Academic Writing – An Introduction
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Janet Giltrow, Richard Gooding, Daniel Burgoyne
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Academic Writing – An Introduction
fourth edition
Janet Giltrow
Richard Gooding
Daniel Burgoyne

Contents
PREFACE • 9
I INTRODUCING GENRE • 13
1A Hearing Voices • 13
IB Hearing Genres • 16
1C High-School vs. University Writing • 20
1D The University as Research Institution • 2 2
2 CITATION AND SUMMARY • 27
2A Introducing Scholarly Citation • 28
2B Is Citation Unique to Scholarly Writing? • 33
2C Why Do Scholars Use Citation? • 38
3 SUMMARY • 45
3A Noting for Gist • 47
3B Recording Levels • 51
3C Using Gist and Levels of Generality to Write Summary • 54
3D Establishing the Summarizer’s Position • 59
3E Reporting Reporting • 64
3F Experts and Non-Experts • 67CONTENTS
4 C H A L L E N G I N G S I T U A T I O N S F O R S U M M A R I Z E R S • 7 7
4A High-Level Passages • 78
4B Low-Level Passages • 83
4C Summarizing Narrative • 87
5 T H I N K-A L O U D P R O T O C O L S I N T H E W R I T I N G
C L A S S R O O M • 9 5
5A Who Do You Think You’re Talking To? • 95
5B Traditions of Commentary on Student Writing • 98
5C An Alternative to Traditional Commentary: The Think-Aloud
Protocol • 101
5D Adapting the Think-Aloud Protocol in the Writing
Classroom • 103
5E Reading on Behalf of Others • 113
5F Reliability of Readers • 116
5G Presupposing vs. Asserting • 119
6 O R C H E S T R A T I N G V O I C E S • 1 2 3
6A Making Speakers Visible: Writing as Conversation • 124
6B Orchestrating Scholarly Voices • 129
6C The Challenges of Non-Scholarly Voices • 134
6D Orchestrating Academic Textbooks and Popular
Writing • 136
6E Research Proposals • 144
7 D E F I N I T I O N • 149
7A Dictionaries • 150
7B Appositions • 151
7C Sustained Definitions • 156
7D The Social Profile of Abstractions and Their Different Roles in
Different Disciplines • 162
8 I N T R O D U C T I O N S • 1 7 1
8A Generalization and Citation • 172
8B Reported Speech • 175
6CONTENTS
8C Documentation • 183
8D State of Knowledge and the Knowledge Deficit • 191
8E Student Versions of the Knowledge Deficit • 196
9 S C H O L A R L Y R E A D E R S • 1 9 9
9A Think-Aloud and Genre Theory • 199
9B The Mental Desktop • 206
I O S C H O L A R L Y S T Y L E S I: N O M I N A L S T Y L E • 2 2 3
10A Common and Uncommon Sense • 223
10 B Is Scholarly Writing Unnecessarily Complicated,
Exclusionary, or Elitist? • 226
10c Nominal Style: Syntactic Density • 230
10D Nominal Style: Ambiguity • 236
10 E Sentence Style and Textual Coherence • 240
I I S C H O L A R L Y S T Y L E S I I: M E S S A G E S A B O U T T H E
A R G U M E N T • 2 4 7
11A Messages about the Argument • 248
11 B The Discursive / • 250
11C Forecasts • 253
11 D Emphasis • 257
12 S C H O L A R L Y S T Y L E S I I I: V I S U A L R H E T O R I C • 263
12A Figures • 264
12B Graphs • 272
12C Tables • 277
12D Research Posters • 282
13 M A K I N G A N D M A I N T A I N I N G K N O W L E D G E I • 285
13A Peer Review • 286
13B Making Knowledge • 290
13C Methods Sections • 294
13D IMRD Structure • 300
13E Qualitative Method and Subject Position • 305
7CONTENTS
1 4 M A K I N G A N D M A I N T A I N I N G K N O W L E D G E I I * 3 1 3
14A Modality • 314
14B Other Markers of the Status of Knowledge • 319
14C Tense and the Story of Research • 328
1 5 C O N C L U S I O N S A N D T H E M O R A L C O M P A S S O F T H E
D I S C I P L I N E S • 3 3 7
15A Conclusions • 338
15B The Moral Compass of the Disciplines: Research
Ethics • 346
15C The Moral Compass of the Disciplines: Moral
Statements • 349
GLOSSARY • 3 5 5
R E F E R E N C E S • 3 7 1
S U B J E C T I N D E X • 383
I N D E X O F A U T H O R S C I T E D • 389
8Subject Index
Note: An /following a page number indicates a figure.
emphasis, 257-61
forecasts, 253-56
self-reference, 248-50
See also introductions
asserting vs. presupposing, 119-21
assertion, 40
audience. See readers
author-date format, 185
author-page format, 184-85
abstraction
characterized, 52
in conclusions, 340, 341
in nominal writing, 240-45
in research genres, 164-68
social and cognitive responses and,
201-03, 2°4> 2I4-I5
in traditional feedback, 100
using appositives to define, 151-56
See also levels of generality
abstracts, 144, 306
academic citation. See citation,
scholarly
academic disciplines
abstraction in, 164-68
documentation styles in, 183-91
knowledge-making procedures in,
290-94
moral statements in, 340-43, 349-54
reported speech in, 175-83, 191-96
research posters and, 282-84
See also research genres
academic journals, 287
active reading
abstraction, reading for, 87-90
gist, noting fo
levels of generality, recording, 51-54
See also readers; think-aloud
protocols
agentless expressions, 178, 237, 255,
294 > 32-3— 2-8
ambiguity in nominal writing, 236-39
anticipatory-zf, 258
appositions/appositives, 151-56, 244-45
argument
discursive I, 193, 250-53, 326
bar graph. See graphs
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS),
184-85
citation
double reporting, 64-67, 130
in everyday conversation, 33-36
in news genres, 37-38
non-scholarly sources, 67-75,
134-36
popular writing, 139-44
reporting expressions, 30-32, 33-36,
59-60, 334
secured generalizations, 172-75
as summary, 27, 45-47
textbook sources, 136-39
See also reported speech;
citation, scholarly
characterized, 28-32, 38-42
documentation styles, 183-91
to establish position, 27, 33-34,
4 I ~42-, 59-64,79, 12.5, 334
in scholarly conversation, 123-28,
129-33, 144-47
tenses, use in, 328-35
See also summary
r
, 47-5i
summary
383SUBJECT INDEX
estimates from positions of limited
knowledge, 315
ethics, research, 346-49
ethics committees, 346
exclusivity in nominal writing, 226-30
experts vs. non-experts, 41, 67-75
citation-sequence format, 185
cleft sentences, 257-58
cognitive vs. social responses, 199-206,
234
commentary. See think-aloud protocols
common vs. uncommon sense, 223-26
community of practice, 27
conclusions
characterized, 337-38
limited knowledge and, 338-40
moral statements in, 340-43, 349-54
research ethics and, 346-49
See also research process
concurrent sessions, 282
conversation, scholarly
characterized, 45-47, 123-28
among researchers, 129-33
abstraction in, 164-68
non-scholarly voices, 67-75, 134-36
in popular writing, 139-44
reported speech in, 175-83, 191-96
in research proposals, 144-47
scholarly citation and, 123-28,
129-33, 144-47
tenses, use of, 328-35, 340
in textbook writing, 136
See also citation, scholarly; summary
Council of Science Editors (CSE), 185
cultural situation, 13-18
failed-then-revised hypotheses, 233
feedback. See think-aloud protocols
feminist reasoning, 308
figures
figure label, 265
general, 264-72
graphs, 272-77
See also visual rhetoric
forecasts, 253-56
form, and genre, 18
formal definition, 156-58
generality
high-level abstraction, 78-82
low-level abstraction, 83-86
See also abstraction
generalizations
secured, 172-75
-39 think-aloud protocols and, 200
genre
characterized, 18-19
genre theory, 16-23, 199-206, 282
news genres, 37-38
relevance theory and, 203-04
See also research genres
genre-specific expectations, 100
genre theory
characterized, 16-19
academic writing and, 20-23
research posters and, 282
social and cognitive responses,
definite expressions, 119
definition
appositions, 151-56, 167
dictionaries, role of, 150-51
formal definition, 156-58
role of, 149
social dimensions of abstraction,
162-70
sustained definition, 156-62
dependent variables, 272
direct speech, 176, 330
disciplines. See academic disciplines
discourse action, 252, 295
discourse communities, 23
discursive I,193, 250-53, 326
discussion section, 302-03
documentation
in academic disciplines, 183-85
function of, 185-91
double reporting, 64-67, 130
199-206
genre violations, 224-25
gist
noting for, 47-51
in think-aloud protocols, 106
in writing summary, 54-59
See also active reading; think-aloud
protocols
graphs, 272-77
bar graph, 273-74
dependent variables, 272
histograms, 274-75
independent variables, 272
line graph, 267
logarithmic graph, 273
emphasis, 257-61
end-weight principle, 258
384SUBJECT INDEX
scatterplots, 275-76
x-axis, 272
y-axis, 272
line graphs. See graphs
listeners’ centre of attention, 96
logarithmic graph. See graphs
management devices, 207
mental desktop theory, 206-14
messages about the argument. See
argument
methodological I, 295
methods, 290-91
methods section, 294-99
MLA (Modern Language Association),
184-85
modality, 193-94, 313-19, 338-40
modals of moral obligation, 350
moral compass of disciplines, 338
moral statements, 340-43, 349-54
mutual knowledge, 96
high-school vs. university writing,
21-23
histograms. See graphs
hypothesis, 193
imprint, 16-17
IMRD (introductions, methods, results,
and discussion), 300-05
independent variables, 272
indeterminacy, 317
indirect speech, 176
informed consent, 346
introductions
documentation, function of, 185-91
documentation styles, 183-85
knowledge deficit, establishing,
191-96
knowledge deficit, student writers,
196-98
reported speech, 175-83, 191-96
secured generalizations in, 172-75
See also argument; research process;
summary
if-extraposition, 258
narrative, summarizing, 87-93
news genres, citation in, 37-38
nominalization
characterized, 177
ambiguity due to, 236-39
common vs. uncommon sense,
223-26
exclusivity and elitism in, 226-30
syntactic density and, 230-35
textual coherence and, 240-45
See also readers; style, scholarly
non-scholarly voices, 67-75, 1134-36
noun phrases, 230
journals, scholarly, 287
keynote sessions, 282
knowledge deficit
characterized, 41
in conclusions, 338-40
establishing, 191-96
peer review and, 286
research proposals and, 144-47
student writers and, 196-98
See also introductions; position;
research process; state of
knowledge
knowledge-making /, 313-19
knowledge-making procedures, 290-94
See also research process
objectivity, 295
obviousness, 322, 325
orchestration, 123-26, 129-33, 145-47,
198, 285-86
See also conversation, scholarly
passive voice, 255
peer review, 286-89
plain language, 224
plenary sessions, 282
popular writing, summarizing, 139-44
position
citation used to establish, 27, 33-34,
4i-4^ 59-64, 79, 12.5, 334
discursive /, 193, 250-53, 326
of limited knowledge, 30-32, 33-36,
59-60, 313-19, 338-40
methodological /, 295
readers’, considering, 116-19,
199-206
levels of generality
recording, 51-54, 71f
in writing summary, 54-59, 78-82,
83-86
See also abstraction; active reading
limitations section, 303-04
limiting expressions, 319-23, 338-40
385SUBJECT INDEX
review articles, 124
See also citation, scholarly; state of
knowledge; style, scholarly
research posters, 282-84
research process
methods section, 294-99
peer review, 286-89
qualitative methods, 305-11
quantitative methods, 300-05
quantitative vs. qualitative study,
290-94
research ethics, 346-49
See also knowledge deficit
research proposals, 144-47
research questions, 90, 145, 193
research sites, 139
research subjects, 67-75, 347
results section, 300-02
review article, 124
reported speech and, 175-83,
191-96
subject position, 308-09
See also conversation, scholarly;
readers; style, scholarly
post-colonial reasoning, 163, 309
posters. See research posters
prestige abstractions, 163, 340
presupposing vs. asserting, 119-21, 343
qualitative methods, 305-11
quantitative methods
discussion, 302
limitations, 303
method, 294-99
results, 300-01
See also research process
quantitative vs. qualitative study,
291-94
scatterplots. See graphs
scholarly citation. See citation, scholarly
scholarly journals, 287
scholarly writing style. See style,
scholarly
secured generalizations, 172-75
self-reference, 248-50, 340
situation
genre and, 18-19
social and cognitive responses and,
199-206
social dimensions of abstraction,
162-70
sociality of knowledge, 164
social vs. cognitive responses, 199-206,
234
state of knowledge
characterized, 40, 124
agentless expressions and, 178, 237,
2-
55, 2-94, 323-28
knowledge deficit and, 191-96,
338-40
limiting expressions, 319-23
modality and, 193-94, 313-19
moral statements and, 340-43,
349-54
reporting expressions and, 30-32,
33-36, 59-60, 334
research proposals and, 144-47
research publications and, 185-86
tenses, use of, 328-35, 340
readers
comprehension of, 101-08
mental desktop theory, 206-14
mutual knowledge of, 95-97,
116-221
social and cognitive responses of,
199-206
See also style, scholarly; think-aloud
protocols
recording levels of generality, 51-54, 71f
relevance theory, 203-04
replication, 296
reported speech
direct vs. indirect, 176-78
establishing position and, 175-83,
191-96
See also citation
reporting expressions, 30-32, 33-36,
59-60, 334
See also citation
reporting reporting, 64-67, 130
reporting verbs, 178, 329, 340
research ethics, 346-49
research genres
abstraction in, 164-68, 240-45, 340,
34i
modality in, 193-94, 313-19,
338-40
moral statements in, 340-43, 349-54
reported speech in, 175-83, 191-96
research proposals, 144-47
386SUBJECT INDEX
tables, 277-82
taxonomy, 241
See also definition
tenses, use of, 328-35, 340
textbook writing, summarizing, 136-39
textual coherence in nominal writing,
240-45
think-aloud protocols
characterized, 95, 101-03
guidelines for readers, 103-07
guidelines for writers, 107-08
mental desktop theory, 206-14
presupposing vs. asserting, 119-21
readers’ position, considering,
116-19
reading on behalf of others, 113-16
social and cognitive responses,
199-206, 215-21
See also active reading
tradition of inquiry, 173
tree diagrams, 52-53, 71/
typified groups, 178
See also introductions; position;
research process
style, scholarly
ambiguity in, 236-39
common vs. uncommon sense,
223-26
discursive I, 193, 250-53, 326
emphasis, 257-61
exclusivity and elitism in, 226-30
figures, general, 264-72
forecasts, 253-56
graphs, 272-77
knowledge-making I, 313-19
research posters, 282-84
self-reference, 248-50
subject position, 308-09
syntactic density of, 230-35
tables, 277-82
tenses, use of, 328-35, 340
textual coherence, 240-45
subject position, 308-09
subjectivity, 308
summarizer’s position, 59-64, 79
summary
appositions in, 151-56
citation as, 27, 45-47
double reporting and, 64-67
in establishing position, 27, 33-34,
uncertainty, 40, 41
uncommon sense vs. common sense,
223-26
unitary views of language, 98-101
university vs. high-school writing,
21-23
unpacking, 30, 151-56, 244
41-42-, 59-64, 79, 125, 334
gist and levels of generality, 51
high-level generality, strategies for,
78-82
low-level generality, strategies for,
-59
variables, 272
vetting, 286-89
visual rhetoric
characterized, 263
figures, general, 264-72
graphs, 272-77
research posters, 282-84
tables, 277-82
83-86
narrative and, 87-93
non-scholarly conversation and,
67-75, 134-36
popular writing and, 139-44
reported speech and, 175-83,
191-96
scholarly conversation and, 45-47,
123-28, 129-33, M4-47
textbook writing and, 136-39
See also citation; conclusions;
conversation, scholarly;
introductions
sustained definitions, 156-62
syntactic density in nominal writing,
writing style. See style, scholarly
x-axis. See graphs
y-axis. See graphs
230-35
387Index of Authors Cited
Aiello, Leslie C., 151
Aknin, Lara B., 304-oj
Albano, Anne Marie, 192, 330
Alcock, J.E., 138-39
Allen, Ann Taylor, 30, 41
Amaya, K., 295
Amit-Talai, Vered, 85
Anselment, Raymond A., 73-75
Arata, Stephen, 217
Arnold, Bettina, 134-36
Austen, Jane, 260-61
Cao, Bin, et al., 296
Caprotti, Federico, 218-19, 2.29-30
Carment, D.W., 138-39
Carr, Michael H., 250
Castleberry, Jennifer, 174-75, 278-79
Chafe, Wallace, 33, 330
Charlier Doucet, Rachelle, 68-71, 195
Chavez, Leo R., 65, 114, 118, 154, 329,
332., 333
Chen, Kyle, 264-66, 277-78
Cheng, Lucy, 275, 300-04
Chorpita, Bruce F., 192, 330
Chowdhury, Prabal Roy, 327-28
Christakis, Nicholas A., 152
Chumley, Cheryl K., 14
Chun, Elaine W., 189
Clark, Herbert, 96
Clifford, James, 63-64
Cluley, Robert, 220-21
Coates, Jennifer, 36
Coffey, David J., 204
Coggins, Sam B., 218
Cohen, Sheldon, 57
Cole, Laura B., 238
Comeau, Felix-Antoine, 50-51
Coops, Nicholas C., 218
Corrigan, Patrick W., 59, 112-13
Counts, David R., 60-61
Counts, Dorothy Ayers, 60-61
Cowan, Ann, 116
Crowder, Kyle D., 39-41
Cupples, Julie, 29-30
Bala, G., 345
Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 28, 168
Barlow, David H., 192, 330
Bartlett, Robert P., 339
Beaumont, Matthew, 50
Bedard, Karine, 50-51
Berry, Esther, 261-62
Bhabha, Homi K., 235
Biggart, Nicole Woolsey, 208-09
Boateng, Doris Akyere, 342
Brown, Brandon, 264-66, 277-78
Brown, Chris, 38
Bruggink, Thomas H., 167
Buchanan, Neil H., 326
Burgess, Keith, 325
Burgess, Mark Christian, 34
Caldeira, K., 345
Calhoun, Cheshire, 48-49, 52-55, 251,
257> 3i4-i5> 329, 334
Cameron, Deborah, 161-62, 257
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Dao, Alexander, 264-66, 277-78
348 Datta, Saikat, 327-28
389INDEX OF AUTHORS CITED
Hall, C. Michael, 26
Halliday, M.A.K., 165, 197, 225, 241
Hamilton, Gary G., 208-09
Hammond, David, 274
Hancock, Dana B., et al., 191
Hawkins, Ronnie Zoe, 127-28
Head, James W., 250
Heard, Deborah, 275, 300-04
Helsen, Michiel M., et al., 187-88, 256
Herben, Tomas, et al., 256
Heyes, C.M., 331
Higgs, Robert, 328
Hilgartner, Stephen, 303
Holloway, Sarah, 125-26
Horn, Alice Y., 311
Hoppitt, Will, 186
Horstkotte, Silke, 268, 270
Hou, Peter C., 14
Hrouda, Lubomir, 256
Hubbard, Mont, 25
Hunter, Malcolm L. Jr., 182
Huntington, et al., 132-33
Hurwitz, Gregg, 306
Husbands, Christopher T., 121
Hutcheon, Emily J., 269, 271, 281
Hyland, Ken, 130-31, 152, 163-64, 167,
180
Daveri, Francesco, 330-31
Delire, C., 345
della Paolera, Gerardo, 326
deMaynadier, Phillip G., 182
Dhalla, Irfan A., 275, 300-04
Dietrich, Peter, 266-67, 2.79-80
Dorey, Nicole R., 175
Dossena, Marina, 350
Douglas, Mary, 61-63
Dreses-Werringloer, et al., 187
Dunn, Elizabeth W., 304-oj
Early, Margaret, 187
Eckes, Thomas, 181
Eggertson, Laura, 288
Ellis, Mark, 320, 341, 350
Englund, Mary, 72-73, 90-92
Eremets, M., 295
Estrada, Antonio L., 42-43
Etling, D., 323-24
Evers, D. Elaine, 343
Faini, Ricardo, 330-31
Fisher, Susan J., 216
Fitzsimmons Frey, Heather M., 310-11
Foss, Sonja K., 263
Fowler, James H., 152
Freeman, Victoria, 309-10
Fuller, Deborah, 343 Ikumo, M., 295
International Cannabis Policy Study
Team, 274
Irvine, Leslie, 24, 66
Gamoran, Adam, 194-95, 252, 254,
343-44
Gascuel, Violaine, 50-51
Geschwender, James A., 244, 251
Giddens, Anthony, 80-81
Giles, Hollyce, 15
Giltrow, Janet, 99, 100, 116
Glenberg, Arthur M., 344-45
Goodman, Samantha, 274
Gosselink, James, 343
Gossling, Stefan, 26
Gotti, Maurizio, 350
Gravina, Brad, 29
Gray, Barbara, 172, 240
Greening, Daniel W., 172, 240
Griffin, Chris, 34, 35
Grossman, Herschel I., 158
Guerin, Bernard, 45-46
Gurnis, Michael, et al., 254
Jackson, Sue, 307
Janicki-Deverts, Denise, 57
Johnson, D., 332-33
Jong, Wiebe de, 67-68
Josephson, Sharon, 116
Kabeer, Naila, 240
Kahl, Kristina N., 24, 66
Kelm, Mary-Ellen, 196
Kerwin, Scott, 153
Khalid, Adeeb, 121
Kidd, Dustin, 81-82
Kieffer, Christine C., 47
Killingray, David, 182-83
Klimesova, Jitka, 256
Koch, Shelley L., 189-90
Kolodny, Annette, 121
Halabi, Monique, 264-66, 277-78 Kreck, Manuel, 266-67, 2.79-80
390NDEX OF AUTHORS CITED
Nash, June, Z40, Z44, 308-09
Nash, Nick, et al., 43-44
Nasiruddin, Melissa, Z64-66, Z77-78
Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada, 348
Negrave, Greta, Z05-06
Neiman, Paul J., 33Z-33
Nemutanzhela, Thiathu J., Z57, 339-40
NOAA National Centers for
Environmental Information, Z74
Norton, Michael I., 304-05
Novakova, Zuzana, zj6
Kuhn, Steven L., z8, 168
Kunwar, I.K., 14Z-43
LaFollette, Hugh, 160
Laland, Kevin N., 186
Lashley, Conrad, 81
Law, Michael R., Z75, 300-04
Lee, Thomas W., Z43
Lefroy, Isabelle, 314, 345
Leos-Toro, Cesar, Z74
Lesure, Richard, 319
Levine, Herbert J., Z76
Levine, Mark, zj
Lin, Chia-Chin, Z97-98
Livingstone, Andrew G., zj
Lobell, D.B., 345
Lopes, Paul, Z16-17
Lu, Min-Zhan, 71-7Z
Lupton, Deborah, 85-86
O’Brien, Terrence P., 14
O’Connor, Denis, 83-84
Olick, Jeffrey K., 78-79
Oliver, Pamela E., 155-56, 159, 3Z8
Ortlepp, Stephanie M., zi8
Panayi, Panikos, 3Z0, 341, 350
Perez-Fuentes, Maria del Carmen, 190
Perrault, Charles, 87-88
Peterson, Sara-Anne, ZZ9
Phillips, T.J., 345
Pitts, Michael, 188-89
Plaut, Victoria C., 339
Prestwich, Patricia E., 119
Pringle, Heather, Z15
Prosser, Ryan S., z69, Z70, z8i, 318
Pulia, Michael S., 14
Ma, Ming-Yuen S., 311
MacDonald, Susan Peck, 164-65
Mallaiah, K.V., 14Z-43
Malo, Michel, 50-51
Manoharachary, C., 14Z-43
Marshall, Sondra, 187
Martin,J.R., 165, zzy, Z41
Masson, Kees, 67-68
Masson, Michael E.J., 341, 350
Mayes, Patricia, 33, 197
McCorristine, Shane, Z19-Z0
Meizel, Katherine, 108-09
Mellars, Paul, Z9
Middleton, Joyce Irene, 31-3Z
Milam, Jennifer L., 169
Milgram, Stanley, 1Z7-Z8, 349
Miller, Gregory E., 57
Milroy, James, zo6
Milroy, Lesley, zo6
Mirin
, A., 345
Mistry, Rohinton, 109-10
Mitchell, Terence R., Z43
Miyazaki, Yoshihiko, 45-46
Molero Jurado, Maria del Mar, 190
Morgan, Steven G., Z75, 300-04
Morrison, Alison, 81
Morwood, M.J., et al., Z99
Muir, Angela, Z05
Murphy, Rex, 317
Myers, Daniel J., 155-56, 159, 3Z8
Myers, Greg, 33
Quintero, Gilbert A., 4 Z-43
Raasch, S., 3Z3-Z4
Rafter, Nicole H., 335
Raine, Nigel E., Z69, Z70, z8i, 318
Ralph, F. Martin, 33Z-33
Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Z9
Rauch-Elnekave, H., 193, Z53, Z98-99
Raymond, Jasmine, 50-51
Reynolds, Jennifer F., 189
Ritchie, Hanna, et al., Z73
Roberts, R. Michael, zi6
Robertson, David A., 344-45
Rodriguez-Gil, Jose L., Z69, Z70, z8i,
318
Romanowicz, Joanna, Z18-19, ZZ9-30
Rosenhan, David, 1Z9-30
Rubin, David C., 3Z0
Sadava, S.W., 138-39
391INDEX OF AUTHORS CITED
Tomlinson, Jim, 181, 316, 32.2.-23, 327
Tracy, Philip, 228
Tulloch, John, 85-86
Turkle, Sherry, 140
Sambursky, Robert, 14
Samson, Jamie, 186
Sandlin, Jennifer A., 169
Sasser, Charles, 343
Sawicki, Gregory S., 25
Schnabel, Jim, 129-30
Schriver, Karen, 102-04
Schroeder, Jennifer L., 344-45
Schuman, Andrew, 14
Scott, Daniel, 26
Scott, Rebecca J., 321-22
Seymour, Susanne, 248
Shapiro, M.A., 332.-33
Shi, Jasmine, 283-84
Shieffelin, Bambi B., 68-71, 195
Shimizu, K., 295
Siddiqui, Kamran, 167
Smith, Jesse, 24, 66
Smith, Thomas S., 332
Smull, B.F., 332-33
Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council of Canada, 348
South, Scott J., 39-41
Speck, Dara Culhane, 92-93
Sperber, Dan, 203
Sprague, Joey, 189-90
Stevens, Gregory T., 332
Stockton, Sharon, 99
Stratman, James F., 255
Suhara, K., 295
Susskind, Leonard, 251
Swales,John, 120
Udell, Monique A.R., 175
Valentine, Gill, 125-26
Valiquette, Michele, 116
Ventura, Abbie, 90
Verkuyten, Maykel, 67-68, 174
Vienken, Thomas, 266-67, 279-80
Visser, Jenneke, 343
Wadsworth, Elle, 274
Waern, Yvonne, 101
Waldron, Mary Anne, 341, 350
Wassink, Alicia Beckford, 110-12
Wearne, Phillip, 143
Weinberger, Daniel, 166
Wells, Deborah, 125
Wenzel, George W., 132-33
White, Joanne C., 218
Whittington, H.B., 196
Wickett, M., 345
Wilkins, Denise J., 25
Willis Chan, D. Susan, 269, 270, 281,
318
Willott, Sara, 34, 35
Wilson, Deirdre, 203
Wilson, Kim, 188
Wolbring, Gregor, 269, 271, 281
Womack, Peter, 310
Wong, Siu Kwong, 173-74
Wulder, Michael A., 218
Wynne, Clive D.L., 175
Tannen, Deborah, 140-41
Taylor, Alan M., 326
Thompson, Lee, 29-30
Thornton, Alex, 186
Tilak, K.V.B.R., 142-43
Tiratsoo, Nick, 181, 316, 322-23, 327
Todaro, Michael P., 137-38
Zervakis, Jennifer, 320
Zwick, Michael B.

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