 231–233
etched 234
eyeglasses 668
fibers 684
foam 243
jars 684
lenses-See lenses 709
microspheres 244
photosensitive 243
pitchers 213, 217
plate 226
Pyrex-See cooking utensils 656
safety 744
thermometers 765
tubing 222
vases 213
-ware, laboratory (scientific) 215
window-See flat glass processes
224
wool 235, 237
glass processes 211
acid etching 234
annealing 229
basic glassmaking 211
batching 212
bending and sagging 231
blow-blow process 220
bullet-proofing 684
cellular glass 243
centrifugal casting 224
chemical toughening 230
Index 799glass processes (Continued)
chemical treatment 229
coloring materials 212
decorating with vitreous enamels 234
fiber manufacture 235, 684
finishing and decorating 231
flat glass making 224
casting flat glass 228
Colburn process 225
drawing sheet glass 224, 225
float glass process 227
Fourcault process 224
Libby-Owens process
(sheet glass) 225
manual methods 224
Pittsburgh process 225
rolling (casting) flat glass 228
foam glass 243
fritted filters 244
fusion sealing 233
glass ceramics 243
gob feeding machine 218
grinding glass 231
grit blasting 234
heat and chemical treatments 229
melting 212
metallic coating 235
microshpere manufacture 244
organic decorating of glass 235
Owens bottle machine 218
paste-mold process 222
photosensitive glass 243
plate glass manufacture 226
polishing glass 233
powdered glass 244
dry pressing and sintering 244
press-blow process 222
pressing 213
primary forming 213
blowing 213
lamp blowing 215
lampworking 215
machine blowing 217
manual blowing 213
pressing 212
scientific glass blowing 215
raw materials for glass 211
ribbon blowing machines 222
rotary-mold process 222
sagging and bending of glass 231
secondary finishing and decorating of
glass 231
shrinking glass tubing 234
silk screen printing 235
slip casting 244
staining 234
suck-blow process 218
tempering glass 230
tubing manufacture 222
glass ceramics manufacture 243
glasses, drinking 665
glasses, eye 668
glass fibers manufacturing 235, 684
flame blowing 237
mechanical drawing 236
optical glass fibers
communications 239
traditional 237
rotary wool forming 237
steam blowing 236
superfine process 237
glass gob feeding machine 218
glass grinding 231
glass microsphere manufacture 244
glass raw materials 211
glass tubing manufacture 222
glassware, laboratory (scientific) 215
glazing ceramics 251
glazing compound 739
glove compartments, automobiles 684
gloves 684
glue-See adhesives 615
glued-laminate lumber (“glulam”) 288
glues and cements-See adhesives 616
glulam (glued laminate lumber) 288
gob feeding machines 218
gold 684
golf balls 685
golf clubs 685
granulating plastics 204
graphite 686
graphite fibers 387
gravure printing 373
making plates 374
making gravure printing plates 374
rotogravure 373
grease, lubricating 686
green sand casting 6
green sand cores 13
grinding and abrasive machining 97
abrasive belt grinding 104
abrasive flow machining 104
abrasive jet machining 104
centerless grinding 99
end-feed 100
infeed 100
internal 101
through-feed 99
center-type cylindrical 98
creep-feed 102
cylindrical 98
disc 103
electrical discharge grinding (EDG) 122
electrochemical grinding (ECG) 122
horizontal spindle surface 102
internal 100
jig 103
low-stress 103
of ceramics 251
of glass 231
plunge 103
rotary ultrasonic machining 105
surface grinding 101
horizontal spindle 102
vertical spindle 102
creep feed 102
thread 111
tool post 103
ultrasonic machining 105
vertical spindle surface grinding 102
wheels 686
grinding wheels 686
grit blasting of glass 234
grooving 88
grooving, air-carbon arc, and cutting 118
group technology 597
Guerin (rubber tool) forming 51
guitars, acoustic 687
gum, chewing 653
gun drilling 96
guns (firearms) 687
gutters, roof 689
gypsum board (plaster board) 734
gypsum plaster 689
H
hacksawing 114
halftone printing screens 382
Hall-Heroult process
(for aluminum) 626
ham 690
hammer forging 36
hammer heads 690
hammer milling (food material) 487
hammers 690
hand-die external threading 109
hand lay-up with reinforced
thermosetting plastics 176
handles
cooking utensils 690
tool 690
hand tools 690
hammers 690
pliers 735
screwdrivers 747
wrenches 780
hardboard 287
tempered 287
hardening processes for steel 348
flame hardening 348
800 Indexharness (weaving) 392
heading, cold 40
heading, warm 39
headsaw operation (breakdown
sawing) 256
heat and chemical treatments
of glass 229
heat exchange for solid materials
476
heating,
induction 298
laser 298
heat sealing (thermal sealing) of plastic
sheet 196, 411
heat sterilization of food 498
heat transfer methods 474
cooling with air 476
evaporative and non-evaporative
cooling towers 476
heat exchange between solid materials
476
heat-transfer printing of fabric 405
heat treating of metals 345
steels
annealing 345
austempering 351
carburizing 349
gas 349
liquid 350
pack 349
case hardening 349
carbonitriding 350
cyaniding 351
electron-beam hardening 349
flame hardening 348
full annealing 346
hardening 348
induction hardening 348
isothermal annealing 347
laser-beam hardening 349
liquid carbonitriding 351
liquid carburizing 350
liquid nitriding 351
martempering 351
nitriding 351
normalizing 347
other surface heating methods
for hardening 349
precipitation hardening 352
process annealing 348
solution treating 352
spheroidizing 347
stress relieving 347
surface hardening 348
tempering 348
through hardening 351
heat treating of non-ferrous metals 352
aluminum alloys 352
annealing 352
copper alloys 353
age hardening 352
annealing 354
precipitation hardening 354
solution treating 354
stress relieving 354
magnesium alloys 354
annealing 354
precipitation hardening 354
solution treating 354
stress relieving 354
nickel and nickel alloys 354
age hardening 352
annealing 355
precipitation hardening 354
solution treating 354
stress equalizing 355
stress relieving 355
titanium and titanium alloys 355
age hardening 352
annealing 355
solution treating 354
stress relieving 355
heat treating wafers 568
heddle (weaving) 392
helium 690
hemming and seaming (sheet metal) 56
herbicides 691
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) 736
high energy rate forming 75
high-intensity pulsed electric field
processing of food material
(PEF) 510
high-pressure injection molding of
structural foam plastics 158
high pressure processing of food
material 511
high speed assembly (dedicated
equipment) 320
high speed machining 145
high technology ceramics 244
high velocity forming 75
high velocity oxy-flame coating
(HVOF) 345
hole making in circuit boards 524
hole making methods 93
boring 94
counterboring 93
countersinking 94
drilling 93
gun drilling 96
horizontal boring mills 95
jig boring 95
multiple spindle drilling 97
reaming 94
trepanning 97
vertical boring mills 95
homogenization 506
horizontal boring mills 95
honing 123
honing, electrochemical (ECH) 123
hooked rugs 413
Hooker extrusion process 75
horizontal spindle surface
grinding 102
hosiery (socks, stockings) 691
hot and warm forming methods
(metal) 33
hot-chamber die casting 26
hot dip coating (galvanizing) 339
hot dipping (vinyl dispersions) 189
hot drawing or cupping 34
hot gas soldering 298, 541
hot gas welding of plastics 197
hot insertion of inserts for plastics
parts 204
hot isostatic pressing of ceramics 252
hot melt adhesive application 315
hot plate welding of plastics 193
hot pressing of ceramics 252
hot rolling of metal 33
hot runner molding 157
hot spinning of metal 39
hot stamping of surfaces 199, 359
of plastics 199
hot transfer coating of plastic
surfaces 199
houses, prefabricated (modular
houses) 691
housings
appliance 692
business machines 692
how plastics are made 147
how solder preforms are made 296
hydraulic bulging of tubing 72
hydraulic fluid 693
hydrochloric acid 693
hydrodynamic (water jet)
machining 131
hydroform process 52
hydrogen 693
hydrogenation 507
hydro metallurgy 479
I
ice cream 694
ice, dry 665
ice skates 694
I-joists, wooden 288
immersion cleaning 330
impact extrusion 74
Index 801impregnation of die castings 28
impression die forging 36
incandescent light bulbs 711
incoming inspection (PCB materials)
550
indirect arc melting 2
indirect contact freezing 506
induction brazing 300
induction hardening of steels 348
induction heating 298
induction melting 2
channel type 3
coreless type 3
induction welding of metals 305
induction welding of plastics 196
inductors (chokes, choke coils) 578
infeed centerless grinding 100
initial step in rapid prototyping
(CAD) 586
injection blow molding 173
injection molding of ceramics 247
injection molding of plastics 156
co-injection (sandwich) 159
conventional 159
gas-assisted 160
gas counterpressure 159
high pressure-structural
foam 158
low pressure-structural
foam 158
insert 163
reaction 158
slabstock foam 161
thermosetting 158
two-color 162
plunger 155
screw transfer 155
structural foam 158
ink 694
ink-jet printing 379
in-line skates 695
in-mold decoration of plastics 201
insecticides (pesticides) 695
insert assembly to plastic parts 163
cemented installation 203
expansion installation of inserts 203
hot insertion 204
installation in threaded holes 203
molding-in inserts 203
other insertion methods 204
press insertion 203
self tapping inserts 203
ultrasonic insertion of inserts 203
insert molding 163
inspection of solder paste 547
compatibility tests 549
fineness of grind 548
performance testing 549
slump testing 549
tackiness 549
inspection of solder powder 547
installing (in furniture)
covering 293
cushions, channeling and tufting 293
padding and cushioning 293
springs 292
webbing 292
instant coffee 655
in stretch blow molding 174
inspecting and grading lumber 258
insulation board (low-density
fiberboard) 288
intaglio printing 373
on fabrics 405
integrated circuits (ICs) (microcircuits)
(chips) 551
making single crystals of silicon 552
other wafer preparation operations
554
polishing wafers 553
slicing into wafers 553
material preparation, ultra-pure
silicon 551
other methods of connecting the IC
to the board 573
chip on board (COB) technology
573
conductive adhesive connections 573
flip chips 574
tape automated bonding 573
packaging (assembly) of chips 569
backside preparation 570
chip insertion and fastening 570
closing and sealing 571
dicing 570
die separation 570
insertion and fastening chip 570
lead plating and trimming 571
marking and final testing 571
wire bonding 570
wafer fab 554
doping 554
dopant defusion 566
ion implantation 566
heat treatment 554, 568
alloying 568
annealing 568
layering 554, 555
adding protective layers 558
adding thick films 557
chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
556
deposited layers 555
epitaxy 557
grown layers 555
nitridation 556
oxidation of silicon 555, 556
sputtering 557
vacuum deposition 557
patterning 554
applying resist (photoresist film) 560
etching 563
expose and develop resist 562
alignment of the mask or reticle 563
lithography (photo lithography) 558
development of the resist 559, 563
exposure 559, 562
making masks 560
dry etching 564
ion beam 564
ion milling 564
plasma 564
reactive ion (RIE) 564
sputter etching 564
wet etching with liquid etchants 563
immersion 564
spraying 564
stripping photo-resist from wafers 565
ashing 566
thermal diffusion 566, 567
wafer testing and sorting 568
intensive dry mixing of plastics 150
internal broaching 113
internal centerless grinding 101
internal grinding 100
internal intensive batch mixing
of plastics 151
internal thread tapping 109
investment casting 29
flask method 29
shell method 29
ion beam etching (ion milling)
(sputter etching) 563
ion implantation 341
ionography 380
ion or electron deposition printing 380
iron 696
ironing (metal) 53
irradiation of food 506
isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol or
rubbing) 624
isostatic pressing of ceramics 247
isothermal annealing of steels 347
isothermal forging 38
J
Jacquard loom weaving 393
jars, glass 684
jelly 698
jelly beans 698
802 Indexjet engines (gas turbines) 698
jet fuel 701
jewelry 701
drilling 702
faceting 702
grinding 701
lapping 701
polishing 701
tumbling 702
jig boring 95
jiggering 249
jig grinding 103
joining (welding/bonding) of plastics
adhesive bonding 195
electromagnetic adhesive
bonding 195
friction welding 192
hot gas welding 197
hot plate 193
of plastics 192
solvent cementing 195
spin welding 192
ultrasonic welding 194
film and fabric 195
spot welding 194
vibration 192
joint assembly methods for adhesives 316
jointing wood boards 264
joists, wooden, prefabricated 288
jolt-squeeze methods 14
K
kerf bending 279
kerosene 703
Kevlar 703
keyboards, computer 703
keyboard keys 703
keys (for locks) 703
kidskin 704
kiln drying of lumber 259
knife coating 189
knife-over-roll coating 189
knit fabrics 704
knitted rugs 413
knitting 394
warp 396
weft or filling 396
knurling 88
kraft paper 368
L
labels, tags and nameplates 358
labeling garments 411
lace 705
lacquer 705
lacquering wood 290
ladders 705
ladles 4
bottom pouring 4
open-lip 4
teapot type 4
laminated metal tooling 597
laminated object manufacturing
(LOM) 590
lamp blowing (glass) 215
lampworking (glass) 215
lancing (sheet metal) 46
lapping 124
lap, scarf and beveled joints 278
laser
cutting 118
deburring 129
heating 298
lithography 371
marking and engraving 356
offset printing 371
printing 377
scanning 601
soldering 540
laser-assisted hot machining 134
laser beam
hardening of steels 349
machining 133
machining of wood 271
marking and engraving 356
welding (LBW) 306
lasers 705
latex 706
lathe operations 87, 89
chucking machines 92
cutting off 89
engine lathes 89
facing 88
form turning 87
grooving 88
knurling 88
multiple spindle screw machines 91
screw machines 90
single spindle screw machines 91
Swiss-type screw machines 91
tracer turning 87
turning 87
turret lathes 90
lawn mowers 707
layering 554, 555
lead glass (crystal) 707
lead plating and stripping 571
leather 707
bating 708
beaming 708
buffing 708
dehairing 708
drying 708
embossing 708
fatliquoring 708
finishing 708
flashing 708
liming 708
measuring 708
retanning 708
sammying 708
shaving 708
soaking 708
splitting 708
tanning 708
leather goods 708
lenses 709
contact 710
plastic 710
letterpress or relief printing 369
Libby-Owens process (glass) 225
licorice 711
light bulbs, incandescent 711
lights, fluorescent 674
line assembly 317
linen 712
lines, transfer machining 146
liquid-based rapid prototyping
systems 586
E-Darts system 589
MEIKO system 589
QuickCast 587
solid creation system (SCS) 589
solid ground curing (SGC) 588
solid object ultraviolet-laser printer
(SOUP) 589
solifom system 589
stereolithography system (SLA) 586
liquid carbonitriding of steels 351
liquid carburizing 350
liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 712
liquid hone deburring 128
liquid/liquid reactions 470
liquid nitriding of steels 351
liquid resin molding of reinforced
thermosetting plastics 181
liquid-solids mixing 461
lithography and offset lithography 371
for integrated circuits 558
loam molding 9
locks, combination 713
LOM (laminated object method)
patterns 18
loom (weaving) 392
Jacquard 393
1ost foam casting 8
lost wax (investment) casting 29
flask method 29
shell method 29
Index 803low-density fiberboard (insulation
board) 288
low-pressure injection molding of
structural foam plastics 158
low pressure permanent mold casting
24
low-stress grinding 103
lubrication grease 686
lumber, finger jointed 288
lumber 714
pressure-treated 714
lumber making including saw mill
operations 255
air drying of lumber 259
breakdown sawing 256
cutting to length 258
debarking 255
drying (seasoning) wood 258
edging 257
headsaw operation 256
inspecting and grading boards 258
kiln drying 259
multi-operation machines 271
plain sawing of boards 256, 257
quarter sawing (of logs) 257
radio frequency drying 259
rift sawing 257
sawmill operations 255
seasoning 258
trimming (cutting to length) 258
M
machine blowing of glass 217
machine control unit (MCU) 142
machine methods of sand casting 14
machine screws 639
machines for sand-mold-making 14
jolt-squeeze 14
rap-jolt 15
sand slingers 15
match-plate machines 15
multi operation 139
machines, paper, Fourdrinier 365
machines, special purpose 145
machine vision 599
machining and grinding of ceramics 251
machining centers 137
machining of plastics 205
machining processes 87
abrasive belt grinding 104
abrasive flow (AFM) 104
abrasive jet machining 104
abrasive water jet 131
automatic tracing in 145
arc cutting 117
boring 94
broaching 112
external 113
internal 113
pot 113
burnishing 125
burring (rotary filing) 131
CAD-CAM 144
centers 137
turning 129
chemical 135
blanking 136
engraving 136
flux cutting 117
machining 135
milling 136
photochemical blanking 136
cold-form tapping (internal screw
threads) 111
computer numerical control
of (CNC)) 140
counterboring 93
countersinking 94
cutting off (parting) 89
cylindrical grinding 98
center-type 98
centerless 99
through-feed 99
infeed 100
end-feed 100
digital readouts 145
direct numerical control
of (DNC) 144
disc grinding 103
drilling 93
electrical machining processes 119
electrical discharge grinding
(EDG) 120
electrical discharge machining
(EDM) 119
ram EDM 119
wire EDM 120
electrochemical (ECM) 120
electrochemical
discharge grinding (ECDG) 120
discharge machining (ECDM) 122
grinding (ECG) 122
honing (ECH) 123
machining (ECM) 120
turning (ECT) 122
electron beam machining (EBM) 132
electro etching 123
engine lathes 90
facing 88
filing 130
finish machining operations 123
flame cutting (116)
form turning 87
grinding and abrasive machining 97
grooving 88
high speed machining 145
honing 123
horizontal boring mills 95
hydrodynamic machining 131
internal grinding 100
internal centerless grinding 101
jig boring 95
jig grinding 103
knurling 88
lapping 124
laser beam 133
laser cutting 118
laser- assisted hot 134
lathe operations 87, 89
chucking machines 92
cutting off 89
engine lathes 89
facing 88
form turning 87
grooving 88
gun drilling 96
knurling 88
multiple spindle screw machines 91
screw machines 90
single spindle screw machines 91
Swiss-type screw machines 91
tracer turning 87
turning 87
turret lathes 90
low-stress grinding 103
machining center 137
metal powder cutting (POC) 116
milling 106
chemical 136
end 106
face 106
fly cutter 106
form 106
gang 106
peripheral 106
routing (pin) 108
slab 106
spotfacing 109
straddle 106
multiple operations machines in 139
multiple-spindle drilling 97
multiple-spindle screw machines 91
numerical control of (NC) 140
of plastics 205
oxy-fuel gas cutting (OFC) 116
planing 134
plunge grinding 103
programmable controllers in 144
reaming 94
robots in 609
804 Indexroller burnishing 125
rotary ultrasonic machining 105
round-hole machining methods 93
sawing 113
abrasive 113
band 113
circular 113
contour 114, 266
diamond-edge 114
friction 114
hacksawing 114
screw machines 90
shaping 134
single-spindle screw machines 91
slotting 135
special purpose 145
spotfacing 109
superfinishing 124
surface grinding 101
creep-feed 102
horizontal spindle 102
vertical spindle 102
Swiss-type screw machines 91
thermal cutting 116
threads (screw threads) 109
cutting die heads 110
grinding 111
hand-die threading 109
milling 110
internal, tapping 109
rolling 111
single-point cutting 110
tool post grinding 103
tracer turning 87
transfer line 146
trepanning 97
trimming 145
turning 87
turning centers 139
turret lathes 90
ultrasonic machining 105
vertical boring mills 95
water jet machining 131
magnesium 715
alloys 354
magnetic molding 9
magnetic pulse forming 75
magnetic separation 446
magnetographic printing 380
magnets 715
making electronic components
ball grid arrays 549
bare printed circuit boards 519
capacitors 576
chips 551
conformal coatings 582
cored solder 535
discrete devices 575
capacitors 576
discrete transistors and diodes 582
inductors 578
resistors 575
transformers 578
flexible printed circuit boards 527
fluxes for electronics 549
holes in boards 524
integrated circuits (ICs) 551
microcircuits 551
multi-chip devices 582
multilayer boards 525
multiple integrated circuit packages
582
photo masters and masks 522, 560
printed circuit boards 519
wiring patterns on boards
additive process 521
subtractive process 519
making discrete transistors
and diodes 582
making flexible printed circuit
boards 527
making flux cored wire solder 535
making inductors (chokes, choke coils)
578
making masks 560
making paper 361, from
pulp 364
rags and other textile fibers 367
synthetic fibers 367
waste paper (recycling) 367
with de-inking 367
without de-inking 367
making photo masters and masks
for PCBs 522
making resistors 575
making rugs 412
braided 413
hooked 413
knitted 413
needlepoint 415
needlepunch 413
oriental 415
weaving 412
making single crystal silicon 552
making solder paste 296, 530, 544
making solder powder
by gas atomization 544
by spinning disk 545
by ultrasonic method 546
making synthetic (composite) lumber
from plastics 289
making transformers 578
making various grades of paper 367
bond paper 368
kraft paper 368
newsprint 368
paperboard 368
sanitary papers 368
vulcanized fiber 369
making wooden components 260
computer-controlled routering 270
contour (curved line) sawing 266
cutting to length (crosscutting) 260
cutting boards to size 260
dedicated special machines 271
drilling and boring wood 267
filing and sanding 271
jointing 264
laser machining of wooden parts 271
multi-operation machines 271
other form, and special cutting and
joint-making operations 270
planing (surfacing) 260
ripping 260
surfacing with planers and
jointers 260
turning 266
shaping and routing 267
mandrel forging 38
manganese 716
manual blowing of glass 213
manual deburring 128
manual marking 356
manual methods of flat glass
making 224
manual straightening 78
manufactured fibers 386
manufacture of clothing and sewn
products 406
drilling stacks of fabric by awl 409
hypodermic 409
chopping 407
block 407
pattern 407
cutting stacks of fabric 407
computer controlled 408
press 408
folding 411
heat sealing 411
knifing 407
continuous blade 408
oscillating knife 407
round knife 408
labeling sewn products 411
marking 407
packing 411
pressing 411
mangles 411
seam bonding 411
sewing 409
spreading fabric 406
Index 805manufacture of clothing and sewn
products (Continued)
stacking 406
stitch-less joining 411
wrapping 411
manufacture of plastic materials 147
coloring and blending 204
drying 204
granulating 204
compounding plastics 149
compounder-extruder mixing 151
continuous mixing 151
intensive dry mixing 150
internal intensive batch mixing 151
mixing by tumbling 150
single screw extruders 151
twin screw extruder mixing 152
pelletizing and dicing of plastics
152
mixing and dicing with two-roll
mills 153
strand pelletizers 153
underwater pelletizing 153
polymerization methods 148
bulk 148
solution 149
suspension 149
emulsion 149
gas-phase 149
polymerization reactions 147
addition 147
condensation 148
radiation processing 206
non-ionizing radiation
processing 206
manufacture of plywood and other
panel materials 284
chipboard 286
components from plastics for wood
products 289
engineered lumber 288
fiberboard 287
high pressure laminates 289
oriented strand board 286
particle board 286
plywood 284
prefabricated wooden beams and
joists 288
rigid plastic laminates 289
synthetic lumber (composite lumber)
289
veneer 284
wafer board 286
manufacture of powder coatings
(plastic) 201
melt mixing 201
solution method 201
manufacture of powder metal parts 80
compacting (pressing) 81
powder blending and mixing 80
powder metal forging 83
pressing (compacting) 81
repressing 83
secondary operations 83
sintering 81
manufacture of various paper grades 367
manufacturing cells 597
manufacturing operations, use
of robots in 605
areas of robot applicability 605
appliances 610
automobile assembly 610
chemical industry 611
coating 608
die casting 606
electronics 608
food industry 610
forging 606
foundries 606
glass making 610
heat treatment 610
injection molding 606
investment casting 606
machining 609
material handling 608
mechanical assembly 608
metal stamping 606
other industries 611
other plastics molding 606
packaging and shipping 611
painting 608
quality control 609
sand mold casting 606
sealing 608
welding 607
woodworking 611
maple syrup 716
marbles 716
Marform process (metal forming) 51
margarine 716
marking fabric for cutting 407
marking of products 356
branding 357
casting and molding 358
chemical etching 123, 197, 234, 356
decal marking 357
dyeing 359
embossing and coining 55, 56, 358
engraving 356
etching 123, 197, 234, 356
hot stamping 199, 359
laser marking and engraving 356
manual 356
nameplates, labels, and tags 358
pantograph engraving 356
pad printing 357
printing 357
screen printing 357
silk screening 357
on fabrics 405
stamp indented 356
stenciling 357
marking and final testing of ICs 571
marking pens, felt-tipped 717
martempering of steels 351
matched metal mold forming of reinforced
thermosetting material 179
matched mold forming (of sheet
plastics) 168
matches 717
match-plate molding 15
material preparation – ultra-pure
silicon 551
meat packing 511
meat tenderizer 717
mechanical assembly processes 317
assembly lines 317
automatic assembly 318
bench assembly 317
dedicated equipment 320
high speed assembly 320
holding the assembly 321
inspection and testing 321
marking and labeling 321
moving the assembly 321
packaging 321
parts fastening 321, 323
parts feeding equipment 320, 321
parts insertion 321
press and shrink fit fastening 326
processes 317
riveting 323
robotic assembly 321
snap fit fastening 324
staking, seaming, and crimping 327
stitching/stapling 323
with threaded fasteners 323
mechanical bulging of tubing 72
mechanical cleaning processes 329
mechanical drawing of glass fibers 236
mechanical fastening 321, 323
mechanical fastening wooden
components 281
mechanical plating 333
mechanical-pneumatic forming 78
mechanical pulping of wood 363
refining pulp 364
removing foreign material 364
semi-mechanical pulping of wood 363
medium density fiberboard 288
MEIKO system 589
806 Indexmelamine and urea plastics 771
melted extrusion modeling (MEM) 592
melting furnaces, open-hearth 4
regenerative 4
melting glass materials 212
melting metals for casting 1
air (reverberatory) furnaces 2
crucible furnaces 2
cupola furnaces 1
electric arc furnaces 1
consumable arc 2
direct arc 2
indirect arc 2
induction furnaces 2
channel type 3
coreless type 3
ladles 4
open-hearth furnaces 4
pouring metal 4
melting, reverberatory 2, 4
melt mixing (powder coatings) 201
melt spinning fibers 386
membrane separation 432
mercury 717
metal cans 647
metal cladding 310
metal extrusion 34
metal forming processes 33
metal fibers 386
metal injection molding 84
metallic coating of glass 235
metallurgy
alloying processes 480
concentration 478
electro-metallurgy 480
electrorefining 480
electrowinning 480
extraction of metals from ores 478
hydro-metallurgy 478, 479
precipitation 479
mineral dressing 478
other chemical processes 480
process metallurgy 478
pyro-metallurgy 478
recovery/refining processes 478
roasting 479
smelting 480
metal powder cutting 116
metal powder manufacture 80
metal powders 738
metal sheet forming processes 48
beading 56
coining 55
compound die operations 60
compression forming 63
contour roll forming 66
cupping 34
drawing 54
deep drawing 55
redrawing, direct and reverse 55
shallow drawing 55
drop hammer forming 52
drop hammer coining 55
edge curling 57
embossing 56
flanging 56
fluid forming 52
forging 35
Guerin process 51
hot rolling 33
hot and warm forming 33
hot drawing 34
hydroform process 52
Marform process 51
metal spinning 64
flow turning 65
manual 65
power spinning 65
shear spinning 65
power 65
progressive die operations 58
radial-draw forming 64
roll forming 66
roll coining 64
rotary swaging 61
rotary embossing 64
rubber diaphragm forming 51
rubber pad forming 51
rubber tool forming 51
sizing 57
stationary die swaging 62
stretch forming 62
stretch wrapping 63
swaging 57
three-roll forming 62
transfer die operations 59
transfer press operations 59
Verson-Wheelon process 53
methane 717
methyl alcohol 624
Micarta (rigid plastic laminates) 289
microcapsule printing 380
microcircuits (chips) (integrated
circuits) 551
microspheres, glass 244
microwave drying of ceramics 251
milk
condensed 718
powdered 718
skim 718
milling 106
chemical 136
grain 487
post-milling treatments 488
hammer, of food material 487
milling (fulling or felting) fabric 402
mineral wool (rock wool) 718
mirrors 718
mixing and mixing methods
Banbury mixers 465
chemicals 458
dry blending powders 201
food materials 489
gases with gases 459
gases with liquids 459
liquids with liquids 460
liquids with solids 461
plastics mixing 150
compounder-extruder 151
compounder-extruder mixing 151
compounding 149
continuous 151
continuous mixing 151
intensive dry mixing 150
internal intensive batch mixing 151
mixing and dicing plastics with
two-roll mills 153
mixing and dicing with two-roll
mills 153
single screw extruders 151
tumbling 150
twin screw extruder mixing 152
pug mixer 465
solder paste 547
solids 461
ModelMaker and PatternMaster
modular (prefabricated) houses 691
molding-in inserts (in plastic parts) 203
molding, loam 9
molding, lost foam 8
(also called disposable pattern
casting, evaporative casting,
and full mold casting)
molding (plastics) 153
autoclave 177
automatic compression 155
block molding of EPS 162
blow molding 173
coextrusion 175
coinjection 175
dip blow molding 175
extrusion blow 173
injection blow 173
in stretch 174
multilayer 175
other blow molding processes 176
cold molding 156
compression 153
dip molding 189
expanded polyolefin foam
(EPP) 162
Index 807molding (plastics) (Continued)
expanded polystyrene foam
(EPS) 161
block molding of beads 162
pre-expansion of beads 161
shape molding of beads 161
heated runnerless injection molding
157
hot runner injection molding 157
injection molding (conventional) 156
co-injection (sandwich) 159
gas-assisted 160
gas counterpressure 159
high-pressure molding of structural
foam 158
insert molding 163
reaction 158
slabstock foam 161
thermosetting 158
two-color 162
plunger 155
rotational molding 173
screw transfer 155
structural foam plastics 158
casting 183
extrusion 160
transfer molding 155
mold-making processes (for casting) 1
see also casting processes 1–32
Antioch process 11
cement-sand 9
ceramic 20
flaskless 11
loam 9
magnetic 9
loam 9
magnetic 9
permanent 23
plaster 22
Shaw process 21
Unicast process 21
V-process (vacuum) 9
molds, sand 5
cope 5
drag 5
flasks 5
molten metal, pouring 4
molybdenum 718
monuments 718
mortise and tenon joints 274
motors, electric 719
multichip devices 582
multichip modules (MCM) 582
multi-functional RPM systems
(M-RPM) 592
multi-jet modeling (MJM) 592
multilayer blow molding 175
multilayer circuit boards 525
multiple die stamping 58
compound die 60
progressive die 58
transfer die 59
transfer press 59
multiple-effect distillation 422
multiple integrated circuit packages
582
multiple operation machines 139
multiple-spindle drilling 97
multiple-spindle screw machines 91
multi-stage flash evaporation 422
musical instruments 720
brass 720
N
nail polish 722
nails 722
nameplates, labels and tags 358
napkins
napping fabric 399
naphtha 722
natural gas 722
natural fibers 385
natural rubber 207
nature of ceramics 244
NC, numerical control 140
neon signs 723
needlepoint rugs 415
needlepunch carpets 413
needle trades 406
neon signs 723
neoprene 208
newspapers 723
newsprint 368
nibbling sheet metal 42
nickel 723
and alloys 354
nitridation 556
nitriding of steels 351
nitrile rubber 208
nitrogen 724
no-clean solder flux 549
non-ionizing radiation processing
206
non-woven fabrics 398
normalizing of steels 347
notching sheet metal 45
nuclear power 666, 667
numerical control 139, 140
computer 144
direct 144
nutmeg 757
nuts, screw 724
nylon 724
O
oil,
fuel 726
lubricating 726
oil-oxygen process for cores 13
oils
edible 726
olive 727
essential 726
enfluerage 726
extraction 726
expression 726
steam distillation 726
olive oil 727
olives, green 727
open-die drop hammer forging 36
open-hearth melting 4
opening (yarn making) 387
optical brightening of fabrics 401
optical glass communications
fibers 239
traditional fibers 237
optical lenses 709
orange juice 728
organic decorating of glass 235
organic finishing (painting) 334
oriental rugs 415
oriented strand board 286
o-rings 728
Orlon 728
other board operations 524
other coatings 339
detonation gun spraying 342
flame spraying coating 341
hardcoat anodizing 338
high velocity oxy-flame coating
(HVOF) 345
hot dip coating (galvanizing) 339
ion implantation 341
phosphating 338
physical vapor deposition
(PVD) 34
plasma arc spraying 343
transferred 344
porcelain enamel 339
powder spraying 342
sputtering 340
thermal spray coating 341
vacuum metalizing 339
wire metalizing 341
electric arc 341
other chip configurations 524
other chemical processes 480
other form, special cutting and
joint-making operations
(wood) 270
808 Indexother methods of connecting
ICs to board 573
other surface heating method
for hardening 349
other treatments of fabrics 403
other waver preparation operations 554
oven heating for reflow 538
oven or furnace heating 297
Owens glass bottle machine 218
oxidation of silicon 555, 556
oxy-fuel gas cutting 116
oxy-fuel gas welding (OFW) 306
oxygen 728
oxygen lance cutting 118
P
pack carburizing 349
packages, blister 729
packaging (assembly) of chips 569
packing garments 411
pad printing 357
paint 729
paint brushes 642
painting (organic finishing) 334
brushing 334
curtain coating 334
dip painting 334
dyeing 359
electro coating 337 (also called electro
deposition, electro painting, and
electrophoretic coating)
flame spraying powdered paint 337
flow coating 334
fluidized bed powder coating 336
friction static spray 337
plastic parts 199
powdered paint coating 335
electrostatic spray powder 335
fluidized bed powder coating 336
electrostatic 336
roller coating 334
spray painting 335
air atomized spray 335
airless spray 335
electrostatic spray 335
centrifugal spray heads 335
vinyl plastisol coating 337
painting of plastics parts 199
paint removers 730
painting wood 290
pallets
plastic 730
wood 730
pans, cooking 656
pantograph engraving 356
paper 361
bond 368
kraft 368
paperboard 368
paper clips 730
paper, definition 361
paper, fiber, and printing processes 361
paper, bond 640
paper, defined 361
paper grades, manufacture of various 367
paper handkerchiefs 368
paper lamination technology (PLT) 591
paper making 361
beating 364
bleaching and washing 364
chemical pulping of wood 363
debarking of logs 255, 363
extrusion coating and laminating
of paper 186, 366
filling 366
finishing (converting) 366
Fourdrinier and cylindrical
paper-making machines 365
kraft (sulphate) process 363
mechanical pulping of wood 363
refining 364
removing foreign material 364
paper from
pulp 364
rags and other textile fibers 367
raw materials for paper making 361
synthetic fibers 367
waste paper (recycling) 367
with de-inking 367
without de-inking 367
semi-mechanical pulping of wood 363
sizing 366
various grades of paper 367
bond paper 368
kraft paper 368
newsprint 368
paperboard 368
sanitary papers 368
Towels 368
vulcanized fiber 369
water dispersion coating 366
paper making from
rags and other textile fibers 367
synthetic fibers 367
waster paper 367
wood 361
paper making process 361
paper making raw materials 361
paper money 730
parallel roll straightening 79
partial in-process drying of ceramics 250
partition glass 228
particle board 286
parting (cutting off) 89
parts feeding equipment 320, 321
pasta 731
paste mold (rotary mold) process
(glass) 222
pasteurization 498
patterning (circuits on wafers) 558
pattern making 18
materials 18
PatternMaster (and ModelMaker) 592
peanut butter 731
peen forming 78
pelletizing and dicing plastics 152
strand 153
two-roll mills mixing and dicing 153
underwater 153
pencils, lead 731
pens, ballpoint 632
pens, felt-tipped 717
pepper 757
percussive (percussion) welding 309
perfume 675, 731
peripheral milling 106
permanent mold casting 23, 24
low pressure 24
pressed casting 24
semi-permanent molds 23
permanent press fabric 402
pesticides 695
petrochemicals 465
petroleum 732
jelly 732
petroleum refining and petrochemicals 465
absorption/stripping of petroleum
fractions 466
additive addition 468
alkylation 467
blending 468
catalytic cracking 466
catalytic reforming (gasoline) 467
chemical and other treatments 467
conversion 466
cracking 466
crude petroleum 465
crystallization of contaminants 466
fractional distillation 465
hydrogenation 467
hydrogen treatment 467
polymerization 467
reforming (gasoline) 467
separation of constituents 465
solvent extraction 466
straight run 465
sulphur removal 467
superfractionation 465
thermal cracking 466
vacuum distillation 465
Index 809pewter 732
phenolic plastics 732
phosphating 338
photochemical blanking 44, 136
photographic film 669
photosensitive glass manufacture 243
photovoltaic cells 754
physical vapor deposition
(PVD) 341
picking (yarn making) 387
pickling 331
electrolytic 332
food 508
piece dyeing of fabric 404
piercing 39
rotary 39
pig iron 732
pigment printing on fabric 406
pile rugs 413
pile weaving 394
pin routing 108
pin transfer dispensing of solder 531
pipe and tubing, metal 732
pipe and tubing roll forming 66
pipe, plastic 769
pipe, welding of steel 39
pit molding 14
Pittsburgh process (sheet glass) 225
plain sawing of boards 256, 257
planing 134
planing (surfacing) of wood 260
planographic printing 371
plasma-arc cutting 117
plasma arc spraying 343
transferred 344
plasma arc welding (PAW) 304
plasma etching 564
plasma glow deburring 129
plasma treatment of plastics 198
plaster 689
plasterboard
drywall 734
gypsum board 734
sheetrock 734
wallboard 734
plaster mold casting 22
plastic film 187
plastic laminates, rigid 289
plastic parts manufacturing
processes 203
adhesive bonding 192
block molding of EPS 162
blow molding 173
calendering 188
casting 182
compression molding 153
decorating 197
elastomer and rubber methods
207–209
extrusion 184
injection molding 156
insert assembly 203
processes for reinforced thermosetting
176
rotational molding 173
surface finishing 197
thermoforming 163
transfer molding 153
vacuum molding 163
vinyl dispersion processes 189
welding 192
plastic wood (wood filler) 734
plastics, casting of 182
acrylic parts 184
cast film extrusion 188
centrifugal 177
encapsulating and potting 184
nylon parts 184
sheet 182
cell casting of 182
continuous casting of 182
slush molding of plastisol 191
structural foam parts 183
plastics, definition of 147
plastics, extrusion of 184
plastics, machining of 205
trimming and die cutting plastics 205
plastics (materials)
polycarbonate plastic (PC) 735
polyester plastic 735
polyethylene plastic (PE) 735
high density (HDPE) 737
linear low density (LLDPE) 736
low density (LDPE) 737
ultra-high molecular weight
(UHMWPE) 737
polypropylene plastic (PP) 737
polystyrene plastic (PS) 737
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 765
polyurethane plastics (PU) 737
polyvinyl chloride plastics (PVC) 737
popcorn loose-fill packaging 738
plastics, manufacturing of
coloring and blending 204
compounding plastics 149
compounder-extruder mixing 151
continuous mixing 151
intensive dry mixing 150
internal intensive batch mixing 151
mixing by tumbling 150
single screw extruders 151
twin screw extruder mixing 152
drying 204
granulating 204
pelletizing and dicing of plastics 152
mixing and dicing with two-roll
mills 153
strand pelletizers 153
underwater pelletizing 153
polymerization methods 148
bulk 148
emulsion 149
gas-phase 149
solution 149
suspension 149
polymerization reactions 147
addition 147
condensation 148
radiation processing 206
non-ionizing radiation processing 206
plastics polymerization 147
addition 147
bulk 148
condensation 148
emulsion 149
gas-phase 149
methods 148
solution 149
suspension 149
plastics processes 147–209
adhesive bonding 192
block molding of EPS 162
blow molding 173
calendering 188
casting 182
compression molding 153
decorating 197
elastomer and rubber methods
207–209
extrusion 184
how made 147
injection molding 156
insert assembly 203
polymerization 147
processes for reinforced thermosetting
176
rotational molding 173
surface finishing 197
thermoforming 163
transfer molding 153
vacuum forming 163
vinyl dispersion processes 189
welding 192
plastic sheet and film embossing 202
plastic wood 734
plastisol (See vinyl dispersions) 189
cavity, in-place, low pressure
molding 191
cold dipping 190
dip coating (hot dipping)
(dip molding) 189
810 Indexextrusion 192
knife coating (knife rollover coating) 189
roll coating
slush molding 191
spread coating 189
spray coating 191
strand coating 191
plate glass manufacture 226
plating processes 333
barrel 333
brush 333
contact 333
conventional 333
electroless 333
impact 333
mechanical 333
galvanizing 333
peen 333
selective 333
swab 333
platinum 734
playground equipment 734
plexiglass 735
pliers 735
plunge grinding 103
plunger molding (of plastics) 155
plug-assisted thermoforming 164, 169
plywood 284
and other panel materials 284
pneumatic-mechanical forming 78
polishing glass 233
polishing processes 332
barrel polishing 332
buffing 332
burnishing 332
conventional 332
electropolishing 332
tumbling 332
polishing wafers 553
polishing (wood finishes) 291
polycarbonate plastic 735
polyester plastic 735
polyethylene plastic 735
high density (LDPE) 737
low density (LDPE) 737
linear low density (LLDPE) 736
ultra-high molecular weight
(UHMWPE) 737
polymerization of plastics 147
addition 147
bulk 148
condensation 147–148
emulsion 149
gas-phase 149
methods 148
solution 149
suspension 149
polymerization in petroleum
refining 467
polymerization reactions 147
polymerization methods 148
polymers 147
polypropylene plastics 737
polystyrene casting patterns 8
polystyrene plastics 737
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 765
polyurethane plastics 737
polyvinyl chloride plastics 737
popcorn loose-fill packaging 738
populating boards with through-hole
connections 527
porcelain 738
porcelain enamel 339, 666
porous printing 376
Portland cement 650
post-milling treatments (of flour) 488
post-molding operations (castings)18
blast cleaning 19
core knockout 18
cylinder 18
drum 18
fettling 20
gate, riser and fin removal 20
rotary shakeout 18
shakeout 18
snagging 20
table shakeout 18
tumble cleaning 19
tumble blasting 20
vibrating conveyor 18
vibrating drum 18
wire brush cleaning 20
potato chips 738
pot broaching 113
pottery-See chinaware 653
potting with plastics 184
pouring molten metal 4
powder-based rapid prototyping
systems 592
powder coating, fluidized bed 336
electrostatic 336
powdered glass processes 244
powdered paint coating 335
powdered milk 718
powder metal (P/M) parts manufacture 80
compacting (pressing) 81
powder blending and mixing 80
powder metal forging 83
pressing (compacting) 81
repressing 83
secondary operations 83
sintering 81
powder painting of plastics 200
powders, metal 738
powder spraying 342
powered brush deburring 129
powered brush finishing 129
prebaking before soldering 533
precipitation (for separation) 428
precipitation hardening 352
precipitation in hydro metallurgy 479
precision forging 37
pre-expansion of EPS beads 161
prefabricated (modular) houses 691
preform soldering 296
preheating 535
preparation for fabric finishing 398
press and shrink fit fastening 326
press-blow process (glass parts) 222
pressed casting 24
pressing ceramics 246
pressing sewn products 411
pressing glass 213
pressing powder metal parts 81
repressing 83
secondary operations 83
sintering 81
press insertion of inserts in plastics 203
press straightening 79
pressure bag molding of reinforced
thermosetting plastics 177
pressure-bubble plug-assist forming 169
pressure-bubble vacuum-snapback
forming 169
pressure casting of ceramics 248
pressure dispensing of solder paste 530
pressure forming (of plastics) 163
pressure sensitive and
contact adhesive application 315
preparing wood surfaces for
finishing 290
pretreatment of plastic surfaces 197
pretzels 739
primary forming processes for glass 213
printed circuit boards PCBs 519–551
adding protective layers 558
additive method for circuit
boards 522
assembling surface mounted
components 528
board operations, other 524
cleaning after soldering 541
contact finger plating 524
depanelling 525
flux application 534
fluxes for 549
hole making in 524
making bare printed circuit boards 519
making flexible boards 527
making solder paste for 544
multilayer boards 525
Index 811printed circuit boards PCBs (Continued)
populating with through-hole
connections 527
quality control and inspection 550
reflow methods of soldering 538
repair and touch-up 551
resists and photo-resists 520
screen printing of masks 523
separating boards 525
silkscreen identification 525
solder fusing 524
soldering processes 534
subtractive process for 521
tinning 550
wiring and populating
printing methods 369
collotype (collography) 372
color 382
copy machine 378
dot-matrix 380
dye sublimation 380
electronic 377
electrophotographic 378
flexographic 371
gravure 373
making gravure printing
plates 374
rotogravure 373
halftone screens 382
ink-jet 379
ion or electron deposition
(ionography) 380
intaglio 373, 405
laser 377
letterpress or relief 369
lithography 371
offset 371
magnetographic 380
microcapsule 380
offset 371
pad 357
planographic 371
porous 376
relief, or letterpress 369
typesetting for 369
screen 376
on fabrics 405
serigraphy (silk screen) 356, 376
sheet and web 380
stencil and screen 376
thermal sublimation 380
thermal wax 380
to mark product 357
wax transfer 380
printing on fabrics 404
block 405
discharge 405
duplex 405
engraved 405
heat-transfer 405
intaglio 405
pigment 406
resist 406
solution pigmenting 404
stencil and screen 405
warp 406
printing plates, gravure 374
prints, core 12
process annealing of steels 348
processes for reinforced thermosetting
plastics 176
processing plastics 147
mixing 150
compounding 149
compounder extruder 151
continuous 151
intensive dry 150
internal intensive batch 151
single screw extruder 151
twin screw extruder 152
tumbling 150
pelletizing and dicing 152
strand 153
two-roll mills mixing and dicing 153
underwater 153
polymerization 147
addition 147
bulk 148
condensation 147–148
emulsion 149
gas-phase 149
methods 148
solution 149
suspension 149
thermoplastics 147
thermosetting 147
product marking methods 356
branding 357
casting and molding 358
chemical etching 356
decal marking 357
dyeing 359
electro etching 123
embossing and coining 358
engraving 356
etching 356
hot stamping 199, 359
laser marking and engraving 356
manual 356
nameplates, labels, and tags 358
pantograph engraving 356
pad printing 357
printing 357
screen printing 357, 376
silk screening 357, 376
on fabrics 405
stamp indented 356
stenciling 357, 376
profile extrusion of plastics 184
programmable controllers 144
logic controllers 144
projection welding (RPW) 307
Prometal 3D printing process 596
propane-See gas, liquified
petroleum. 677
prototyping, rapid 585
computer aided design for rapid
prototyping 586
liquid-based rapid prototyping
systems 586
E-Darts system 589
MEIKO system 589
QuickCast 587
solid creation system (SCS) 589
solid ground curing (SGC) 588
solid object ultraviolet-laser printer
(SOUP) 589
solifom system 589
stereolithography system (SLA) 586
powder-based systems 592
EOSINT 594
selective laser sintering (SLS) 592
three dimensional printing (3DP) 594
rapid tooling 594
direct AIM 597
direct metal laser sintering 597
direct shell production casting 596
laminated metal tooling 597
prometal 3D printing process 596
RapidTool 596
SL composite tooling 597
3D Keltool 597
SLI file 586
solid-based (RP) systems 590
fused deposition modeling
(FDM) 591
laminated object manufacturing
(LOM) 590
melted extrusion modeling
(MEM) 592
ModelMaker 592
multi-functional RPM systems
(M-RPM) 592
multi-jet modeling (MJM) 592
paper lamination technology
(PLT) 591
PatternMaster 592
slicing solid manufacturing
(SSM) 592
STL file 586
pulforming 180
812 Indexpulping of wood 363
chemical 363
mechanical 363
semi-chemical 363
pultrusion 179
pulverizing 455
pump/pressure application
of solid adhesives 316
putty 739
Pyrex glass 656
pyrometallurgy processes 479
Q
quality control and inspection
of soldering operations 550
incoming inspection of materials 550
solderability testing 550
visual inspection of joints 550
quarter-sawed lumber boards 740
quarter sawing logs 257
quartz glass 740
QuickCast 587
quicklime 740
R
rabbet joints 273
radiation processing of plastics 206
non-ionizing 206
radio frequency drying of ceramics 251
of wood 259
radio frequency sealing of plastics 196
rag paper 367
ram EDM 119
ramming sand molds 14
rap-jolt machines 15
rapid prototyping (RP) methods 585
initial step: computer aided
design 586
liquid-based systems 586
E-darts system 589
MEIKO system 589
QuickCast 587
solid creation system (SCS) 589
solid ground curing (SGC) 588
solid object ultraviolet-laser printer
(SOUP) 589
solifom system 589
stereolithography system (SLA) 586
powder-based systems
EOSINT 594
selective laser sintering 592
three dimensional printing 594
rapid tooling 594
direct AIM 597
direct metal laser sintering 597
direct shell production casting 596
laminated metal tooling 597
prometal 3D printing process 596
RapidTool 596
SL composite tooling 597
3D Keltool 597
SLI file 586
solid-based (RP) systems 590
fused deposition modeling
(FDM) 591
laminated object manufacturing
(LOM) 590
melted extrusion modeling
(MEM) 592
ModelMaker 592
multi-functional RPM systems
(M-RPM) 592
multi-jet modeling (MJM) 592
paper lamination technology
(PLT) 591
PatternMaster 592
slicing solid manufacturing
(SSM) 592
STL file 586
rattan furniture 741
raw materials for glass 211
raw materials for paper making 361
rayon 741
reaction injection molding 158
reactions with catalysts 474
reactive ion etching (RIE) 565
reaming 94
re-blending (yarn making) 390
reclamation of sand 16
recovering metals from ores 478
recovery/refining processes
(metals from ores) 478
alloying processes 480
concentration 478
electro-metallurgy 480
electrorefining 480
electrowinning 480
extraction of metals from ores 478
hydro-metallurgy 478, 479
precipitation 479
mineral dressing 478
other chemical processes 480
process metallurgy 478
pyro-metallurgy 478
roasting 479
smelting 480
rectification 418
recycling waste paper 367
with de-inking 367
without de-inking 367
reel-to-reel injection molding 207
refining wood pulp 364
reflow methods (soldering) 538
reforming (gasoline) 467
refractories 741
reinforced plastics 176
autoclave molding 177
centrifugal casting 177
cold stamping 179
continuous laminating of
thermoplastics 178
continuous laminating of
thermosetting 178
filament winding 178
hand lay-up of 176
liquid resin molding 181
matched metal mold forming 179
of reinforced thermosetting 179
pressure-bag molding 177
other processes for reinforced
thermosetting 181
pulforming 180
pultrusion 179
resin transfer molding (RTM) 181
spray up 177
thermosetting 176
vacuum-bag molding 177
reinforced thermosetting plastics
processes 176
autoclave molding 177
centrifugal casting 177
cold stamping 179
continuous laminating 178
filament winding 178
hand lay-up 176
liquid resin molding 181
matched metal mold forming 179
other processes 181
pressure bag molding 177
pulforming 180
pultrusion 179
resin transfer molding (RTM) 181
spray-up 177
relief, or letterpress printing 369
typesetting for 369
removing foreign material from
wood pulp 364
repair and touch-up 551
repressing powder metal parts 83
resin transfer molding (RTM)
of reinforced
thermosetting plastics 181
resistance brazing 300
resistance heating 297
resistance welding 306
resistors, electronic 575
resist printing on fabric 406
resists and photoresists 520
reverberatory (air furnace) melting 2
Index 813reverse-draw plug-assist forming 169
reverse osmosis 496
ribbon blowing machine for glass
bottles 222
rice wine (sake) 741
rift sawing of logs 257
rigid plastic laminates 289
ring rolling 38
rings (jewelry) 701
rinsing equipment 516
ripping (rip sawing) boards 260
riveting 323
roasting (ores) 479
robotic assembly
robotic deburring 130
robotic handling of plastics 207
robots in manufacturing operations
areas of robot applicability 605
appliances 610
automobile assembly 610
chemical industry 611
coating 608
die casting 606
electronics 608
food 610
forging 606
foundries 606
glass making 610
heat treatment 610
injection molding 606
investment casting 606
machining 609
material handling 608
mechanical assembly 608
metal stamping 606
other plastics molding 606
packaging and shipping 611
painting 608
quality control 609
sand mold casting 606
sealing 608
welding 607
woodworking 611
robots in some specific industries 610
rock wool (mineral wool) 718
roll bending 71
roll coating of plastics 189
roll coining 64
roll compaction (ceramics) 249
roll crushing 487
roller application of adhesives 315
roller blade skates-See in-line
skates 695
roller burnishing (finishing) 125
roller coating of paint 334
roller coating of solder paste 533
roller fluxing 535
roll forging 38
roll forming strip 66
tubing and pipe 66
rolling (casting) flat glass 228
rolling, cold 39
threads 74
roll welding (roll bonding) (ROW) 310
rope 742
rotary embossing 64
rotary filing (burring) 131
rotary-mold (paste mold) process
(glass) 222
rotary piercing 39
rotary shears, for sheet metal 42
rotary straightening 79
rotary swaging 61
rotary wool forming process (glass) 237
rotational molding 173
roughening of surfaces 314
round-hole-making methods 93
boring 94
counterboring 93
countersinking 94
drilling 93
gun drilling 96
horizontal boring mills 95
jig boring 95
multiple spindle drilling 97
reaming 94
trepanning 97
vertical boring mills 95
routing and shaping wood 267
rubber and elastomers 207
rubber compounding 209
rubber bands 742
rubber diaphragm forming 52
rubber fabrication methods 209
rubber, natural 207
rubber, silicone 209, 751
rubber, synthetic 208
rubber tool forming of sheet metal 51
rubber pad 51
rubber, urethane 208, 737
rubbing (isopropyl) alcohol 624
rubies and sapphires 743
rug and carpet making 412
braided rugs 413
frames 412
hooked rugs 413
knitted rugs 413
needlepoint rugs 415
needlepunch carpets 413
oriental rugs 415
tufting rugs 413
weaving rugs and carpets 412
rugs 743
rum 743
S
safety glass for automobiles 744
sailplanes 744
salt 745
salt bath brazing 300
salt bath cleaning 331
salting food 510
sand
cooling 17
cores 13
mold casting 5
mulling 16
processing 16
reclamation 16
separating metal from sand 17
slinging 15
thermal reclamation 17
wet reclamation 17
sand mold casting 5
sand mold cores 12
baked 13
blown 13
carbon-dioxide process 14
dry-sand 12
furan no-bake 13
green sand 13
knock-out 18
making 12
oil-oxygen 13
shell process 14
sand mold-making methods 14
Antioch process 11
bench molding 14
cement-sand molding 9
ceramic molds 20
ceramic-shell process 21
dry sand casting 6
flaskless mold casting11
floor molding 14
foamed plaster molds 22
green sand casting 6
investment casting 29
jolt-squeeze molding 14
loam molding 9
lost foam casting 8
machine methods 14
magnetic molding 9
match-plate molding 15
pit molding 14
plaster molds 22
rammer 14
ramming 14
rap-jolt machines 15
sand molds 5
Shaw process 21
shell mold casting 6
814 Indexskin-dried casting 6
slinging 15
Unicast process 21
V-process (vacuum) 9
sand molds 5, 14,
Antioch (with gypsum plaster) 11
bentonite 6, 11
cement-sand 9
dry sand molds 6
flaskless 11
green sand molds 6
loam 9
lost foam 8
magnetic 9
shell molds 6
skin-dried molds 6
V-process (vacuum molding) 9
sandpaper 746
sand processing 16
cooling 17
mulling 16
reclamation 16
fluidized bed 17
mechanical 16
metal separation 17
thermal 17
wet 17
sanitary papers 368
sanitary ware 746
sanitizing equipment 515
sapphires and rubies 743
sapphires, synthetic 743
Saran 747
satellites and spacecraft 747
satin 747
sausages 747
sauerkraut 747
sawing 113
abrasive 113
band 113
circular 113
contour (metal) 114
contour (wood) 266
diamond-edge 114
friction 114
hack 114
saw mill operations (lumber) 255
scientific glass blowing 215
screen classification of powder 546
screening 443
screen printing, 357, 376
masks 523
of product 357
of solder paste 531
serigraphy (silk screen) 376
stencil and screen 376
on fabrics 405
screwdrivers 747
screws 749
bolts 639
cap 639
drive 749
machine 639
set 639
sheet metal 749
wood 749
screw machines, automatic 90
multiple spindle 91
single spindle 91
Swiss-type 91
screw threads 109
cold-form tapping of internal
threads 111
external thread cutting 110
hand-die threading 109
internal thread tapping 109
single-point screw thread cutting 110
thread cutting die heads 110
thread grinding 111
thread milling 110
thread rolling 111
screw transfer molding 155
scrubbers 441
seam bonding (stitch-less joining) 411
seam welding (RSEW) 306
seaming, staking and crimping 327
secondary crushing 455
secondary finishing and decorating
(glass) 231
sedimentation 435
selective infrared heating 297
selective laser sintering 592
self tapping inserts for plastic parts 203
semi-aqueous cleaning 543
semicentrifugal casting 25
semi-chemical pulping of wood 363
semiconductors 749
semi-permanent molds 23
semi-piercing 48
separating circuit boards
(depanelling) 525
separation (of petroleum
constituents) 465
separation processes 418, 490
absorption-stripping 422
adsorption 448
centrifugation 435
crystallization 427
cyclone separation 438
cycloning 438
distillation 418
destructive 422
distillate 418
enrichment 418
equilibrium 421
flash 421
fractional 418
fractionation 418
multiple-effect 422
rectification 418
stream 422
sublimation 422
vacuum 421
dense-media separation 445
desorption 424
dispersed solid leaching 426
electro thermal 449
electrolytic processes 449
electrostatic separation 446
enrichment 418
evaporation 439
expression 426
extraction and leaching 424–426
raffinate 425
filtration 429
bag 439
centrifugal 431
centrifugation 435
clarifying 430
cross-flow 430
cyclone 438
deep bed 430
depth 430
filter medium 430
membrane 432
types of filter 430
ultra 432
flotation 444
fluid particle separation 429
fractional distillation 418
gas absorption 423
heavy media separation 445
ion exchange 448
leaching 424-426
leaching 424
magnetic 446
membrane 432
multi-stage flash evaporation 422
multiple effect distillation 422
precipitation 428
rectification 418
residue 418
screening 443
scrubbers 441
sedimentation 435
separation of solids 443
sieving 443
steam distillation 422
stripping 424
separation of metal from sand 17
seriography 357, 376
Index 815set screws 639
sewing 409
sewing machines 749
shakeout (castings) 18
shallow drawing 55
shampoo 661,749
shape molding of EPS beads 161
shaping 134
shaping and routing (wood) 267
shaving metal stampings 46
Shaw process 21
shearing bars 73
shearing fabric 400
shearing (sheet metal) 40
shearing other non-flat shapes 73
sheet and film embossing (plastics) 202
sheet and web printing 380
sheet metalbending and forming 48
beading 55
bending 48
air 50
bending die 50
press brake 48
punch press 50
V-die 48
coining 55
drop hammer 55
drawing sheet metal 54
deep 53
redrawing, direct and reverse 53
shallow 53
edge curling 57
embossing 55
flanging 55
forming 50
drop hammer forming 52
fluid forming 52
Guerin rubber tool forming 51
hydroform process 52
Marform process 51
rubber diaphragm 52
rubber pad 51
Verson-Wheelon process 53
with rubber tooling 51
hemming and seaming 55
sizing 55
swaging 38, 57
sheet metal cutting operations 40
blanking 42
fine 46
photochemical 44, 136
cut off 44
dinking 42
fine blanking 46
lancing 46
nibbling 42
notching 45
parting sheet metal 44
piercing 39, 44
punching 44
turret 44
rotary shears 42
shearing 40
shaving 46
slitting 42
squaring shears 41
steel rule die blanking 43
trimming 28, 46, 145
turret punching 44
sheet metal operations on other than
presses 61
combustible gas forming 75
compression forming 63
contour roll forming 66
electroforming 84
electrohydraulic forming 77
electromagnetic forming 76
electrospark forming 77
explosive forming 75
flow turning 65
high-energy-rate forming 75
magnetic pulse forming 76
peen forming 78
pneumatic-mechanical forming 78
radial-draw forming 64
roll coining 64
roll forming strip 66
tubing and pipe 66
rotary embossing 64
rotary swaging 61
spark discharge forming 77
spinning, metal 64
manual 65
power 65
shear 65
straightening 78
epicyclic 80
manual 78
parallel roll79
rotary 79
stretch 80
stretch draw forming 62
stretch forming 62
stretch wrap forming 63
stretch wrapping 63
three-roll forming 62
sheet plastics forming 163
air slip 171
billow-up plug-assist forming 169
billow-up vacuum snapback 169
drape vacuum forming 164
dual sheet 171
free forming 171
free blowing 171
matched mold 168
plug-assisted 164, 169
pressure 163
pressure bubble vacuum snapback 169
pressure bubble plug assisted 169
reverse-draw plug assist 169
slip-ring (slip forming) 165
solid phase pressure 171
straight vacuum 163
thermoforming 163
trapped sheet, contact heat,
pressure 170
twin sheet forming 171
vacuum forming, straight 163
vacuum snap-back 165
sheetrock 734
shellac 749
shell mold casting 6
shell process for cores 14
shielded metal arc cutting 118
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
301
shirts 750
shoes 750
athletic 750
sneakers 750
shortening 751
shot peening 355
shrinking glass tubing 234
shrinkproof (shrink resistant)
fabrics 402
shuttle (weaving) 392
shuttle-less looms 393
sieving 443
signs, neon 723
silicon carbide 615
silicon, single crystal 552
silicon, ultra pure 551
silicon wafers 553
silicones 751
oils 751
resins 751
rubbers 751
silk 752
silk screen identification 525
silk screening (screen printing)
glass 235
of product 357
on fabrics 405
paper 376
silver 752
silverware 673
single crystals of silicon 552
single-point screw-thread cutting 110
single screw extruder mixing 151
single spindle screw machines 91
sintering (firing) ceramics parts 251
816 Indexsintering glass powder parts 244
sintering powder metal parts 81
size enlargement 458
agglomeration 458
agitation 458
compression 458
size reduction 454
ball race milling 457
ball milling 457
crushing 454
disc attrition milling 487
food material 485
hammer milling 455, 487
hammer 457
impact 455
milling grain 487
pulverizing 455
rod milling 457
roll crushing 455, 487
roller pulverizers 457
secondary crushing 455
stirred media 457
tube milling 457
tumble milling 487
size reduction (food material) 485
sizing 57, 366
sizing (stiffening) fabric 401
skim milk 718
skin-dried casting 6
skiving 130
slab milling 106
slabstock foam process 161
slaughtering 512
SL composite tooling 597
slicing into wafers 553
slicing solid manufacturing (SSM) 592
SLI file 586
slip casting of ceramics 248
slip casting of glass 244
slip-ring (slip forming) of plastic
sheet 165
slitting 42
slotting 135
slush casting 24
slush molding (vinyl plastisol) 191
smelting 480
smith forging 36
snagging 20
snap fit fastening 324
soap 752
socks 691
soda ash 752
sodium carbonate 753
soft drinks 753
softening fabric 402
soil and stain release treatment
of fabrics 402
solar cells 754
solder 755
solderability testing 550
solder application methods 295
solder fusing 524
soldering 295,534
dip 296, 536
drag 296, 536
hot gas torch 297, 541
iron 297, 541
reflow 538
laser 540
oven 538
vapor-phase 539
ultrasonic 297
wave 296, 537
wire or rod 295
with resistance heating 297
with solder paste 296, 530, 544
solderingprocesses 534
cleaning after soldering 541
solvent 542
water washing 542
semi-aqueous 543
cleaning prior to soldering, 329, 533
flux 298
flux application 534
brush 534
cored wire solder 535
dip 534
foam 534
roller 535
spray 534
wave 534
heating the workpiece 297
gas torch 297
hot gas 298
induction 298
laser 298, 540
oven or furnace 297, 538
preheating 535
reflow 538
laser reflow 540
oven heating for reflow 538
resistance (RS) 297
selective infrared 297
soldering iron (INS) 297
solder application 295
dip soldering 296, 536
drag soldering 296, 536
preform 296
how preforms are made 296
solder paste 296
ultrasonic soldering 297
vapor-phase 297, 539
wave soldering 296, 537
wire or rod 295
soldering and brazing 295
brazing 299
application of filler metal 299
diffusion 301
dip 300
furnace 299
induction (IB) 300
resistance (RB) 300
salt bath 300
torch 299
fluxes 298
soldering application methods 295
dip soldering (DS) 296
drag soldering 296
making solder preforms 296
preform soldering 296
solder application methods 295
solder paste soldering 296
ultrasonic soldering 297
wave soldering 296
wire or rod soldering 295
workpiece heating 297
gas torch 297
hot gas 298
induction 298
laser 298
oven or furnace 297
resistance 297
selective infrared 297
soldering iron 297
vapor-phase 297
solder masks 524
solder paste 296
solder preforms, how made 296
solder powder 544–547
air classification 547
gas atomization 544
inspection 547
making 544
screen classification 546
spinning disc 544
ultrasonic 546
mixing 547
solid-based (RP) systems 590
solid creation system (SCS) 589
solid ground curing (SGC) 588
solid object ultraviolet-laser printer
(SOUP) 589
solid phase pressure forming 171
solids mixing 461
solids/solids and solids/gas
reactions 472
solid-state welding (SSW) 310
soliform system 589
solution method for powdered
plastics 201
solution pigmenting fabrics 404
Index 817solution polymerization 149
solution treating 352
solvent cementing of plastics 195
solvent cleaning 330, 542
solvent extraction in petroleum
refining 466
sorting and grading of foods 484
Spandex 755
spark discharge forming 77
spark plugs 755
spatula application of adhesive 315
special purpose machines 145
transfer lines 146
spherodizing of steels 347
spices 756
allspice 756
anise 756
basil 756
bay leaves 756
cayenne pepper 756
celery seed 756
cinnamon 757
clove 757
garlic 757
ginger 757
mustard 757
nutmeg 757
parsley 757
pepper 757
rosemary 757
saffron 757
sage 757
sesame seeds 757
thyme 757
vanilla 758
spindle finishing 129
spinnerets 386
spinning disc powder making 544
spinning, metal 64
spinning (yarn making) 387, 390
blending 387
carding 389
combing 389
drafting 390
drawing 390
opening 387
picking 387
re-blending 390
spinning 390
synthetic fibers 391
twisting 390
spin welding of plastics 192
spirits, distilled 663
sporting goods 758
spotfacing 109
spot welding (RSW) 306
spray and wipe 200
spray application of adhesive 315
spray application of flux 534
spray degreasing 330
spray drying liquid materials 453, 503
spray painting 335
with centrifugal head 335
spray-up of reinforced thermosetting
plastics 177
spread coating 189
spreading and stacking fabrics 406
spring forming-See springs
springs 758
flat 759
helical 759
non-coiled wire 759
spiral 759
torsion bar 759
sputtering coatings 340, 557
sputter etching (ion etching)
(ion milling) 563
squaring shears 41
stacking fabric 406
stain and soil release treatment
of fabrics 404
stained glass windows 759
staining glass 234
staining wood 290
stainless steels 761
stain-release fabrics 402
staking, seaming and crimping 327
stamp indented marking 356
stamping multiple die 58
compound die 60
progressive die 58
transfer die 59
transfer press 59
stamps, postage 759
starch 759
stationary die swaging 62
steam blowing glass fibers 236
steam distillation 422
steam jet cleaning 329
steel 760
basic oxygen process 760
electric arc furnace 761
open hearth furnace 760
stainless 761
ultra high-strength 770
steel rule die blanking 43
stencil dispensing of solder paste 532
stenciling 357, 376
on fabrics 405
stereolithography (SLA) system 586
sterilization, heat, of food 498
stitching/stapling 323
stitch-less joining (seam bonding) of
sewn products 411
stitch welding 308
stick welding 301
stiffening (sizing) fabric 401
STL file 586
stock dyeing of fabric 404
stockings 691
storage of food 515
straddle milling 106
straightening 78
epicyclic 80
manual 78
parallel roll 79
press 79
rotary 79
stretch 80
straight vacuum forming 163
strand coating, using plastisols
and organisols 191
strand pelletizers 153
stretch bending 71
stretch draw forming 62
stretch forming 62
stretch straightening 80
stretch wrap forming 63
stretch wrapping 63
stress relieving in metals
copper 347
nickel 355
magnesium 354
steel 347
titanium 355
stripping photoresists from
wafers 565
stripping resists from PCBs 524
strip roll forming 66
structural composite lumber 288
structural foam molding processes 158
co-injection or sandwich molding 159
extrusion 160
gas-assisted injection molding 159
gas counterpressure molding 159
high-pressure injection molding 159
low-pressure injection molding 158
reaction injection molding 158
slabstock molding 161
stud welding 308
stunning 512
styrofoam plastics 761
sublimation 422
submerged arc welding (SAW) 302
submerged disk dispensing of solder
paste 532
subtractive process (for PCBs) 519
suck-blow process for glass bottles 218
sugar 762
sugar curing/sugar addition 510
suits-See manufacture of clothing 406
818 Indexsulfur removal (hydrogen
treatment)(petroleum) 467
sulfuric acid 762
superconductors 762
superfinishing 124
superheat 5
surface finishing
plating processes 333
barrel 333
brush 333
contact 333
conventional 333
electroless 333
impact 333
mechanical 333
mechanical galvanizing 333
peen 333
selective 333
swab 333
surface finishing and decorating
of plastics 197
chemical etching 197
corona discharge 197
electroplating of plastics 201
decorating with processes common
to non-plastics 201
dry blending 201
dyeing 359
flame treatment 198
hot stamping 199
hot transfer coating 199
in-mold decorating 201
melt mixing 201
solution method 201
painting 199
plasma treatment 198
powder painting of plastics 200
sheet and film embossing 202
spray and wipe 200
transfer coating 199
treatments for plastic parts 197
washing and cleaning 197
surface grinding 101
surface hardening of steels 348
surface ionizing pretreatment 315
surface preparation methods for
adhesive bonding 313
surface roughening for adhesives 314
surface treatments, chemical 338
anodizing 338
hardcoat 338
black oxide coatings 339
chemical toughening of glass 230
chemical cleaning 330
chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
340, 556
plasma-assisted 341
plasma-enhanced 341
chromate conversion coatings 338
hardcoat anodizing 338
ion implantation 341
phosphating 338
surfacing wood with planers
and jointers 260
surface treatments for plastic parts 197
suspension polymerization 149
swaging 38, 57
rotary 61
Swiss cheese 652
Swiss-type screw machines 91
synthetic (composite) lumber 289
synthetic fibers 386, 391
synthetic rubber 208
syringe dispensing of solder paste 530
system in a package (SIP) 582
T
tableware (flatware) (silverware) 673
tableware, plastic 764
tacks 764
tags, nameplates and labels 358
talcum powder 764
tanks
fuel, for automobiles 764
plastic, storage, for chemicals 764
tape automated bonding (TAB) 573
tape casting (ceramics) 249
tapping internal threads 109
cold-forming internal threads 111
tea
black and green 765
instant 765
Teflon 765
tempering glass 230
tempering steels 348
tennis balls 765
tentering 401
textile processes 385
textile fibers 385
carbon 387
continuous glass 386
graphite 387
manufactured 386
melt spinning 386
metal 386
natural 385
spinnerets 386
spinning of 387, 390
synthetic 386
viscose rayon 386
textile fabrics 385
thermal cracking (petroleum) 466
thermal cutting (flame cutting) 116
thermal energy deburring 128
thermal processing of foods 497
thermal reclamation of sand 17
thermal sealing (heat sealing) of plastic
sheet 196
thermal spray coating 34
thermal sublimation printing 380
thermal wax printing 380
thermit welding (TW) 310
thermoforming (vacuum forming)
(thermoplastic sheet) 163
air-slip forming 171
billow-up plug-assist forming 169
billow-up vacuum-snapback 169
drape vacuum forming 164
dual sheet forming (twin sheet) 171
free forming (free blowing) 171
matched mold forming 168
plug-assist forming 164, 169
pressure 163
pressure-bubble plug-assist 169
pressure-bubble vacuum-snapback
169
pressure forming 163
reverse-draw plug assist 169
slip-ring forming (slip forming) 165
solid phase pressure forming 171
straight vacuum 163
trapped sheet, contact heat,
pressure 170
twin sheet forming 171
vacuum snap-back forming 165
thermometers 765
thermoplastics 147
Thermos bottles 772
thermosetting plastics 147
thread 766
thread cutting and forming109
cold-form tapping of internal
threads 111
external thread cutting 110
hand-die external threading 109
internal thread tapping 109
single-point screw thread cutting 110
thread cutting die heads 110
thread grinding 111
thread milling 110
thread rolling 74, 111
threaded fasteners, assembly with 323
threaded hole installation of inserts 203
three dimensional printing (3DP) 594
3D Keltool 597
three-roll forming 62
through-feed centerless grinding 99
through hardening of steels 351
through-hole connections 527
throwing ceramic parts 249
Index 819tiles, ceramic 766
tiles, floor 773
tiles, vinyl 773
tin 766
tinning 550
tires, rubber 766
titanium and titanium alloys 355, 767
toilets and other sanitary ware 746
toilet paper 368
tongue and groove joints 274
tool post grinding 103
tooling, rapid processes 594
direct metal laser sintering 597
direct shell production casting 596
laminated metal tooling 597
prometal 3D printing process 596
rapid tool 596
SL composite tooling 597
3D Keltool 597
tools, hand
hammers 690
pliers 735
screw drivers 747
wrenches 780
toothbrushes 642
toothpaste 767
top dyeing of fabrics 404
torch brazing 299
towels, paper 368
tracer turning 87
tracing, automatic 145
trailers 768
trampolines 769
transfer coating (hot transfers) 199
transfer coating of plastics parts 199
transfer die operations 59
transfer press 59
transferred plasma-arc spraying 344
transfer (machining) lines 146
transfer molding of plastics 155
transformers, electrical 578
transistors and diodes 653
trapped sheet, contact heat, pressure
forming 170
trays, plastic 769
treatment of fabric for soil and stain
release 402
treatments for plastics parts 197
trepanning 97
trimming and die cutting of plastics
205
trimming boards to length 258
trimming die castings 28
stamping operation 46
true centrifugal casting 24
trumpets and other brass musical
instruments 720
T-shirts 764
tube and section bending 68
bulging tubing
hydraulic 72
mechanical 72
other 72
compression bending 70
draw bending 68
ram and press 70
roll bending 71
roll extrusion bending 72
stretch bending 71
wrinkle bending 71
tubing and pipe roll forming 66
tubing and section operations 68
tubing, glass 222
tubing, metal 732
tubing, plastic 769
tube spinning 68
backward 68
forward 68
tubing, plastic 769
tufting rugs 413
tumble cleaning of castings 19
tumbling 127, 150, 329, 332, 702
tumble milling of food material 487
tungsten 769
tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) 304
turbine blades-See jet engines 698
Turk’s-head rolling of wire 68
turning (machining) 87
centers 139
chucking machines 92
cutting off 89
electrochemical 122
engine lathes 89
facing 88
form turning 87
grooving 88
knurling 88
multiple spindle screw machines 91
screw machines 90
single spindle screw machines 91
Swiss-type screw machines 91
tracer turning 87
turning 87
turret lathes 90
turpentine 769
turret lathes 90
turret punching 44
turning wood 266
twin screw extruder mixing 152
twin sheet forming (plastics) 171
twisting (yarn making) 390
two-color injection molding 162
typesetting for letterpress printing 369
types of filters 430
U
ultra filtration 432, 496
ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene 737
ultra-high pressure processing
(food material) 511
ultra-high-strength steels 770
ultrasonic
cleaning 330
deburring 128
film and fabric welding 195
insertion of inserts 203
machining 105
powder making 546
spot welding of plastics 194
welding and sealing (plastics) 194
welding of metals 312
welding of plastics 194
film and fabric 195
spot welding 194
umbrellas 770
undergarments (underwear) 770
underwater pelletizing 153
unwoven fabric 398
Unicast process 21
upholstered furniture 291
upholstery, installing 291
covering 293
cushions, channeling and tufting 293
padding and cushioning 293
springs 292
webbing 292
upset forging 38
upsetting 73
uranium fuel 770
urea and melamine plastics 771
urethane rubber 771
use of robots in manufacturing
operations 605
using lead-free solders 541
using solder paste 530
using solder preforms 533
utensils, cooking 656
V
vacuum
bag molding (plastics) 177
bottles (Thermos bottles, Dewar
flasks) 772
casting 24
deposition 557
distillation 421
distillation of petroleum fractions 465
drying 503
forming. See thermoforming
820 Indexhandling and loading (plastics) 206
metalizing 339
snap-back forming (plastics)
vanilla 772
vapor degreasing 330
vapor-phase soldering 539
vases 213, 773
varnish 773
varnishing wood 290
V-die bending of sheet metal 48
veneer 284
vermouth 773
Verson-Wheelon process 53
vertical boring mills 95
vertical spindle surface grinding 102
vials, glass 223
vibration welding of plastics 192
vibratory deburring 128
vinegar 773
vinyl dispersion processes 189
cavity molding 191
coatings 337
cold dipping 190
dip coating 189
extrusion of plastisol 192
in-place molding 191
knife coating 189
knife over roll coating 189
low pressure molding 191
roll coating 189
slush molding 191
spread coating 189
strand coating with plastisols
and organisols 191
spray coating 191
vinyl flooring 773
vinyl plastic 774
vinyl plastisol coatings 337
vinyl (polyvinyl chloride) plastic 737
vinyl siding for building 774
viscose rayon fibers 386
visual inspection of solder joints 550
vitreous enamel 666
vodka 774
V-process (vacuum casting) 9
vulcanized fiber 369
W
waferboard 286
wafer fab 554
wafer testing and sorting 568
wallboard 734
wallpaper 775
warm heading 39
warp knitting 396
warp printing 406
warp (weaving) 392
wash and wear fabrics 402
washers (for bolts, etc.) 775
washing and cleaning plastics parts 197
waste paper processing (recycling) 367
with de-inking 367
without de-inking 367
watches 775
water dispersion coating of paper 366
water jet machining 131
abrasive 131
deburring 129
hydrodynamic machining 131
water repelling and proofing treatments
of fabrics 403
water, potable 776
water washing 542
wave fluxing 534
wave soldering 296, 534, 537
wax 776
wax transfer printing 380
weaving 392
automatic bobbin changing 393
battening 392
beams 392
beating in 392
carpets 412
creels 392
ends 392
filling 392
harnesses 392
heddles 392
Jacquard loom 393
loom 392
pile weaving 394
reed 392
rugs 412
shed 392
shuttle 392
shuttle-less looms 393
warp 392
weft 392
weft knitting 396
weighting fabric 401
welding 301
arc 301
cold 310
diffusion (diffusion bonding) 312
electromagnetic 305
electron beam (EBW) 306
electroslag (ESW) 304
explosive (EXW) 311
friction (FRW) 308
friction stir (FSW) 312
flash (FW) 309
flash butt 309
flux-cored arc (FCAW) 302
forge 310
forge-seam 310
gas-metal arc (GMAW) 302
gas-tungsten arc (GTAW) 304
induction 305
laser beam (LBW) 306
metal cladding 310
metal inert gas (MIG)(GMAW) 302
oxyfuel gas (OFW) 306
percussive (percussion) 309
plasma arc (PAW) 304
projection (RPW) 307
resistance 306
roll (roll bonding) (ROW) 310
seam (RSEW) 306
shielded metal arc (SMAW) 301
solid-state (SSW) 310
spot (RSW) 306
stick 301
stitch 308
stud 308
submerged arc (SAW) 302
thermit (TW) 310
tungsten inert gas (TIG)(GTAW) 304
ultrasonic 312
welding and adhesive bonding
of plastics 192
adhesive bonding 195
electromagnetic 195
friction 192
heat sealing of sheet 196
hot gas welding 197
hot plate 193
induction 196
plastic 192
radio frequency sealing 196
solvent cementing 195
spin 192
thermal sealing of sheet 196
ultrasonic 194
film and fabric 195
spot welding 194
vibration 192
wet bending of wood 279
wet blast cleaning 329
wet collectors 441
wet etching (wet chemical etching) 563
wet reclamation of sand 17
wheat flakes 650
whiskey 777
white glue 617
window panes 777
antique 224
windows 777
windshields 630
wine 777
wire bonding 570
Index 821wire brush cleaning 20
wire coating by extrusion 186
wire EDM 120
wire, electrical 778
wire forming 67
in four-slide machines 67
in power presses 67
in special machines 67
manual forming of wire parts 67
springs 758
Turk’s head rolling to square
section 68
wire forms 778
wire glass 229
wire, mechanical 779
wire metalizing 341
electric arc 341
wiring and populating circuit
boards 527
assembling surface mounted
components 528
cleaning prior to soldering 533
dip coating of solder paste 531
dispensing adhesives 530
pin transfer of solder paste 531
populating PCB with through-hole
connections 527
prebaking before soldering 533
roller coating of solder paste 533
screen printing of solder paste 531
stencil dispensing of solder paste 532
submerged disc dispensing 532
syringe dispensing solder paste 530
using solder preforms 533
using solder paste 530
wooden component manufacture 260
adhesive bonding 282
assembly and fastening 280
assembly of veneer and inlaid
surfaces 282
biscuit joints 276
butt joints 272
chipboard 286
clamps and fixtures 281
components from plastics 289
composite lumber 289
computer-controlled routering 270
contour sawing 266
cross cutting 260
cutting boards to length 260
cutting boards to size 260
dado and grooved joints 273
dedicated special woodworking
machines 271
dovetail joints 275
doweled joints 276
drilling and boring 267
engineered lumber 288
fiberboard 287
filing and sanding wooden boards 271
glued, laminated components 288
halved and bridle joints 278
I-joists 288
joining plate joints 276
jointing 264
kerf bending 279
lap joints 278
laser machining of wooden parts 271
making curved laminations 279
making bent wood components 279
mechanical fastening 281
mortise and tenon joints 274
multi-operation woodworking
machines 271
oriented strand board 286
other form and special cutting and
joint-making operations 270
particle board 286
planing (surfacing) wood 260
plastic components (woodlike) 289
plywood and other panel materials 284
plywood 284
prefabricated wooden beams
and joists 288
prefabricated engineered lumber 288
rabbet joints 273
rigid plastic laminates 289
ripping boards 260
routing 267
scarf and beveled joints 278
shaping 267
structural composite lumber
(SCL) 288
surfacing with planers and jointers 260
synthetic lumber 289
tongue and groove joints 274
turning 266
veneer 284
wafer board 286
wet bending 279
wood joints 272
wooden II-joists 288
wood finishing 290
lacquering 290
painting 290
preparing surfaces 290
polishing 291
staining 290
varnishing 290
wood joints 272
butt 272
rabbet 273
dado and groove 273
dovetail 275
doweled and biscuit 276
joining plate 276
jointing 264
lap (halved and bridle) 278
mortise and tenon 274
scarf and beveled 278
tongue and groove 274
wood pulping 363
wood pulp refining 364
wood veneer 284
woodworking processes
lumber making including sawmill
operations 255
making wooden components 260
making wood joints 272
making bent wood components
assembly and fastening wood
products 280
manufacture of plywood and other
panel materials 284
wood finishing 290
upholstery 291
wool 779
woolen fabric 780
woven fabric 392
wrapping garments 411
wrenches 780
wrench sockets 781
wrinkle bending 71
writing paper 781
X
xylene 782
Y
yarn 783
yarn dyeing 404
yarn making (spinning) 387
blending 387
carding 389
combing 389
drafting 390
drawing 390
opening 387
picking 387
re-blending 390
spinning 390
spinning synthetic fibers 391
twisting 390
yogurt 783
Z z
inc 784
zippers 784
822 Index
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