Engineering Drawing and Design
Fifth Edition
David A. Madsen, David P. Madsen
David A. Madsen
President, Madsen Designs Inc., www.madsendesigns.com
Faculty Emeritus, Former Department Chairperson, Drafting Technology, Autodesk Premier Training Center
Clackamas Community College, Oregon City, Oregon
Director Emeritus, American Design Drafting Association
David P. Madsen
President, Engineering Drafting & Design, Inc.
Vice President, Madsen Designs Inc.
Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Consultant and Educator
C O N T E N T S
Introduction . 40
Manual Drafting Equipment and Supplies 41
Drafting Furniture 41
Drafting Pencils and Leads 41
Technical Pens, Pen Cleaning, and Ink 42
Erasers and Erasing . 42
Dividers 43
Parallel Bar 43
Triangles 43
Templates . 44
Irregular Curves 45
Drafting Machines 45
Scales 46
Drafting Media . 50
Sheet Size and Format . 53
Diazo Reproduction . 62
Photocopy Reproduction . 62
Properly Folding Prints 62
Microfi lm . 62
CADD Applications . 64
Professional Perspective 64
Math Applications . 65
Web Site Research 65
Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction
Methods Test . 65
Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction
Methods Problems 66
Chapter 3—Computer-Aided Design
and Drafting (CADD) 69
Learning Objectives . 69
The Engineering Design Application 69
Introduction to Computer-Aided Design
and Drafting (CADD) 70
The CADD Workstation 71
CADD Software Products . 71
CADD Formats . 75
Industry and CADD . 79
CADD Applications 3-D 89
Preface .xii
Acknowledgments . xxiv
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
AND DESIGN 1
Chapter 1— Introduction to Engineering
Drawing and Design 2
Learning Objectives 2
The Engineering Design Application . 2
Introduction 8
A History of Engineering Drawing 10
The Drafter 14
Drafting Fields . 14
Education and Qualifi cations 22
Drafting Job Opportunities 25
Searching for a Drafting Position . 26
Drafting Salaries and Working Conditions . 27
Professional Organization 28
Drafting Standards 29
Workplace Ethics . 30
Copyrights 31
Trademarks 32
CADD Applications . 33
Professional Perspective 34
Web Site Research 37
Introduction to Engineering Drawing
and Design Test . 38
Introduction to Engineering Drawing
and Design Problems 38
Chapter 2— Drafting Equipment, Media,
and Reproduction Methods 39
Learning Objectives . 39
The Engineering Design Application 39
Virtual Reality 89
Basic CADD Techniques 93
Surface Modeling Techniques . 102
Solid Modeling Techniques 104
CADD Applications 3-D . 110
CADD Standards 111
Productivity with CADD 112
Green Technology Application 115
Professional Perspective . 118
Web Site Research . 118
Computer-Aided Design and
Drafting (CADD) Test . 119
Computer-Aided Design and
Drafting (CADD) Problems 119
Chapter 4— Manufacturing Materials
and Processes 121
Learning Objectives 121
The Engineering Design Application . 121
Introduction 122
Manufacturing Materials 122
Green Technology Application 126
Metallurgy . 126
Plastics and Polymers . 126
Plastic Resin Identifi cation Codes . 129
Plastics Material Selection Applications . 129
Green Technology Application 130
Material Selection 131
CADD Applications 3-D . 133
Manufacturing Processes 135
Machine Processes . 140
CADD Applications 146
Machined Feature and Drawing
Representations . 147
Manufacturing Plastic Products . 153
Thermoset Plastic Fabrication Process 157
Manufacturing Composites 158
Rapid Prototyping (RP) . 160
Tool Design . 160
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) . 161
Application Examples 162
Integration of Computer-Aided Design
and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
(CAD/CAM) 164
Statistical Process Control (SPC) 165
CADD Applications 3-D . 166
Green Technology Application 168
Professional Perspective . 168
Math Application 169
Web Site Research . 169
Manufacturing Materials and
Processes Test . 170
Manufacturing Materials and
Processes Problems . 170
SECTION 2
FUNDAMENTAL
APPLICATIONS 173
Chapter 5— Sketching Applications 174
Learning Objectives 174
The Engineering Design Application . 174
Sketching 174
Sketching Tools and Materials 175
Sketching Straight Lines . 175
Sketching Circular Lines 176
Sketching Arcs 179
Sketching Ellipses 180
Measurement Lines and Proportions . 180
Introduction to the Block Technique . 181
Creating Multiview Sketches . 183
Creating Isometric Sketches 184
CADD Applications 3-D . 187
Professional Perspective . 191
Sketching Applications Test 191
Sketching Applications Problems 192
Chapter 6 — Lines and Lettering 193
Learning Objectives 193
The Engineering Design Application . 193
Lines 193
Types of Lines . 194
CADD Applications 204
Lettering . 207
Lettering on Engineering Drawings 207
Lettering Numbers . 207
Other Lettering Styles . 208
Lettering Legibility . 209
CADD Applications 210
CADD Applications 3-D . 212
Professional Perspective . 212
Math Applications 214
Web Site Research . 214
Lines and Lettering Test . 214
Lines and Lettering Problems . 214
Chapter 7—Drafting Geometry 218
Learning Objectives 218
The Engineering Design Application . 218
CADD Applications 219
Drafting Geometry . 219
Characteristics of Lines . 219
Geometric Shapes 220
Common Geometric Constructions 224
Constructing Polygons 230
Constructing Tangencies 233
Constructing an Ellipse . 236
Professional Perspective . 237
Math Applications 238
Web Site Research . 238
Drafting Geometry Test . 238
Drafting Geometry Problems . 239
SECTION 3
DRAFTING VIEWS
AND ANNOTATIONS 247
Chapter 8—Multiviews 248
Learning Objectives 248
The Engineering Design Application . 248
Multiviews . 250
Third-Angle Projection 252
First-Angle Projection 254
View Selection 254
Projection of Contours, Circles, and Arcs . 262
Line Precedence . 266
Multiview Analysis and Review . 266
Recommended Review 267
Multiview Layout 267
CADD Applications 2-D . 267
CADD Applications 3-D . 270
CADD Applications 275
Professional Perspective . 275
Math Applications 277
Web Site Research . 277
Multiviews Test 277
Multiviews Problems . 277
Chapter 9—Auxiliary Views 292
Learning Objectives 292
The Engineering Design Application . 292
Auxiliary Views . 292
Auxiliary View Visualization . 295
Drawing Curves in Auxiliary Views 297
View Enlargements . 297
Drawing a Removed Auxiliary View 297
Locating Views on Different Sheets 298
Drawing a Rotated Auxiliary View . 298
Secondary Auxiliary Views . 299
Auxiliary View Analysis and Review . 300
Descriptive Geometry . 302
Auxiliary View Layout 302
CADD Applications 304
CADD Applications 2-D . 305
CADD Applications 3-D . 306
Professional Perspective . 307
Math Applications 307
Web Site Research . 307
Auxiliary Views Test 308
Auxiliary Views Problems . 308
Chapter 10— Dimensioning and
Tolerancing 315
Learning Objectives 315
The Engineering Design Application . 315
Introduction to Dimensioning 319
Dimensioning Basics . 320
Dimensioning Characteristics and Definitions 320
Fundamental Dimensioning Rules . 323
Dimensioning Components 324
Dimensioning Symbols 325
Dimensioning Systems 326
Dimensioning Fundamentals . 327
Preferred Dimensioning Practices . 334
Notes for Machined Features . 338
Placing Location Dimensions . 342
Specifying Dimension Origin . 344
Dimensioning Auxiliary Views 344
CADD Applications 2-D . 345
Using General Notes . 349
Tolerancing Applications 351
CADD Applications 3-D . 360
Dimensions Applied to Platings and
Coatings . 361
Maximum and Minimum Dimensions 361
Casting Drawing and Design . 361
Machining Allowance . 362
Casting Drawings 363
Forging, Design, and Drawing 363
Drawings for Plastic Part Manufacturing 369
Machined Surfaces . 370
Design and Drafting of Machined Features 373
Tool Design 373
CADD Applications 378
Introduction to ISO 9000 378
Professional Perspective . 379
CADD Applications 381
Recommended Review 382
Math Applications 383
Web Site Research . 383
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Test 384
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems . 384
Chapter 11—Fasteners and Springs 392
Learning Objectives 392
The Engineering Design Application . 392
Screw Thread Fasteners . 393
Thread-Cutting Tools . 395
Thread Forms . 395
Thread Representations . 397
vi CONTENTS
Revolved Sections 453
Removed Sections 454
Locating Sectional Views on Different Sheets 455
Recommended Review 457
Professional Perspective . 457
Math Applications 459
Web Site Research . 459
Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional
Breaks Test . 459
Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional
Breaks Problems . 460
Chapter 13— Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing 475
Learning Objectives 475
The Engineering Design Application . 475
Introduction 476
GD&T Symbols . 477
Datums 477
Applying Material Condition and Material
Boundary Symbols . 492
Limits of Size Application . 494
Perfect Form Boundary . 494
Applying Regardless of Feature Size and
Regardless of Material Boundary 494
Applying Maximum Material Condition 496
Applying Least Material Condition 498
Application of RMB on a Primary Datum
Feature 499
Application of RMB on a Secondary and
Tertiary Datum Feature . 499
The Effect of Datum Precedence and
Material Condition . 499
Introduction to Geometric Characteristic
and Related Symbols 501
Form Geometric Tolerances 504
Orientation Geometric Tolerances . 507
Applying Profi le Geometric Tolerances . 532
Runout Geometric Tolerance . 544
Specifying Independency 546
CADD Applications 547
CADD Applications 2-D . 548
Professional Perspective . 553
Math Applications 555
Web Site Research . 555
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Test . 556
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Problems . 556
Chapter 14— Pictorial Drawings
and Technical Illustrations 562
Learning Objectives 562
The Engineering Design Application . 562
Drawing Thread Representations 398
Drawing Detailed Threads . 400
Thread Notes . 403
Measuring Screw Threads . 406
CADD Applications 2-D . 406
CADD Applications 3-D . 407
Threaded Fasteners 408
Thread Design Guidelines . 410
Lag Screws and Wood Screws . 414
Self-Tapping Screws 414
Thread Inserts . 415
Self-Clinching Fasteners . 415
How to Draw Various Types of Screw
Heads . 416
Drawing Nuts . 417
Drawing Washers 418
Drawing Dowel Pins 418
Taper Pins and Other Pins . 418
Retaining Rings . 419
Keys, Keyways, and Keyseats . 419
Rivets . 420
Designing and Drawing Springs . 421
CADD Applications 421
Spring Representations and Specifi cations . 426
Recommended Review 428
CADD Applications 2-D . 428
CADD Applications 3-D . 429
Professional Perspective . 429
Math Applications 431
Web Site Research . 431
Fasteners and Springs Test . 432
Fasteners and Springs Problems . 432
Chapter 12— Sections, Revolutions,
and Conventional Breaks 439
Learning Objectives 439
The Engineering Design Application . 439
Introduction to Sectional Views . 440
Cutting-Plane Lines and Sectional View
Identifi cation . 440
Section Lines . 442
Full Sections 444
Half Sections 444
Offset Sections 445
Aligned Sections . 446
Unsectioned Features . 446
Intersections in Section . 447
Conventional Revolutions . 447
Broken-Out Sections 448
Auxiliary Sections 448
CADD Applications 2-D . 449
CADD Applications 3-D . 450
Conventional Breaks . 452
CADD Applications 453CONTENTS vii
Introduction to Pictorial Drawing and
Technical Illustration Pictorial Drawings 563
Pictorial Drawings . 563
Isometric Projections and Drawings . 566
Types of Isometric Drawings . 568
Isometric Construction Techniques 568
Dimetric Pictorial Representation . 574
Trimetric Pictorial Representation . 574
Exploded Pictorial Drawing 575
Oblique Drawing 576
Perspective Drawing 578
Drawing a One-Point Perspective . 578
Drawing a Two-Point Perspective 580
Drawing a Three-Point Perspective 580
Drawing Circles and Curves in Perspective 582
Using Basic Shading Techniques 583
Pictorial Drawing Layout Techniques 584
CADD Applications 3-D . 585
Professional Perspective . 589
Math Applications 590
Web Site Research . 590
Pictorial Drawings and Technical
Illustrations Test . 590
Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations
Problems . 591
SECTION 4
WORKING DRAWINGS 595
Chapter 15—Working Drawings 596
Learning Objectives 596
The Engineering Design Application . 596
Introduction to Section Four . 597
Introduction to Working Drawings 597
Detail Drawings . 598
CADD Applications 2-D . 601
CADD Applications 3-D . 601
Assembly Drawings 603
Types of Assembly Drawings . 604
Identifi cation Numbers . 607
Parts Lists 608
Purchase Parts 612
Engineering Changes . 614
CADD Applications 2-D . 614
CADD Applications 3-D . 615
Drawing From a Prototype . 620
Analysis of a Set of Working Drawings . 620
CADD Applications 3-D . 627
Professional Perspective . 628
Math Application 629
Web Site Research . 629
Working Drawings Test . 629
Working Drawings Problems . 630
Chapter 16— Mechanisms: Linkages,
Cams, Gears, and
Bearings 678
Learning Objectives 678
The Engineering Design Application . 678
Mechanism . 679
Linkages . 679
Linkage Symbols 679
Types of Linkages 680
Cam Design 682
CADD Applications 683
Cam Displacement Diagrams . 684
Construction of an Inline Follower Plate
Cam Profi le . 687
Preparing the Formal Plate Cam Drawing . 688
Construction of an Offset Follower Plate
Cam Profi le . 688
Drum Cam Drawing 690
CADD Applications 691
Introduction to Gears . 691
Gear Structure 692
Splines 692
Gear Types . 693
Spur Gear Design 696
Drawing Specifi cations and Tolerances . 696
Designing and Drawing Spur Gears 696
Designing Spur Gear Trains 702
Designing and Drawing the Rack
and Pinion . 703
Designing and Drawing Bevel Gears . 703
Designing and Drawing Worm Gears . 705
Plastic Gears 706
CADD Applications 708
Bearings . 709
Drawing Bearing Symbols . 710
Bearing Codes . 710
Bearing Selection 710
Gear and Bearing Assemblies . 715
Professional Perspective . 717
Math Application 718
Web Site Research . 718
Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and
Bearings Test 718
Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and
Bearings Problems . 719
Chapter 17—Belt and Chain Drives 727
Learning Objectives 727
The Engineering Design Application . 727
Introduction 728
Advantages of Gear Drives . 728
Advantages of Belt Drives 728
Advantages of Chain Drives 728
Belts and Belt Drives 728viii CONTENTS
CADD Applications 2-D . 783
Flanges 787
Seams and Hems . 788
Roll Forming . 788
CADD Applications 3-D . 789
Material Applications in Sheet Metal Drafting 791
Precision Sheet Metal Dimensioning Applications . 792
Sheet Metal Punch Applications . 796
Professional Perspective . 798
Math Applications 798
Web Site Research . 798
Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Test 799
Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Problems 799
Chapter 20— Electrical and Electronic
Drafting 809
Learning Objectives 809
The Engineering Design Application . 809
Introduction to Electrical and Electronic
Drafting . 810
Fundamentals of Electrical Diagrams . 811
Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
of Electricity 814
Electric Power Substation Design Drawings . 814
Residential and Commercial Electrical Plans . 819
Green Technology Application 825
Professional Perspective . 827
Electronic Drafting . 827
Electronic Diagrams 827
Printed Circuit Technology 838
Pictorial Drawings . 846
CADD Applications 848
Professional Perspective . 850
Math Applications 851
Web Site Research . 851
Electrical and Electronic Drafting Test 852
Electrical and Electronic Drafting Problems . 852
Chapter 21—Industrial Process Piping 868
Learning Objectives 868
The Engineering Design Application . 868
Introduction 869
Where Industrial Piping Is Used 869
Pipe Drafting . 870
Pipe Drawings 872
Types of Pipe . 876
Pipe Sizes and Wall Thickness 878
Pipe Connection Methods . 879
Pipe Fittings 881
Flanges 885
Valves . 887
Pipe Drafting . 891
CADD Applications 2-D . 901
Belt Types 728
Typical Belt Drive Design 730
Belt Drive Selection 730
Chain Drives 734
Chain Drive Sprockets 734
Chain Classifi cation and Types . 734
Precision Chains . 734
CADD Applications 735
Nonprecision Chains . 736
Light-Duty Chain 736
Chain Drive Design 737
Roller Chain Drive Selection . 737
Professional Perspective . 741
Math Applications 741
Web Site Research . 742
Belt and Chain Drives Test . 742
Belt and Chain Drives Problems . 742
Chapter 18— Welding Processes
and Representations 745
Learning Objectives 745
The Engineering Design Application . 745
Welding Processes . 746
Elements of Welding Drawings . 748
Types of Welds 751
Weld Symbol Leader Arrow Related to
Weld Location 755
Additional Weld Characteristics . 759
Welding Tests . 762
Welding Specifi cations 765
Prequalifi ed Welded Joints . 765
Weld Design 765
CADD Applications 2-D . 766
Professional Perspective . 768
Math Application 768
Web Site Research . 769
Welding Processes and Representations Test . 769
Welding Processes and Representations
Problems . 769
SECTION 5
SPECIALTY DRAFTING
AND DESIGN 775
Chapter 19— Precision Sheet Metal
Drafting 776
Learning Objectives 776
The Engineering Design Application . 776
Introduction to Precision Sheet Metal Drafting . 776
Precision Sheet Metal Layout Options 777
Precision Sheet Metal Material Bending . 782CONTENTS ix
Introduction to HVAC Systems 1016
HVAC Systems and Components . 1016
Green Technology Application . 1021
HVAC Symbols . 1022
HVAC Drawings 1022
Drawing Revisions 1038
Duct Sizing 1039
CADD Applications . 1041
CADD Applications 2-D 1041
CADD Applications 3-D 1044
Sheet Metal Design and Drafting . 1045
Pattern Development 1045
Establishing Intersections 1055
CADD Applications 2-D 1061
CADD Applications . 1063
Professional Perspective 1064
Math Applications . 1064
Web Site Research 1065
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC), and Pattern Development Test . 1065
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC), and Pattern Development
Problems 1066
Chapter 24—Civil Drafting 1072
Learning Objectives . 1072
The Engineering Design Application 1072
Introduction to Survey: Direction 1073
Surveying . 1075
Plotting Traverses . 1077
Distance and Elevation . 1078
Property Descriptions in Civil
Engineering . 1082
Beginning a Civil Engineering Drafting Project 1084
Introduction to Site Plans . 1092
Introduction to Grading Plans . 1095
Subdivision Plans . 1095
Metrics in Site Planning 1100
Introduction to Site Plan Layout . 1100
Site Design Considerations 1101
Laying Out Property Lines 1103
CADD Applications 2-D 1106
Drawing Contour Lines 1107
Drawing Site Profi les 1109
Drawing the Grading Plan 1110
CADD Applications 2-D 1113
CADD Applications 3-D 1115
CADD Applications . 1116
Green Technology Application . 1117
Professional Perspective 1119
Math Applications . 1120
Web Site Research 1120
Civil Drafting Test 1121
Civil Drafting Problems 1121
Piping Details . 910
Drawing Sheets 910
Drawing Revisions . 914
CADD Applications 3-D . 914
CADD Applications 2-D . 916
Pipe Drafting Layout Techniques 916
CADD Applications 917
Professional Perspective . 919
Math Applications 919
Web Site Research . 920
Industrial Process Piping Test 920
Industrial Process Piping Problems 920
Chapter 22—Structural Drafting 928
Learning Objectives 928
The Engineering Design Application . 928
Introduction 929
Structural Engineering 930
Line Work on Structural Drawings 930
Lettering on Structural Drawings 933
Coordination of Working Drawings 933
Structural Drafting Related to Construction
Systems 936
Concrete Construction 936
Concrete Block Construction . 945
Wood Construction 947
Steel Construction . 960
Common Connection Methods . 966
Green Technology Application 969
Components in a Set of Structural Drawings . 972
Drawing Revisions . 979
CADD Applications 983
CADD Applications 3-D . 983
General Construction Specifi cations . 986
Specifi cations for Commercial Construction . 986
Green Technology Application 988
Basic Drawing Layout Steps 988
Pictorial Drawings . 991
Green Technology Application 992
CADD Applications 997
Professional Perspective . 998
Math Applications 998
Web Site Research . 999
Structural Drafting Test 1000
Structural Drafting Problems 1000
Chapter 23— Heating, Ventilating, and
Air-Conditioning (HVAC),
and Pattern Development 1015
Learning Objectives . 1015
The Engineering Design Application 1015
Introduction . 1016x CONTENTS
Appendix F— Wire Gages (Inches) 1171
Appendix G— Sheet Metal Gages (Inches) 1172
Appendix H— Sheet Metal Thicknesses (Millimeters) . 1173
Appendix I— Standard Allowances, Tolerances, and Fits . 1174
Table 5— Allowances and Tolerances
Preferred Hole Basis Fits . 1174
Allowances and Tolerances
Preferred Shaft Basis Fits . 1174
Allowances and Tolerances
Description of Preferred Fits 1175
Table 6— American National Standard Fits—
Running and Sliding Fits . 1176
American National Standard Fits—
Clearance Locational Fits 1178
American National Standard Fits—
Transition Locational Fits 1180
American National Standard Fits—
Interference Locational Fits . 1181
American National Standard Fits—
Force and Shrink Fits . 1182
Table 7— Metric Limits and Fits—Preferred
Hole Basis Clearance Fits . 1184
Metric Limits and Fits—
Preferred Shaft Basis
Clearance Fits . 1186
Table 8— Metric Tolerance Zones—Metric
Tolerance Zones for Internal
(Hole) Dimensions . 1188
Metric Tolerance Zones—
Tolerance Zones for
External (Shaft) Dimensions 1189
Appendix J— Unifi ed Screw Thread Variations . 1190
Table 9— Unifi ed Standard Screw
Thread Series 1191
Appendix K— Metric Screw Thread Variations . 1192
Appendix L— ASTM and SAE Grade Markings for Steel
Bolts and Screws . 1193
Appendix M— Cap Screw Specifi cations 1194
Table 10— Dimensions of Hex Cap Screws
(Finished Hex Bolts) . 1194
Table 11— Dimensions of Hexagon and
Spline Socket Head Cap Screws
(1960 Series) . 1195
Table 12— Dimensions of Hexagon and
Spline Socket Flat Countersunk
Head Cap Screws 1196
Table 13— Dimensions of Slotted Flat
Countersunk Head Cap
Screws 1197
Table 14— Dimensions of Slotted Round
Head Cap Screws 1198
Table 15— Dimensions of Slotted Fillister
Head Cap Screws 1198
SECTION 6
ENGINEERING DESIGN 1129
Chapter 25— The Engineering
Design Process 1130
Learning Objectives . 1130
The Engineering Design Application 1130
Introduction . 1131
Engineering Design and Industry
Management Models 1131
An Engineering Design Process 1134
The Phase Gate Design Process 1137
After Full Production 1147
Creativity and Innovation in Design 1147
Change and the Impact on the Design
Process . 1149
Design Deliverables . 1150
The Design Process Responds to Changes
in Engineering . 1150
Green Technology Application . 1151
Professional Perspective 1151
Web Site Research 1153
The Engineering Design Process Test 1153
The Engineering Design Process Problems . 1153
SECTION 7
ENGINEERING
DRAWING AND
DESIGN STUDENT CD 1157
Descriptive Geometry I 1158
Descriptive Geometry II 1158
Engineering Charts and Graphs 1158
Engineering Drawing and
Design Math Applications 1158
Fluid Power . 1158
APPENDICES
Appendix A— Abbreviations . 1163
Appendix B— Conversion Charts:
Table 1—Inches to Millimeters 1166
Table 2—Millimeters to Inches 1166
Table 3—Inch/Metric Equivalents . 1166
Table 4— Inch/Metric—Conversion—Length,
Area, Capacity, Weight . 1167
Appendix C— Mathematical Rules Related
to the Circle 1168
Appendix D— General Applications of SAE Steels 1169
Appendix E— Surface Roughness Produced by Common
Production Methods 1170CONTENTS xi
Appendix X— Valve Specifi cations . 1226
Table 32— Wrought Steel Pipe and Taper
Pipe Threads—American
National Standard. . 1229
Table 33— Cast Iron Pipe Screwed Fittings,
125 LB—American National
Standard . 1230
Appendix Y— PVC Pipe Dimensions in Inches . 1231
Appendix Z— Rectangular and Round HVAC Duct
Sizes 1233
Appendix AA— Spur and Helical Gear Data . 1234
Appendix BB— CADD Drawing Sheet Sizes, Settings,
and Scale Factors . 1235
CD Appendices: There is a CD available at the back of
Engineering Drawing and Design, 5e. The CD contains a
variety of valuable features for you to use as you learn
engineering drawing and design. The CD icon, placed throughout
this textbook, directs you to features found on the CD.
CD Appendix A— American National Standards of Interest to
Designers, Architects, and Drafters
CD Appendix B— ASME Standard Line Types
CD Appendix C— Dimensioning and Tolerancing Symbols
and ASME Dimensioning Rules
CD Appendix D— Designation of Welding and Allied
Processes by Letters
CD Appendix E— Symbols for Pipe Fittings and Valves
CD Appendix F— Computer Terminology and Hardware
CD Instructions: Access the CD to view the CD chapters,
appendices, chapter tests, and selected chapter problems:
• Place the CD in your CD drive.
• The CD should open (start) automatically.
• If the CD does not start automatically, pick the Start button in
the lower left corner of your screen, and select Run, . followed by accessing the CD drive on your computer.
• Pick the desired chapter, appendix, test, or problem application button on the left side of the CD window.
Glossary . 1239
Index . 1273
Appendix N— Machine Screw Specifications . 1199
Table 16— Dimensions of Slotted Flat
Countersunk Head Machine
Screws 1199
Appendix O— Set Screw Specifications . 1200
Table 17— Dimensions of Hexagon and
Spline Socket Set Screws 1200
Appendix P— Hex Nut Specifi cations 1202
Table 18— Dimensions of Hex Nuts
and Hex Jam Nuts . 1202
Appendix Q— Key and Keyseat Specifi cations . 1203
Table 19— Woodruff Key Dimensions 1203
Table 20— Woodruff Keyseat Dimensions . 1205
Table 21— Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter 1207
Table 22— Key Dimensions and Tolerances 1208
Table 23— Gib Head Nominal Dimensions 1208
Table 24— Class 2 Fit for Parallel and
Taper Keys . 1209
Appendix R— Tap Drill Sizes . 1210
Table 25— Decimal Equivalents and Tap
Drill Sizes (Letter and
Number Drill Sizes) 1210
Appendix S— Concrete Reinforcing Bar (Rebar)
Specifi cations 1211
Appendix T— Common Welded Wire Reinforcement
Specifi cations . 1212
Table 26— Wire Size Comparison 1212
Table 27— Common Styles of Metric
Welded Wire Reinforcement
(WWR) . 1214
Appendix U— ASTM A500 Square and Rectangular
Structural Tubing Specifi cations . 1215
Appendix V— Structural Metal Shape Designations . 1216
Table 28— W, M, S, and HP Shapes —
Dimensions 1216
Table 29— Channels American
Standard and
Miscellaneous—Dimensions 1221
Appendix W— Corrosion-Resistant Pipe Fittings . 1223
Table 30— Weldings, Fittings, and Forged
Flanges—Dimensions 1223
Table 31— Threaded Fittings and
Threaded Couplings,
Reducers, and Caps 1225
I N D E X
Air-duct sizing formulas, 1045, 1064
Airflow analysis, 994
Air-handling unit (AHU), 1044
Air supply registers, 1016–17
Air terminals, 1044
Air-to-air heat exchangers, 1020
AISC. See American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC)
AISC/AWS standards
prequalifi ed welded joints, 765
AISI. See American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI)
AISI/SAE steel numbering system,
123–24, 132
AL. See Application list (AL)
Alberta Energy Utility Board, 874
Alberti Battista, Leon, 11
Alcoa, 1021
Algor® software, 116
Alibre, Inc., 73
Alibre Design, 73
Alibre Personal Edition, 73
Aligned dimensioning, 326
and piping drawings, 900
Aligned sections, 446
Alkyds, 128
All around dimensioning symbol, 325
All over dimensioning symbol, 325
Allowance, 355. See also Tolerances
defined, 321
for metric threads, 404
Alloy cast iron, 123
Alloys
commonly used in manufacturing,
123, 124–25
section lines for, 202
selection of, 131–32
Unifi ed Numbering System for,
125–26
All-weather driveway surfaces, 1103
Alternate view placement, 259
Aluminum
basic features, 124–25
in green construction, 971
section lines for, 202
selection of, 131–32
Aluminum for Future Generations, 126
American Chemistry Council (ACC)
plastic resin identifi cation codes, 129
plastics selection guidelines, 129–31
American Design Drafting/Digital Design
Association (ADDA), 28
chapters, 28
employment center, 29
history of, 28
professional certification, 28
American Gear Manufacturers Association
(AGMA), 692, 696
American Institute of Architects (AIA),
94, 1016
American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC), 765
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 123
American National screw thread, 393
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 1144
American National Standard taper pipe
threads, 396–97, 403
American National thread form, 395
American Society for Quality (ASQ), 1134
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) standards. See ASME standards
American Water Works Association
(AWWA), 877
American Welding Society (AWS), 765
drafting standards, 30
AMP. See Amplifier (AMP)
Amplifi er (AMP), 836, 838
Analysis of EDA software tools, 850
Analytic geometry, 11
Analyzing working drawings, 620–27
Anchor bolts, 942, 972, 975
Anchors, wood to masonry, 947, 956
Angle of projection block, 58, 59
Angle of repose, 1091, 1110, 1111
Angles
basic features, 220
bisecting, 228
dimensioning, 335
of oscillation in four-bar linkages, 681
structural steel, 963
Angle valves, 888, 889
Angular contact ball bearings, 709
Angular dimension line, 324
Page numbers in italics indicate figures.
A
ABR. See Polyacrylic rubber (ABR)
Abrasive saw, 144
ABS. See Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
(ABS)
AC (alternating current) circuits
elementary diagrams, 814
ACC. See American Chemistry
Council (ACC)
Acetal, 127
Acetate, 127
Acme thread, 396, 404
Acorn nuts, 417
Acoustical liner (AL), 1044
Acrylics, 127
Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA), 127
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 127
for pipe, 877
Active device, 832
Actual local size, 320
Actual mating size, 320–21
Actual size, 320–21
Actuator, 891
Acute angle, 220
Adaptive parts, 109
ADDA. See American Design Drafting/
Digital Design Association (ADDA)
Addendum formula, 697, 698, 704, 706
Addendums to contracts, 914, 979
Additive process, 844–45
Adhesion, 122
Adjacent views, 266
Advanced research, 1135–36
Aeronautical drafter, 15
AGMA. See American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA)
Agonic line, 1075
A hubs, 692
AIA. See American Institute of
Architects (AIA)
AIA CAD Layer Guidelines, 1016
Air-conditioning circuit and cycle
diagram, 1017
Air-duct calculators, 1044–451274 INDEX
Autodesk Seek free Web service, 1061–63
Autodesk Vault, 73
Autodesk® Seek, 848, 917–18, 997
Automatic cutter compensation, 146
Automatic pencil, 41
Automotive design drafter, 15
Automotive industry
plastics selection, 129–31
Auxiliary sections, 448
Auxiliary views, 292
analysis and review, 300–01, 302
CADD applications, 304–06
curves plotting in, 297
descriptive geometry and, 302
dimensioning, 344–45
enlargements, 297
full view, 293
layout process, 292, 302–03
location on different sheets, 298
math applications, 307
partial view, 293, 295
professional perspective, 307
removed views, drawing, 297, 298
rotated, 298–99
secondary, 299–300, 301
visualization, 295–96
AWS. See American Welding Society (AWS)
AWWA. See American Water Works
Association (AWWA)
Axes
creating for isometric sketches, 184
of pyramids, 222
Axial forces, defined, 930
Axis (thread), 394
Axis datums. See Datum axis
Axis geometric control, 495–96
Axis perpendicularity, 498
Axis straightness
effect of RFS on, 496
tolerances, 504
Axonometric projection, 563
types of, 566
Azimuth
measuring, 1073–74
traverses, 1076–77
B
Babbitt
section lines for, 202
Backfl ow valves, 890
Backsight, 1079
Back solving, 1143
Backward compatible, 1144
Ball bearings, 709
Balloons, 575, 610
identifi cation numbers in, 607, 715
to identify engineering changes, 613
leaders styles for, 610
piping notes in, 909
with page identification, 612
Ball valves, 887, 888
Band saw, 144
Bars (steel), 963
Base circle, 684
diameter, 697, 699
engineering change documentation,
599, 614
fasteners and springs, 393
lettering, 207
line, 54–57
line conventions, 193–94, 194
pictorial drawings, 563
undimensioned drawings, 780, 792
unit, 47
Aspect ratio, 1044
ASQ. See American Society for Quality (ASQ)
Assemblies
constraints, 108
defined, 987
model creation, 108
parameter-driven, 109
welded, 749
Assembly drawings, 444, 597, 603–04
basic features, 603
CADD tools and options, 614
defined, 603
detail assembly, 605–06
erection assembly, 606, 609
gear and bearing, 715–16
general assembly, 605
layout assembly, 604–05, 606
and parts list, 611, 622
pictorial assembly, 607, 610
printed circuit, 844, 846
for screwdriver, 622, 623, 624
subassembly, 606–07
types of, 604–07
Assembly files, 106
Assembly models, 615
Associated Lists, 811
Association Connecting Electronics
Industries (IPC), 842, 843
Associative dimension, 347–48
Assumed azimuth, 1074
ASTM standards, 123, 938, 967
manufacturing metals, 122
steel pipes, tubes, and fittings, 877
AT symbol, 943
Attribute, defined, 207
Attributes, with symbols in CADD, 901
AutoCAD, 71, 73, 97
assembly drawing tools, 614
detail drawing tools, 601
detailed thread representations with, 401
DIMLIN command, 345
drawing aids in, 268
enlargements in, 269
geometric tolerancing with, 548–52
MLEADER command, 406
REVCLOUD command, 916, 985
schematic thread representations
with, 400
XLINE command, 267
AutoCAD DesignCenter, 101
Autodesk, Inc., 73
Autodesk Algor Simulation, 73
Autodesk Ecotect, 993, 995
Autodesk Green Building Studio,
993, 994, 995
Autodesk Inventor, 73, 116, 117
Autodesk Inventor Fusion, 627
Autodesk Revit, 73
Angular dimensions, 329
Angularity tolerances, 511–12
Angular perspective. See Two-point
perspective
Angular surfaces, dimensioning, 335
Angular units, on engineering drawings, 329
Animation(s), 84–86
e-learning, 86
engineering, 85–86
entertainment, 86
storyboarding, 86
techniques, 86
Annealing, 124
Annotations (electronic), 835
ANSI. See American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)
ANSI/ASME standards
pipe sizes and wall thickness, 878–79
welding symbols, 748
ANSI/ISA standards
piping symbols, 907
ANSI standards
gear drawings, 693, 696
Antibacklash spring, 424
Apparent overlap, 553
Application block, 61
Application list (AL), 612
Applications
job, 26
patent, 31–32
ArchiCAD, 74
Architectural drafters, 15, 16
Architectural electrical symbols,
820, 821–22
Architectural lettering styles, 208–9, 209
Architect’s scale, 49–50
Archive drawings, storage of, 64
Arc length symbol, 325
Arcs, 223
CADD commands for, 226
concentric, 227
dimensioning, 336–37
drawing, 233
isometric, 187, 570
showing in multiviews, 262–66
sketching, 179–80, 187
Argon (CADD software), 73
Arm drafting machine, 13, 45
ARRAY command, 401
Arrowheads, 324, 330
on dimension and leader lines, 324
rules for, 199–200, 200
in welding symbols, 750, 755, 757–59
Arrowless dimensioning, 381
Arrow side of welded joint, 755, 757
ASA. See Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA)
As-built drawings, 620
Ashlar-Vellum, 73
ASME codes and standards
piping and pipelines collection, 876
slip-on pipe flanges, 885
ASME drafting standards, 29
ASME/ISO standards
multiview drawings, 249
ASME standards, 319–20, 349, 362, 574
dimension symbols, 325
electrical and electronic drawing, 811, 842INDEX 1275
Box beams, 955, 959
Box method, 584–85
of isometric construction, 568–69
sketching circles, 176–77
Brainstorming, 39
Brass, 125, 202
Braze welding, 747
Brazing, 746–47, 881
Brazolet, 884
BREAK, 453
Break corner, 151, 264
Breaking chain, 1079
Break lines, 332, 334, 336
in partial views, 257, 258
types, 203
Break symbol
for a cylindrical solid shape, 452
for a cylindrical tubular shape, 452
Bridges and culverts standards, 1103
Brinell hardness test, 124
Broken-out sections, 448, 603
BROKEN VIEW, 453
Bronze
for bearings, 709
composition of, 125
section lines for, 202
Building design, analyzing, 913, 995
Building information modeling (BIM), 992
Building life cycle, 987
Building sections. See also Sections
functions in structural drawings, 976,
978, 979
Burrs, 151, 350
Bus, 817
Bushings, 709, 885
Business management strategy, 1133
Bus layout drawing, 817–19
Butterfl y valves, 888, 889
Buttress thread forms, 396
Butt-welded steel pipe, 877
Butt welding, 879
Butyl rubber, 128
Butyrate, 127
C
CAB. See Cellulose-acetatebutyrate (CAB)
Cabinet oblique drawing, 576, 578
Cable assemblies
electrical drafting, 813, 814
Cable diagrams
electrical drafting, 813
Cable harness diagrams. See Cable
assemblies
CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD);
Computer-aided drafting (CAD)
CAD/CAM integration, 87, 164
CAD/CAM systems, 64, 87
elements of, 164
CADD. See Computer-aided design and
drafting (CADD)
CADD/CAM, dimensioning for, 381–82
Cadence Design Systems, Inc., 850
CAE. See Computer-aided engineering
(CAE)
CAGE code, 58
precision sheet metal, 782–87
process, bend allowance and, 782
Bend instructions, 780
Bend radius, bend allowance and, 782
Bend relief, 786
Bend table, 780, 782
Bend tangent line, 780
Bend transition, 785
Bentley Systems, Inc., 73
BE pipe. See Beveled end (BE) pipe
Beveled end (BE) pipe, 879
Bevel gears, 694–95, 704–05
Bevel groove welds, 753–54
B hubs, 692
Bias, 832
Bidding requirements, defined, 929
Bilateral tolerances, 321, 351, 532, 534
Bill of materials. See also Parts list (PL)
guidelines for, 608, 612
on pipe spool sheets, 910
BIM. See Building information
modeling (BIM)
Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor
(BOOM), 91
Binocular overlap, 91
Bisecting lines and angles, 228, 229
Bitmap images, 407
Black belts, 1134
Blacksmithing, 138
Blanking, 791
chemical, 145
Blind flanges, 885, 886
Blind holes, 147, 395, 411
BLOCK command, 766
Block diagram
electrical, 811
electronic, 827–28, 829
Blocks, 1084
of subdivisions, 1084
Block shading, 584
Block technique, 181–83, 182
Blow molding, 154–55
Blue-line prints. See Diazo prints
Blueprint, 13, 62
BM. See Bench marks (BM)
Board, 13
Body of thread, 394
Bolt circles, 196–97, 197
Bolted connections, specifying, 967
Bolts and nuts, 408, 409
Bond beams, 947, 950
Boolean operation, 104
BOOM. See Binocular Omni-Orientation
Monitor (BOOM)
Border, 57
Bores
of bearings, 710
of gears, 692
Boring techniques, 148
Bosses, 149, 150
Bottoming taps, 395, 411
Bottom-up assembly, 108
Boundary
defined, 449
Bow compass, 42
Bow dividers, 43
Box, developing, 1046, 1047
Base features in solid modeling, 107
Baseline, 1083
dimensioning, 332
Basic dimensions, 321, 479, 485
Basic Facts about Registering a Trademark, 32
Basic size, 358
Basic solid models, 104
Bead chain, 736
Beams
compass, 42
defined, 928
Bearing (direction)
of electrical supply lines, 817
expressing, 1074, 1075
Bearings, 709
bore, 710
codes, 710
dimensions, 711
drawing, 710
with gear assemblies, 643–44, 715–16
lubrication requirements of, 713
major types, 709–10, 710–11
mountings, 715
numbering system, 711
oil grooving of, 713
pressures, 936
selection, 710
symbols for, 710
Beginning points, 1075, 1078
Begin vertical curve point, 1091
Bell and spigot connections, 880
Bell Crank, 680
Belt drive ratio, 734
Belt drives, 727
advantages of, 728
basic purpose, 728
common confi gurations, 728, 729
design, 730, 731
length calculation, 741
selecting, 730–34
types, 728–29, 730
Belt length, 741
Belts, 728
and belt drives, 728
defined, 728
fl at belts, 729
positive drive belts, 729, 730
types, 728
V-belts, 728–29
Belt velocity, 734
Benches, 1110
Bench marking. See Existing product
research
Bench marks (BM), 1078
fi nding distance and elevation from,
1079, 1080
symbol for, 1078
Bend allowance, 776, 782
calculating, 782–85
defined, 782
Bend angle, bend allowance and, 782
Bend, defined, 777
Bend diagrams (rebars), 943, 948
Bend facets, 786
Bending
corner to round, sheet metal, 786
metal, 1381276 INDEX
Chopped fi ber spraying, 158, 159
Chordal addendum, 697, 698
Chordal thickness, 697, 698
Chromium steel, 123
C hubs, 692
Chucks, lathe, 140–41
CIM. See Computer-integrated
manufacturing (CIM)
Circles
basic properties, 222–23
CADD commands for, 226
concentric, 227
dimensioning, 321
drawing, 223, 226
fi nding distances between, 629
isometric, 186, 570
in perspective drawings, 582–83
prime, 688–89
showing in multiviews, 262–66
sketching, 176–79, 177, 178
Circle tangent, drawing, 223
Circle templates, 44
Circuit, 811. See also Electrical drafting
Circularity tolerance, 505–07
Circular pattern, 107–8
Circular pitch, 697, 703
Circular runout, 544, 545
Circulator, 1018
Circumference, 222
Circumscribed circle, 221
Circumscribed polygons, 230
Cire perdue technique, 137
Civil CADD technician, 14
Civil drafters, 15–16, 17, 1072
Civil drafting, 1072
CADD applications, 1113–17
contour lines, 1107–09
cut and fill, 1091, 1092
distance and elevation, 1078–82
grading plans, 1095–98, 1099, 1100,
1101, 1110–11, 1112
green technology application, 1117–19
math applications, 1120
plotting traverses, 1077–78
property descriptions, 1082–83
property lines, laying out, 1103–07
site design considerations, 1101–03
site plan basics, 1092–95, 1100
site plan layout, 1100–01
site profiles, 1109–10
starting, 1084–91, 1092
survey, 1073–77
Civil engineer’ scales, 47–49
Civil engineering drafter, 14
Civil engineering drawings
contour lines, 1086
direction concepts, 1073–75
highway layout, 1087–92
property descriptions, 1082–83
starting, 1084–86
surveying basics, 1075–76
Civil piping, 869
Classes of threads, 394
Clay pipe, 878
CLB. See Center line of bend (CLB)
Cleaning manual drafting equipment, 41
Clearance fi ts, 355, 358
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment
(CAVE), 91, 92
CE. See Concurrent engineering (CE)
Cellulose, 127
Cellulose-acetatebutyrate (CAB)
for pipe, 877
Cementing pipe, 881
Center dashes, 324
Center distance
for belt drives, 728, 729
for chain drives, 728, 735, 737
spur gear formula, 697
Centerline method
sketching circles, 177, 177–78
Center line of bend (CLB), 780
Centerlines, 324
as connection lines in exploded
assemblies, 575
as extension line, 198, 324, 343
dimensioning, in wood frame
construction, 960
of isometric construction, 569–70
in piping drawings, 895
precedence in multiviews, 266, 318
rules for, 196–97
spacing and offset, 324
Center plane datums. See Datum
center plane
Centers, lathe, 140, 141
Central forced-air systems, 1016–17
Centrifugal casting, 136
Ceramics, 122
Certification, 25
Chain, 1079
classifi cation and types, 734
Chain dimensioning, 331–32
Chain drives, 727, 734
advantages of, 728
classifi cation and types, 734
design, 737
light-duty chain, 736
nonprecision chains, 736
precision chains, 734–36
roller chain drive selection, 737–41
sprockets, 734, 735
Chain lines, 203, 204
Chain pitch, 735
Chamfers, 150
dimensioning, 335
showing in multiviews, 262–63
thread, 394, 398, 411
Champions, 1133
Change Manager, 627–28
Change Manager Environment, 627
Change order (CO), 616–18, 619, 624, 1038
Chart drawings, 327
Checker, 59
Check valves, 890
Chemical blanking, 145
Chemical machining, 145, 147
Chemical milling, 145
Chilled cast iron, 122
Chip, 837
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
refrigerants, 1022
Chloroprene rubber, 128–29
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), 129
Calculation, bend allowance, 782–85
Calendering process, 155
Camber, in glu-lam beams, 953
Cam design, 691
Cam displacement diagrams, 684, 691, 692
CADD applications, 691
creating, 684–87
development of, 687
as guide to manufacturing, 687–88
Cam followers, 684
Cam manufacturing, 691
CADD applications, 691
Cam profiles, 687, 688, 691
CADD applications, 691
Cam roller followers, 684
Cams
basic design features, 682
creating profi les for, 687–88
displacement diagram creation,
684–87
importance of understanding, 717
sketching, 182
types of, 683
CAM system. See Computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) system
Cantilever beams, 958
Capacitance, 835
Capacitor, 829, 835
Caps, pipe, 883, 885
Cap screws, 409, 410, 417
CAQC. See Computer-aided quality
control (CAQC)
Carat, 125
Carbon steel pipe, 877
Carburization, 124
Careers
engineering drawing, 14–25
ethics, 30–31
fi nding employment, 26–27, 37
in related areas, 118
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 112–13
Cartesian coordinate system, 11, 225
Cartographer, 15
Cartographic drafter, 15
Case hardening, 124
Casting drafters, 15
Casting drawing and design, 361,
363, 364, 366
draft, 362
fi llets and rounds in casting, 362
shrinkage allowance, 362
Castings
major types, 135–37
simulating in solid models, 166
steel, 123
thermoset plastic, 157
Cast iron
for pipe, 877
section lines for, 202
types, 122–23
Catalogs, 622, 623
Catalog feature, 107, 108
Cathode, 830
CATIA, 73–74
Cavalier oblique projection, 576, 578
CAVE. See Cave Automatic Virtual
Environment (CAVE)INDEX 1277
skill standards, 30, 111–12
software manufacturers, 73–75
software products, 71, 72–75
solid modeling techniques, 104–11
sprockets, 735
standards, 111–12
structural drafting tools, 983
surface modeling techniques, 102–3
sustainable-design considerations, 115
symbols, 96–97
technical illustration, 88
technician, 14
terrain model, 1115
thread notes, 406, 408
thread representations, 407
three-dimensional illustration
capabilities, 588–89
tolerancing with, 360–61
two-dimensional drawings, 71, 76, 77
virtual reality, 89–93
web-based collaboration, 79–80
welding drawings with, 766, 767
workstation, 71, 72, 113
Computer-aided design and drafting
(CADD), software programs
drawing screw heads with, 417
for drawing screw thread
representations, 398
fastener tools, 422
spring creation tools, 429
Computer-aided drafting (CAD), 8, 10
Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 84
in CIM systems, 163
electronics, 849
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
system, 87, 163. See also CAD/CAM
systems
Computer-aided quality control
(CAQC), 163
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM),
88, 161, 162–64
Computer numerical control (CNC)
systems, 691, 796
in CIM systems, 163
machining considerations in, 146
role in CAD/CAM systems, 87–88, 164
Computers in engineering drawings, 10.
See also Computer-aided design and
drafting (CADD)
Concentric arcs, 227
Concentric circles, 223, 227
Concentricity tolerances, 529–30, 531
Concentric reducer, 881, 883
Concept phase of phase gate design process,
1137–40
design specification, 1140
industrial design, 1137, 1139
quality function deployment (QFD),
1139–40
Concept review, 1140
Concrete
construction methods, 936–47, 948, 950,
951, 952
section lines for, 202
weight and cubic yard calculations, 998
Concrete masonry unit, 945–47
Concrete pipe, 878
cam displacement diagrams, 691
cam manufacturing, 691
cam profiles, 691
in CIM systems, 161, 162
common geometric constructions,
224–25
computer-aided engineering, 84
computer-aided manufacturing, 87
computer-integrated manufacturing,
88, 88
computer numerical control, 87–88
constraints, 69
creating springs, 429
defined, 70
design vs. industrial design, 1139
design formats, 75–79
design planning, 112
detail drawing tools, 601
dimensioning with, 345–47
drafters and, 14
in drafting/designing of precision sheet
metal, 783
drawing accuracy with, 304
drawing and editing, 93, 94
drawing springs, 428
drawings templates, 99, 100–101
ergonomics, 112–14
factors, 75–76
fastener symbol libraries, 421–22
fastener tools, 422
fi le management, 101
fi le-referencing tools, 97
geometric tolerancing with, 547–52
graphical user interface (GUI), 72
hardware, 71
interface, 72
layers for HVAC drawings, 1043
lift hook, 69, 70
line-drawing techniques, 204–6
line standards and layers, 93, 94, 95–96
major applications in industry, 79–88
manual drafting and, 40
manufacturing materials applications,
133–34
MCAD software, 72
mechanism design features, 683
vs. microfilm, 64
multiview tools and options,
267–69, 275
note placement, 350
operator, 14
parts libraries, 33–34
peripheral equipment, 71
pictorial drawings with, 585–87
piping models, 914–15
piping symbols, 900, 901–2, 901–7
plotting considerations, 98, 99–100
productivity with, 112–14
product life cycle management, 73, 79
program, 445
property line layout tools, 1106
prototyping, 80–84
reusability of, 33–34
reusing content, 96–97
revision cloud tools, 916, 984, 985
site plan tools, 1113–17
sketching, 187–91
Clearance in spur gears, 697
Closed-loop robotic systems, 163
Closed traverses, 1075–76, 1077
Close running fits, 357
Close sliding fits, 357
Cluster gears, 694, 701
drawing, 701, 702
CNC. See Computer numerical
control (CNC)
CNC program, 87, 164. See also Computer
numerical control (CNC) systems
CO. See Change order (CO)
Coatings, dimensioning with, 361
Coaxial features, position tolerancing,
519–21, 522, 523
Cobalt (CADD software), 73
Cock valves, 887
CoCreate, 75
Coded section lines, 202, 443–44
Codes
plastic resin identifi cation codes, 129
welding, 765
Coils, 423, 829, 835
Cold air (CA), 1016–17
Cold-rolled steel (CRS), 123
Cold saws, 144, 145
Collaborative engineering, 1152
Collets, lathe, 140–41
Collision detection testing, 1028
Color-coding, 1029
Color gamut, 91
Columbium, 125
Column reinforcing, 938
Commercial construction, specifications for,
986–88
Commercial drafter, 16
Commercial electrical plans, 819–21,
823, 824
Compass-bearing traverses, 1076,
1077, 1078
Compasses, 42
beam compass, 42
bow compass, 42
emulating with hand, 178
Component terminal holes, 842–43
Composite positional tolerancing, 517–19,
520, 521
Composite profi le tolerance, 543
Composites, 122, 158
manufacturing, 158, 159
Compression length (springs), 423, 424
Compression molding, 157, 158, 159
Computer-aided design (CAD), 8, 10. See
also Computer-aided design and
drafting (CADD)
defined, 70
sustainable-design practices, 116–17
Computer-aided design and drafting
(CADD), 10, 13, 14
3-D digitizers with, 915
adding text, 210–11
animation, 84–86
assembly drawing tools, 614,
615–16, 622
auxiliary views, 304–06
basic techniques, 93–101
cam and gear design tools, 6921278 INDEX
Crossed helical gears, 695
Cross fittings, 881, 883, 885
Cross-functional team approach, 1135
Cross-reference zoning, 298, 456
Crown backing, 704, 705
CRS. See Cold-rolled steel (CRS)
CSM. See Chlorosulfonated
polyethylene (CSM)
Cubes, 186
Cubic feet per minute (CFM), effect on duct
sizing, 1040
Cul-de-sacs, 1104
Cumulative trauma disorder, 112
Curve data, 1087
Curved line, 219
Curve length, 1087
Curves. See also Arcs; Irregular curves
in auxiliary views, 297
in civil drafting plan views, 1087–88
in civil drafting profi le views, 1091
in perspective drawings, 582–83
in property lines, 1103–04
in surface modeling, 102
Cushion sections, in V-belts, 729
Customer focus, 1152
Cut, 777
Cut and fi ll drawing, 1091, 1092, 1110,
- See also Grading plans
Cutsheet, 1029, 1031
Cutting line, 1088
Cutting metal, 138
Cutting-plane line, 200, 200–201, 440–42,
1088
in highway profi le drawings, 1088
precedence in multiviews, 266
structural drafting practices, 931, 932
Cycles (cam), 684
Cycloidal motion, 686
Cylinder intersecting cone, 1058, 1060–61
Cylinder pattern development, truncated,
1048–49
Cylindrical break lines, 203
Cylindrical elbows, 1050
Cylindrical features
intersections in isometric drawings, 570
position tolerancing for, 513
showing in multiviews, 262, 265
Cylindrical roller bearings, 710
Cylindrical shapes, dimensioning of, 334
Cylindricity tolerance, 507
D
Dardelet thread forms, 396, 397
Dassault Systèmes, 73
Data list (DL), 612
Datum axis, 488–89
Datum center plane, 490–92
Datum dimensioning
best for CNC, 146
Datum features, 477
coaxial, 489
defined, 478
simulators, 478–79, 499
symbols for, 478, 480, 488, 490
Datum precedence, 499–501
Continuous stave wood pipe, 878
Continuous-White layer, 94
Contour flange, 787
Contour interval, 1092
Contour lines, 1086, 1093, 1107–09
drawing, 1086, 1107–09
topographic concepts, 1092
Contours
defi ned in civil engineering, 1086
dimensioning, 337–38
showing in multiviews, 262–66
Contract documents, defined, 929
Contractor drawing, 1028
Control charting, 165, 169
Control joints, 976
Controlled radius (CR), 337
defined, 322
dimensioning, 322, 325
Control limits, 165–66
Control points, 102
in closed traverses, 1075
survey, 1107
Control valves, 891
body and damper symbols, 906
Conventional breaks, 452–53
Conventional machining
prototyping by, 84
Conventional tolerancing, 476
Coordinate method, 582, 584–85
of isometric construction, 568–69
Coordinate systems, 1073, 1074
Copes, 135
Coplanar bends, 785
Coplanar profi le tolerance, 542
Coplanar surface datums, 487–88
Coplanar surfaces, 542
Copper alloys, 125, 202
Copper pipe, 877
Copper tubing, 877
Copyright, 31, 1141
Cores, casting, 135–36
Cork, section lines for, 202
Corner relief, 787
Corrosive fl uids, protecting valves from, 889
Cosine, 1079
Cotangent, 1079
Counterbores
dimensioning, 325, 339–40
drawing, 148, 149
specifying for bolted connections, 968
Counterdrill, 148, 149
dimensioning, 340
Countersink
dimensioning, 325, 340
drawing, 148, 149
Coupler, 680
Coupling circuitry, 832
Couplings (pipe), 882, 885
Coupolet, 884
Courses, 1075, 1077–78
Cover sheet, 1029
CR. See Controlled radius (CR)
Cradle-to-cradle design, 1021
Cranks, 680
Creativity in design, 1147–49
principles of, 1148–49
Crest (threads), 394
Concrete slabs
defined, 936
plan, 972, 975
specifying in drawings, 943, 972, 975
Concurrent engineering (CE), 1134
Conductor lines. See Conductor traces
Conductor traces
printed circuits, 840, 841
Conductor width and spacing, on printed
circuits, 842
Conduit layout and detail drawings,
819, 820
Coned disk, 425
Cone distance, 704, 705
Cone pattern development, truncated, 1051
Cones
dimensioning, 335–36
developing, 1050–51
Confusing symbols, 832
Congruency, of geometric shapes, 998
Conical features
dimensioning, 335–36
profi le of, 543
Conical taps, 1037
Connecting rod, 680
Connecting traverses, 1075–76, 1077
Connection lines, 575
in exploded assemblies, 575
Connection methods, industrial piping,
879–81
Connectors
in foundation plans, 972, 975
joist and beam, 956, 958
in structural design, 966–69
Consider ease of recycling, 1152
Constant force spring, 426
Constant velocity motion, 685
Constraints, 69, 105, 348
for geometric construction, 225
levels, 105, 106
to lines, 204–5, 205
Construction documents, defined, 929
Construction drafter, 14
Construction drawings, 929
Construction lines
with auxiliary views, 305–06
basic features, 195
to create multiview layouts, 273, 274
sketching circles with, 176–77
use in CADD, 267, 268
Construction methods
concrete block, 945–47, 950, 951, 952
engineered wood products, 953, 955,
959, 960
importance of understanding, 936
laminated beam, 950, 953, 957,
958, 959
poured and precast concrete, 936–42,
947, 948, 952
steel structures, 960–966
timber frame, 947–48, 950, 953–960
wood frame systems overview, 947
Construction specifications, 986
Content, process versus, 118
Continuation sheet title block, 59
Continuity of welds, 762
Continuous reinforcing, 158, 159INDEX 1279
ISO 9000 Quality Systems Standard,
378–79
in isometric drawings, 573–74
jig and fi xture design, 378
location dimensions, 342–44
machined features, design and drafting
of, 373
machined surfaces, 370–73
machining allowance, 362–63
machining drawing, 363, 365
maximum and minimum
dimensions, 361
notes for machined features, 338–42
phantom lines, on machining allowance
and draft angles, 363, 367
in piping drawings, 900, 908
plastic part manufacturing, drawings for,
369–70
platings and coatings, dimensions applied
to, 361
rules for multiviews, 302–03, 315–19
site plan layout, 1104–06
style setting, 348–49
symbols, 325
threads, 404–05
tolerancing and, 351–61
tool design, 373–78
Dimensioning and Tolerancing, 47, 59
Dimensioning and tolerancing block,
59–60
Dimensioning fundamentals, 327
arrowheads, 330
baseline dimensioning, 332
chain dimensioning, 331–32
cylindrical shapes, dimensioning, 334
decimal points, 327–28
dimensioning units, 327
dimension lines and numerals, 330–31
dimension line spacing, 330
direct dimensioning, 332–34
fractions, 329–30
layout standards and specifications, 328
metric and inch units, 328–29
square features, dimensioning, 334
stagger adjacent dimensions, 334
symmetrical objects, dimensioning, 334
Dimensioning systems, 326
aligned dimensioning, 326
chart drawings, 327
rectangular coordinate dimensioning
without dimension lines, 326–27
tabular dimensioning, 327
unidirectional dimensioning, 326
Dimensioning units, 327
Dimension lines
AutoCAD features, 345
defi ned, 297, 324
and numerals, 330–31
rules for, 198
spacing of, 330
structural drafting practices, 930–31, 932
Dimension numerals, 324, 330–31
Dimension origin symbols, 325, 344, 345
Dimension styles, 348–49
Dimension text, 324
Dimetric projection, 563, 574
DIMLIN command, 345
of HANDLE, 621, 622
layout process in structural drafting, 990
manufacturing information, 599
monodetail drawing, 599
multidetail drawings, 599
piping, 910, 911
roof framing, 972, 977
sheet layout, 599
springs, 426
steps in making, 599
threads, 400–03
Detailed representation of threads, 397
Detailed spring representation, 426
Detailer, 1028. See also Detail drafter
defined, 928
DETAIL VIEW command, 271
Detail views
in multiview drawings, 258–59
Development phase of phase gate design
process, 1140–44
DfX. See Design for everything (DfX)
Dial indicator, 545
Diameter nominal (DN), 909
Diameters, 222
defined, 321
dimensioning symbols, 325
Diametral pitch, 342, 696, 698, 703
Diaphragm symbols, 906
Diaphragm valves, 889
Diazo prints, 62
Diazo reproduction, 62
Die, 786
Die casting, 137
Dies (thread), 152, 361, 395, 394
Differential relays, 817
Diffusers, 1016
Digital product defi nition datasets, 111
Digital prototyping, 81
Dimension
defined, 321
Dimensional accuracy points, 793, 794
Dimensional constraint line, 204–5, 205
Dimensional constraints, 348, 105
Dimensional lumber, defined, 947
Dimensional stability of drafting media, 50
Dimensioning, 315. See also Geometric
tolerance
ASME standards, 319–20, 349, 362
associative dimension, 347–48
auxiliary views, 344–45
basics, 320
with CADD, 345–47
for CADD/CAM, 381–82
casting drawings, 361–62, 363, 364
characteristics and definitions, 320–23
CNC options, 146
combined casting and machining
drawing, 363, 366
components, 324
constraints, 348
dimension origin, 344, 345
excluded from assembly drawings, 603
forging, design, and drawing, 363,
368–69
fundamental concepts, 323, 327–34
in general notes, 349–51
good practices, 334–38
Datum reference frame (DRF), 479, 481, 482
Datums, 375
defined, 321, 477
selecting, 553
Datum targets, 483–87
locating, 485–87
symbols for, 483
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 10–11
DC (direct current) circuits
elementary diagrams, 814
DC biasing, 832
Dead ends, 1103
Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and
Format, 811
Decimal inches, 327
Decimal points, 327–28
on drawings, 207
Decking, 960
Declination
magnetic, 1074
Dedendum, 697
Dedendum angle, 704
Default dimension styles, 348–49
Default text styles, 210
Defects
minimizing, 165
waste, 1132, 1133
Deferred tangency, 236
Deflection, 423
Defl ection-angle traverses, 1076, 1077
Deformed steel bars, 936, 937
Degree of curve, 1087
Degrees of freedom, 481–82
Deliverables, 1150
Delta, 351, 1039
Delta angle, 1087, 1104
Delta note. See also Flag notes
pipe drawings, 915
in structural drafting, 984, 985
Deming, W. Edwards, 1133
Depth dimensioning symbols, 325
Depth of threads, 394
Derived components, 108
Descartes, René, 11
Descriptive geometry, 11, 267
auxiliary views and, 302
Design documentation, 1144
Design drafter, 14, 628
Design drawings, 930
Designer’s tools, 377–78
Design for everything (DfX), 1152
Design plan, 112
Design sketches, 620
Design specification, 1140
Destructive testing of welds, 762–63
Detachable chain, 736
Detail assembly drawings, 605–06
Detail drafter, 18, 20
Detail drawings, 598, 620–22, 1037
CADD tools and options, 601
conduit, 819, 820
coordination with sections in structural
drafting, 934, 936, 972
defined, 597
of DRIVER, 622
electrical grounding, 819
foundations, 9721280 INDEX
E-business, 1152
Eccentric circles, 223
Eccentric reducer, 881, 883
ECM. See Electrochemical machining (ECM)
ECN. See Engineering change notice (ECN)
ECN number, 618–19
ECO. See Engineering change order (ECO);
Epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO)
Economic efficiency, 1132
Ecosystem, green technology application
in, 1117
ECR. See Engineering change request (ECR)
EDA. See Electronic design automation
(EDA)
Edge views, 296
Editing
with CADD, 93, 94
parametric models, 108–9
EDM. See Electrodischarge machining
(EDM)
Education, 22–23, 25
Elastomers, 127, 128–29
Elbolet, 881, 884
Elbows, 881, 883, 885
E-learning animations, 86
Electrical circuits, 811
Electrical conduit, 870
Electrical drafters, 16, 18
Electrical drafting. See also Drafting
overview, 810
residential and commercial, 819–21,
822–24, 824
standards, 810–11, 842
substation design, 814–19, 820
types of diagrams, 811–13, 814
Electrical relays, 817
Electric-cable diagrammer, 16
Electricity
distribution, 814
generation, 814. See also Wind power,
electricity generation from
transmission, 814
Electric windings, 202
Electrochemical machining (ECM), 145
Electrodischarge machining (EDM), 145,
1079, 1080
Electrolysis, 844
Electron beam (EB) machining, 145
Electronic computer-aided design
(ECAD). See Electronic design
automation (EDA)
Electronic design automation (EDA), 850
Electronic drafters, 17, 19
Electronic drafting. See also Drafting
block diagrams, 827–28, 829
operational amplifi ers and integrated
circuit schematics, 836–38, 839, 840
overview, 810, 827
pictorial drawings, 846, 847
printed circuits, 838, 840–46
schematic diagram, 828–36
standards, 810–11, 842
Electronic plots, 98
Electronics, 827
Electronics industry
plastics selection, 130, 131
Electronic theodolites, 1081
track, 13
track drafting machine, 46
Drafting pencils, manual drafting, 41–42
Drafting technician, 14
Drafting templates, 101
Draftsperson, 14
Drags, 135
Drawing accuracy, 304
Drawing aids, 204–5
Drawing and editing, 618–19
with CADD, 93, 94
Drawing area, calculating, 316
Drawing content
extracting, 109
reusing, 96–97
Drawing dimensions, 361
Drawing lines, 204–6
Drawing planning process, 39–40
preparing a drawing, 40
problem-solving process, 39–40
research techniques, 39–40
Drawing revisions
revision clouds, 1038–39
Drawing scales, 46–47
Drawing sections, 451
Drawing sheets
piping, 910, 914
for structural drafting, 933, 934
DRF. See Datum reference frame (DRF)
Drill, 147
Drilled holes, 147
Drill fixtures, 375
Drilling drawings, 844, 845
Drilling machine, 140
Drill jigs, 375
DRIVER, 622
detail drawing of, 622
Drivers, in four-bar linkages, 680
Driveways, 1102–03, 1104, 1106
Drum cams, 690
Dry sand molding, 135
Dryseal American National Standard Taper
Pipe Thread, 413
Dryseal pipe thread, 413
Dual purpose, 1022
Ductalator, 1045
Ductility, 122
Duct sizing, 1039–40
effect of an acoustical liner on, 1044
effect of aspect ratio on, 1044
effect of velocity (FPM) on, 1040, 1044
effect of volume (CFM) on, 1040
Ductwork
defined, 1016
Dumb solid models, 104, 105
Durability of drafting media, 50
Dwell (cam), 682, 684
Dwg101–3Dim layer, 94
Dxf file, 1064
Dynamic load spring application, 425
Dynamics, 679
Dynamic sealing of bearings, 713
E
Earth, section lines for, 202
Easements, 1088, 1102
Diode, 830
Direct-angle traverses, 1076
Direct dimensioning, 332–34
Directional relays, 817
Directional survey drafters, 16
Direct surface modeling, 103
Discontinuity of welds, 762–63
Displacement diagram, 684
CADD tools and options, 692
creating, 684–87
as guide to manufacturing, 687–88
Displacement of cams, 681, 683, 684
Display functions, 269
Distances, surveying, 1078–82
Distribution, electricity, 814
DIVIDE command, 1049, 1051
Dividers, 43
bow dividers, 43
proportional dividers, 43
DL. See Data list (DL)
DN. See Diameter nominal (DN)
Documents, defined, 929
DOE-2, energy modeling program, 993
Dot-to-dot method, 175, 175–76
Double bend, 785
Double helical gears, 694
Double-lap seams, 1046
Double lead worms, 705
Double-line drawing, 899, 900
Double pitch roller chain, 735
Double-row ball bearings, 709
Dovetails, 151
Dowel pins, drawing, 418
Downloading, on beams, 958
Down spouts, 976
Draft angles
in casting drawings, 362
in forging drawings, 363
phantom lines on, 363, 367
Drafter, 14. See also Drafting
CADD and, 14
defined, 14
industries working for, 14
Drafting. See also Engineering drawing
ADDA and, 28–29
CADD and, 10, 13, 14
careers in, 14–25
computer use overview, 10
defi ned, 8, 193
electrical. See Electrical drafting
electronic. See Electronic drafting
equipments, 13
fields, 14–25
fi nding employment, 26–27, 37
history, 10–14
manual. See Manual drafting
mechanical, 8
precision sheet metal, 776–808. See also
Precision sheet metal
salaries, 27–28
standards, 29–30
ties with manufacturing, 168
Drafting furniture, manual drafting, 41
Drafting geometry, 219
Drafting machine, 13, 45–46
arm, 13
arm drafting machine, 45INDEX 1281
Fabrics
section lines for, 202
Face angle, 704
Face cams, 683
Face gear, 695
Faces
defined, 188
of gears, 692
of polyhedrons, 222
Face width, 704
Facilities drafter. See Commercial drafter
Facings of pipe flanges, 886–87
Failure mode effect analysis (FMEA), 1142
Fakespace, Inc., 91
Fall (cam), 684
Farad, 835
Fasteners, 392. See also Threads
cap screws, 417
detailed threads, drawing, 400–03
dowel pins, drawing, 418
hexagon head, 416–17
keys, keyways, and keyseats, 419–20
lag screws, 414
nuts, drawing, 417–18
positional tolerancing of, 523–26, 527
retaining rings, 419
rivets, 420, 421
screw heads, 416–17
screw thread fasteners, 393–94
screw threads, measuring, 406
self-clinching, 415–16
self-tapping screws, 414
symbol libraries for, 421
taper pins, 418–19
thread-cutting tools, 395
thread design guidelines, 410–14
threaded fasteners, 408–09
thread forms, 395–97
thread inserts, 414, 415
thread notes, 403–05
thread representations, 397–400
washers, drawing, 418
wood screws, 414
Fault condition, 819
FDM. See Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
FEA. See Finite element analysis (FEA)
FEA software. See Finite element analysis
(FEA) software
Feature-based solid modeling, 104
Feature control frames, 487, 502, 503, 504,
517, 531
Feature of size, 321
Feature pattern, 107
Feature-relating control, 517
Features
defined, 321
Feed lines, 812
Feet per minute (FPM), effect on duct
sizing, 1040, 1044
Felts, section lines for, 202
Felt seals, 715
FEM. See Finite element method (FEM)
Ferrous metals, 122, 126
FFF. See Free-form fabrication (FFF)
Fiberglass-reinforced pipe (FRP), 877
Fibers
section lines for, 202
Engineering maps, 1084, 1085
Engineering sketches. See also Sketching
analyzing, 620
creating detail drawings from, 218, 292,
299–300, 315–19
isometric drawings from, 562
structural drawings from, 928–29
Enlargements
for auxiliary views, 297
CADD tools and options, 269, 271
in multiview drawings, 258–59
Entertainment, 86
Environmentally friendly product, 1151
EPDM. See Ethylene propylene diene
monomer (EPDM)
Epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO), 129
EPM. See Ethylene propylene rubber (EPM)
Equal bilateral tolerance, 351
Equilateral triangles, 220, 221
Erasability of drafting media, 50
Erasers, 42
Erection assembly drawings, 606, 609
Ergonomics, 112–14
Etched process, 844–45
Ethyl cellulose, 127
Ethylene propylene diene monomer
(EPDM), 129
Ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), 129
Evapotranspiration, 1118
Exaggerated vertical scales, 1089
Excavation, 936
Execution phase of phase gate design
process, 1144–47
Executive leadership, 1133
Exercises, 113–14
Existing product research, 1136–37, 1143
Expander flanges, 886
Explicit modeling, 105
Exploded assembly, 575
Exploded pictorial drawing, 575, 576, 577
Exploded technical illustrations, 607
Exporting, 98
Extension lines, 908
point established by, 324, 338
rules for, 198
Extension springs, 423
Exterior elevations, 976, 979, 980, 981
External arcs, 234
External features, maximum material
condition, 321, 322
External reference system, 97
External spur gears, 694
External threads
basic features, 152–53
components of, 394
designing, 411–12
dimensioning, 404
Extreme attitude variation, 513, 514
Extreme form variation, 356, 494
Extreme positional variation, 513
Extrusion, 124, 154, 155
F
Fabrication drawings, 966
Fabrication methods, 969
Elementary diagrams, 814
AC (alternating current) circuits, 814
DC (direct current) circuits, 814
Elevation reading, 1081
Elevations
contour lines, 1086, 1107–08
piping, 909–10
in structural drawings, 976, 979, 980, 981
surveying, 1078–82
Elevation symbol, 972, 977
Elimination, waste, 1133
Ellipses, 44
in auxiliary views, 297
drawing techniques, 236–37, 237
for inclined circles in multiviews, 263
isometric, 571
sketching, 180, 186
Ellipse templates, 44–45
isometric, 44–45
Elliptical arc, drawing, 237
Employment
ADDA Employment Center, 29
drafting careers, 14–25
ethics in, 30–31
seeking, 26–27, 37
End milling cutters, 142, 143
End-result specifications, 986
End thrust, 694
End types (springs), 423
End vertical curve point, 1091
Engineered wood products, 953, 955,
959, 960
Engineering animations, 85–86
Engineering calculations, structural
drawings from, 928–29
Engineering change notice (ECN), 616–18,
619, 626
Engineering change order (ECO), 616–18,
619, 624, 1038, 1150
Engineering change request (ECR), 615–16,
618, 624–27, 1150
Engineering copiers. See Photocopy printers
Engineering design process
after full production, 1147
concept phase, 1137–40
creativity and innovation, 1147–49
deliverables, 1150
development phase, 1140–44
execution phase, 1144–47
impact of change on, 1149–50
implementing, 1134–37
overview, 1131
responds to changes in engineering,
1150–51
systems approach, 1130–31
Engineering drafter, 19, 20
Engineering drafting, 8–10, 19
Engineering drawing, 8–10, 319
careers, 14–25
computers in, 10
drawing planning process, 39–40
early practices, 10
education, 22–23, 25
history, 10–13
pioneers, 10–12
qualification, 25
wrench, 2–7, 3–71282 INDEX
Front views
criteria for selecting, 254–55, 255
visualization from, 294
FRP. See Fiberglass-reinforced pipe (FRP)
Full indicator movement (FIM), 544
Full sections, 444
assembly drawings in, 603, 604, 606
in isometric drawings, 571
Functional elements, defined, 987
Functioning prototype, 1140–41
Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 81, 160
G
Gaps between dimension lines and
numbers, 324
Garter spring, 426
Gasket drawings, 256, 257
Gaskets, 713, 880
Gas metal arc welding, 747, 748
Gas tungsten arc welding, 747, 748
Gates
in design process, 1137, 1140,
1144, 1147
electronic, 837
Gate valves, 887, 888
Gauge, 776
G-codes, 88, 146, 164
GD&T. See Geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing (GD&T)
Gear and bearing assemblies, 715–16
Gear drives
advantages over belt and chain
drives, 728
Gear ratios, 702
Gears, 691, 692
basic features, 692
data, 702
designing and drawing, 696–702, 705–06
drawing, 698
importance of understanding, 717
plastic, 706–08
spline options, 692–93
spline tolerances, 696
structures, 692
types of, 693–94
Gear trains, 691, 702–03
General arrangement (GA) drawings. See
Pipe drawings
General assembly drawings, 605
General notes, 349–51
defined, 320
surface fi nish in, 371
General oblique drawing, 576, 578
General Tolerances, 29
General tolerances, 353
Generation, electricity, 814
from wind power, 825–27. See also Wind
power, electricity generation from
Generations of drawing copies, 63
Generic Standard on Printed Circuit Board
Design, 842
Geological drafters, 17
Geometric characteristic symbols, 501–02
Geometric constraint line, 204, 205
Geometric constraints, 105, 225, 348
Flat spring, 424
Flat wire compression springs,
424–25
Floating fastener, 418, 524, 526
Floor plan
laying out, 988–89
lighting layout, 821, 822
in structural drawings, 972, 973
Flow valve symbols, 907
Fluoroelastomers (FPM), 129
Fluoroplastics, 127
Flush contour welds, 754, 755
Flush hubs, 692
Fly-through, 89–90
FMEA. See Failure mode effect analysis
(FMEA)
Foam molding, 157, 158
Foil, 776
Folded-down form, 832
Folding, prints, 62
Fold lines
defined, 250
to establish auxiliary views,
294, 296
Followers
cam, 682, 687
in four-bar linkages, 680
Fonts, defined, 207
Footings
purpose of, 936
specifying in drawings, 944, 972, 975
Force fits, 357
Foreshortening
in dimetric projections, 574
in isometric drawings, 590
in multiview drawings, 249, 250, 267
need for auxiliary views with, 293
Foresight, 1079
Forged pipe, 877
Forge welding, 138
Forging, 3
drafters, 15
drawing and design for, 363, 368–69
machining compared, 139
major types, 137–38
simulating in solid models, 166
Formaldehyde, 1020
Formal plate cam drawing, 688, 689
Forms concrete, 936
Form tolerances, 504–07
Formulas, gear, 698, 704, 706
Foundation, building, 936
Foundation plans and details
laying out, 989
in structural drawings, 972, 975
Four-Bar Linkage, 680, 681
Four-center method, 186
Fourth generation reproduction, 63
FPM. See Fluoroelastomers (FPM)
Fractions, 329–30
on drawings, 208
Free-form fabrication (FFF), 156, 157
Free length of springs, 424
Free running fits, 357
Free state variation, 506
French curves, 45
Front elevations, 979
Field notes (survey), 1082, 1107, 1108
Field welds, 759
Field work, importance to pipe drafting, 919
Filament winding, 158, 159
File management, 101
File naming, 101
File-referencing tools, 97
File templates, 29
Filled-in arrowheads, 330
Filled plastics, 706
Fillets
basic features, 151
in casting drawings, 362
in forging dies, 363
pictorial drawing techniques, 584
showing in multiviews, 264, 265
tangent arc applications, 223
FILLET tool, 627
Fillet welds, 745, 751–52
FIM. See Full indicator movement (FIM)
Find number, 612
Finished drawings, creating from rough
sketches, 174
Finite element analysis (FEA), 163, 1143
Finite element analysis (FEA) software,
69, 74
Finite element method (FEM), 69
Firebreaks, 1103
Fire clay for pipe, 878
Firefi ghting water supply, 1103
Fire ratings, 953
Fire safety zone, 1103
First-angle projection, 251, 254
Fits
for bearings, 711
selection of, 356
threads, 394
types, 356–59
Fittings (pipe), 881–85, 900
Fitting-to-fitting, 909
Fixed fastener, 524–26, 527
Fixed-value device, 830
Fixtures
application examples, 374
assembly drawing, 374
basic features, 160, 161
components, 375
drawings, 162
types, 375–76
Flag notes, 351, 1039
Flame cutting, 747
Flanged connections, 879, 880
Flanges (piping), 885–87
Flanges, 787–88
of steel beams, 963, 964
Flange welds, 754, 757
Flare-bevel groove weld, 753–54, 760
Flare-V groove welds, 753, 760
Flaring connection, 881
Flask handler design, 717
Flasks, casting, 135
Flat belts, 729
Flat-faced follower, 684
Flatness tolerance, 505
Flat patterns
defi ned, 777, 1016
sheet metal part, 777, 778INDEX 1283
Hard metric conversion, 908
Hardness testing, 124
Hardware
CADD workstation, 71
HATCH command, 449
Head Chainman, 1079
Headers, defined, 955
Head mounted display (HMD), 90–91
Healthy soil, 1119
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
(HVAC) systems
Heat pump system, 1019
Heat treating, 124
Heavy bearings, 710
Heavy drive fits, 357
Heavy timber construction, 948, 950, 955
Height of the instrument (HI), 1079
Heliarc®, 747
Helical gears, 694
Helical springs, 423
Helical torsion springs, 424
Helix direction (springs), 424
Hem, 1046
Hems, sheet metal, 788
Henry, 835
Herringbone gear, 694
Hexagon head fasteners, 416–17
Hexagons
dimensioning, 336
Hex head bolt, 417
Hex nuts, 416, 418
HI. See Height of the instrument (HI)
Hidden features, 255, 316, 335
Hidden lines, 317. See also Sections
overview, 195, 196
excluded from assembly drawings, 603
excluded from auxiliary views, 295
precedence in multiviews, 266, 318
rules for, 195–96, 196
High-carbon steel, 123
High-performance HVAC and green
technology, 1021–22
innovation, 1022
viability, 1022
High-pressure side of the system, 1044
High-speed steel, 123
Highway diagrams. See Highway wiring
diagrams
Highway layout, 1087–91, 1092
Highways, 812
Highway wiring diagrams
electrical drafting, 812
History-based modeling, 627
History-based solid models, 104, 105. See
also Parametric solid modeling
HL. See Horizon line (HL)
HMD. See Head mounted display (HMD)
Holding fixtures. See Drill fixtures
Holes
location dimensioning, 343
position tolerancing, 515, 517
printed circuit board, 842–43, 844
showing in multiviews, 263
size dimensioning, 338–39, 343
for standard bolts, 968
threaded, 410–11
Hole sizes, 338
Grading plans, 1091, 1095–98, 1099, 1100,
1101, 1110–11, 1112
Grain of material, bend allowance and, 782
Graphical Symbols for Diagrams, 810
Graphical user interface (GUI)
CADD, 72
Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic
Diagrams, 810–11, 814
GRAPHISOFT, 74
Graphite (CADD software), 73
Graticule, 1073
Gravel under slab, 936
Gray cast iron, 122
Great circles, 1073, 1074
Green belts, 1134
Green buildings
aluminum in, 971
defined, 969
guidelines, 970
steel in, 970–71
Green Building Rating System™, 969
Green construction, defined, 970
GreenFormat, 988
Green sand, 135
Green technology, 1021
Green technology application, 1117–19,
115–17
Grid, 841–42
Grid azimuth, 1074, 1075
Grid lines, 792–93
Grid survey method, 1107, 1108
Grid system (printed circuit), 841–42
Grinding machine, 140
Grooves
in bearings, 713
dimensioning, 342
indicating in welding symbols,
758–59, 760
Groove welds, 753–54
Ground grid, 819
Grounding layout and detail drawings, 819
Ground line (GL), 578
Ground plane, 843
Grouped objects, dimensioning, 347
Grout joint, 946
Guide for the Preparation of Patent
Drawings, 32
Gunter’s chain, 1079
Gutters, 976
H
Half coupling, 882, 885
Half sections, 444–45, 571
Hammerhead turnarounds, 1104
Hand-compass method of sketching
circles, 178
Hand drafting. See Manual drafting
Hand forging, 138
HANDLE, detail drawing of, 621, 622
Hangers
joist and beam, 956, 959
piping, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898
Haptic interface, 91–92
Hard copy, 62, 98
Hardening of steel, 124
Geometric constructions
basic shapes, 220–24
with CADD, 224–25
common types, 224–30
defined, 219
ellipses, 236–37, 237
polygon, 230–33
similarity and congruency, 998
tangents, 233–36
Geometric continuity, 102
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
(GD&T), 476
additional symbols, 502, 503
axis control, 495–96
CADD applications, 547–52
combined controls, 544
datum precedence and material
condition, 499–501
datums, 477–92
feature control frame symbol, 502
form tolerances, 504–07
geometric characteristic symbols,
501–02
least material condition (LMC), 498–99
material condition and material boundary
symbols, 492–93
math applications, 555
maximum material condition (MMC),
496–98
orientation tolerances. See Orientation
tolerances
perfect form boundary, 494, 495
profi le tolerance, 532–44
regardless of feature size (RFS), 494, 495
regardless of material boundary (RMB),
494, 499
runout, 544–46
size, limits of, 494
specifying independency, 546, 547
surface control, 494
symbols, 477
Geometric tolerance
defi nition of, 321
Geometric Tolerance dialog box (AutoCAD),
548, 550, 551, 552
Geometry
analytic, 11
descriptive, 11
GEOPACK Civil Engineering Suite, 73
Geophysical drafters, 18
Giant crossbow, 11
Girts, 962
GL. See Ground line (GL)
Glass, section lines for, 202
Glass box principle, 248, 250–52, 294
Glass pipe, 878
Glider, 10, 11
Globe valves, 888
Gluing pipe, 881
Glulam beams (GLB), 953, 957, 959
Gold, 125
Google Earth, 74, 189, 190, 191
Google Inc., 74
Google SketchUp, 74, 188, 189
Gothic lettering, 207
Grades, 1103
Grade slope, 10911284 INDEX
Internal threads
basic features, 153
components of, 394
dimensioning, 404
International Aluminum Institute (IAI), 126
International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) standards
electrical and electronic drafting, 810,
842
International Organization for
Standardization, 378
International System of Units, 327
Internet, 64
project collaboration via, 79–80
value-added applications of, 1152
Intersecting cylinders, 1056–57
Intersecting lines, 219, 220
Intersecting prisms, 1056
Intersecting shafting gears, 694
Intersection
in isometric drawings, 570–71
in section, 447
Intervals, contour, 1092
Intranet, 64
Invention disclosure, 1141
Inventor Open Fusion DWG command, 627
Inventory waste, 1132, 1133
Inverse kinematics (IK), 85–86
Inverted tooth silent chain, 736
Invert elevation of sewer lines, 1091
Inverter, 826
Investment casting, 137
Involute curve, 696, 698
Involute spline, 693
Ionomers, 127
IPC. See Association Connecting Electronics
Industries (IPC)
IPD. See Integrated product
development (IPD)
IRONCAD, 74
Irregular curves
for manual drafting, 45
parallel, 227
in perspective drawings, 583
Irregular shapes, sketching, 182, 183
Irrigation system, 1119
ISO 2768 general tolerances, 354
ISO 9000, 378–79
ISO drafting Standards, 29–30
IsoDraw, 572
Isogonic lines, 1074–75, 1076
Isometric arcs, 570
sketching, 187
Isometric circles, 570
Isometric construction techniques, 568–74
box method, 568–69
centerline method, 569–70
coordinate method, 568–69
intersections, 570–71
isometric dimensioning, 573–74
isometric sections, 571, 572
isometric spheres, 572, 573
isometric threads, 572
Isometric dimensioning, 573–74
Isometric drawings, 563, 567
isometric projections versus, 566–68
pictorial, 607
Inch tolerances
specifi ed and unspecified, 352–53
Inch units
on engineering drawings, 329
Incident solar radiation analysis, 995, 996
Inclined lettering, 208
Inclined planes
circles and arcs on, 263–64
Included angles (thread), 394
Included angles, 1104
In-control processes, 165
Index contours, 1086, 1109
Indoor combustion, 1019–20
Inductance, 829, 835
Inductor, 829, 835
Industrial design (ID), 589
in concept phase, 1137, 1139
defined, 1137
vs. modified CADD, 1139
Industrial process-pipe drafter, 18–19, 20
Industrial property, 1141
Information Age of Technology, 1131
Information grouping, 608
Infrastructure, defined, 73
In-house, 1029
operations, 1141
Injection molding, 139, 153–54
Injuries, preventing, 112–13
Inline followers, 684
Innovation in design, 1147–49
Inorganic materials in manufacturing, 122
INOVATE, 74
In-place creation, 108
Input
defined, 71
Inscribed circle, 221
Inscribed polygons, 230
Inside diameter (ID), 877
Inside mold line (IML), 780, 782
Inspection fixtures, 376
Inspection processes, 165–66
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), 810–11,
814, 831
Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE), 1134
Instrument/function symbols, 905
Insulation, section lines for, 202
Integrated circuit (IC), 837
Integrated product development
(IPD), 1134
Intellectual properties, 30–31, 1141–42
Intelligence in parametric modeling,
105, 563
Intelligent worlds, 93
Interchangeability, 12
Interface
CADD, 72
defined, 188
Interference fi ts, 355–56, 358
Intergraph, 74
Interior elevations, 979, 981
Intermediate contours, 1086, 1109
Intermittent fillet weld, 761
Internal features, maximum material
condition, 321, 322
Internal integrated circuit schematics, 837
Internal spur gears, 694
Hole table, 780, 782
Honing, 140
Horizon line (HL), 578
Horizontal band saw, 144
Horizontal lines, sketching, 175–76
Horizontal mills, 142
Horsepower (HP), 737
Hot gas welding, 881
Hot-rolled steel (HRS), 123
Hot-water system, 1018
Housing fits, 711–12
HP. See Horsepower (HP)
HRS. See Hot-rolled steel (HRS)
Hubs of gear, 692
types of, 692
HVAC CADD software, 1041–42
HVAC contract drawing, 1026
from an engineering sketch, 1022, 1025–28
an HVAC contract drawing, 1028–29
HVAC drawings, 1022
HVAC models, 1044
HVAC plans, 1041–42
HVAC symbols, 1022, 1023–24
HVAC symbols specifications
detail drawings, 1037
pictorial drawings, 1038
schedules, 1037–38
section drawings, 1037
written specifi cations, 1032, 1036–37
HVAC systems and components, 1016
drafters, 18, 20
Hydraulic fl ask handler design, 717
Hydrochlorofl uorocarbons (HCFCs), 1022
Hydroforming, 139
Hydronic radiant heating, 1019
Hydrozoning, 1119
Hypoid gears, 695
Hypotenuse, 919
defined, 221
I
IAI. See International Aluminum
Institute (IAI)
IC. See Integrated circuit (IC)
ID. See Industrial design (ID); Inside
diameter (ID)
Identifi cation Coding and Application of
Hook-up and Lead Wire, 836
Identification numbers
electronics, 836
in working drawings, 607–08, 612, 715
Idlers, 730
IEC. See International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) standards
IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IIE. See Institute of Industrial
Engineers (IIE)
I-Joists, 955, 959, 960
IK. See Inverse kinematics (IK)
Illustrated parts breakdowns. See Exploded
technical illustrations
IML. See Inside mold line (IML)
IMSI/Design, LLC, 74
Inch dimensions, 329INDEX 1285
use in dimensioning, 318, 324, 335
in welding symbols, 749, 750, 755,
757–59
Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED™) program,
969–71, 1019
green building guidelines, 970
Lead grades, 41, 42
Leads, 394, 706
Lead time, 3
Leaf, 776
Lean manufacturing, 377, 1132–33
goals of, 1132–33
Lean production. See Lean manufacturing
Least material boundary (LMB), 493
Least material condition (LMC),
355, 493
defined, 321
geometric tolerancing with, 498–99
positional tolerance at, 515
Leather
section lines for, 202
LEED™. See Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED™)
program
Left-hand threads, 394
Legibility, of lettering, 209
Lettering
defined, 207
in detail views, 258–59
on engineering drawings, 207
format, 54, 57
legibility, 209
numbers, 207–8
standards and practices, 328
structural drafting practices, 933
style overview, 208–9
styles in CADD, 210–11
Leveling, 1079, 1082
Levels, 680, 1079
Library feature, 107, 108
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools, 115
Life cycle engineering, 1134
Life safety system, 1022
Lift check valves, 890
Lift hook, 69, 70
Light bearings, 710
Light drive fits, 357
Light-duty chain, 736
Lighting fi xture schedule, 821, 823
Limits
dimensioning, 351, 352, 353
of feature size, 494, 553
Limits of dimension
defined, 322
Line
ASME standards, 54–57
Linear bearings, 709. See also Bearings
Linear patterns, 108
Line balloons, 909
LINE command, 205
Line contrast, 193
Line-contrast shading, 583
Line Conventions and Lettering, 54, 194
Line drawing format, 205–6
Line element perpendicularity, 511
Line of intersection, 1055–56
Kinetics, 679
Knife-edged follower, 684
Knowledge-based engineering
(KBE), 1134
Knurling, 153, 341–42
Knurl pitch, 342
Kubotek Corporation, 74
L
Labels
electronic schematics, 832–33, 835,
835, 836
Labyrinth seals, 714
Lag screws, 414
Laminated beam construction, 950, 953,
957, 958, 959
Laminated veneer lumber, 955, 959, 960
Lancing, 789
Land parcels, 1082
Land relief pictorials, 1093
Landscape drafters, 19, 21
Lands of printed circuits, 840, 841
Lap-joint flange, 885, 886
Lapping, 140
Lap-welded steel pipe, 877
Large-scale integration (LSI), 838, 839
Lasers
cutting and machining with,
145, 147, 341
Laterals (piping), 881, 885
Latex, 127
Lathes, 140–41, 395
Latitude, 1073
Latrolet, 881, 884
Lay, 371
Layers (CADD), 205–6
in composites, 158, 159
construction lines on, 195
drawing techniques, 93, 94, 95–96
used in industrial applications, 93, 94
Layout assembly drawings, 604–05, 606
Layouts
for auxiliary views, 302–03
CADD steps, 304
for detail drawings, 601, 604
details and sections in structural
drafting, 936
electronic schematics, 832, 834
for multiviews, 267, 272–74, 275
for pictorial drawings, 584–85
piping drawings, 916, 917
precision sheet metal, 777–82
printed circuit, 843
site plans, 1100–01, 1102,
1104–06, 1107
for structural drafting, 988–89
Layout space, 98, 272–73
LCA. See Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) tools
Lead
section lines for, 202
LEADER command, 766
Leader line
for balloons, 607
rules for, 199
piping, 874, 875, 910, 912–13
types of, 568
Isometric ellipses, 571
sketching, 186
templates, 44–45
Isometric lines, 185, 186, 567
Isometric planes, 567
Isometric projections, 567–68
and isometric drawings, 566–68
Isometric scale, 567–68
Isometric sections, 571, 572
Isometric sketches
calculating pipe lengths from, 868–69
from crude sketches, 562
techniques for creating, 184–87
Isometric spheres, 572, 573
Isometric threads, 572
Isosceles triangle, 220–21, 221
ISO thread specifications, 396
Item, 612
Item numbers. See Identification numbers
J
J groove welds, 754
Jig and fi xture design, 160, 161, 162, 373, - See also Tool design
Jigs, 160, 161
JIT. See Just-in-time (JIT)
Jobs
engineering drawing careers, 14–25
in related areas, 118
seeking, 26–27, 37
workplace ethics, 30–31
Joints
in concrete slabs, 976
industrial piping, 880, 881
welded types, 762
Joists, floor, 939
Journal bearings, 709
Justifi cation, for text objects, 211
Just-in-time (JIT), 1132
K
Kaizen event, 1131
KBE. See Knowledge-based engineering
(KBE)
Kerfs, 143, 151
Keyboards, 113
KeyCreator, 74
Keys, 152, 419–20, 692
Keyseats
defined, 152
dimensioning, 341
drawing, 152, 419–20
Keyways
defined, 152
dimensioning, 341
drawing, 152, 419–20
of gears, 692–93
K factor, 783, 785
Killed steel, 124
Kilohms, 835
Kinematics, 6791286 INDEX
erasers, 42
irregular curves, 45
machines, 45–46
media, 50–53
overview, 40
pencils, 41–42
pens, 42
reproduction methods, 43
scales for, 46–50. See also Scales
sheet sizes for, 53–54, 55–56
templates, 44–45
triangles, 43–44
Manual of Steel Construction, 963
Manufacturing. See also Machining processes
CAD/CAM systems, 164
CADD applications, 133–34
castings, 135–37
cells, 163
computer-integrated, 161, 162–64
drafter’s role in providing specifications
for, 596
forgings, 137–38, 139
hydroforming, 139
metallurgy, 126
metals commonly used in, 122–26
plastic fabrication processes, 153–59
powder metallurgy, 139–40
process simulating in models, 166–67
product development sequence, 122
rapid prototyping, 160
stamping, 138–39
statistical process control, 165–66
tool design, 160, 161, 162, 373–78
Marble
section lines for, 202
Margin drawing number block, 61
Marine drafter, 19
Marketing, 1135
Markups, 891
Master black belts, 1134
MasterFormat, 987
MasterFormat 2004 Edition: Numbers and
Titles, 1036–37
MasterFormat™: Master List of Numbers
and Titles for the Construction Industry,
1036
Master patterns, 841
Material boundary symbols, 492, 493
Material condition, 492–93
datum precedence and, 499–501
location tolerances and, 515
Material Condition dialog box
(AutoCAD), 549
Material list number, 1029
Materials. See also Manufacturing
metallurgy, 126
metals, 122–26
plastics and polymers, 126–29
selection, 131–32
simulating in solid models, 166–67
Materials science, 126
Math applications
belt and chain drives, 741
distance between tangent circles, 629
length of a connecting rod, 718
for projected areas, 307
rounding numbers, 555
Low-pressure side of the system, 1044
LSI. See Large-scale integration (LSI)
Lubrication, 713–14
bend allowance and, 782
Lugs, 149, 150
Lumber, standard callouts, 955, 960
M
Machined features, 338
counterbore, dimensioning, 339–40
countersink/counterdrill, 340
design and drafting of, 373
holes, dimensioning, 338–39
keyseats and keyways, dimensioning, 341
knurls, dimensioning, 341–42
multiple features, dimensioning, 340, 341
necks and grooves, dimensioning, 342
slots, dimensioning, 340–41
spotface, dimensioning, 340
Machined surfaces, 370–73
Machine forging, 138, 139
Machinery’s Handbook, 132, 776
fastener head information, 417
gear data, 692
purchase part information, 614
steel data, 124
thread forms, 404, 413
Machinery’s Handbook, ASME Handbook, 782
Machines
drafting. See Drafting machine
screws, 408, 409
tangency design and drafting application
for, 234, 235
tools versus, 374–75
Machining allowance, 362–63
phantom lines on, 363, 367
Machining drawing, 363, 365, 366
Machining fixtures, 375
Machining processes
basic features created by, 147–53
chemical and electronic methods, 145, 147
cost considerations in design, 168
defined, 140
simulating in solid models, 167
tool design for, 160, 161, 162, 373–78
tools for, 140–45
Magma Design Automation, 850
Magnesium, section lines for, 202
Magnetic azimuth, 1074–75
Magnetic declination, 1074–75, 1076
Magnetic poles, 1074–75
MAJOR DIA, 523
Major diameter (thread), 394
Major subdivisions, 1095, 1097, 1101
Male-and-female facings, 887
Malleable cast iron, 123
Malleable iron
section lines for, 202
Management science. See Operations
management
Manganese, 123
Manual drafting, 8
CADD and, 40
compasses, 42
dividers, 43
Lines
ASME standards, 193–94, 194
CADD drawing techniques, 204–6
characteristics of, 219–20
constraints, 204–5, 205
dividing equally, 229
drawing, 223, 225–26
format for drawing, 205–6
parallel, 227
perpendicular, 227–28
precedence in multiviews, 266
profi le of, 532–36, 537, 538, 539
sketching, 175–76, 180–81
structural drafting practices, 930–932
types, 194–204
used in dimensioning, 198, 324
Line shading, 583–84
Line standards
CADD drawing techniques, 93, 94, 95–96
Line tangent
drawing, 223
Line weights
ASME standards, 193–94, 194
defined, 195
Linkages, 679
defined, 679
importance of understanding, 717
symbols for, 679–80
types of, 680
Liquid crystal polymers, 127
List numbers, 1028
List of materials. See Bill of materials; Parts
list (PL)
Lithium-ion battery, 1136
LMB. See Least material boundary (LMB)
LMC. See Least material condition (LMC)
Load capacities (road), 1103
Loading extension of springs, 424
Lobed ring seals, 714, 715
Local meridians, 1073
Local notes, 320
Locating tolerance zone, 543
Locational fits, 357
clearance fits, 357
interference fits, 357
transition fits, 357
Location dimensions, 320, 342–44
holes, locating, 343
multiple features, of nearly same size, 344
polar coordinate dimensioning, 343
polar orientation, locating multiple
tabs in, 344
rectangular coordinate dimensioning, 343
repetitive features, dimensioning, 343–44
for structural steel, 966
Location tolerances, 512–28
Logic circuits, 837
Logic diagrams, 838
Long-axis isometric drawing, 568
Longitude, 1073
Loop traverses, 1075–76, 1077
Loose running fits, 357
Lost-wax casting, 137
Lot and block system, 1082, 1083–84
Lots, 1082, 1084, 1096
Lowercase lettering, 208
Lower control limits, 166, 351INDEX 1287
Molded lip packings, 714
Molded plastic gears, 707
accuracy of, 708
advantages, 707
disadvantages, 708
Molded ring seals, 714
Molybdenum, 123
Moment, defined, 930
Moment of inertia, defined, 930
Monge Gaspard, Frenchman, 11
Monitor ergonomics, 113
Monodetail drawing, 599
advantages, 599
CADD tools and options, 601
example, 598
Mortar joints, 946, 951
Motion blur, 91
Motion waste, 1132, 1133
Motorola, 1133
Mountings for bearings, 715
Mount St. Helens, 1086
Movable datum target symbol, 490, 491
MOVE command, 401
Multiaxis milling machinings, 143
Multiconductor systems, 813
Multidetail drawings, 599
Multifunctional robotics, 163
Multilayer boards, 842
Multilayer sandwich boards, 842
Multiple bends, sheet metal, 785
Multiple features, 344, 486, 515–19
dimensioning, 340, 341
of same size, 344
Multiple-strand chains, 734–35
Multiview drawings, 11
defined, 250
sheet metal part, 777–78
Multiviews. See also Auxiliary views
CADD tools and options, 267–71
creating from engineering sketches, 292,
299–300, 315–19
elements of, 250–52
fi rst-angle projection basics, 254
layout process, 267, 272–74, 275
line precedence, 266
projecting contours, circles, and arcs,
262–66
sketching, 183, 183–84
third-angle projection basics, 252–53, 254
view selection for, 254–62
Mylar®, 52
N
Nailed connections, 968
NAND gate, 837
National Pipe Taper Fuel (NPTF), 413
National Standard taper pipe threads (NPT),
413, 909
Natural rubber, 128
Naturescaping, 1118
NCS. See United States National CAD
Standard (NCS)
NC system. See Numerical control (NC)
system
Necks, 152
dimensioning, 342
Metric threads, 404
forms, 396
Metric tolerances
specifi ed and unspecified, 353–54
Metric units
on engineering drawings, 329
expressing on a piping drawing, 908
Metric welded wire reinforcement, 938
Metric welding symbol, 758
Microfilm, 62–64
alignment arrows, 61
vs. CADD, 64
Micro-Station PowerDraft, 73
MicroStation software, 73
Mild steel, 123
MIL-HDBK/MIL-STD. See Military defense
handbook/standard (MIL-HDBK/MILSTD)
Military (MIL) standards, on line
thicknesses, 194
Military defense handbook/standard
(MIL-HDBK/MIL-STD), 836
Military identification systems, 836
Millimeter dimensions, 329
Millimeters, 327
Milling
chemical, 145
dimensioning slots for, 340–41
machine, 142–43
Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation, 1135
MIM. See Metal injection molding (MIM)
Minimum and maximum slopes, 1101
Minimum dimensions, 361
Minimum required annular ring, 843
Minor diameter (thread), 394
Minor subdivisions, 1095, 1096–97
Minus draft method, 370
Minutes, in surveying, 1073
MIRROR command, 401
Mirrored features, 108
Mistake-proofing, 377
Mitered elbow, 881, 884
Miter gears, 694
Miter joint, 787–88
Mitre lines, 251
defined, 183
MLEADER command, 406
MMB. See Maximum material boundary
(MMB)
MMC. See Maximum material condition
(MMC)
MOD. See Mechanical/optical principles
(MOD)
Model, sheet metal part, 779–80, 781, 789–90
Model dimensions, 360–61
Models, piping, 910, 914, 914–15
Model sections, 450–51
Model sketches, 187–88
Model Space (AutoCAD), 601
Model space, 98
Model text, 212
Modifi ed constant velocity motion, 685, 686
Modifiers, 492
Modular construction, 835
Moisture, 1019–20
Mold, 361
drafters, 15
MathCAD, 75
Maximum dimensions, 361
Maximum material boundary (MMB), 493
Maximum material condition (MMC), 355,
493, 494
defined, 322
geometric tolerancing with, 496–98
of internal and external features, 321, 322
positional tolerance at, 513
zero positional tolerance at, 529
MCAD software. See Mechanical computeraided design (MCAD) software
M-codes, 88, 164
Measurement lines, 180–81, 181
Mechanical computer-aided design (MCAD)
models, 627
Mechanical computer-aided design (MCAD)
software, 72
Mechanical drafter, 19, 22
Mechanical drawing/drafting, 8, 20, 22, 25.
See also Engineering drawing
Mechanical engineer, 1016
Mechanical engineer’s scale, 50, 52
Mechanical joint connections, 880, 881
Mechanical/optical principles (MOD),
1079, 1080
Mechanical spring, 421
Mechanical systems, 1016
Mechanics, 679
Mechanisms, 679
CADD applications, 683
in daily lives, 679
Media for manual drafting, 50–53
Media for undimensioned drawings, 793
Medium bearings, 710
Medium-carbon steel, 123
Medium drive fits, 357
Medium running fits, 357
Megahelion™ drive, 116
Melamine formaldehyde, 128
Melt through, 759–60
Mentor Graphics, Inc., 850
MEP Modeler, 74
Meridians, 1073, 1083
Metal buildings, 961–62
Metal injection molding (MIM), 139
Metallurgy, 126
Metals
castings, 135–37
commonly used in manufacturing,
122–26
forgings, 137–38
section lines for, 202
stamping, 138–39
Unifi ed Numbering System for, 125–26
Metes and bounds system, 1082, 1083
Method specifications, defi ned, 986
Methyl pentenes, 127
Metric dimensions
in piping drawings, 908–9
Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format, 811
Metric fits, 358
Metrics, 1140
in piping, 909
Metric scale, 47, 48
Metric symbols/names
rules for writing, 908–91288 INDEX
Overlapping tolerance controls, 553
Overlay system, 205–6
Overlubrication of bearings, 713
Overprocessing waste, 1132, 1133
Overproduction waste, 1132, 1133
Overrules, 1037
Oxyacetylene welding, 746
Oxyfuel welding, 746
Oxygen gas welding, 746–47
Ozalid dry prints. See Diazo prints
P
P&ID. See Process and instrumentation
diagram (P&ID)
Packaging industry
plastics selection, 130
Packings, 713–14
Pads
drawing, 150
of printed circuits, 840, 841
Page identification
balloons with, 612
Page numbering systems, 933–35
Panel connections, concrete
construction, 940, 941
Panel elevations, 979, 982
Panelized roof systems, 947, 954, 955
Panel plan, 979, 982
Paper space, 98
Parallel bar, 13, 43
Parallelism tolerances, 507–09
Parallel lines, 219, 220, 227
Parallelograms, 221
Parallel perspective. See One-point
perspective
Parallels (geographic), 1073
Parallel shafting gears, 694
Parameter-driven assemblies, 109
Parameters
defined, 105
editing, 108–9
Parametric solid modeling, 563
assembly drawing tools with, 615
assembly modeling, 108
auxiliary views from, 306
creating 2-D drawings from, 270
dimensioning and tolerancing, 360
editing, 108–9
extracting drawing content, 109
overview, 104
part model elements, 107–8
simulating materials and processes in,
166–67
in structural drafting, 983
welding process options, 767
work environments, 105–7
Parametric Technology Corporation, 74–75
Parcels, 1082, 1084
Part files, 106
Partial auxiliary view, 293
Partial datum surface, 487
Partial views
in multiview drawings, 257, 258
Parting lines, 362
Parting plane, 362
Oblique prism, 222
Oblique surface, 299, 300, 301
Observation platform design, 998
Obtuse angle, 220
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 14, 22
Occupational overuse syndrome, 112
Occupations
engineering drawing careers, 14–25
fi nding employment, 26–27, 37
in related areas, 118
workplace ethics, 30–31
OD. See Outside diameter (OD)
OEE. See Overall equipment
effectiveness (OEE)
Offset cam follower, 688, 689
Offset cone, developing, 1051–52
Offset sections, 445–46
Offset sidebar roller chain, 736
Ogee, 2
Ogee curves, 235–36, 236
Ohms, 835
Oil and gas drafter, 19
Oil grooving of bearings, 713
Oil viscosities, 713
OML. See Outside mold line (OML)
One-line diagram, 814
One-pipe hot-water system, 1018
One-point perspective, 578–79, 580
One sigma process, 1133
One-view drawings, 256–57
On–off valves, 887, 888
OP AMP. See Operational amplifi er (OP AMP)
Open arrowheads, 330
Open-loop robotic systems, 163
Open traverses, 1075, 1076
Operational amplifi er (OP AMP), 836–37
Operations management, 1135
Optical theodolites, 1081
Orientation tolerances, 507
angularity, 511–12
concentricity tolerances, 529–30, 531
location, 512–28
parallelism, 507–09
perpendicularity, 509–11
symmetry tolerance, 530–31, 532
virtual condition, 513, 528–29, 530, 531
Orifice fl anges, 886
Orifi ce plate, 886
O-ring seal, 714
Orthographic projections
defined, 249
sketching. See Multiviews sketching
Oscillation angles in four-bar linkages, 681
Other side of welded joint, 755, 757
Outline section line, 201, 201–2
Outlining projects, 219
Out-of-control processes, 165, 166, 169
Output
defined, 71
Outside diameter (OD), 710
bearings, 710–11
in gear structure, 692
pipe, 877
spur gear formula, 698
Outside mold line (OML), 782
Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), 1133
Overfl ow drains, 976
Needle roller bearings, 710
Needle valves, 888–89
Neoprene, 128–29
Nesting blanks, 791–92
Nests, 1064
Net cross-sectional dimensions (lumber), 957
Net inside area (NIA), 1044
Neutral axis, 782
Neutral zone, 782
Nipolet, 884
Nitrate, 127
Nitrile rubber, 129
Nodular cast iron, 123
Nominal pipe size (NPS), 397, 877, 878
Nominal sizes
defined, 322
lumber, 955
Nonassociative dimension, 348
Nondestructive testing of welds, 763, 764
Nondirectional relays, 817
Nonferrous metals, 122, 124–26
Nonintersecting shafting gears, 695
Nonisometric lines, 185, 185–86, 567
Nonparallel holes, 521, 523
Nonprecision chains, 736
detachable chain, 736
pintle and welded steel chains, 736
Nonprovisional patent applications, 31–32
Nonservo systems, 163
Non-uniform rational basis spline
(NURBS), 102
Normalizing, 124
Notes
as dimensions, 320
in piping drawings, 900, 908, 909
surface fi nish in, 371
with threads, 403
Not-to-scale dimension, 619
NPS. See Nominal pipe size (NPS)
NPT. See National Standard taper pipe
threads (NPT)
NPTF. See National Pipe Taper Fuel (NPTF)
NREL. See United States Department of
Energy National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL)
Numbered symbols, 1037–38
Number of teeth, 698, 706
Numerical control (NC) system, 87. See also
Computer numerical control (CNC)
system
NURBS. See Non-uniform rational basis
spline (NURBS)
Nuts, 408, 409
drawing, 417–18
self-clinching, 415
types of, 409
NX, 75
Nylon, 127
O
Object lines, 195
precedence in multiviews, 266, 318
structural drafting practices, 930–31
Object-Red layer, 94
Oblique drawing, 563, 576, 578INDEX 1289
detail drawing, 910, 911
drafting activities, 870, 872, 891–910
drawing revisions, 914, 915–16
drawing sheets, 910, 914
drawings types, 872–74, 875
fittings, 881–85
fl anges, 885–87
metrics in, 909
sizes and wall thickness, 878
specifi cation, 893, 894
types of pipe, 876–78
valves, 887–91
Piping elevations, 909–10
Piping isometrics, 874, 875
Piping models
CADD, 914–15
miniature assemblies, 910, 914
Piston, 681
Pitch
of springs, 424
of thread, 394
of welds, 760–61
worm gear formula, 706
Pitch angle, 704
Pitch cone, 704
Pitch diameter, 729
bevel gear formula, 704
spur gear formula, 697, 703
of thread, 394
worm gear formula, 706
Pitch gage, 406
Pitch line, 703
of V-belts, 729
Pivoted followers, 684
Pixel density, 91
PL. See Parts list (PL)
Placed features, 107
Plain bearings, 709
Plain end (PE) preparation, 879
Plain wire, 938
Plan and profile, 1109
Planar surfaces, 542
Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle, 1133
Plane geometry
defined, 219
Plane of projection, 249
Planned unit development, 1094–95, 1097
Plans
defined, 930
piping, 892, 894
Plan views (highway layout), 1087–88
Plastic gears, 706–08
Plastic part manufacturing, drawings for,
369–70
Plastic resin identifi cation codes, 129
Plastics
major types, 122, 126–29
manufacturing processes, 153–59
for pipe, 877
reusability of, 130
section lines for, 202
selection applications, 129–31
as sustainable material, 130
using, 130
Plate, 776
Plate cams, 684, 687
Plated-through holes, 842–43
Pictograms, 10
Pictorial assembly drawings, 607, 610
Pictorial drawings, 562, 563, 565, 566, 1038
CADD applications, 585–87
for catalogs, 622, 623
circles and curves, 582–83
from crude sketches, 562
defined, 250
dimetric projection, 574
electrical drafting, 811
electronics, 846, 847
exploded, 575, 576, 577
isometric, 566–68
isometric construction techniques,
568–74
land relief, 1093
layout for 584–85
long-axis isometric drawing, 568
oblique methods, 576, 578
one-point perspective, 578–79, 580
overview, 563
perspective, 578, 579
regular isometric drawing, 568
reverse isometric drawing, 568
shading techniques, 583
solid models in, 563, 565
in structural drafting, 991
technical illustration, 565, 566
three-dimensional illustration
capabilities, 588–89
three-dimensional visualization tools,
563, 565
three-point perspective, 580–82
trimetric projection, 574–75
two-point perspective, 580
uses of, 566
Picture plane (PP), 578
PID. See Punch ID (PID)
Piece numbers, 1028
Pilaster, 947, 952, 953
Pilot hole
calculating depth, 410–11
for nailing, 968
specifying for pipe thread, 413
Pilot relay system, 817
Pinions, 691, 692, 696, 703
Pin numbers, 837
Pins, 257, 418–19
Pintle and welded steel chains, 736
Pipe assemblies, 910, 913
Pipe drafter, 20, 23
Pipe drafting
drawing sheets, 910, 914
elements of, 870, 872, 891–910
layout technique, 916, 917
revisions, 914, 915–16
Pipe drawings
elements of, 872–74, 875
Pipe fitters, 910, 913
Pipelines, 869
Pipe support symbols, 904
Pipe threads, designing, 412–14
Piping
applications, 869–70
ASME codes and standards, 876
connection methods, 879–81
defined, 869
Part models
elements, 107–8
Parts, precision sheet metal, 777
Parts libraries, 33–34
Parts list (PL), 612. See also Bill of materials
assembly drawing and, 622
CADD tools, 615
guidelines for, 622
keying to working drawings, 605, 715–16
with printed circuit board drawings,
844, 846
and working drawings, 597, 608–12
Passive VR, 90
Patches, 102
Patent drafters, 19
Patent research, 1141
Patents, 31–32
applying for, 31–32
Pattern development, 1045
defined, 1016
of a truncated pyramid, 1052
Pattern-locating control, 517
PC. See Point of curve (PC)
PCB. See Printed circuit board (PCB)
PDCA. See Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle
PDM. See Product data management (PDM)
Pedestal footings, 972, 975
PEEK. See Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Pencils, 41–42
for sketching, 175
Penetration of welds, 759, 760
Penny classifi cations (nails), 968
Pens, 42
Percentage calculations, 768
Perfect form boundary, 494, 495
Periods (cam), 684
Peripheral equipment
CADD workstation, 71
Permanent casting, 137
Perpendicular bisector, 228
Perpendicularity tolerances, 509–11
Perpendicular lines, 219, 220, 227–28
Perspective drawing, 565, 578, 579
types of, 578
Petroglyphs, 10
PF. See Powder forging (PF)
PFD. See Process fl ow diagram (PFD)
Phantom lines, 203, 335, 363, 368, 374
for contours in multiview drawings,
264, 265
drawing a detailed coil spring
representation using, 427
for drawing sheet metal part, 778
on machining allowance and draft angles,
363, 367
Phase gate design process, 1137–47
concept phase, 1137–40
development phase, 1140–44
execution phase, 1144–47
Phenolics, 128
Philadelphia rod, 1079
Photocopy printers, 62
Photodrafting, 846
Photogrammetrists, 20
PI. See Point of intersection (PI)
Pickoff jig, 376
Pickoff number, 10291290 INDEX
Prequalifi ed welded joints, 765
Press break, 786
Pressure angle spur gears, 696, 697
Pressure regulating valve, 891
Prestressed concrete structures, 940–41, 942
Primary auxiliary views, 299
Primary datum, 479, 481
Prime circles in cam profiles, 688–89
Prime meridian, 1073
Principal plane, 780
Print, 13
Printed circuit board (PCB), 810, 838, 840.
See also Printed circuits
Printed circuit-board artwork, 841
Printed circuits, 838, 840–46
design and layout, 838–41
preparation, 844–45
scale, 842
Prisms
basic features, 222
Problem-solving process, 39
Process, content versus, 118
Process and instrumentation diagram
(P&ID), 870, 872
Process fl ow diagram (PFD), 870, 871
Process notes, 604, 605, 622
Process piping, 869
equipment symbols, 903
Process vessels, 874
ProConcrete, 73
Product bill of materials, 1142
Product catalog, 622
Product data management (PDM), 79
Product description/business case, 1135
Product development sequence, 122
Production sample inspection, 1144, 1147
Product life cycle, 131, 1147
Product life cycle management (PLM)
system, 1134
for CADD, 73, 79
Product release level, 1144
Products, precision sheet metal, 777
Pro/ENGINEER, 74
Profi le form and orientation tolerance
zone, 543
Profi le of a surface tolerance. See Surface
profiles
Profi les, 1087, 1109
through grading plans, 1095, 1099
highway layout, 1088–91
for map, 1088
steps in creating, 1088–89, 1109–10
Profi le tolerance, 532–44
Progressive dies, 376
Projected areas
math application for, 307
Projected tolerance zone, 526–28, 529
Projection, 563
Projection, multiview
CADD tools and options, 270–71
fi rst-angle, 251, 254
orthographic, 249
plane of, 249
third-angle, 251
Project leader, 1135
Project outlines, 219
Project plan, 1137
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO), 128
Polyphenylene sulfi de (PPS), 128
Polypropylene, 128
Polystyrene, 128
Polysulfi de rubber, 129
Polysulfones, 128
Polyurethane, 129
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 128
for pipe, 877
Pop safety valve, 890
Porcelain
section lines for, 202
Portfolios, 589
Positional tolerance zone, 514, 522
Positional tolerancing, 512, 513, 522, 530
based on the surface of a hole, 513, 514
of coaxial features, 519–21, 522
of fasteners, 523–26, 527
at least material condition, 515
locating symmetrical features, 531, 532
at maximum material condition, 513
at regardless of feature size, 514–15
Positive drive belts, 729, 730
Positive work habits, 113
Postmortem review, 1147
Postprocessors, 87, 164
Postproduction review, 1147
Posture, 113
Poured concrete construction, 936–45,
946–49, 950
Poured-in-place concrete, 938–39
Powder forging (PF), 140
Powder metallurgy (PM), 139–40
Power hacksaw, 144
Power substation design drawings,
814–19, 820
Power-supply plan, 821, 823
PP. See Picture plane (PP)
PPO. See Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
PPS. See Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
PRC. See Point of reverse curve (PRC)
Precast concrete
beam drawing, 946
manufacturing methods, 939–41
panel drawings, 943, 945, 948
slab drawing, 947
Precedence of lines in multiviews, 266
Precious metals, 125
Precision chains, 734–36
double pitch roller chain, 735
inverted tooth silent chain, 736
offset sidebar roller chain, 736
roller chain, 734–35
Precision running fits, 357
Precision sheet metal. See also Sheet metal
bending, 782–87
CADD in drafting/designing of, 783
dimensioning applications, 792–95
drafting, 776–808
layout, 777–82
overview, 776–77
Predictive engineering, 163, 1152
Prefabricated steel structures, 961–62
Preparing a drawing, 40
Preproduction build, 1144
Prequalified fi llet welds
sizes for, 752
Plates (steel), 962–63, 964
Platings, dimensioning with, 361
Platinum, 125
Plats, 1084, 1085, 1095–96, 1102. See also
Subdivision plats
PLM. See Product life cycle management
(PLM)
PLM system. See Product life cycle
management (PLM) system
Plot device, 98
Plot plan, 1091, 1092
drawings, 817
Plots, electronic, 98
Plots of land, 1082
Plotters, 114
Plotting, 1077
CADD, 98, 99–100
Plotting traverses, 1077–78
Plug, 885
Plug taps, 395
Plug valves, 887, 888
Plug welds, 745, 754, 755
Plumbing, 869
Plumbing drafter, 20, 23
Plus draft method, 370
Plus/minus dimensioning, 351, 353
Plywood, specifying in drawings, 960
Plywood lumber beams, 955, 959
PM. See Powder metallurgy (PM)
Point of beginning, for traverses, 1075,
1077, 1078
Point of curve (PC), 1087
Point of intersection (PI), 1088, 1091
Point of reverse curve (PRC), 1087
Point of tangency (PT), 1087
Points established by extension lines,
324, 338
Point-to-point dimensioning. See Chain
dimensioning
Point-to-point interconnecting wiring
diagrams. See Wiring diagram
Polar coordinate dimensioning, 343
Polar coordinate dimensions, 197
Polar orientation
locating multiple tabs in, 344
Poles, true versus magnetic, 1074–75
Polyacrylic rubber (ABR), 129
Polyallomers, 127
Polyamide, 127
Polyarylate, 127
Polybutadiene, 129
Polycarbonates, 128
Polyester film, 52–53
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 128
Polyethylene (PE) pipe, 877
Polyethylene, 128
Polygonal modeling, 102
Polygons
dimensioning, 336
guide to constructing, 230–33
regular, 221–22
Polyhedrons, 222
Polyimides, 128
Polyisoprene, 129
Polymerization, 126
Polymers. See also Plastics
major types, 122, 126–29INDEX 1291
Registration marks, 793, 795
Regular isometric drawing, 568
Regular polygons, 221–22, 230–33, 231
Regular polyhedrons, 222
Regular right cylinder, developing, 1048
Regular solids, 222
Regulating valves, 888–89
Regulatory approval, 1144
Reinforced concrete, 937
Reinforced concrete block construction,
945–47, 950–952, 953
Reinforced thermoset plastics (RTP),
128, 158
Reinforcing cords in V-belts, 729
Related part method, 261–62
Related views, 266
Relations, 105
Relay types, 817
Release documentation, 1144
Relief valves, 890, 891
Removed sections, 454–55
Removed views, 260–61
Repetitive features
location dimensioning, 343–44
Repetitive movement injury, 112
Repetitive strain injuries, 112
Reproduction methods, manual drafting, 43
Reprogrammable robotics, 163
Research
advanced, 1135–36
existing product, 1136–37
Research and development (R&D), 122, 604
Research techniques, 39–40
Residential electrical plans, 819–20, 821–23
Resin transfer molding, 158, 159
Resistors, 830, 832, 835
Retaining rings, 419
Return-air (RA) register, 1017
Reusability of CADD, 33–34
Reusability of plastics, 130
Reusing drawing content, in CADD, 96–97
REVCLOUD command, 916, 985, 1041
Reverse engineering (RE), 74–75, 915
Reverse isometric drawing, 568
Revision clouds, 1038–39
piping drawings, 915–16
in structural drafting, 984–85
Revision history block, 60
Revision letter, 618, 626
Revision notes, 915, 985
Revisions
piping drawings, 914, 915–16
structural drafting, 984–85
Revision status notation, 55, 56, 61
Revision status of sheets block, 60–61
Revolved section, 453–54
Rework, 1132
RFC. See Running and Sliding Fits (RFC)
RFS. See Regardless of feature size (RFS)
Ribbed floors, 938, 940
Right angle helical gears, 695
Right angles, 220
defined, 227
Right-hand thread, 394
Right-of-ways, 1088
Right prisms, 222
developing, 1046, 1047
Radius (R), 1087
of a circle, 223
of curves in civil drafting, 1087
defined, 322
dimensioning, 322, 325
for turning in driveways, 1102, 1103
Radon, 1020
Raised face (RF) flanges, 887
Random controlled decking, 960
Ranges, township location by, 1083
Rapid injection molding, 82, 83
Rapid prototyping (RP), 3
as manufacturing process, 160
overview of tools for, 81–82
subtractive, 82, 83
Ratios (gear and drive), 703, 706
RE. See Reverse engineering (RE)
Reaction injection molding, 157
Reamed holes, 147
Reamer, 147
Rear chainman, 1079
Rebar
ASTM standards, 938
bend diagrams, 943, 948
defined, 937
specifying in drawings, 943–44, 975
Rebar schedules, 972, 975
Rectangle, drawing, 232–33
Rectangular, developing, 1046, 1047
Rectangular coordinate dimensioning, 197,
326–27, 343
sheet metal part, 778–79, 780
Rectangular patterns, 108
Rectangular system, 1082, 1083
Recycle symbol, 168
Recycling
in construction industry, 970–71
plastics, 129
Redline, 624
Redraws, 620
Reducers (pipe), 881, 883, 885
Reducing elbow, 881, 883
Reducing flanges, 886
Reducing laterals, 883
Reducing tee, 881, 883
Reference arrow method, 200–201,
298–99, 455
for removed views, 261
Reference designations, 828–29
Reference Designations for Electrical
and Electronic Parts and Equipment,
811
Reference dimension, 331, 332
defined, 322
symbols, 325
Reference features, 108
Reference lines, defined, 250
in welding symbols, 749, 750, 755, 757–59
Refi nement of size, 553
Refl ected ceiling plan, 824
Refractories, 122, 202
Refrigeration, 1017
drafter, 18
Regardless of feature size (RFS), 493, 494,
495, 514–15, 525
Regardless of material boundary (RMB),
493, 494, 499
Project portfolio, 1135
Project portfolio management, 1135
Project termination, 1137
ProjectWise, 73
Property descriptions, 1082–84
Property identifi cation standards, 1103
Property line layout, 1103–07
Propionate, 127
Proportional dividers, 43
Proportions, in sketching, 180
Proprietary product specification, 981
Prototypes, 620
Prototypes/prototyping, 80–84
conventional machining, 84
digital prototyping, 81
overview, 80–81
rapid injection molding, 82, 83
rapid prototyping, 81–82
subtractive rapid prototyping, 82, 83
Protractors, plotting traverses with, 1077–78
Provisional patent applications, 32
PT. See Point of tangency (PT)
Public-land system, 1082
Pulleys, 692, 728
Punch ID (PID), 796, 797
Punching, 138
process, 341
Punch press, 138
Purchase parts, 1141. See also Standard parts
defining, 598
describing, 612–14
gears as, 692
Purchasing departments, 596
Purlins, 947, 962
PVC. See Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Pyramid
developing, 1052
pattern development of a truncated, 1052
Pyramid prisms, 222, 223
Pythagorean theorem, 868–69, 919
Q
QFD. See Quality Function Deployment
(QFD)
Quadrilaterals, 221
Qualifi cation requirements, 25
Quality control
in CIM systems, 163
conventional systems, 165–66
ISO 9000 standards, 378–79
statistical process control, 165–66, 169
Quality control charts, 121, 165, 166
Quality function deployment (QFD),
1139–40
Quality improvement, 165–66, 169, 1132
Quarters of township sections, 1083
R
Rack and pinion, 696, 703, 704
Radial loads, 709
Radial survey, 1107
Radiant heating and cooling systems,
1018–19
Radiation, 11071292 INDEX
Search for solution multipliers, 1130
Seats of valves, 887
Secondary auxiliary views, 299–300, 302
Secondary datum, 481
Secondary originals, 63
Second generation reproduction, 63
Seconds, in surveying, 1073
Sectional view identification, 440–42
Sectional views on different sheets, locating,
455–56
Section drawings, 1037
Sectioning, 449–50
defined, 440
Section lines, 442–44
in isometric drawings, 571
rules for, 201–3
Sections, 1083. See also Building sections
assembly drawings in, 603, 604, 606
coordination with details in structural
drafting, 934, 935, 974
cutting-plane and section lines, 201
defined, 440
in isometric drawings, 571
laying out, 990
piping, 893–96, 894, 909–10
of townships, 1083
Seismograph drafter, 18
Self-clinching fasteners, 415–16, 416
Self-clinching nuts, 415
Self-clinching spacers and standoffs, 415
Self-clinching studs, 415–16
Self-locking nuts, 417
Self-locking thread, 396, 397
Self-tapping screws, 414
Sellers, Coleman, 11
Semiconductor, 830
Semimetallic gaskets, 880
Semipictorial wiring diagram, 846, 847
Separation walls, 953
Serdynski, David P., 1135
Service mark, 32
Servo systems, 163
Setbacks, 1105
Set screws, 409, 410, 692
Sewer lines, 1089
Shading, 1118
Shading analysis, 988
Shading techniques, 583–84
Shaft fi ts, 352, 711
Shaft shoulder and housing shoulder
dimension, 712–13
Shale
for pipe, 878
Shape descriptions, 250
Shapers, 145
Sharp-V thread forms, 396
Shear forces, defined, 930
Sheaves, 727, 728
Sheet layout planning, 599
Sheet metal. See also Precision sheet metal
defined, 776
fl anges, 787–88
hems, 788
material application in drafting of,
791–92
model, 779–80, 781, 789–90
parts, 777
products, 777
threads, 394
tolerancing for, 544–46
Runs, in pipe fittings, 881
Rural fi re department access, 1102–03
S
SAE. See Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE)
Safety precautions, 1102–03
Safety valves, 890
Sand, section lines for, 202
Sand casting, 135, 136
Saving drawings, 101
Saw machines, 143–44
SBR. See Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
Scale factor, 98
Scalene triangle, 221
Scales
architect’s, 49–50, 51
civil engineer’s, 47–49
defined, 46
in detail views, 258–59
drawing, 46–47
exaggerated in civil drafting, 1089
isometric 567–68
mechanical engineer’s, 50, 51, 52
metric, 47, 48
of piping isometrics, 910
of printed circuit drawings, 1089
selecting, 990
shapes, 46
for site plans, 1100
for sketching, 180–81
Schedules, 930, 1037–38
Schedule tracking, 1144
Schematic diagrams, 809
electrical drafting, 811
electronic, 828–36
springs, 426
substations, 814
threads, 400
Schematic representations of threads, 397
Schematic spring representations, 426
Schematic wiring diagram
electrical drafting, 812
Screwdriver
assembly drawing for, 622, 623, 624
Screwdriver symbol, 830
Screwed connections, 879, 880
Screwed pipe fi ttings, 881, 882, 885
Screw heads, 416–17
Screw machine, 142
Screw threads, 152, 393, 394
inserts, 415
in isometric drawings, 572
measuring, 406
standards and terminology, 393–94
Scupper, 976
S curves, 235–36, 236
Sealed bearings, 709–10
Sealing methods, 713
Seamless forged steel fittings, 881
Seamless pipe, 877
Seams, 1046
sheet metal, 788
Seam welds, 754, 756–57
Right triangles, 221
constructing, 231, 232
Rim board, 955
Rimmed steel, 124
Ring-type joint (RTJ) flange, 887
Rise (cam), 684
Rise, for highway layouts, 1091
Rivets, 420, 421
RMB. See Regardless of material boundary
(RMB)
Road clearances, 1103
Road load capacities, 1103
Roadway layout, 1072
Robotics, 163
Rock, section lines for, 202
Rocker arms, 680
Rockers, 680
Rockwell hardness test, 124
Rolled thread forms, 396, 397
Roller bearings, 709, 710
Roller chain, 734–35
Roller chain drive selection, 737–41
Roller followers, 684
Roll form, 788, 789
Rolling element bearings, 709–10
Roof coverings in wildfi re zones, 1103
Roof drainage plan, 972–76, 978
Roof drains, 976
Roof framing plan and details, 972,
977, 989
Roof systems (wood frame), 947,
954, 955
Root angle, 704
Root diameter, 697
Root of thread, 394
Root openings of welds, 753
ROTATE, 448
Rotated views, 262
Rotational bearings, 709. See also Bearings
Rotational degrees of freedom, 481, 482
Rotational molding process, 155–56
Rotation arrow method, 298–99
Roughness of surfaces, 372
Rough sketches, 174, 272, 273, 292, 315, - See also Sketching
Round, tangent arc applications, 223
Rounded curves
showing in multiviews, 264, 265
Rounds
basic features, 151
in casting drawings, 362
in forging dies, 363
pictorial drawing techniques, 584
showing in multiviews, 264, 265
RP. See Rapid prototyping (RP)
RTJ flange. See Ring-type joint (RTJ) flange
RTP. See Reinforced thermoset plastics (RTP)
Rubber
basic features, 127
section lines for, 202
synthetic types, 128–29
Rubber-band line, 204, 205
Run, for highway layouts, 1091
Runners, casting, 135
Running and Sliding Fits (RFC), 356–57
Runout
defined, 410
showing in multiviews, 264–66INDEX 1293
Solid Enginyeria Ltd, 1151
Solid height of springs, 424
Solid length (springs), 424
Solid models. See also Parametric
solid modeling
dimensioning and tolerancing, 360
multiview drawings from, 270
overview, 78–79
as pictorial models, 563, 565
simulating materials in, 166
techniques for, 104–9
Solid object 3-D printing, 160, 161
Solid phase forming process, 156
SolidWorks, 74, 110
Solvent welding pipe connections, 881
Sound insulation, section lines for, 202
Sound liner, 1031
Source reduction, 1021
Southwest Windpower, 825
SP. See Station point (SP)
Spacers, self-clinching, 415
Spaces, dividing equally, 230
Spacing, of letters, 209, 210
Span, between fl oor supports, 939
SPC. See Statistical process control (SPC)
Specifi c area flatness, 505
Specifi cations, 351
defi ned, 986
lumber, 955, 960
welding, 765
Specifi c notes, 349
Specifi c tolerance dimensions, 353
Specifi ed dimension, 351
defined, 322
Specifi ed inch tolerance, 352–53
Specifi ed metric tolerance, 353–54
Specs (piping), 893, 894
Spheres, 223, 572, 573
Spherical diameter
dimensioning, 325
Spherical features, position tolerancing of,
523, 526
Spherical radius
dimensioning, 325
Spherical roller bearings, 710
Spiral gears, 695
Spiral torsion spring, 424
Splines, 102, 152, 692–93, 785
Spool drawings, 874, 875, 910, 913
Spotfaces, 148, 149, 150
dimensioning, 325, 340
Spot welding, 754, 756
Spring data, 426
Spring index, 422
Springs
characteristics, 423
coned disk, 425
constant force, 426
detailed representation, 426–27
flat, 424
garter, 426
mechanical, 421
schematic representations, 426, 428
specifications, 426
terminology, 423–24
torsion, 424
volute, 425
wave, 424–25
Sketching. See also Engineering sketches
arcs, 179–80
block technique for, 181–83, 182, 183
CADD, 187–91
circular lines, 176–79, 177, 178
electronic schematics, 832, 834
ellipses, 180, 181
irregular shapes, 182, 183
measurement lines in, 180–81, 181
multiview layouts, 183–84, 267, 272–75
overview, 174–75
in planning process, 218
proportions and scales for, 180–81
quality of, 175
straight lines, 175–76
tools and materials, 175
Sketch tools (CADD), 187–91
Skystream 3.7, 825–26
SLA. See Stereolithography (SLA)
Slabs (concrete)
defined, 936
specifying in drawings, 944, 972, 976
Slack side idlers, 730
Slate, section lines for, 202
Sleeve bearings, 709
Slider cranks, 681
Sliding fits, 357
Slip-on pipe flanges, 885, 886
Slope
dimensioning symbol, 325
in site design, 1101
Slots, 525, 532
dimensioning, 340–41
Slotted features, locating, 521–22, 524
Slot welds, 754, 755
Sludge, 889
Small bore piping, 895
Small circles, 176, 197
Smart HVAC systems, 1021
SmartMarine 3-D, 74
SmartSketch, 74
SMD. See Surface-mounted devices (SMD)
Smithing, 138
Smoothness of drafting media, 50
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),
123, 692
steel numbering applications,
124, 132
Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., 129
Socket-welded connection, 879
Sockolet, 884
Soft copy, 98
Soft gaskets, 880
Soft metric conversions, 908
Software, 10
CADD, 71–75
piracy, 31
Solar heating integrated with radiant
system, 1019
Solar tracker, 1151
Solar tracking equipment, 116
Solder, 746, 880
Soldered connection, 880
Soldering, 746
Solder mask, 842, 844
Solder paste, 845
Solder resist mask, 842, 844
SolidEdge, 75
roll form, 788, 789
seams, 788
Sheet metal blanks, 1064
Sheet metal drafting, 1045
Sheet metal pattern design, 1061
Sheet metal punch, 796–97
Sheet sizes
for manual drafting, 53–54, 55–56
setting up in CADD, 275
for site plans, 1100
for structural drafting, 998
Shielded metal arc welding, 747
Shields, for ball bearings, 709
Shop drawings, 966, 1028
Short break line
on metal shape, 452
on wood shape, 452
Shoulders
of leader lines, 324
of shafts and housings, 712–13
Shrinkage allowance, 362
Shrink fits, 357. See also Interference fit
Siemens Corporation, 75
Silicones, 129
Silk screen artwork, 843–44
Silver, 125
Similarity of geometric shapes, 998
Simple harmonic motion, 684–85
Simplifi ed representation of thread, 397–98,
398–400
Simulated datum axis, 488, 489
Simulated datums, 478, 479
Simulation, 850
Single- and double-line HVAC plans,
1031–32
Single composite pattern, 516
Single-lap seam, 788, 1046
Single-layer boards, 842
Single lead worms, 705
Single-line drawing, 895, 899
Single-row ball bearings, 709
Single span straight beams, 953, 957
Single-stroke Gothic lettering, 207
Sintering, 139, 158
Site analysis plan, 1094, 1096
Site plan, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094
CADD applications, 1113–17
checklist, 1107
contour line placement, 1106–07
designing, 1101–03
electric substations, 817
elements of, 1092–93, 1094, 1095
layout, 1100–01, 1102, 1104–06, 1107
metrics in, 1100
planned unit development, 1094–95, 1097
profiles, 1109–10
site analysis plan, 1094, 1096
topography, 1092, 1093
Site profiles, 1109–10, 1111
Sites, 1082
SI units, 327
Six Sigma, 377, 1133–34
Size description, 267
Size dimensions, 320
Size features, 321
Size, of electronic symbols, 830, 831,
838, 840
Sketched features, in solid modeling, 1071294 INDEX
Subtractive rapid prototyping, 82, 83
Supervisory control relays, 817
Supplementary welding symbols, 750, 751
Supply chain integration, 1152
Supports (piping), 894, 895, 897.
See also Hangers
Surface condition, bend allowance and, 782
Surface fi nishes, 371–72, 713
characteristics of, 372–73
defi ned, 153, 370–71
of shafts and housings, 713
surface roughness, 372
surface waviness, 372
Surface geometric control, 494, 495
Surface models
overview, 77–78
techniques for, 102–3
Surface-mounted devices (SMD), 845–46
Surface profiles, 536–42. See also Tolerances
Surface roughness, 372
Surfaces, creating, 102–3
Surface straightness tolerance, 504
Surface texture, 370. See also Surface finishes
Surface waviness, 372
Survey information, 1072
Surveying
bearings, 1074
direction concepts, 1073–75
distance and elevation, 1078–82
grid azimuth, 1075
magnetic azimuth, 1074–75
plotting traverses, 1077–78
traverse types, 1075–77
true azimuth, 1073–74
Surveyors’ map, 1100, 1102
Sustainability, 1021
defi ned, 115, 131
Sustainable buildings, defined, 969
Sustainable CAD, 116–17
Sustainable design, 115–17
analysis for, 992
opportunity, 992
in practice, 992
Sustainable energy, use, 992
Sustainable material, use, 992–93
Sustainable water, use, 992
Swaging, 138, 881
Sweepolet, 884
Swing check valves, 890
Switch symbols, 820, 822
Symbol dialog box (AutoCAD), 548, 549
Symbol libraries
creating and using, 33–34
for fasteners, 421
piping, 900, 901–2, 901–7
welding symbols in, 766
Symbols
bearings, 710
break lines, 203
CADD, 96–97
datum features, 478, 480, 481, 488, 490
datum target, 483–87
dimensioning, 325
electric power systems, 815–16
electronics, 829–32
elevation, 972, 977
feature control frame, 487–88
Stitch lines, 204
Stock size
defined, 322
Storage
CADD devices, 101
defined, 71
original drawings, 63–64
Storyboarding, 86
Straight angles, 220
Straight laterals, 883
Straight line segment, 219
Straight line motion, 685, 686
Straight lines, 175–76
Straight line shading, 584
Straightness tolerance, 504
Straight taps, 1037
Straight tee, 881, 883
Street elbow, 885
Stress analysis (gear), 708
Stressed skin panels, 955, 960
Stretching exercises, 113–14
Stretch-out line, 1046
Stroke, 681
Structural drafters, 20, 23
Structural drafting. See also Construction
methods
basic drawing layout steps, 988–90
commercial construction specifications,
986–88
complete drawing sets, 972–79
for concrete block construction, 945–47,
950–952, 953
for concrete construction, 936–45,
945–47, 948
construction specifications, 986
engineered wood products, 953, 955,
959–60
from engineering calculations, 928–29
heavy timber construction, 948, 950, 955
laminated beam construction, 950, 953,
957–59
lettering on, 933
line work on, 930–32
revisions, 984–85
standards, 930
steel structures, 960–66
wood construction overview, 947–60,
953–56
working drawing organization, 933–36
Structural engineering
defined, 930
Structural steels, 962–65
Structural Steel Shapes, 962
Structural tees, 963
Stub-end flanges, 885, 886
Studs, self-clinching, 415–16
Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), 129
Subassemblies, 835
defined, 106
welded, 749
working drawings for, 606–07
Subdivision plans, 1084, 1095–98
Subdivision plats
describing, 1084
examples, 1083, 1084
Substation, 814
design drawings, 814–19, 820
Sprockets, 734, 735
CADD applications, 735
Sprues, 135
Spur gears, 694, 696, 697, 698, 699, 702,
703–04
Square features and symbol, dimensioning
of, 334
Square groove welds, 753
Square-head bolts, 417
Squares, drawing, 232–33
Square shape dimensioning symbol, 325
Square thread form, 396
Square to round, 1052–53
S-shaped curve design, 2
STA. See Stations (STA)
Stacking, 331
Stadia technique, 1079, 1080
Stagger adjacent dimensions, 334
Stainless steels, 123
Stamping press, 791
Stampings, 138–39, 167–68
Standard ANSI fits
description of, 356–57
designation of, 356
establishing dimensions for, 357, 358
Standard ANSI/ISO Metric Limits and Fits,
357–59
Standard General Requirements for Electronic
Equipment, 836
Standard line-fitting symbols, 904
Standard parts, 598. See also Purchase parts
Standards. See also ANSI standards
CADD, 111–12
drafting, 29–30
ISO 9000, 378–79
screw threads, 393–94
Standoffs, 415
Static load spring application, 425
Static pressure (SP) classifications, 1028–29
Statics, 679
Static sealing of bearings, 713
Station point (SP), 578, 1075
Stations (STA), 1079, 1107
fi nding distance and elevation from,
1079–82, 1107–08
Statistical process control (SPC), 165–66,
169, 354
Statistical tolerancing, 325, 354, 355
Steam tracing, 877
Steel
building structures with, 960–66
in green construction, 969–71
for pipe, 877
properties and types, 123–24
reinforcing bars, 937, 938
section lines for, 202
springs, 421
Steel alloys, 123
Steel castings, 123
Steel deck systems, 938, 939
Steel-framed structures, 962
Steel pipe, 964
Steel stud construction, 960–61
Steel tubing, 877
Stereolithography (SLA), 81, 160
Stick electrode welding, 747
Stipple shading, 584INDEX 1295
Threads, 394
detailed drawings, 400–03
drawing, 152–53
forms of, 395–97
in isometric drawings, 572
measuring, 406
metric, 404
position tolerancing, 523
representations, 397–400
schematic diagrams, 400
simplifi ed representation of, 398–400
standards and terminology, 393–94
tools for cutting, 395
types, 152–53
Unifi ed and American National
threads, 403
worm gear formula, 706
Thread series, 394
Threads per inch, 394
Thredolet, 884
3-D digitizers, 915
Three-dimensional illustration capabilities,
588–89
3-D model, 13, 14
3-D printer, 3
3-D printing, 81–82, 160, 161
Three-dimensional solid models, 78–79
multiview drawings from, 270
Three-dimensional surface models, 77–78
Three-dimensional visualization tools,
563, 565
Three-dimensional wireframe models, 76, 77
3ds Max, 73
Three-hinged arch beams, 953, 957
Three-point perspective, 578, 580–82
Through-the-window VR. See Passive VR
Thrust bearings, 709
Thrust loads, 709
Ties, 938
Tight side idlers, 730
TIG welding. See Tungsten inert gas welding
(TIG) welding
Tilt-up precast concrete, 941–42
Timing, 682
Titanium, 125, 202
Title blocks, 57–59
general notes in, 350
Tobacco smoke, 1020
Tolerances. See also Geometric tolerance
for bearings, 710–11
buildup, 331
defi ned, 323, 351
and drawing specifications, 696
of gear teeth, 696–98
for metric threads, 404
undimensioned drawings, 793
welding, 762
Tolerance zones, misinterpreting, 553
Tolerancing applications, 351
allowance, 355
CADD applications, 360–61
clearance fits, 355
extreme form variation, 356
fi ts, types of, 356–59
inch tolerances, specified and
unspecifi ed, 352–53
interference fits, 355–56
Telerobotics, 90
Tempering, 124
Templates, 44–45
creating and using, 99, 100–101
defined, 99
drawings, 99, 100–101
undimensioned drawing, 792
Tensile strength, 122
Tensile stress, 938, 939
Terminal, 842
Terminal pads, 841, 843
Terminal units, 1018
Terrain model, 1115
Tertiary datum, 481
Text. See also Lettering
adding with CADD, 210–11
for dimensioning, 324
locating, 211
model, 212
styles, 210, 211
Text editor, 210
The Architect’s Handbook of Professional
Practice, 935
Theodolites, 1079, 1081
Thermal insulation, section lines for, 202
Thermoforming of plastic, 156
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), 129
Thermoplastic polyesters, 128
Thermoplastic rubbers (TPR), 128
Thermoplastics
common types, 127–28
defined, 122
manufacturing processes, 153–57
for pipe, 877
Thermoset plastics
applications, 128
common types, 128
defined, 122
manufacturing processes, 157–58
Thermostat, 1016, 1021
Thickness, bend allowance and, 782
Thin materials, section drawings of, 202
Third-angle projection, 251
elements of, 252–53, 254
THL. See True-height lines (THL)
Thorson, Troy, 1135
Thread design guidelines, 410–14
external threads, designing, 411–12
pipe threads, designing, 412–14
threaded holes, designing, 410–11
Threaded and coupled (T&C) pipe, 879
Threaded fasteners, 408–09
bolts and nuts, 408, 409
cap screws, 409, 410
machine screws, 408, 409
set screws, 409, 410
Threaded holes, designing, 410–11
Threaded rods, 153
Thread form, 394
Thread inserts, 414, 415
Thread notes, 403–05, 406
Acme thread, 404
CADD, 406, 408
in drawings, 404–05, 406
metric threads, 404
Unifi ed and American National
threads, 403
first-angle projection, 254
geometric tolerancing, 477, 501, 502
integrated circuit, 837
linkages, 679–80
material condition, 492, 493, 496
metric fits, 358
nondestructive tests, 763–64
piping, 900, 901–2, 901–7
recycle symbol, 168
sizes, 830, 831, 838, 840
symmetry, 531
third-angle projection, 254
welding, 745, 749–51, 752, 766
Symbols for Mechanical And Acoustical
Elements As Used In Schematic
diagrams, 811
Symbols library
CADD, 97
Symmetrical features
position tolerancing, 531
Symmetrical objects, dimensioning of, 334
Symmetrical shape
dimensioning, 325
Symmetry geometric tolerance, 530–32
Symmetry symbol, 197, 198
Synerject LLC, 89
Synopsys, Inc., 850
Synthetic rubbers, 128–29
Systems, defined, 983
Systems approach to engineering design,
1130–31
T
T&C pipe. See Threaded and coupled
(T&C) pipe
Table movements (milling machine), 143
Tables, 780, 782
Tabular, 612
Tabular dimensioning, 327
Tags, 901, 1028
Tails in welding symbols, 749, 750
Tangent arcs
drawing, 233
Tangent circles, distance between, 629
Tangents
construction, 233–36
defi ned, 179, 224
design and drafting applications, 233–36
Tap drill (thread), 394
Tapered roller bearings, 710
Taper pins, 418–19
Taper pipe threads, 413–14
Taper taps, 395, 411
Taps (thread), 394, 395
Taps, 153
defined, 1037
Tap set, 395
Tax incentives for wind power generators, 826
Team, 1132
Technical drafting/drawing. See Engineering
drawing
Technical illustration, 88
pictorial drawings versus, 565, 566
Technical illustrators, 20, 22, 23–24, 24, 589
Tektronix parts library, 33–341296 INDEX
Uniform accelerated motion, 685–86
UniFormat, uniform classification
system, 987–88
Uniform classifi cation system, 987–88
Unilateral profi le tolerance, 534–36, 538,
539, 540–41
Unilateral tolerance, 323, 351, 534
Unions, for screwed pipe, 882, 885
United States (U.S.) customary units, 327
United States Department of Energy
National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL), 825
United States National CAD Standard
(NCS), 30, 112
Unit flatness, 505
Units
conventional standards and practices,
327, 328–29
electronics, 835–36
in site plans, 1097
in surveying, 1079
in welding symbols, 751
Unit straightness, 504
Universal milling machines, 143
Universal recycle symbol, 168
UNS. See Unifi ed Numbering System (UNS)
Unsaturated polyesters, 128
Unsectioned features, 446–47
Unspecifi ed inch tolerance, 352–53
Unspecifi ed metric tolerance, 353–54
Unspecifi ed tolerances, 59
Uploading, on beams, 955
Upper control limits, 166, 351
Upset forging, 138
Urea formaldehyde, 128
User interface, 188
USGBC. See U.S. Green Building Council
(USGBC)
Utility Scale Solar, Inc., 116
Utility services drawings, 1089–91
V
V28™ Lithium-Ion Sawzall, 1135
Vacuum bag forming, 158, 159
Value, 1132
Value chain integration, 1152
Value numbers, 836
Valve actuator symbols, 901, 902
Valves (piping), 887–91, 900, 901, 902
Vanadium alloy, 123
Vanishing point left (VPL), 578, 580
Vanishing point right (VPR), 578, 580
Vanishing point vertical (VPV), 578
Vanish thread, 394
Variable air volume (VAV)
box, 1044
units, 1018
Variable resistors, 830
Variable-value device, 830
Variation, 166
V-belts, 728
basic features, 728–29
common configurations, 729
drive design, 731–34
Vellum, 52
True geometry view, defined, 249
True-height lines (THL), 579
True poles, magnetic poles versus, 1074–75
True position, 512
True Y fittings, 881
Truncated cylinder pattern development,
1048–49
Truncated prism pattern development,
1047–48
Truncated pyramid, pattern development
of a, 1052
Truncated solids
defined, 222
Trunk lines, 812
Truss roof system, 947, 954
T-slot, 153
Tubing
copper, 877
steel, 877
structural, 963–64
Tudor arch beams, 953, 957
Tungsten, 123, 125
Tungsten carbide, 125
Tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) welding, 747
TurboCAD, 74
Turnarounds, 1104
Turning aprons, 1102
Turning points, 1079–80
Turnouts, 1103
Turret lathes, 141
Two-dimensional drawings
overview, 71, 76, 77
creating from parametric solid models, 270
Two-pipe hot-water system, 1018
Two-point perspective, 578, 580
Two single-segment feature control frames,
517, 519
Two-view drawings, 256
Typical cross sections, 976, 978
U
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 969,
971, 992, 1019
U groove welds, 754
UL. See Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Ultrasonic machining, 145
Unconstrained line, 204, 205
Undercuts, 153
Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 1144
Undimensioned Drawings, 780, 792, 842
Undimensioned drawings, 792, 1061
ASME standard, 780, 792
media used for, 793
tolerances, 793
Unequal bilateral tolerance, 351
Unequally disposed profi le tolerance, 538,
540–41
Unidirectional dimensioning, 326
Unifi ed and American National threads, 403
Unifi ed Inch Screw Threads, 394
Unifi ed Numbering System (UNS), 125–26
Unifi ed Screw Threads Metric
Translation, 394
Unifi ed thread form, 395
Unifi ed Thread Series, 393
Tolerancing applications (continued)
maximum and least material
conditions, 355
metric tolerances, specified and
unspecifi ed, 353–54
single limits, 352
statistical tolerancing, 354, 355
Tongue-and-groove decking, 960
Tongue-and-groove facings, 887
Tool-and-die design drafter, 22
Tool design, 160, 161, 162, 373
designer’s tools, 377–78
process, 374–77
Tool offset, 164
Tool path displays, 382
Tool process, 374–77
Tool runout, 411
Top-down assembly, 108
Topographical drafter, 16
Topography, on site plans, 1092, 1093
Torsion, 424, 765
Torsion bar spring, 424
Total indicator reading (TIR). See Full
indicator movement (FIM)
Total quality management (TQM), 1134
Total runout, 544–45
Total station theodolites, 1081
Townships, 1083
Toyota production system (TPS), 1132
TPE. See Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE)
TPR. See Thermoplastic rubbers (TPR)
TPS. See Toyota production system (TPS)
TQM. See Total quality management (TQM)
Track drafting machine, 13, 46
Trademarks, 32–33
Trails, in exploded assemblies, 575
Trammel method, 178, 178–79
Transfer molding, 157
Transferring, triangles, 229
Transistors, 832
Transition fits, 358
Transition piece, 786
Transition piece development, 1054
Transition piece pattern development,
drawing, 1052–55
Transit lines, 1087
Transits, 1079, 1081
Transit stations, 1107
Transit theodolites, 1081
Translational degrees of freedom, 481, 482
Transmission, electricity, 814
Transmitter symbols, 202
Transparency of drafting media, 51
Transportation piping, 869
Transportation waste, 1132, 1133
Travel of angled pipe, finding, 919
Traverses, 1075–77
Traverse stations, 1075
Triangles, 43–44
basic features, 220–21
guide to constructing, 231
transferring, 229
Triangulation, 231, 1053
curve-to-curve, 1055
TRIM command, 401
Trimetric projection, 563, 574–75
True azimuth, 1073–74INDEX 1297
Wood pipe, 878
Wood screws, 414
Wool seals, 715
Work features, 108
Work habits, 113
Working depth, spur gear formula, 697
Working drawing, 596
analysis, 620–27
assembly drawings, 603–04, 605
change order (CO), 616–18, 619
coordination in structural drafting,
933–36
detail assembly, 605–06
detail drawings, 598–99
drawings, editing, 618–19
engineering change notice (ECN),
616–18, 619
engineering change order (ECO),
616–18, 619
engineering change redraw, 620
engineering change request (ECR),
615–16
erection assembly, 606, 609
general assembly, 605
identifi cation numbers in, 607–08,
715–16
layout assembly, 604–05, 606
overview, 597
parts lists for, 608–12
pictorial assembly, 607, 610
from prototype, 620
purchase parts, 612–14
subassembly, 606–07
Work results, 986
Workstation, 71, 72, 113
World Wide Web, 92–93
Worm gears, 695, 705–06, 707
basic features, 695
designing and drawing, 706
Wrench, 2–7, 3–7
X
Xenon (CADD software), 73
Xeriscaping, 1118
Xerography, 62
XLINE command, 267
Y
Yellow belts, 1134
Y turnarounds, 1104
Z
Zero geometric tolerance, 512
Zero positional tolerance, 513–14
at maximum material condition (MMC),
529, 531
Zinc, section lines for, 202
Zoned control system, 1018
Zoning, 57
Zuken, Inc., 850
Web-browser plug-in, 92–93
Web-enabled virtual reality modeling
language (VRML), 92–93
Web site research, 1065
Weld-all-around symbol, 760, 761
Welded connections, 968
Welded pipe, 877
fittings, 881
Welded wire reinforcement (WWR), 937–38
Welding
advantages, 745–46
drawing elements for, 748–51
forge method, 138
importance of understanding, 768
indicating locations for, 755, 757–59
overview, 745
penetration, length, and other
information, 759–62
pipe connection by, 879
processes, 746–48
specifications, 765
tests of, 762–64
weld design guidelines, 765
weld types, 751–55
Welding fixtures, 375
Welding jigs. See Welding fixtures
Welding ring, 881, 882
Weld length and pitch, 760–61
Weldments, 749
Weld-neck flanges, 885, 886
Weldolets, 881, 884
Weld symbols, 749–50, 751
White cast iron, 122
White metal
section lines for, 202
Whitworth screw threads, 394
Whitworth thread form, 396
Whole depth, 697, 706
Whole-systems approach to engineering
design, 1130–31
Wide-mouth taps, 1037
Widths of bearings, 710–11, 713
Wildfi re zones, 1103
roof coverings in, 1103
Windchill, 75
Windows, in reinforced concrete walls, 952
Wind power, electricity generation from,
825–27
remote installations, 826, 827
residential electricity generation, 825–26
tax incentives, 826
Wireframe models, 76, 77
Wire list (WL), 612
Wire reinforcement, 937–38, 943
Wiring diagram
electrical drafting, 811, 812
semipictorial, 846, 847
WL. See Wire list (WL)
Wood, section lines for, 202
Wood frame construction, 947–60
anchoring to masonry, 947, 956
engineered wood products, 953, 955,
959–60
heavy timber, 948, 950, 955
laminated beam, 950, 953, 957–58
overview, 947
standard callouts, 957–60
Ventilation
air-to-air heat exchangers, 1020
sources of pollutants, 1019–20
Verification, 850
Vertex, defined, 222
Vertical band saw, 144
Vertical curve, 1091
point, 1091
Vertical mills, 142
Vertical scales, exaggerated, 1089
Vertical uppercase Gothic, 13
Vertices, defined, 76
V groove welds, 753
Vicinity map, 1094, 1097
View enlargements
for auxiliary views, 297
CADD tools and options, 269, 271
in multiview drawings, 258–59
Viewing-plane lines, 200, 200–201, 297, 298
View selection, 254–62
Virtual, defined, 74
Virtual Building software, 74
Virtual condition, 513, 528–29, 530, 531
Virtual reality (VR)
applications, 89–90
opportunities, 93
passive, 90
tools for, 90–93
Virtual team, 1152
Virtual worlds, 92–93
Viscosity, 713
Visible lines, 195
Visual engineering, 1152
VOC. See Voice of the customer (VOC)
Voice of the customer (VOC), 1139
Volute spring, 425
VPL. See Vanishing point left (VPL)
VPR. See Vanishing point right (VPR)
VPV. See Vanishing point vertical (VPV)
VR. See Virtual reality (VR)
VRML. See Web-enabled virtual reality
modeling language (VRML)
Vulcanization, 128, 158
W
Waffle fl oors, 938, 940
Waiting-time waste, 1132, 1133
Walk-throughs, 89
Wall details, 979, 982
Warm air (WA), 1016–17
Washers, drawing, 418
Waste
defined, 1133
elimination, 1133
lean manufacturing and, 1133
Toyota production system (TPS)
and, 1132
Water, section lines for, 202
Water jet cutting, 144–45
Water Pik, Inc., 110–11
Wave solder, 842
Wave spring, 424–25. See also Flat wire
compression springs
Waviness of surfaces, 372
Web-based collaboration, 79–80
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