(لا توجد تقييمات)
Loading...Designing Wind Turbines – Synthesis Lectures on Renewable Energy Technologies
Engineering and Manufacturing Process in the Industrial Context
Uwe Ritschel, Michael Beyer
Contents
1 Wind Energy Basics . 1
1.1 Why Wind Turbines? . 1
1.2 Concepts to Utilize Wind Energy 2
1.2.1 Drag-Type Wind Turbines . 3
1.2.2 Lift-Type Wind Turbines 4
1.2.3 Power Performance of Different Concepts . 6
1.3 The cP(λ) Curve . 8
1.4 Electrical Energy from Wind 9
1.5 The Power Curve 9
2 Modern Wind Turbines 13
2.1 Geometry with Upwind Rotor . 13
2.2 Components and Systems . 15
2.3 Rotor Blades 16
2.4 Towers . 20
2.5 Power Generation System . 24
2.6 Essential Control Concepts 27
2.6.1 Variable Speed Operation by Torque Control . 27
2.6.2 Power Regulation by Blade Pitch . 29
2.7 Alternative Power Regulation Concepts . 31
2.8 Operational States 31
2.8.1 Safety System 33
2.9 Why All Utility-Scale Wind Turbines Look Similar 33
2.10 Some Recent Wind-Industry Trends 35
2.10.1 Trend to Lower Specific Power . 35
2.10.2 Cost of Energy . 35
2.10.3 Trend to High Onshore Towers . 36
2.10.4 Other Trends . 36
2.10.5 Onshore and Offshore . 37
2.11 Wind Turbines Used for Illustration in This Book 37
ixx Contents
3 Development Process and Requirements . 43
3.1 Modern Development Process . 43
3.2 Engineering Process 45
3.3 Standards, Guidelines, Certification . 46
3.4 Load Cases, Ultimate and Fatigue Loads 49
3.5 Vertical Integration of Manufacturing in Wind Industry . 52
3.6 Transport and Logistics . 54
3.7 Requirements for Offshore Wind Energy 56
4 Drivetrain 57
4.1 Gearbox or No Gearbox? . 57
4.2 Hub Concept 59
4.3 Rotor Bearing . 60
4.4 Separated or Integrated Drivetrain 61
4.5 Wind Turbines with Gearbox and High-Speed Generator 63
4.5.1 Low-Speed Side—Machine Frame and Rotor Bearing
Concepts 63
4.5.2 Gearbox and Its Interfaces . 69
4.5.3 High-Speed Shaft and Connection of Gearbox
and Generator 70
4.5.4 High Speed Generator . 70
4.5.5 Drivetrain Dynamics for Wind Turbine with Gearbox . 71
4.6 Concepts with Medium Speed Generator 73
4.7 Direct Drive Concepts 74
4.7.1 Type of Generator 75
4.7.2 The Air Gap Challenge 76
4.7.3 Position of the Generator and Integration Concept 76
4.7.4 Inner and Outer Rotor . 77
4.7.5 Eleon as an Example 78
5 Structural Components 81
5.1 Materials and Manufacturing Process for Main Components . 81
5.1.1 Cast Iron and Casting Process 82
5.1.2 Construction Steel and Welding 83
5.1.3 Forged Alloy Steel 84
5.1.4 Glas Fiber Reinforced Plastic 84
5.2 Hub 85
5.2.1 Hub Design Concept 86
5.2.2 2 MW Hub Design and Structural Analysis 88
5.2.3 Hub Stability Analysis 90
5.3 Machine Frame 90
5.3.1 Sizing and Analysis . 91Contents xi
5.3.2 Optimizing the Structure 97
5.4 Generator Frame . 99
5.5 Main Shaft 101
5.5.1 Sizing and Analysis . 101
5.6 High Speed Shaft 105
5.7 Rotor Lock 106
5.8 Nacelle Cover and Spinner 108
5.8.1 Nacelle Cover 109
5.8.2 Spinner . 111
6 Bearings 113
6.1 Main Bearing 113
6.1.1 Bearing Housing . 117
6.2 Pitch Bearing 119
6.3 Yaw Bearing 121
7 Gearbox 123
7.1 Gearbox Concepts 123
7.1.1 Alternative Gearbox Concepts 127
7.2 Shrink Disc . 127
7.3 Torque Support 129
7.4 Slip Ring and Rotary Union . 133
8 Bolt Connections 135
8.1 Basics Concepts . 135
8.2 Main Shaft to Hub . 140
8.3 Main Bearing Housing 142
8.4 Tower Top 144
9 Yaw and Pitch System . 147
9.1 Yaw System . 147
9.1.1 Layout 147
9.1.2 Sizing . 148
9.2 Pitch System 152
9.2.1 Layout 152
9.2.2 Sizing . 153
10 Auxiliary Systems and Secondary Steel 157
10.1 Mechanical Brake 157
10.1.1 Layout 158
10.1.2 Sizing . 158
10.2 Meteorological System . 159
10.3 Cooling and Heating . 161
10.3.1 Basics Heat Exchange . 161xii Contents
10.3.2 Layout 162
10.3.3 HVAC 163
10.4 Hydraulics 165
10.5 Tower Internals 167
References 173
كلمة سر فك الضغط : books-world.net
The Unzip Password : books-world.net
تحميل
يجب عليك التسجيل في الموقع لكي تتمكن من التحميل
تسجيل | تسجيل الدخول
