Acoustic Emission Testing – Basics for Research Applications in Civil Engineering
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Acoustic Emission Testing – Basics for Research Applications in Civil Engineering
Christian U. Grosse · Masayasu Ohtsu (Eds.)
Table of Contents
Preface V
Authors VII
Part A Basics
- Introduction 3
Christian U. Grosse - History and Fundamentals . 11
Masayasu Ohtsu - Sensors and Instruments 19
Masayasu Ohtsu - Parametric AE Analysis . 41
Tomoki Shiotani - Signal-Based AE Analysis . 53
Christian U. Grosse, Lindsay M. Linzer - Source Localization . 101
Jochen H. Kurz, Stefan Köppel, Lindsay Linzer, Barbara Schechinger,
Christian U. Grosse - Source Mechanisms 149
Masayasu Ohtsu - Moment Tensor Analysis .175
Masayasu OhtsuX Table of Contents
Part B Applications - General Remarks on Applications 203
Masayasu Ohtsu - AE in Concrete 211
Masayasu Ohtsu - Acoustic Emission in Study of Rock Stability 239
Gerd Manthei, Jürgen Eisenblätter - AE in Wood 311
Eric N. Landis - Superstructures 323
Mitsuhiro Shigeishi - Substructures 341
Tomoki Shiotani - Wireless AE techniques 367
Christian U. Grosse - Opportunities, Limitations, Accuracy and Skill 383
Thomas Vogel, Barbara Schechinger
Synonyms and often used Abbreviations 397
Index 399
Synonyms and often used Abbreviations
A/D Analogue to digital converter
AE Acoustic emission
AE analysis Acoustic emission analysis or acoustic emission techniques
AIC Akaike information criterion
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CLVD Compensated linear vector dipole
CMOD Crack-month opening displacement
DAS Data acquisition system
DB Dilatancy boundary
DC Double-Couple
DFT Discrete Fourier transformation
EDZ Excavation disturbed zone
FDM Finite difference method
FEM Finite element method
FFT Fast Fourier transformation
GUI Graphical user interface
ISO Isotropic component
JHD Joint hypocenter determination
LMA Long term average
MEMS Micro electro mechanical systems
MS Microseimic
MSC Magnitude squared coherence
MTI Moment tensor inversion
NDE Non-destructive evaluation
NDT Non-destructive testing
PDF Propability density function
PMMA Polymethylmethacrylat
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
P-Wave Compressional wave
PZT Lead zirconate titanate
RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging
RC Reinforced concrete
RMS Root mean square
RMTI Relative moment tensor inversion
S-Wave Shear wave
S Source function
SiGMA Simplified Green’s functions for moment tensor analysis
SEM Scanning electron microscope
SM Seismic moment
SRM Standard reference material
STA Short term average
TF Transfer function
TR Transient recorder
Tr Trace (of a tensor)
URL Underground research laboratory
UT Ultrasonic test or ultrasonic testing
VESPA Velocity spectral analysis
VRML Virtual reality modeling language
WSN Wireless sensor networkIndex
1
1-dimensional (1-D) localization 103
1-dimensional localization 102, 123
2
2- or 3-dimensional localization 123
2-D localization 108
2-dimensional localization 103
3
3-D localization 105, 116
3-D velocity model 136
A
A/D(analog to digital) conversion 36
absolute calibration 30
accessibility 378
Accuracy 380
acoustic coupling 197
acoustic impedance 31
advantages of AE 5
AEWG 15
aggregate-restraint 208
Amplitude 40
amplitude distribution 209, 352
b value 210
Amplitude Distribution 46
anisotropy 375
Anti-aliasing filter 37
apparent velocity 110
array localization
array aperture 109
sensor array 109
Sensor array 111
Array localization 108
arrival time 105, 119, 122
arrival-time difference 37, 198
attenuation 36, 375
Q value 36
automatic 97
automatic onset detection 96
automatic onset determination 101
automatic picker 98
automatic picking 97
automatized 386
average frequency 45, 199, 217
Average frequency 42
B
back-azimuth 109, 111, 114, 116
band-pass filter 200
beam forming 111
beam packing 112
beampacking 114, 115
energy of the beam 112
f-k analysis 113, 114, 115
frequency wavenumber analysis 112
bending load 317, 318
bending test 181, 318
bending-mode failure 211
bending-moment 324
bottom steel 327
bottom steel slab 328
breeding water 204
brick 344
Brick 353
bridge construction 327
Burgers vector 153
buried pulse 147, 170
burst signal 4
b-value 46, 352
C
calibrated 385
calibration coefficient 175
calm ratio 44, 213, 320, 321, 328, 349,
351, 352
capacitive sensor 20
capacitive transducer 29
capillary break 30, 150cast-in-place concrete pile 334
circle method 104
CMOD 214
composite floor slab 327
concrete bridge 324
concrete pier 342
concrete pile 332
concrete structure 314
conical transducer 27
consistency 204
constitutive behavior 5
contact time 30
Continuous emission 4
corrosion 214, 225
Costs 379
count 37, 198
Count/ring-down count 40
Counts to Peak 40
couplant 31
couple force 161
double couple 161
crack 125, 127
crack kinematics 160
crack kinetics 157, 159
crack volume 154
creep strain 209
Curie point 34
cyclic bending test 319
D
damage evolution 186
damage mechanics 221
damage evolution 221
damage parameter 221
damage parameter 186
damage tensor 158
dB (decibels) 35
dead time 39
debonding 155
delta function 21, 145
diagonal crack 212, 225
differential evolution algorithm 132
dip plane 180
dipole force 160
dislocation 153
double-couple model 163
double-difference method 132, 133
duration 37, 198
Duration 41
E
earthquake 7
ed concrete building
concrete 316, 317
shear 316, 317
tensile 317
eigenstrain 158
eigenvalue analyses
eigenvalues 180
eigenvalue analysis 177
eigenvalues analyses
eigenvalues 177
elastic wave 17, 19
dispersive wave 142
guided wave 17
Lamb wave 17
Love wave 17
P wave 17, 148
Rayleigh wave 17
S wave 17, 148
sonic wave 17
SP wave 148
ultrasonic wave 17
electro-magnetic noise 35
empirical Green’s function 158
energy 37, 198
Energy 41
energy released 6
energy-moment 198
epicenter 104, 105
error ellipsoid 118, 123, 135
event 37, 198
event-counting 213
EWGAE 15
F
face-to-face 31
Far-field seismology 7
fatigue crack 325
fatigue damage 327
fatigue deterioration 324
fatigue loading 327, 328
Felicity ratio 43
Filtering 376
flat frequency response 9
floor slab 321, 322
Fourier transform 21, 156
four-point-bending test 127
fracture energy 307fracture process zone 224
free vibration 23
Frequency 42
Frequency centroid 42
frequency spectrum 37, 198
friction process 6
G
gain 16
Gauss’s integral theorem 143
generalized theory 146
geophysics 386
girder bridge 317
grid search 106, 135
localization procedure for wood 106
guided waves 375
H
half-cell potential 216
C.S.E 216
high-pass filter 345, 351, 354
hit 37, 198
Hit 40
hit-lockout time 39
Hooke’s Law 5
hybrid method 133
hydro-fracturing 180
hyperbola 119
hyperbola method 104
hypocenter 105, 106
hypocentre 116
I
IAES 15
improved b-value 46
infrastructure 314
bridge 314
building 314
inhomogeneities 381
inhomogenities 125
Initial frequency 42
in-plane motion 192
inverse Fourier transform 156
inverse problem 95
iterative localization 122, 123, 124, 125
accuracy 123
density functions 124
iterative linearized localization 118
Reliability 123
J
joint hypocentre determination 132
Joint hypocentre determination 131
JSNDI 15
K
Kaiser effect 13, 213, 317, 319, 320
Kaiser Effect 43
kinematics 166
kinetics 166
L L1
norm 106
L2 norm 106
Lamb wave 142
Lamb’s problem 146, 147
Lamb’s solution 29, 31, 170
laser vibrometer 30
leakage test 187
linearization 116
load ratio 44, 213, 320, 321
localization 6, 100, 375
localization accuracy 120, 129, 131
Localization accuracy 119
localization algorithms 105
nonlinear localization 134, 135
localization error 118, 122, 123
spatial error 121
Localization errors 118
long-term monitoring 378
low-pass filter 354
M
main amplifier 200
Martensite transformation 11
martensite transformations 12
masonry building 315
structure 315
maximum amplitude 198
mercury intrusion method 219
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems 9
micro-seismic activity 12
microseismicity 7micro-seismology 8
Mindlin’s solutions 22
mixture proportion 203
moment tensor inversion 169
monitoring 104
N
near-field seismology 7
NIST 27
nonlinear methods 132
non-slump concrete 205
O
One-dimensional location 338
onset 95, 98, 100, 101
onset time 380
optical fiber sensor 34
origin time 95
out-of-plane motion 182
over-reinforced 212
P
P wave 172
Parameter 39, 40
parameter-based AET 9
passage 350
peak amplitude 37
Peak frequency 42
pencil-lead break 30, 150, 158
penny-shaped tensile crack 155
picker 100
pickers 97
picking 97
Picking 380
pier 350
piezoelectric effect 19
pile 332
Pile 332
planar localization 103
point source 95, 116
pore distribution 219
post analysis 186, 192
pre-amplifier 200
probabilistic inversion 134
propagation 383
pull-push model 166
R
RA value 42, 45, 199, 217
RADAR 6
Railway 341
railway bridge 350
railway pier 346
rainfall 215
rate process 218
Rayleigh wave 150
receiver 96
reciprocity method 29
reflection coefficient 174
reinforced concrete (RC) 317
bridge 317
reinforced concrete bridge 321
reinforced concrete building 315, 316
concrete 315
shear 315
tensile 315, 316
reinforced concrete girder 320
reinforced concrete slab 327
reinforced concrete structure 320
reinforcing-steel rod 323
Relative localization 131
relocalization 133
reproducible 6
residuals 105, 106, 116, 117, 122, 123
resonance 22, 23
Nominal resonance 23
Resonant transducer 9
Reverberation frequency 42
rise time 37, 198
Rise time 41
RMS (root mean square) voltage 37,
198
road bridge 318, 322
Robinson-type steel-concrete composite
floor slab 328
rock-bursts 11
Roller-compacted concrete 204
RTRI 348, 349, 350, 351, 352
RTRI ratio 44, 345
S
S wave 172
sampling rate 40
scanning 3
scattering 375
secondary AE activity 341, 355seismic wave 7
seismogram 7
seismology 7
self-restraint 208
SEM 218
sensitivity 375
sensor array 115
sensor distribution 375
sensor output ratio 321
shear-mode failure 212
signal characteristic 4
signal envelope 41
signal-to-noise 16
signal-to-noise ratio 6
Site conditions 377
Skills 384
slowness 110, 111, 112, 114
Snell’s law 172
source 96, 108
source coordinates 107
source coordinates 118, 134
source localization 122, 123, 127
earthquake source localization 95
source coordinates 95
source time 105
source-time function 154
SP wave 172
spatial filter 200, 345
split 154
standard source 197, 201
steel box-girder 324
Steel bridge 324
steel frame 318
steel member 324
steel mold 327
steel plate 327
steel side plate 327
steel slab 324
steel structure
concrete 314
fatigue 314
structure 314
traffic 314
Steel structure 314
steel-concrete composite 327
steel-concrete composite slab 327, 328
steel-slab 325
strain energy release rate 309
Substructure 332
superstructure 320, 321, 324, 329
superstructures
bridge 315
building 315
concrete 315
steel 315
traffic 315
surface crack 225
surface pulse 147
T
tension-softening 224
the secondary AE activity 342, 345
three-point-bending test 126
threshold 39, 40
threshold level 198, 200, 213
tin-cry 11
traffic control 322
traffic load 44, 321, 323, 325, 329
Train 342
train passage 342, 343
training 385
transfer function 22
travel time 105, 116, 135
two-dimensional (2-D) problem 182
in-plane motion 182
out-of-plane motion 182
U
ultrasound 6
under-reinforced 212
V
VC test 204
VC value 204
VRML 189, 192, 225
W
water leakage 192
wave propagation 375
Waveforms 383
waveguide 29
weight matrix 117
wire breaks 375
wood 302
structure 302
ultrasonic properties 303X
X-Ray 6
Z
zone location method 102
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