Advanced Teranostic Materials
من سلسلة علم المواد المتقدمة
Advanced Material Series
Ashutosh Tiwari, Hirak K. Patra and Jeong-Woo Choi
Contents
Preface xiii
Part 1: System Biology and Translational Medicine
1 Aberrant Signaling Pathways 3
Gulnaz T. Javan, Sheree J. Finley, Ismail Can, Amandeep
Salhotra, Ashinm Malhotra, and Shivani Soni
1.1 Cancer 4
1.2 Pathways Deregulated in Cancer: Introduction 4
1.3 Introduction to Nanotechnology 6
1.3.1 Overview of Clinical Nanotechnology 9
1.3.2 Current Usage in Cancer Treatment 13
1.4 Current Uses in Cancer Diagnostic 14
1.4.1 Te Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-AKT Pathway 15
1.4.2 Te MAPK Pathway 18
1.4.3 mTOR Pathway 20
1.4.4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 23
Acknowledgment 26
References 27
2 Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 37
Behnoud Hormozi
2.1 Introduction 38
2.1.1 Nanotechnology 38
2.1.2 Nanobiotechnology 38
2.1.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 39
2.1.4 Cancer and Nano in Medicine 41
2.2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 41
2.3 Nanoparticle Platforms as Drug Delivery Systems for
Cancer Terapy 43vi Contents
2.3.1 Lipid-based Nanoparticle Platforms 44
2.3.2 Polymer-based Nanoparticle Platforms 45
2.3.3 Protein-based Nanoparticle Platforms 47
2.3.4 Inorganic Nanoparticle Platforms 47
2.4 Teranostic Nanomedicine 50
2.4.1 Teranostic Nanomedicine for Cancer Terapy 54
2.5 Selective Drug Delivery and Encapsulation for
Chemotherapy 54
2.6 Stimuli-Sensitive Nanopreparations 55
2.7 Multifunctional Nanopreparations 56
2.8 Cancer Nanotechnology: Future and Challenges 58
References 59
3 Biomacromolecule-Gated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery
Systems for Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Release 67
Xuezhong Du
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Protein-Gated MSN Drug Delivery Systems 69
3.2.1 Ligand-Binding Protein-Gated MSN Systems 70
3.2.2 Metal-Chelating Protein-Gated MSN Systems 74
3.3 DNA-Gated MSN Drug Delivery Systems 75
3.3.1 Single-Stranded DNA-Gated MSN Systems 76
3.3.2 Double-Stranded DNA-Gated MSN Systems 77
3.3.3 Hairpin or Quadruplex DNA-Gated MSN Systems 80
3.3.4 Native DNA-Gated MSN Systems 83
3.3.5 Near-Infrared Light-Triggered DNA-Gated MSN
Systems 87
3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 89
Acknowledgments 90
References 90
4 Construction of Functional DNA Nanostructures for
Teranostic Applications 93
Jiang Li, Fan Li, Hao Pei, Lihua Wang, Qing Huang,
and Chunhai Fan
4.1 Te Progress of Structural DNA Nanotechnology 94
4.2 DNA Nanostructures for Diagnostics 96
4.3 DNA Nanostructures for Diagnostics on the Interface 96
4.4 Diagnostic in Homogeneous Solution 99Contents vii
4.4.1 Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNA) Probes for
Detections in Solution 99
4.4.2 Nanochips in Solution 100
4.4.3 Intracellular/In Vivo Diagnosis 103
4.5 DNA Nanostructures for Terapeutics 106
4.5.1 Delivery of Small-Molecular Drugs 107
4.5.2 Delivery of CpG DNAs 109
4.5.3 RNA Interference (RNAi) 111
4.5.4 Delivery of Proteins 114
4.6 Integration of Diagnosis and Terapy: Smart DNA
Teranostic Nanodevices 115
4.7 Targeted Delivery 115
4.8 Controlled/Triggered Release 117
4.9 Summary and Perspectives 119
4.9.1 Te Bioe?ects of DNA Nanostructures 119
4.9.2 Purity and Yield 120
4.9.3 Dynamic Structures for Teranostic 120
References 121
Part 2: Imaging and Terapeutics
5 Dimercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
as a Localized Delivery System in Cancer Immunotherapy 133
Raquel Mej?as, Luc?a Gutiérrez, Mar?a P. Morales, and
Domingo F. Barber
5.1 Introduction 134
5.1.1 Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems 134
5.1.2 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer
Treatment 135
5.1.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP) 135
5.1.4 Nanoparticle Biodistribution and Degradation 136
5.2 Nanoparticle Detection and Quantifcation: In Vitro and
In Vivo Techniques 137
5.2.1 Optical Microscopy 137
5.2.2 Colorimetric Assays 137
5.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 138
5.2.4 Magnetic Methods 140
5.2.5 Elemental Analysis 142
5.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 143viii Contents
5.3 Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity 143
5.3.1 In Vitro Toxicity 143
5.4 Magnetic Targeting of Nanoparticles 147
5.5 A Specifc Example: DMSA-Coated Magnetic
Nanoparticles 148
5.5.1 In Vitro DMSA-MNP Uptake and
Intracellular Localization 148
5.5.2 In Vitro DMSA-MNP Toxicity 149
5.5.3 In Vitro DMSA-MNP-Induced Cell Stress and
Apoptosis 150
5.5.4 In Vivo DMSA-MNP Distribution 150
5.5.5 In Vivo DMSA-MNP-Induced Toxicity 152
5.5.6 In Vivo DMSA-MNP Biotransformation 152
5.6 Conclusions 153
Acknowledgments 154
References 154
6 Cardiovascular Nanomedicine 159
Suryyani Deb and Hirak Kumar Patra
6.1 Introduction 160
6.2 Nanoscale Cardiovascular Diagnostics 160
6.2.1 Cardiac Molecular Biomarker Detection
from Peripheral Blood 161
6.2.2 Diagnosis through Nano-based Molecular
Imaging 163
6.2.3 Determination of Stem Cell Delivery 165
6.3 Nanotechnology in Cardiovascular Terapeutics 167
6.3.1 Drug Delivery 167
6.3.2 Gene Delivery 169
6.3.3 Tissue Engineering 169
6.4 Nanotechnology in the Surgery of Cardiovascular
Disease 170
6.5 Conclusion 172
References 173
7 Chitosan-based Interpenetrating Polymeric Network
Systems for Sustained Drug Release 183
Amit Kumar Nayak and Dilipkumar Pal
7.1 Introduction 184
7.2 IPNs and Teir Uses in Drug Delivery 185
7.3 Chitosan 187Contents ix
7.4 Chitosan-Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide IPN
Microparticles and Matrix Tablets for Sustained
Release of Aceclofenac 189
7.5 Chitosan-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose IPN Microspheres of
Isoniazid 193
7.6 Chitosan-Methyl Cellulose IPN Microspheres of
Teophylline 194
7.7 Chitosan-Acrylamide-Grafed-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and
Hydrolyzed Acrylamide-Grafed-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) IPN
Microgels of Cefadroxil 198
7.8 Chitosan-Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)
IPN Discs of Diclofenac Sodium 199
7.9 Chitosan-Poly(Ethylene Oxide-Grafed-Acrylamide)
Semi-IPN Hydrogel Microspheres of Capecitabine 200
7.10 Acrylamide-Grafed Dextran-Chitosan Semi-IPN
Microspheres of Acyclovir 201
7.11 Chitosan-Acrylamide-Grafed Hydroxyethylcellulose
Semi-IPN Microspheres of Diclofenac Sodium 202
7.12 Poly [N-Acryloylglycine-Chitosan] IPN Hydrogel of
5-Fluorouracil 202
7.13 Chitosan-N,N?-Dimethylacrylamide Semi-IPN
Microspheres of Chlorothiazide 203
7.14 Conclusion 203
References 204
8 Nanocapsules in Biomedicine 209
Frank J. Hernandez, Murat Kavruk, Luiza I. Hernandez,
and Veli C. Ozalp
8.1 Nanocapsules: A Novel Nano-Drug Delivery System 210
8.2 Magic Bullets: Nanocapsules in Future Medicine 211
8.3 In Vitro Applications of Nanocapsules 212
8.3.1 Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Materials
for Controlled Drug Delivery 212
8.3.2 Cationic Polymer Nanocapsules for Controlled
Multi-drug Delivery 220
8.3.3 Lipid Nanocapsules 221
8.4 In Vivo Applications of Nanocapsules 224
8.4.1 In Vivo Diagnostic Imaging 225
8.4.2 In Vivo Terapeutics 226
8.5 Conclusions 228
References 228x Contents
9 Chitosan-based Polyelectrolyte Complexes 235
Bojan ?alija, Neboj?a Ceki?, and Jela Mili?
9.1 Introduction 236
9.2 Chitosans: Chemical Structure, Physicochemical
Properties, and Toxicological and Regulatory Aspects 237
9.2.1 Chemical Structure and Source 237
9.2.2 Physicochemical Properties 238
9.2.3 Toxicological and Regulatory Aspects 239
9.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Teoretical Background,
Structure, and Basic Properties 240
9.4 Chitosan-based Polyelectrolyte Complexes in
Particulate Drug Carriers 242
9.4.1 PECs Comprised of Chitosans and Natural
or Semisynthetic Polyanions 243
9.4.2 PECs Comprised of Chitosans and Synthetic
Polyanions 249
9.4.3 In?uence of Chitosans Functional Properties
and Experimental Conditions on Polyelectrolyte
Complexation 254
9.5 Characterization of Chitosan-Based PECs and
Chitosan-based PEC Particulate Drug Carriers 258
9.5.1 Size and Morphology 258
9.5.2 Zeta Potential 259
9.5.3 Structural Analysis 259
9.5.4 Encapsulation Efciency and Drug Loading
Capacity 261
9.5.5 In Vitro Swelling Studies 262
9.5.6 In Vitro Drug Release Studies 263
9.6 Conclusion 263
Acknowledgment 264
References 264
Part 3: Diagnostics and Featured Prognostics
10. Non-invasive Glucose Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials 273
Farnoush Faridbod, Mohammad Reza Ganjali,
Bagher Larijani and Parviz Norouzi
10.1 Diabetes and Its Prevalence 274
10.2 Importance of Glucose Monitoring 274
10.3 Glucose Measurement Methods 275Contents xi
10.4 Non-invasive Glucose Determination 275
10.4.1 Non-invasive Glucose Determination Using
Tissues 276
10.4.2 Non-invasive Glucose Determination
Method Using Fluids 277
10.5 Glucose Biosensors 279
10.6 New Generation of Non-invasive Glucose
Biosensors-Based Nanomaterials 281
10.7 Future Perspective in Glucose Monitoring 290
10.8 Conclusion 292
References 292
11 Self-Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles 297
Arun Prakash Upadhyay, Dilip Kumar Behara,
Gyan Prakash Sharma, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, and
Sri Sivakumar
11.1 Introduction 297
11.2 Self-Assembly through Molecular Interactions/Forces 298
11.2.1 Van der Waals Interactions 298
11.2.2 Electrostatic Interaction 301
11.3 Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions 304
11.3.1 Covalent Interactions 306
11.3.2 DNA-Based Cross-Linking Interactions 311
11.4 Directed Self-Assembly by External Forces 315
11.4.1 Magnetic Field-Driven Directed Self-Assembly 315
11.4.2 Electric Field-Driven Directed Self-Assembly 319
11.4.3 Flow Field-Driven Directed Self-Assembly 321
11.5 Conclusion 325
Acknowledgment 326
References 326
Index 33
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