Foundations & Principles of Distributed Manufacturing
Foundations & Principles of Distributed Manufacturing
Elements of Manufacturing Networks, Cyber-Physical Production Systems and Smart Automation
Hermann Kühnle , Günter Bitsch
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Intentions of the Book 2
1.2 Intended Audience . 4
2 Description of the Working Field . 5
2.1 Relevant ICT Thrusts . 6
2.2 Revisiting Manufacturing Fundamentals 10
References 14
3 Theory Building Approach 17
References 24
4 Core Models, Principles, and Networks’ Structuring 27
4.1 Generic Models in the Core 28
4.2 Levels of Detail . 34
4.3 Laws and Concurrency Principles . 38
4.4 Information Models in Manufacturing 47
4.4.1 Product Models 49
4.4.2 Process Models . 50
4.4.3 Decision Support Models . 51
References 52
5 Smart Manufacturing Units . 55
5.1 Properties 55
5.1.1 Acceptance of Existing Boundaries
and Network Participation 56
5.1.2 Modularity 57
5.1.3 Heterogeneity 58
5.1.4 Scalability . 59
5.1.5 Context Awareness 59
5.1.6 Autonomy . 62xiv Contents
5.1.7 Interoperability . 64
5.1.8 Networkability . 65
5.2 Distributed Manufacturing Maturity Model D3M . 66
References 70
6 Networking Tools and Information Models—Selected Manufacturing
Examples Applying Concurrency Principles and Novel Units’
Properties 71
6.1 Distributed Manufacturing Case Studies 73
6.1.1 Case 1: Smart Reactive Scheduling . 73
6.1.2 Decision-Cycle . 76
6.1.3 Distributed Manufacturing Maturity 78
6.1.4 Application Experiences 80
6.1.5 Case 2: Cloud Computing Supported Tracing of Supply,
Manufacturing and Delivery Items 83
6.1.6 Smartness of Units, Granularity and Engaged Models 84
6.1.7 Application Experiences 85
6.1.8 Case 3: Smart Adaptive Distributed Scheduling . 86
6.1.9 Case 4: Hybrid Decision-Making—A Crucial Element
in Industry 4.0 . 90
6.1.10 Application Experiences 96
6.2 Lessons Learned and Managerial Implications . 97
References 102
Conclusions and Outlook 105
Annex 113
Bibliography 117
Index . 119
Index
A
Acceptance of boundaries, 78
Actuators, 6, 11, 60, 99
Adaptability, 84, 97
Adaptation, 14, 20, 42, 60, 77, 99
Adaptive system, 17
Additive manufacturing, 11, 110
Agent, 7, 33, 90
Agent community, 17
Agile manufacturing, 37
Algorithm, 41, 45, 92
Ambient intelligence (AMI), 14, 94
AML, 31
Analysis, 18, 43, 76, 84
Artificial intelligence (AI), 14, 90, 94, 110
Aspect layers, 29, 33, 72
Assembly, 35, 51, 92
Asset trace, 86
Automation, 1–3, 5, 12, 14, 38, 87, 96, 110
Automation pyramid, 12, 35
Augmented reality (AR), 100
Awareness, 14, 27, 59–61, 78, 110
B
Behaviour, 23, 32, 39, 41, 44, 46, 61, 97
Big data, 9, 97, 109
C
Capability, 39, 64, 67, 100
Capacity, 1, 10, 51, 75, 84, 86, 97
Capacity load, 49, 59, 84, 92, 93
Cloud, 1, 3, 8–10, 55, 62, 83, 84, 98, 109
Cloud computing, 9, 59, 107
Cloud manufacturing, 4, 9, 59, 102, 109
Coil, 86
Collaboration, 5, 27, 58, 64, 67, 93, 109
Collaborative network (CN), 17, 33, 38, 56
Competency, 99
Complexity, 2, 3, 14, 19, 38, 45, 90, 95,
106, 108
Complex adaptive system (CAS), 17
Computer aided design (CAD), 100
Computer aided engineering (CAE), 52
Computer science, 6
Concurrency, 3, 38, 40, 55, 60, 65, 72
Concurrency principles, 38, 106, 110
Control, 4, 9, 12, 14
Control loop, 58
Control theory, 58
Co-operation, 64, 73
Crankshaft, 71, 73
Criticality, 39, 44, 52, 72, 91, 99, 106,
107, 110
Critical behaviour, 40, 43, 44, 60, 61, 76, 80
Culture, 29, 30, 100
Cultural layer, 56
Customer, 8, 11, 40, 85, 86, 91, 100
D
Data base, 74, 79
Decentralisation, 1, 11, 12
Decision cycle, 42, 46, 60, 81, 89, 96, 98, 107
Decision matrice, 80
Decision models, 66, 108
Decision support system, 71, 80, 97, 98
Decision-making, 14, 34, 62, 71, 72, 90,
106, 110
Decision-making process, 34, 42, 44, 68, 71,
82, 90, 93, 110
Delivery reliability, 95
Distributed manufacturing maturity
model (D3M), 56, 66, 72
Dual reality (DR), 61
E
Encapsulation, 9, 12, 42, 46, 52, 65, 96,
97, 109
Emergence, 27, 37, 45, 46
Encryption, 97
ERP, 9, 12, 13, 36, 43, 47, 56, 72, 84, 88, 91
Evaluation, 30, 40, 45, 52, 74, 76, 78, 81,
89, 101
Evolutionary biology, 17
Extended enterprise (EE), 36, 56
F
Facilities planning, 34, 71, 106
Factory, 10, 18, 34, 36, 56, 66, 88, 106, 109
Financial economic layer, 81
Flexibility, 12, 73, 76, 81, 88, 95
Flow, 9, 19, 34, 35, 74, 89
Fractal, 10, 19, 23, 29, 106
Fractal organisation, 38
Framework, 3, 10, 11, 14, 27, 38, 49
G
Game theory, 17
Generic model, 3, 28, 42, 106
Geographical information system (GIS),
71, 98
Global positioning system (GPS), 109
Graph theory, 22, 51
H
Hausdorff space, 22, 106, 108
Heterogeneity, 58, 79
Hierarchy, 6, 10, 89
Hybrid cloud, 9, 84, 102
Hybrid decision-making, 93
I
Improvement, 1, 41, 44, 47, 67, 77, 86,
96, 107
Industrial internet, 8
Industry 4.0, 6, 55, 90, 93
Industry standard architecture (ISA), 35
Informational layer, 74, 81, 98, 99
Intelligence, 8, 12, 18, 62, 86, 93–95
Interaction, 1, 3, 11, 14, 22, 27, 33, 39, 46, 56,
59, 74, 100, 109
Interdisciplinarity, 19
Interfaces, 7, 35, 42, 57, 79, 96, 101
International Organization for
Standardization/Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI/ISO), xiv
Interoperability, 5, 13, 57, 64, 79, 101
Intuition, 17, 94
Inventory, 19, 47, 74, 84, 86, 95, 100
Iteration, 3, 14, 41, 46, 92
K
Kanban, 95
Key alignment indicators (KAI), 29, 42
Key performance indicators (KPI), 77, 81
Knowledge, 12, 19, 77, 79, 97
L
Law, 2, 21, 27, 38, 110
Lead time, 89, 95
Level of detail, 30, 39, 84
Life cycle, 68
Load, 41, 44, 76, 80, 81, 95
Load priorities, 95
Localisation, 13, 51, 71, 83, 84, 98, 107
Lot size, 36, 92
M
Machine, 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 36, 40, 51, 71, 90, 93,
94, 98, 101, 108, 110
Maintenance, 44, 50, 56
Man-machine, 3, 93, 98
Man-robot, 93
Manufacturing sciences, 18
Mapping, 22, 23, 28, 49, 78, 107, 108
Material requirement planning (MRP), 51, 89
Maturity, 4, 56, 58, 64, 66–68, 78, 108
Maturity model, 56, 67
MES, 12, 37, 56
Modularity, 57, 58, 79, 110
Monitoring, 1, 9, 14, 42, 43, 51, 60, 76, 99
Morphism, 23
Multiple realities (MR), 61
N
Nano science, 110
Nano tech, 3, 99, 110
Near field communication (NFC), 71, 98
Negotiation, 29, 32, 64, 76, 77Index 121
Network, 2, 3, 8, 17, 23, 27, 30, 32, 36, 43, 44,
56, 66, 68, 80, 86, 110
Network borders, 20
Network management, 14, 22, 41, 108
Neuroscience, 3
Neurotech, 14
O
Objective, 2, 17, 21, 27–30, 36, 43, 46, 61, 62,
67, 73, 76, 88, 89, 99
Objective bundle, 62, 64, 88, 89, 92, 94
Objective system, 29, 93, 95
Operability, 5, 64
Optimisation, 19, 41, 60, 61, 73, 89, 93, 96,
109
Order, 1, 2, 12, 19, 31, 33, 36, 40, 76, 80, 84,
86, 92, 93, 107
Order picking, 86
Organisation, 4, 14, 29, 62, 67, 85, 90, 94,
95, 107
Oven, 76, 80, 88
P
Parallelism, 40, 41, 46
Person to person (P2P), 8
Philosophy of science, 106
Plug-and-play (P&P), 64
Power law, 38
Principle, 2, 5, 11, 21, 38, 40, 50, 55, 72, 105
Process layer, 31, 74, 81, 90, 99
Production capacity, 3, 40
Production control, 89, 105
Production unit, 12, 47, 73, 86
Projection, 32, 42, 48, 109
R
Radio frequency identification (RFID), 34
Rapid manufacturing, 1, 4
Real-time enterprise (RTE), 9, 42, 71, 89
Reconfiguration, 2, 36, 37, 77, 98
Redesign, 11, 62, 91
Remote cloud, 109
Research field, 17, 99, 111
Resources, 1, 2, 6, 9, 28, 32, 41, 50–52,
84, 109
Restrictions, 12, 32, 51, 74, 81, 88, 92, 93, 97
Retrievability, 51, 84
Robotic, 6, 56
Routing, 47, 72, 76, 81
S
Scalability, 9, 36, 59, 80
Scheduling, 3, 51, 73, 81, 86, 98
Scientific disciplines, 20
Scientific domain, 3, 14
Security, 2, 9, 97, 99
Self-awareness, 14, 55
Self-organisation, 23, 94, 95
Sensor, 6, 8, 47, 95, 99
Sequencing, 95
Service, 5, 8, 9, 59, 64, 85, 91
Service oriented architecture (SOA), 64
Sheet metal, 72
Simulation, 75, 77, 80, 81, 90, 99
Site, 13, 44, 84, 86, 109
Skill, 2, 77, 100
Smart device, 5, 105
Smart material, 11, 13, 110
Smart metering, 109
Smart unit, 3, 48, 67, 110
Social informal layer, 31
Social sciences, 14, 99
Space of activity, 32, 46, 77, 81, 99
Standard order, 88, 93
Stock order, 91
Strategic alignment, 29
Strategic layer, 56, 89
Strategy, 19, 29, 30, 43, 76, 100
Supervision, 36
Synchronization, 102
T
Tacit knowledge, 97
Tangent space, 22, 23
Team work, 1
Theory, 2, 3, 14, 18, 21, 108
Tool, 2, 4, 11, 47, 106, 108
Topology, 22, 27
Trace, 85
Tracking, 1, 14, 52, 107, 109
V
Versatility, 37, 73
Virtualisation, 1, 4, 22, 108
Virtual reality (VR), xv
W
Wireless, 7, 11, 41, 109
World wide web, 109
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