تكنولوجيا الخرسانة – الإصدار الثاني
Concrete Technology Second Edition
A. M. Neville, J.J. Brooks
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Concrete as a structural material
What is concrete?
Good concrete
Composite materials
Role of interfaces
Approach to study of concrete
2 Cement
Manufacture of Portland cement
Basic chemistry of cement
Hydration of cement
Heat of hydration and strength
Tests on cement
Fineness of cement
Consistence of standard paste
Setting time
Soundness
Strength
Types of Portland cement
Ordinary Portland (Type I) cement
Rapid-hardening Portland (Type III) cement
Special rapid-hardening Portland cements
Low-heat Portland (Type IV) cement
Modified (Type II) cement
Sulfate-resisting (Type V) cement
Portland blast-furnace (Type IS) cement
Supersulfated (slag) cement
White and coloured Portland cements
Portland-pozzolan (Types IP, P and I(PM)) cements
Other Portland cements
Expansive (or expanding) cements
Pozzolans
High-alumina cement (HAC)
Other Pozzolans
Cementitious materials
Bibliography
Problems
Normal aggregate
Size classification
Petrographic classification
Shape and texture classification
Mechanical properties
Bond
Strength
Toughness
Hardness
Physical properties
Specific gravity
Bulk density
Porosity and absorption
Moisture content
Bulking of sand
Unsoundness due to volume changes
Thermal properties
Deleterious substances
Organic impurities
Clay and other fine material
Salt contamination
Unsoundness due to impurities
Sieve analysis
Grading curves
Fineness modulus
Grading requirements
Maximum aggregate size
Practical gradings
Gap-graded aggregate
Bibliography
Problems
Quality of water
Mixing water
Curing water
Tests on water
Bibliography
Problems
Fresh concrete
Workability
Factors affecting workability
Cohesion and segregation
Bleeding
Workability tests
Slump test
Compacting factor and compactability tests
Vebe test
Flow table test
Ball penetration test 89
Comparison of tests
Density (unit mass or unit weight in air) of fresh concrete
Bibliography
Problems
6 Strength of concrete
Fracture mechanics approach
Tensile strength considerations
Behaviour under compressive stress
Practical criteria of strength
Porosity
Gel/space ratio
Total voids in concrete
Pore size distribution
Microcracking and stress-strain relation
Factors in strength of concrete
Water/cement ratio, degree of compaction, and age
Aggregate/cement ratio
Aggregate properties
Transition zone
Bibliography
Problems
7 Mixing, handling, placing, and
compacting concrete
Mixers
Charging the mixer
Uniformity of mixing
Mixing time
Prolonged mixing
Ready-mixed concrete
Handling
Pumped concrete
Placing and compacting
Vibration of concrete
Internal vibrators
External vibrators
Vibrating tables
Revibration
Shotcrete
Preplaced aggregate concrete
Bibliography
Problems
8 Admixtures
Accelerators
Set-retarders
Water-reducers (plasticizers )
Superplasticizers
Additives and fillers
Bonding admixtures
Waterproofing and anti-bacterial admixtures
Final remarks
Bibliography
Problems
Temperature problems in concreting
Hot-weather problems
Hot-weather concreting
Large concrete masses
Cold-weather concreting
Bibliography
Problems
Development of strength
Normal curing
Methods of curing
Influence of temperature
Maturity ‘rule’
Steam curing
Bibliography
Problems
Other strength properties
Relation between tensile and compressive strengths
Fatigue strength
Impact strength
Resistance to abrasion
Bond to reinforcement
Bibliography
Problems
Elasticity and creep
Elasticity
Factors influencing the modulus of elasticity
Poisson’s ratio
Creep
Factors influencing creep
Magnitude of creep
Prediction of creep
Effects of creep
Bibliography
Problems
Deformation and cracking independent of load 233
Shrinkage and swelling
Drying shrinkage
Carbonation shrinkage
Factors influencing shrinkage
Prediction of drying shrinkage and swelling
Thermal movement
Effects of restraint and cracking
Types of cracking
Bibliography
Problems
14 Permeability and durability
Permeability
Sulfate attack
Attack by sea water
Acid attack
Alkali-aggregate reaction
Corrosion of reinforcement
Bibliography
Problems
15 Resistance to freezing and thawing
Action of frost
Frost-resistant concrete
Air-entraining agents
Factors influencing air entrainment
Measurement of air content
Other effects of air entrainment
Bibliography
Problems
16 Testing
Precision of testing
Analysis of fresh concrete
Strength tests
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Test cores
Accelerated curing
Schmidt hammer
Penetration resistance
Pull-out test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Other tests
Bibliography
Problems
Conformity with specifications
Variability of strength
Acceptance and conformity
Conformity requirements for other properties
Quality control charts
Bibliography
Problems
Lightweight concrete
Classification of lightweight concretes
Types of lightweight aggregate
Properties of lightweight aggregate concrete
Aerated concrete
No-fines concrete
Bibliography
Problems
Mix design
Factors to be considered
Water/cement ratio
Type of cement
Durability
Workability and water content
Choice of aggregate
Cement content
Aggregate content
Trial mixes
American method – Examples
Example I
Example II
British method – Examples
Example III
Example IV
Design of lightweight aggregate mixes
Example V
Example VI
Bibliography
Problems
Special concretes
Polymer-concrete composites
Recycled concrete aggregate
Fibre reinforced concrete
Ferrocement
Roller compacted concrete
High performance concrete
Self-consolidating (self-compacting) concrete
Bibliography
Problems
An overview
Problems
Relevant American and British Standards
Index
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