Fabricators’ and Erectors’ Guide to Welded Steel Construction

Fabricators’ and Erectors’ Guide to Welded Steel Construction
By Omer W. Blodgett, P.E., Sc.D.
R. Scott Funderburk
Duane K. Miller, P.E., Sc.D.
Marie Quintana, P.E.
1 Introduction 1
2 Welding Processes 1
2.1 SMAW .1
2.2 FCAW 3
2.3 SAW .6
2.4 GMAW .8
2.5 ESW/EGW .10
3 Welding Process Selection 11
3.1 Joint Requirements .11
3.2 Process Capabilities .12
3.3 Special Situations 12
4 Welding Cost Analysis .14
5 Welding Procedures 15
5.1 Effects of Welding Variables 15
5.2 Purpose of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs) .17
5.3 Prequalified Welding Procedure Specifications 18
5.4 Guidelines for Preparing Prequalified WPSs 20
5.5 Qualifying Welding Procedures By Test 20
5.6 Examples 22
5.7 Approval of WPSs 22
6 Fabrication and Erection Guidelines .23
6.1 Fit-Up and Assembly 23
6.2 Backing and Weld Tabs 23
6.3 Weld Access Holes .24
6.4 Cutting and Gouging 25
6.5 Joint and Weld Cleaning .25
6.6 Preheat and Interpass Temperature 25
6.7 Welding Techniques .26
6.8 Special Welding Conditions .29
6.9 Weld Metal Mechanical Properties 29
6.10 Intermixing of Weld Deposits .33
Table of Contents7 Welding Techniques and Variables .35
7.1 SMAW 35
7.2 FCAW-ss .36
7.3 FCAW-g .37
7.4 SAW 38
7.5 GMAW 39
7.6 ESW/EGW .40
8 Welder Qualification 40
9 Weld Cracking 40
9.1 Centerline Cracking .41
9.2 Heat Affected Zone Cracking 42
9.3 Transverse Cracking 44
10 Weld Quality and Inspection .44
10.1 Weld Quality 44
10.2 Weld Quality and Process-Specific Influences .46
10.3 Weld Inspection 46
11 Arc Welding Safety .49
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