Design Principles of Metal Cutting Machine Tools
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F. Koenigsberger
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Design Principles of Metal Cutting Machine Tools
by
F. Koenigsberger
D.Sc, M.I.Mech.E., M.I.Prod.E., Mem.A.S.M.E.
Professor of Machine Tool Engineering
The Manchester College of Science and Technology
University of Manchester
PART I
Introduction
4 CALCULATION DATA
PART II
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Table of Contents
Preface
SI Units
- What is Total Energy?
- Principal Prime Movers used in Total Energy Production
- Steam Turbines and Total Energy
- Governor Systems for Industrial Steam Turbo-Alternators
- Open-Cycle Gas Turbines and Total Energy
- Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines and Total Energy
- Diesel and Gas Engines and Total Energy
- The Fuel Cell and Total Energy
- Refrigeration and Total Energy
- District Heating and Total Energy
- Existing Total Energy Schemes in North America
- Economic Assessment of Total Energy
Bibliography
Index
Subject Index
Accelerations 203
Acceptance tests 210
Air inclusions 125, 126, 132
Angles of rotation 196
errors 196, 197
due to wear 197
pitch error (of lead screw) 196, 197
Apertures 46, 47, 48, 58
Arbors, milling 268
Automatic
alignment 211
error compensation 211
control 161-211
machines 185-211
measuring instrument 197
“Milwaukee-Matic” boring and milling 208
operational movement 197
setting movements 69
work programme 185
magnetic disc 195
magnetic drum 195, 201, 203
magnetic tape 185, 194, 195, 205, 206
photographic film 195
punched card 185, 194, 195, 201
punched tape, 185, 194, 195, 201, 207, 208
“reader” 201, 208
operations 161
“Automation” 162
“Back-bending”
effects 273
moments 273, 281
Backlash 16, 193, 201, 204, 207
automatic elimination 149
Balance weight 271
Bearings 52
anti-friction 256
axial thrust 271
“back-bending” effect 52
ball 273
alignment errors 273
ball-and-roller 273
carrying structures 51
cylindrical roller 274
double-taper roller 274
expansion 281
“Filmatic” 281
” G A M E T ” arrangement 274
“Hydrauto” 279, 280
hydrostatic 266
lathe spindle 274
Mackensen 280
main 68
main journal 271
multiple arrangement 273
misalignment 273
multi-surface 280
needle roller 277
plain 278,281
friction resistance of 278
play in the bearing 52
play adjustment 278
pre-loads 52
pressure lubricated 53
roller 273
load carrying capacity 273
self-aligning 273, 281
S K F double-row cylindrical roller 275
taper roller 273
under load 51
Belt speeds 285
Bending stiffness 44, 46, 50
Boring machine
horizontal type 231, 232, 233, 267, 271, 294, 295
Lindner jig 300
Plauert-Wetzel 253, 254
spindle 267
vertical tvpe 276
table 277
Broaching 21-3
cutting resistance 21
maximum force 22
specific cutting resistance 22
Bull-wheel 290
Cam 173
control 175
feed 183
Cam-and-crank, linkage combination 141
Cam-and-rack unit 141
Cam-operated devices 141
Camshaft, master 176
Change points 206
Chatter 55, 216
Chip
disposal 225
removal 225, 229, 230
section 29, 30
Clamping 185, 305, 308
collet 183
devices 164, 220, 221
magnetic 164
positive 164
forces 164, 165
mechanisms 165, 307
moment 52
motorized 309
operation 166, 183
power operated 307
Clutches 109, 162
disengagement 178
dog 162, 163, 178
electromagnetic 282
slipping 181
Coding rings 208 322 S U B J E C T I N D E X
Damping 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
capacity 62
Datum point 202, 207
Deflexion of the spindle (see Spindle deflexion)
Deformations
of the bearing 51
of a spindle 51
of a wall panel 47
Diameter
range 75
range ratio 70
Diametral error 215
Differential transformer 197, 200
Disturbances 204
Drilling 6-9
axial thrust 7
cutting forces 7
cutting speed 8
feed rate, 7, 8
specific cutting resistance 7
torque 7
Drilling machines 172, 213, 216
cutting edge force symmetry 217
pillar 294
feed drive 294
Raboma radial 302
radial 213, 217, 233, 235, 305
axial force \P’ 217
base plate deformation 213
spindle head 217
Collet
clamping 183
feed 183
Computer, electronic 205, 206, 207
Constant torque 98,118
Constructional elements 211-38
cast iron 44, 45, 222
beam 45
rolled steel 44
steel-casting 225
welded steel 222
Control
devices 201
interpolator 205
“numerical control” 194
two-dimensional 192
engineering 193
equipment 193
information 194
binary system 194, 195
decimal/binary system 195
loop 194, 203
operations 43
signals 192, 195, 197
amplification 204
error 204
“false” 201
systems 99, 193
analogue/digital converter 196
analogue method 196, 200, 205
British Thompson-Houston 201
continuous path 203
devices 154
digital method 196, 197
electro-optical (Ferranti) 197
digital principle 197
E.M.I. 205
energy 175, 177, 182
equipment 95-109, 199
error signals 174, 195
feedback 298
Ferranti 198, 199, 206, 207
change points 206, 207
points of inflexion 206, 207
reflecting scale 198
transparent glass scale 198
hydraulic 184
operations 171, 203
positioning movement 174
pressure compensation 184
programme 175
sequence 173
shaft 174, 182
auxiliary 182
master 182
signal 171, 182
switching operations 176
valve 188
Controls 162
Coordinate setting 202
Copying
device 187
slide 190
systems 193
dynamic behaviour 193
force amplification 193
instability 193
stability 194
static behaviour 193
threshold 193
velocity amplification 193
velocity error 194
Counting
device, electronic 198
direction of movement 198
photo-electric cells 198
displacement 198
frequency 198
velocity 198
mechanism 205
Couplings 109
elastic 109
Cover plates 46, 58
Cross roller chain 258
Cross slides, 168, 183
Cutter head 268
Cutting
force 30
pulsating 43
movement 1, 70
speed 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 29, 69, 282
constant 178
economic 2
feeds 3, 9
permissible 2
range ratio 70
recommended 6
Cutting tool
cooling 29
feed rate, geometric influence 27
lubrication of 29
materials 6
high-speed steel 6, 8
cutting speeds and feeds 9
carbide 6
Cylinders 154 SUBJECT I N D E X
spindle inclination 271
spindles 271,272
“Webo” pillar 284, 285
Driver
one-sided 25
twin 25
Drives 95-161
belt 109
flat 109
cam 142
operated 137
chain 109
clutch-type 113
gear 115, 116
composite 117
crank 137
cutting 282-300
rectilinear 287
efficiency 125
volumetric 178
electric 95-109
feed 291
feed reversing 296
friction 119, 120, 124
friction coefficient 69
gear 29, 67
helical 142
Heynau 120
hydraulic 125, 126, 150, 184
advantages 125
“Meander” 111
mechanization of 162
motor 29, 30
non-composite gear 118
nylon belt 109
phase lag 67
pinion-and-rack 142
piston-and-cylinder 152
P.I.V. 122-4
efficiency 123
planing machine 37
planing machine table 288, 289
Pry mm 121
rack-and-pinion 149, 152
backlash 150
backlash elimination 150
rectilinear reciprocating 136
reversing 290
rotational movement 109
Ruppert-type gear 115
screw 148, 149
backlash 148
efficiency 148
stiffness 148
screw-and-nut 149, 152
efficiency 149
single-motor 95
sliding gear 116,291
slip 125
spindle 285, 286
static friction 69
stepless 70, 119, 124
stepped 70, 109
stepping motor, 299
surfacing 297
two-axes 75, 76
Vee-belt 109
wheel-segment and rack 142
winding gear 115
Driving motors, electric 95, 96
braking 99
solenoid-operated brakes 97, 99
reverse current 97
direction of rotation 97
efficiency 97-9, 133
high frequency 97
high-speed 109
interlock-devices 100, 101, 107
low-speed 109
minimum speed 99
stick-slip 99
motor speed 99
pole-changes 73
power factor 97
reversing of 99, 107
shunt-wound 97
slip ring 96
speed adjustment 97
squirrel-cage 96
nominal torque 96
starting torque 96
standard speeds 97
starting 107
current 96
resistance 97
torque 96
under load 96-8
stopping 107
Dwell 184
Dynamic
bending lines 65
deflexions 61
performance 43
rigidity 43, 55-69
shapes 63
spring constant 55
stiffness 56
of oil film 62
Effective stiffness 53
Efficiency 23, 30, 37-9
lever layout 39
overall 37
reciprocating machines 37
Electric starters, star delta 96
Electrical controls 99
single-lever 101
Electrical interlocking 103
Electro-mechanical equipment 102
Elongation of fastening bolts 50
Energy, transmission 182
Exciting frequency 56
Facing 8
Fatigue 39
Feed
bar 183
collet 183
drive 204, 291, 294
accessibility 271
mechanisms 74
movement 1, 184, 203, 291
rate 2, 29, 30, 69, 74, 76
screws 231, 235
standard 74
velocity 203
323 3 2 4 S U B J E C T I N D E X
Filters 154
Finishing operations 26, 27
roughing 26, 27
Fixtures, milling 167
Fly-wheels 68, 69
Forst-Enor vane pump 128
Free-wheel 177
coupling 100
feed 177
rapid traverse 177
Friction clutches 116
Frictional resistance 204
Gearbox
clutch type 76
draw-key type 76, 291
eighteen speed 191
speed diagram 191
idling resistance of 96
lathe feed 291
layout diagram 79
Norton-type 76, 291
speed range 111
number of steps of 77
output speeds 95
pre-selector 113
sliding gear 76
standard 82
standard speed ranges of 95
“Varia 25” type 284,285
Gears
centre distances of 85
combinations 88
conversion 110
drives (see Drives, gear)
-hobbing machine 203
dividing accuracy 203
intermediate reduction 77
part drive 78
P.I.V. 294
pumps 127, 132
ratio 75-8, 82, 83
reduction 75
layout of 75
teeth
numbers of teeth 75, 83, 87, 89
calculation of the 86
difference between numbers of teeth of 2 adjacent
gears 87
minimum possible sum of the 85, 87, 92
sum of the 8 5 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 2 , 9 3
General requirements 23-30
accuracy 27
of shape 23
deviations
from circular shape 25
from cylindrical form 25
from required dimensions 25
workpiece shape 24
dimensional accuracy 23, 27
economy 29
feed rates, 30
productivity 23, 29
rate of metal removal 23
separation of measuring and driving elements 27
spindle speeds 30
surface finish 23
Geneva mechanism 303, 304
Germar tables 93, 95
Gratings 207 (see also Optical gratings)
Grinding 19-21
accuracy of ground workpiece 186
circumferential speed of workpiece 21
correcting device 186
costs 69
cutting speed 20
cylindrical 19, 20
depth setting 20
dressing diamond 186
external cylindrical 21
feed rate 20
forces 19
internal 21
instantaneous chip section 20
longitudinal feed rate 21
machines 214, 233
bed 2 1 4 , 2 3 3
centreless 256
Churchill 280
“Diskus” 233
feed drive layout 142
“Fulcro-Sizer” cylindrical 185, 186
internal 186
surface 233
power requirements 20
surface 21
wheel 19, 20
bond hardness 19
bond strength 20
boron carbide 19
carbide 19
circumferential speed 21
corundum 19
cutting-of 20
emery 19
grain size 19
silicon 19
soft 19
wear 20, 21
workpiece, arc of contact 21
Hydraulic
copying device 190
driving units 132
efficiency 157
equipment 190
motor 126, 132, 150, 152, 207
cylinder and piston 150
variable speed 152
pre-selection 302
device 303
unit 190
“Inchworm” unit 300
Inertia
forces 96, 289
loads 43
Interchangeability of finished components 28
Internal grinding spindle 125
Jig boring machine 199
Schwartzkopf 199
block gauge system 199
length scales 199 S U B J E C T I N D E X
Joining elements 50
Joints 50
flanged 50
pre-load 50
“rubbing” effect 61
Jones and Lamson machine 228
Kienzle diagram 58, 63
Lathe 24
alignment 227
automatic 175, 182, 185
bed 61
centre 30-3, 215, 227
apron 293
nomogram 31, 32
working accuracy 246
Churchill-Fay 166
copying 189, 283
loading device 189
deformations 24
diametral error 246-50
“Frontor” 277
“Heycomat” 229
horizontal deviation 250
caused by wear 246, 247
“Neomat” 227
roll turning 228
“Waldrick” 229
Schaerer 148, 178, 229, 267
spindle 267, 274
head gearbox 282
turret 169, 282
Lead-screws 292
interlocking 292
metric 110
Lightweight construction 56
Lubrication (see also Oil) 29, 308, 311
central 309, 310
point 309
film stiffness 53
film thickness 53
hydrodynamic 273, 278, 280, 281
pressure 53
pump 311
Machine tools
bearings 29
load carrying capacity 43, 46
manufacturing limits 210
materials
cast iron 45
rigidity 43
slideways 29, 203
spindle speeds 29, 30
stiffness 27, 29, 43, 44, 46, 220, 221
strength 29
testing 210
torsional stiffness 220
wear 229
Machining marks 193
Machines
friction of 193
natural frequencies of 193
reversing action of 137, 141
semi-automatic 185
single-purpose 69
tracer-controlled 186
Magazine 208
Magnetostriction 300
“Magnetostrictor” 300
Maintenance 37, 39
Mandrell, centring 270
Master’s (see Templates)
Material
consumption 45, 46
damping 58
Maximum cutting force 13
Mean power 13
Measuring devices 195, 200
scales 200
length scales 199
magnetic scales 200
sensing head 200, 201
Measuring systems 201
Mechanical interlocking 103
Mechanism
driving 178
stiffness 178
“dropping worm” 178
Geneva 183
latch 179
Middle chip thickness 13
Mild steel 45
Milling 10-19
average force required 19
chatter 16
chip section 10, 11
chip thickness 10, 16, 17
climb milling 16
copy milling 187
cutter head 17
cutting force 11
components 14
periodicity 17
pulsation 10
resistance 11, 12
cutting resistance
specific 12, 15, 16
variations 10
cutting speed, feet/min. 15
depth of cut 10,11
down-cut 16, 17
face 10
milling 17
nomogram 18
feed
per minute 12
per tooth 12
rate 173
force pulsation frequency 16
instantaneous chip thickness 10
load conditions 17
maximum chip thickness 12
middle chip thickness 12, 17
nomogram
maximum and average cutter force 14
operations 36
power determination 19
profile 191, 192
slab 10, 12
milling 17
spindle drive 87, 90
tool life 16
up-cut 16
325 326 S U B J E C T I N D E X
Milling (continued)
vibrations 10
width of cut 10, 11
Milling machines 33-9, 102, 233
cylindrical 233
efficiency of drive 35
Fairey-Ferranti, special 209
input power 35
modes of vibration 62
net cutting power 35
net feed-drive power 35
nomogram 34, 35
numerically controlled 205
piano 233, 253
power balances 35
production 237
profile 204
rate of metal removal 35
recommended cutting speeds 35
single-purpose 107
spindle 269,275
nose 268
taper spindle 268
total power 35
vertical 286, 287
Model experiments 60
Motor
adjustment 178
eccentricity 178
Motors {see also Driving motors)
pump
piston type 133
vane type 133, 152
oscillating 154
Moving masses
friction 203
stiffness 203
Movement, operating handles, wheels etc. 37
Natural frequency 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62
Oil 125 (see also Lubrication)
compressibility 125
coefficient 126
flow 152,263
circuit design 154
circuit efficiency 158
“closed” circuit 159
counter-pressure 157, 159
delivery 156
hydraulic circuit 155
leakage losses 159
pressure drop 156, 157
throttle adjustment 152
throttle resistance 156
throttle valve 156, 157
hydraulic 125
velocities 126
viscosity 125, 263
Operating devices 300-12
control levers 304, 305
hand-wheels 304
hydraulic pre-selection 303
locking 303, 304
measuring 300
optical instruments 300
positioning 304
speed change 301
switching 303
Operational
accuracy 210
accuracy 210
speeds 29
Optical gratings 196, 197, 203
Moire interference pattern 196, 197, 199
Optimum cutting conditions 27
Overload 181
device 182
protection 125, 164
relay 119
valve 135
Pantograph 194
Parabolic interpolation 205
Patterns 224
Permissible
deformations 43
maximum deflexion 45
maximum stress 45
Phase angles 61
Pipes 154
flexible 190
pipe connexions 190
Pistons 154, 190
rod 152
velocity 155, 156
Pitch circle diameters 83, 87
Planing 21
intermittent feed movement 21
machines 220, 289
Plungers 152
Points of inflexion 206
Positioning
movement 203
operation 202
Power 30
constant 98, 118, 119
feed 102
idling 36
input 36
net 30
reversing and return movement 37
Profiling operations 203
Programme 203, 205, 209
Pulley
cone 76, 83, 84
diameters 75, 83
jockey 83, 84
Pump/motor unit
output torque 135
range of output speeds 135
total efficiency 134
Pumps
adjustment 178
auxiliary 159
axial piston 131
constant delivery 127, 156, 159
delivery 127, 128, 131
pulsations 132
eccentricity 134, 178
efficiency 132
Forst-Enor 128
gear 127, 132
Jahns-Thoma 131
Lauf-Thoma 130 S U B J E C T I N D E X
leakage losses 127, 131, 134
loss adjustment 128
lubricating 311
mechanical efficiency 134
motor eccentricity 134
oil gear 131
piston 131, 132
power output 132, 133
pressure drop 133
screw conveyor 128
vane type 128, 129, 132
vanes 130
thickness 129
variable delivery 128,152
volumetric efficiency 127
Quadrant 109
Quick-return mechanisms 138
braking 146
efficiency 148
friction losses 147, 148
heat losses 146, 147, 148
infinitely variable speed 122, 152
irreversibility 148, 152
reducing heat losses 147
reversing action 138, 148, 162, 221, 289
reversing operation 184
reversing speed 184
speed-range ratio 139
starting action 147
velocity curves 138
Whitworth 137
Radial drilling machine 50
Rapid switching movement 183
Rapid traverse 100, 101, 102
Rate of metal removal 13
Reaming 8
cutting speeds and feeds, high-speed steel reamers 9
Recirculating
ball nut 148, 149, 207, 300
pre-load 149
cages 258
elements 258
Rectilinear movements 196
Reference point 202
Repair work 37, 39
Resonance 57, 58
Restrictor 266
Roller chain 258 (see also Cross roller chain)
“Rubbing faces” 60
Safety factors 119
Safety of the operator 97
Screw and nut efficiency 148
Screwcutting 292, 294
Screw-thread
inch 110
metric 110
Servomechanism 200, 203, 204
Shafts 67
power 83
standard speeds 83
under load 83
torques 82, 83
Setting movement 201, 291
Shaping 21
intermittent feed movement 21
Shear
deflexions 45
stresses 45
Signal transmission 191
“Signal trip dog discs” 183
Sizing device 174
Slides 220 (see also Slideways)
Slideways 220, 226, 230, 231, 235, 239-66
adjustable strip 240
air lubricated 259
ball-bearing 208
ball slide 258
chip accumulation and removal 239
cover plates 254
telescopic 254
covering belts 254
covers 229
cylinder 239
cylindrical grinding elements 242
dirt 252
dovetail 239, 241, 242
ease of assembly 239
felt seals 254
film thickness 259
flame-hardened 244
flat 239
friction
coefficient 255
conditions 239, 255
resistance 255, 256, 259
guiding
accuracy 239
elements 239
rail 258,259
hardened steel 228
hardened surfaces 244
holding strips 241
hydrodynamic lubrication 256
hydrostatic 259
hydrostatically lubricated 207
layout 226
load-carrying capacity 239, 260, 264
lubrication 239
lubrication grooves 256
mean specific pressure 244
mean surface pressure 252
needle bearing arrangement 257
negative damping 255
oil film thickness 259, 260, 266
overdetermined, design 233
play adjustment 241
pressure distribution 252
protection 253
rates of wear 244
restraint 239
-free guiding device 243
roller-bearing 257
roller-slide 256, 258, 259
rubber seals 254
“running in” 244
saddle 229
scrapers 255
seals 252,254
semi-fluid friction 256
sliding speeds 256
specific surface pressures 245, 248, 252
spring-loaded rollers 257
327 328 S U B J E C T I N D E X
Slideways (continued)
stability 241, 252
steel tape 255
“stick-slip” 255
stiffness 252, 259, 264
surface pressure 244
surface roughness of sliding surfaces 244
taper strip 241
Vee 239, 240, 249, 250
wear 228, 239, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 255,
259
compensation 239
wedged strip 242
Slip gears 76, 109
Slipping clutch 119
Slow feed 293
Spacers 167
“Sparking out” 184
Speed change 208
infinitely variable 284
motorised 302
Speed ranges 56, 57, 69, 70, 74
ratio 70
Speed values 109
Spindles 266,270
balancing 270
bayonet fixing 268
bearings 266-81
boring machine 267
centring accuracy 269
centring elements 266
concentricity of location 268
deflexion 51, 52
drilling machine 271
drives 67
lathe 267
length 271
main 266
milling 268, 269
machine 268
nose 267, 268
number of steps 74, 75
preferred numbers 72
quick change device 269
ratio 74
speed 74, 76
range 71, 74
arithmetic progression 72
saw diagram 72
geometric progression 71, 72, 73
saw diagram 71, 72
logarithmic progression 72
saw diagram 72
ratio 75
standardization 69-95
variation 69
standard
geometric progression 83
speeds 73
steps 73
step ratio 75
tapered 279
unit 270
Spring constant 44
Stability diagrams 55
Standards 3 7
Static behaviour 193
Static
friction 204
stiffness 43-55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62
Statistical methods 211
Stick-slip 193, 300
phenomena 201, 275
Stifleners 45,46,47,48
Stiffness 43, 193
cumulative 43
Stroke 136
limitation 178
rigid stop 178, 182
Structures 211-38
accessibility of welded seams 238
adjustable wedge units 214
anchor bolts 213
apertures 220, 224, 235
assembly of 213
ball-bearing housing 225
beds 211,231
long type 213
box section 230, 238
cellular construction (in Germany) 225, 235
centre lathe 215
deformations of the bed 215
diametral error 215
closed-box section 44, 228, 233, 234
columns 211
deformations 213, 215
diagonal stifleners 228
direction of forces 213
drilling machine 216
spindle axes inclinations 217
drilling operation concentricity 217
ease of manufacture 213
economy of material 224
finished weight 224
foundations 213
frames 211
heat treatment 224
inertia forces 215
installation 213
internal stresses 224
layouts of design 213
levelling 213,214
light-alloy castings 225
lightening holes 224
lightweight construction 233
loading conditions 213
machining allowance 224
maintenance 213
materials 213
material consumption 223, 224
milling machine 222, 233, 234, 237
arbor support 220
bed 235,236
column 219
knee 219,220
milling arbor 219, 220
overarm 219
saddle 219
spindle 219
table 219,220
welded design 237
outer stay 231
planing machine 220, 221
bed 221
core displacements 223
cross-beam 220, 221
bending stiffness 221
stability 221S U B J E C T I N D E X
deflexion of the bed 221
weight of the table 221
points of application 213
power requirements 213
shell construction (in Germany) 225
slideway layout 226
sliding properties 223
spindle-bearing housing 225
static stiffness 233
stiffening 228
Peters arrangement 228
stiffness 213, 215
stresses 213, 215
stress relieving heat treatment 223
supporting wedges 211
three-point support 213
torsional stiffness 221
tubular section 44
vibration conditions 215, 217
vibration rigidity 233
weld assembly 238
welded construction 224, 225
weldment 223, 224
Surface
roughness 28
waviness 28, 66
theoretical 66
Surfacing 168, 177
Swarf
barrow 230
conveyor
five-spindle automatic machine 226
Synchro-resolves 196, 197
“Inductosyn” 196, 197
analogue principle 197
error voltage 197
“hair-comb’ winding 197
moving scale 197
reference scale 197
servo motor 197
slider 197
Table feed 208
Taper
turning attachment 176, 177
turning device 187
Tapping 8
cutting speeds, high speed steel taps 9
Taylor
constant 1
equation 2
Temperature rise 26, 27
Templates 187, 189, 192, 194, 209
Threads (see Screw threads)
Three-dimensional copying 193
device 191, 192
Tool 2, 69
changes 269
holders 167
life 2, 69, 204
Torque
constant 69
variation 69
Torsional stiffness 44, 46, 50, 67
Tracer 190, 191
control 187
increased amplification 188
mechanism 187
error 188
natural frequency 188
stability 188
working accuracy 188
lever 192
Transducer 189
Transmission
elastic 109
errors 93
positive 125
load 124
torque 123
power 109
ranges 82
ratio 75, 76, 78, 82-95
layout diagram 82
overall 78
small 86
speed diagram 82, 83
standard range 76, 87
Traverse, rapid 177
Turbine, compressed air 125
Turning 3-6
chatter 5
chip section 4
cutting force 3, 5
components 4
cutting speed 4, 5
depth of cut 3
external copy 191
operations 191
facing operations 294
feed force component 5
feed rate 5
forced vibration 4
heat conduction 5
internal copy
operations 191
main cutting force component 5
operations 35
power requirements 4, 5
radial component 5
specific cutting resistance 4, 5
tool
approach angle 6
life 5
negative rake 5
rake angles 3, 4
vibrations 3
Turret
head 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 183,H84
slide 183
square 168
Twist drill 6, 7, 8
cross edge 6
pointing 7
effective rake angle 6, 7
helix angle 6, 7
relief angle 6
Universal milling head 287, 288
Valves 154
balancing 159
differential 158
“Cincinnati” 160
electro-hydraulic 207
329330 S U B J E C T I N D E X
Valves (continued)
overload 159
pre-selector 302
reduction 157
spool 190, 264, 266
dynamic response 266
leakage 266
stiction 266
throttle 159, 184
Velocity amplification 193
Vertical boring machine 61, 171
Vibrations 28
amplitudes 61
forced 55, 63
free 55
problems 55
self-excited 55
tests 60
torsional 67
Wall panels 43, 47, 48
Wall thicknesses 45
Ward-Leonard 192
control 148
sets 96,98,119
Washers, C-shaped 110
Welded joints 61
Welding
fixtures 224
labour costs 224
Whitworth
quick-return mechanism 137
Width of cut 13
Working accuracy 43, 53, 193
Workpiece
clamping 164
measurements 27
Worm
disengaging movement 181
dropping 181
tilting axis 181
Wulfel-Kopp Tourator 121 ^ x.
s – iTu/mtn
rin. 28aQ-ZSO
0-160
0100-
0-0S3 ,
0-OWA—|—+-
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Diamtter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.
F I G . 22b
M
e
C4 3 2’5 2 I ‘ i-S 2 2-5 ‘ 3 3-i
Dtam« t e r ( d h in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.
F I G . 22bj, dtgrtts
Diomtttr(d), in. W i d t h(b). in.
F I G . 22b#, dtgrtts
Diom« t e r ( d ) , in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.
F I G . 22bj , dtgrttt
Diomtttf(d). in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.
F I G . 22b
m
I
or, dtgrttt
3 2-5 2 i-5 l 5 2 2T~~
F I G . 22b
I!
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Oiomtttr(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.f , d t g r t M
Diamtter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.
F I G . 22b^ , degrees
Diometer(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in,
F I G . 22b, degrees
Diameter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . . in.
F I G . 22b
M
9^ , d e g r e e s
0 20 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 :4Q i60 180
Diameter(d), in. W i d t h ( b ) . in.
F I G . 22b
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