A Textbook of Power Plant Engineering
اسم المؤلف
R.k. Rajput
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A Textbook of Power Plant Engineering
In SI Units
For
Engineering Students of Various Disciplines
and Competitive Examinations (GATE, UPSC, etc.)
By
Er. R.K. RAJPUT
M.E. (Hons.), Gold Medallist; Grad. (Mech. Engg. & Elect. Engg.) ;
M.I.E. (India) ; M.S.E.S.I. ; M.I.S.T.E. ; C.E. (India)
Recipient of :
‘‘Best Teacher (Academic) Award’’
‘‘Distinguished Author Award’’
‘‘Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Gold Medal’’
for an outstanding research paper
(Institution of Engineers–India)
Principal (Formerly):
Thapar Polytechnic College
Punjab College of Information Technology
PATIALA
INTRODUCTION TO SI UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS (xix)–(xxiv)

  1. INTRODUCTION … 1–19
    1.1. Energy and Power … 1
    1.2. Sources of Energy … 1
    1.2.1. Fuels … 2
    1.2.2. Energy stored in water … 5
    1.2.3. Nuclear energy … 5
    1.2.4. Wind power … 5
    1.2.5. Solar energy … 6
    1.2.6. Tidal power … 6
    1.2.7. Geothermal energy … 7
    1.2.8. Thermoelectric power … 7
    1.3. Principal Types of Power Plants … 7
    1.4. Combustion of Fuels … 8
    1.4.1. Combustion chemistry … 8
    1.4.2. How to convert volumetric analysis to weight analysis ? … 9
    1.4.3. How to convert weight analysis to volumetric analysis ? … 9
    1.4.4. Weight of air required for complete combustion of fuel … 9
    1.4.5. Excess air … 9
    1.4.6. Weight of carbon in flue gases … 10
    1.4.7. Weight of flue gas per kg of fuel burnt … 10
    Worked Examples … 10
    Highlights … 17
    Theoretical Questions … 18
    Unsolved Examples … 18
  2. POWER PLANT CYCLES … 20–57
    2.1. Introduction … 20
    2.2. Classification of Power Plant Cycles … 20
    2.3. Carnot Cycle … 20
    2.4. Rankine Cycle … 21
    2.5. Modified Rankine Cycle … 28
    2.6. Reheat Cycle … 31
    2.7. Regenerative Cycle … 35
    2.8. Binary Vapour Cycle … 40
    2.9. Otto Cycle … 44
    2.10. Diesel Cycle … 48
    2.11. Dual Combustion Cycle … 50
    2.12. Gas Turbine Cycles … 55
    Highlights … 55
    Theoretical Questions … 55
    Unsolved Examples … 56
    Contents
    Chapter Pages
    ( v )Chapter Pages
  3. STEAM POWER PLANT … 58–217
    3.1. Introduction … 58
    3.2 Classification of Steam Power Plants … 59
    3.3. Layout of a Modern Steam Power Plant … 59
    3.4 Essential Requirements of Steam Power Station Design … 60
    3.5. Selection of Site for Steam Power Station … 60
    3.6. Capacity of Steam Power Plant … 62
    3.7. Choice of Steam Conditions … 62
    3.8. Fuel Handling … 63
    3.8.1. Introduction … 63
    3.8.2. Requirements of good coal handling plant … 63
    3.8.3. Coal handling systems … 64
    3.8.4. Coal handling … 64
    3.8.5. Layout of a fuel handling equipment … 68
    3.9. Combustion Equipment for Steam Boilers … 68
    3.9.1. General aspects … 68
    3.9.2. Combustion equipment for solid fuels—selection considerations … 69
    3.9.3. Burning of coal … 69
    3.9.4. Burners … 76
    3.10. Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) … 81
    3.11. Ash Handling … 82
    3.11.1. Ash handling equipment … 82
    3.11.2. Ash handling systems … 83
    3.12. Dust Collection … 85
    3.12.1. Introduction … 85
    3.12.2. Removal of smoke … 85
    3.12.3. Removal of dust and dust collectors … 86
    3.12.4. Efficiency of dust collectors … 88
    3.12.5. Installation of dust collectors … 88
    3.12.6. Uses of ash and dust … 88
    3.12.7. General layout of ash handling and dust collection system … 88
    3.12.8. Flyash—Its composition, disposal and applications … 89
    3.13. Chimney Draught … 90
    3.13.1. Definition and classification of draught … 90
    3.13.2. Natural draught … 90
    3.13.3. Chimney height and diameter … 91
    3.13.4. Condition for maximum discharge through a chimney … 92
    3.13.5. Efficiency of a chimney … 93
    3.13.6. Draught losses … 93
    3.13.7. Artificial draught … 93
    3.13.8. Forced draught … 93
    3.13.9. Induced draught … 94
    3.13.10. Balanced draught … 94
    3.13.11. Advantages of mechanical draught … 94
    3.13.12. Steam jet draught … 94
    Worked Examples … 94
    3.14. Boilers … 97
    3.14.1. Introduction … 97
    3.14.2. Classification of boilers … 97
    3.14.3. Comparison between ‘fire-tube and water-tube’ boilers … 98
    3.14.4. Selection of a boiler … 98
    3.14.5. Essentials of a good steam boiler … 98
    ( vi )3.14.6. Boiler terms … 99
    3.14.7. Fire tube boilers … 99
    3.14.8. Water tube boilers … 103
    3.14.9. High pressure boilers … 105
    3.15. Accessories … 111
    3.15.1. Feed pumps … 111
    3.15.2. Injector … 111
    3.15.3. Economiser … 112
    3.15.4. Air preheater … 113
    3.15.5. Superheater … 114
    3.15.6. Steam separator … 115
    3.16. Feed Water Heaters and Evaporators … 115
    3.16.1. Feed water heaters … 115
    3.16.2. Miscellaneous heaters … 117
    3.16.3. Evaporators … 117
    3.16.4. Typical utility cycle layout … 117
    3.17. Performance of Boilers … 118
    3.17.1. Evaporative capacity … 118
    3.17.2. Equivalent evaporation … 118
    3.17.3. Factor of evaporation … 119
    3.17.4. Boiler efficiency … 119
    3.17.5. Heat losses in a boiler plant … 119
    3.18. Steam Nozzles … 123
    3.18.1. Introduction … 123
    3.18.2. Steam flow through nozzles … 124
    3.18.3. Discharge through the nozzle and conditions for its
    maximum value … 124
    3.18.4. Nozzle efficiency … 126
    3.18.5. Supersaturated or metastable expansion of steam in a nozzle … 127
    3.19. Steam Turbines … 130
    3.19.1. Introduction … 130
    3.19.2. Classification of steam turbines … 131
    3.19.3. Advantages of steam turbine over the steam engines … 132
    3.19.4. Description of common types of turbines … 132
    3.19.5. Methods of reducing wheel or rotor speed … 133
    3.19.6. Difference between impulse and reaction turbines … 135
    3.19.7. Impulse turbines … 135
    3.19.8. Reaction turbines … 140
    3.19.9. Turbine efficiencies … 142
    3.19.10. Types of power in steam turbine practice … 143
    3.19.11. Energy losses in steam turbines … 143
    3.19.12. Steam turbine governing and control … 144
    3.19.13. Special forms of turbines … 146
    3.20. Steam Condensers … 157
    3.20.1. Introduction … 157
    3.20.2. Vacuum … 157
    3.20.3. Organs of a steam condensing plant … 157
    3.20.4. Classification of condensers … 157
    3.20.5. Jet condensers … 157
    3.20.6. Surface condensers … 159
    3.20.7. Reasons for inefficiency in surface condensers … 160
    3.20.8. Comparison between jet and surface condensers … 161
    3.20.9. Selection of condenser … 161
    Chapter Pages
    ( vii )3.20.10. Sources of air in condensers … 161
    3.20.11. Effects of air leakage in condenser … 161
    3.20.12. Method for obtaining maximum vacuum in condensers … 161
    3.20.13. Vacuum measurement … 162
    3.20.14. Vacuum efficiency … 162
    3.20.15. Condenser efficiency … 162
    3.20.16. Determination of mass of cooling water … 162
    3.20.17. Heat transmission through walls of tubes of a surface
    condenser … 163
    3.20.18. Methods of cleaning condenser tubes … 163
    3.21. Cooling Ponds and Cooling Towers … 164
    3.21.1. Introduction … 164
    3.21.2. River or sea … 164
    3.21.3. Cooling ponds … 164
    3.21.4. Spray ponds … 165
    3.21.5. Cooling towers … 165
    3.21.6. Dry cooling towers … 167
    3.21.7. Maintenance of cooling towers … 168
    3.22. Feed Water Treatment … 176
    3.22.1. Classification of impurities in water … 176
    3.22.2. Troubles caused by the impurities in water … 177
    3.22.3. Methods of feed water treatment … 178
    3.22.4. pH value of water … 181
    3.23. Piping System … 181
    3.23.1. Requirements of steam piping system … 181
    3.23.2. Materials used for pipes … 182
    3.23.3. Insulation of steam piping … 182
    3.23.4. Steam pipe fittings … 182
    3.23.5. Pipe expansion bends … 183
    3.24. Advantages and Disadvantages of Steam Power Plants … 183
    3.25. Miscellaneous … 184
    3.25.1. Plant arrangement … 184
    3.25.2. Useful life of steam power plant components … 185
    3.25.3. Steam power plant pumps … 185
    3.25.4. Cost of steam power plant … 185
    3.25.5. Comparison of various types of power plants … 186
    3.25.6. Thermal power stations in India … 187
    3.25.7. Indian boilers act … 187
    Additional/Typical Examples … 191
    Highlights … 206
    Theoretical Questions … 207
    Unsolved Examples … 208
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 212
  4. DIESEL ENGINE POWER PLANT … 218–264
    4.1. Introduction … 218
    4.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Power Plants … 218
    4.3. Applications of Diesel Power Plant … 219
    4.4. Site Selection … 219
    4.5. Heat Engines … 219
    4.6. Classification of I.C. Engines … 219
    Chapter Pages
    ( viii )4.7. Different Parts of I.C. Engines … 220
    4.8. Terms Connected with I.C. Engines … 220
    4.9. Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engines … 221
    4.10. Two Stroke Cycle Diesel Engines … 222
    4.11. Comparison of Four Stroke and Two Stroke Cycle Engines … 223
    4.12. Comparison Between a Petrol Engine and a Diesel Engine … 223
    4.13. Essential Components of a Diesel Power Plant … 224
    4.13.1. Engine … 224
    4.13.2. Air intake system … 224
    4.13.3. Exhaust system … 225
    4.13.4. Fuel system … 225
    4.13.5. Cooling systems … 228
    4.13.6. Lubrication systems … 232
    4.13.7. Engine starting system … 234
    4.13.8. Governing system … 235
    4.14. Combustion Phenomenon in C.I. Engines … 235
    4.15. Delay Period (or Ignition Lag) in C.I. Engines … 237
    4.16. Diesel Knock … 237
    4.17. Cetane Number … 237
    4.18. Basic Designs of C.I. Engine Combustion Chambers … 238
    4.19. Supercharging … 239
    4.20. Operation of a Diesel Power Plant … 241
    4.21. Types of Diesel Engine used for Diesel Power Plants … 241
    4.22. Layout of a Diesel Engine Power Plant … 242
    4.23. Performance of I.C. Engines … 242
    Worked Examples … 248
    Highlights … 260
    Theoretical Questions … 261
    Unsolved Examples … 261
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 263
  5. GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS … 265–322
    5.1. Gas Turbines—General Aspects … 265
    5.2. Applications of Gas Turbine Plants … 265
    5.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas Turbine
    Power Plants Over Diesel and Thermal Power Plants … 266
    5.4. Site Selection … 266
    5.5. The Simple Gas Turbine Plant … 267
    5.6. Energy Cycle for a Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine … 267
    5.7. Performance Terms … 268
    5.8. Classification of Gas Turbine Power Plants … 268
    5.9. Classification of Gas Turbines … 268
    5.10. Merits of Gas Turbines … 268
    5.11. Constant Pressure Combustion Gas Turbines … 269
    5.11.1. Open cycle gas turbines … 269
    5.11.2. Methods for improvement of thermal efficiency of open
    cycle gas turbine plant … 270
    5.11.3. Closed cycle gas turbine (constant pressure or joule cycle) … 273
    5.11.4. Merits and demerits of closed cycle turbine over open cycle turbine … 277
    5.12. Constant Volume Combustion Turbines … 277
    5.13. Gas Turbine Fuels … 278
    Chapter Pages
    ( ix )5.14. Effect of Operating Variables on Thermal Efficiency … 278
    5.15 Combination Gas Turbine Cycles … 280
    5.15.1. Combined gas turbine and steam power plants … 280
    5.15.2. Combined gas turbine and diesel power plants … 281
    5.15.3. Advantages of combined cycle … 282
    5.16. Operation of a Gas Turbine … 282
    5.17. Gas Turbine Power Plant Layout … 283
    5.18. Components of a Gas Turbine Power Plant … 283
    5.19. Various Arrangements of Gas Turbine Power Plants … 285
    5.20. Effect of Thermodynamic Variables on Air Rate … 288
    5.21. Free-Piston Engine Plant … 289
    5.22. Relative Thermal Efficiencies of Different Cycles … 290
    Worked Examples … 291
    Additional/Typical Examples … 304
    Highlights … 319
    Theoretical Questions … 319
    Unsolved Examples … 319
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 321
  6. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT … 323–394
    6.1. Introduction … 323
    6.2. Application of Hydro-electric Plants … 324
    6.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydro-electric Plants … 324
    6.4. Selection of Site for a Hydro-electric Plant … 324
    6.5. Essential Features/Elements of Hydro-electric Power Plant … 325
    6.5.1. Catchment area … 325
    6.5.2. Reservoir … 325
    6.5.3. Dam … 325
    6.5.4. Spillways … 328
    6.5.5. Conduits … 330
    6.5.6. Surge tanks … 331
    6.5.7. Prime movers … 333
    6.5.8. Draft tubes … 333
    6.5.9. Powerhouse and equipment … 334
    6.6. Classification of Hydro-electric Power Plants … 334
    6.6.1. High head power plants … 334
    6.6.2. Medium head power plants … 335
    6.6.3. Low head power plants … 335
    6.6.4. Base load plants … 336
    6.6.5. Peak load plants … 336
    6.6.6. Run-of-river plants without pondage … 336
    6.6.7. Run-of-river plant with pondage … 336
    6.6.8. Storage type plants … 336
    6.6.9. Pumped storage plants … 336
    6.6.10. Mini and microhydel plants … 337
    6.7. Hydraulic Turbines … 337
    6.7.1. Classification of hydraulic turbines … 337
    6.7.2. Description of various types of turbines … 338
    6.7.3. Specific speed of a turbine … 348
    6.7.4. Efficiencies of a turbine … 350
    6.7.5. Cavitation … 351
    6.7.6. Performance of hydraulic turbines … 352
    Chapter Pages
    ( x )6.7.7. Governing of hydraulic turbines … 354
    6.7.8. Selection of turbines … 356
    6.8. Plant Layout … 357
    6.9. Hydro-plant Auxiliaries … 357
    6.10. Cost of Hydro-plant … 357
    6.11. Average Life of Hydro-plant Components … 358
    6.12. Hydro-plant Controls … 358
    6.13. Electrical and Mechanical Equipment in a Hydro-plant … 358
    6.14. Combined Hydro and Steam Power Plants … 359
    6.15. Comparison of Hydro-power Station with Thermal Power Stations … 359
    6.16. Underground Hydro-plants … 360
    6.17. Automatic and Remote Control of Hydro-station … 361
    6.18. Safety Measures in Hydro-electric Power Plants … 361
    6.19. Preventive Maintenance of Hydro-plant … 362
    6.20. Calculation of Available Hydro-power … 362
    6.21. Cost of Hydro-power … 362
    6.22. Hydrology … 362
    6.22.1. Introduction … 362
    6.22.2. The hydrologic cycle … 363
    6.22.3. Measurement of run-off … 363
    6.22.4. Hydrograph … 364
    6.22.5. Flow duration curve … 365
    6.22.6. Mass curve … 366
    6.23. Hydro-Power Development in India … 366
    Worked Examples … 367
    Highlights … 389
    Theoretical Questions … 390
    Unsolved Examples … 390
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 392
  7. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT … 395–431
    7.1. General Aspects of Nuclear Engineering … 395
    7.1.1. Atomic structure … 395
    7.1.2. Atomic mass unit … 396
    7.1.3. Isotopes … 397
    7.1.4. Radioactivity … 397
    7.1.5. Nuclear radiation … 397
    7.1.6. Binding energy … 399
    7.1.7. Radioactive decay … 399
    7.1.8. Nuclear reactions … 400
    7.1.9. Nuclear cross-sections … 401
    7.1.10. Fertile materials … 402
    7.1.11. Fission of nuclear fuel … 402
    7.1.12. Nuclear fusion … 404
    7.1.13. Comparison of fission and fusion processes … 404
    7.2. Nuclear Power Systems … 405
    7.3. Nuclear Reactors … 406
    7.3.1. Introduction … 406
    7.3.2. Classification of nuclear reactors … 406
    7.3.3. Essential components of a nuclear reactor … 407
    7.3.4. Power of a nuclear reactor … 410
    7.4. Main Components of a Nuclear Power Plant … 410
    Chapter Pages
    ( xi )7.5. Description of Reactors … 410
    7.5.1. Pressurised water reactor (PWR) … 410
    7.5.2. Boiling water reactor (BWR) … 411
    7.5.3. CANDU (Canadian-Deuterium-Uranium) reactor … 412
    7.5.4. Gas-cooled reactor … 413
    7.5.5. Liquid metal cooled reactors … 414
    7.5.6. Breeder reactor … 415
    7.6. Selection of Materials for Reactor Components … 415
    7.7. Metals for Nuclear Energy … 417
    7.8. Advantages of Nuclear Power Plants … 419
    7.9. Nuclear-Plant Site Selection … 420
    7.10. Application of Nuclear Power Plants … 422
    7.11. Economics of Nuclear Power Plants … 422
    7.12. Safety Measures for Nuclear Power Plants … 424
    7.13. Nuclear Power Plants in India … 424
    7.14. Future of Nuclear Power … 425
    7.15. Useful by-products of Nuclear Power Generation and Their Uses … 425
    Worked Examples … 426
    Highlights … 429
    Theoretical Questions … 430
    Unsolved Examples … 431
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 431
  8. COMBINED OPERATION OF DIFFERENT POWER PLANTS … 432–441
    8.1. General Aspects … 432
    8.2. Advantages of Combined Operation of Plants … 432
    8.3. Load Division Between Power Stations … 432
    8.4. Hydro-electric (storage type) Plant in Combination with Steam Plant … 434
    8.5. Run-of-river Plant in Combination with Steam Plant … 435
    8.6. Pump Storage Plant in Combination with Steam
    or Nuclear Power Plant … 435
    8.7. Co-ordination of Hydro-electric and Gas Turbine Stations … 436
    8.8. Co-ordination of Different Types of Power Plants … 436
    Worked Examples … 437
    Theoretical Questions … 440
    Unsolved Examples … 440
  9. ECONOMICS OF POWER GENERATION … 442–493
    9.1. Introduction … 442
    9.2. Terms and Definitions … 442
    9.3. Principles of Power Plant Design … 444
    9.4. Location of Power Plant … 444
    9.5. Layout of Power Plant Building … 445
    9.6. Cost Analysis … 445
    9.7. Selection of Type of Generation … 447
    9.8. Selection of Power Plant Equipment … 448
    9.8.1. Selection of boilers … 448
    9.8.2. Selection of prime movers … 448
    9.8.3. Selection of size and number of generating units … 449
    9.9. Economics in Plant Selection … 449
    9.10. Factors Affecting Economics of Generation and Distribution of Power … 451
    9.11. How to Reduce Power Generation Cost ? … 451
    Chapter Pages
    ( xii )9.12. Power Plant—Useful Life … 451
    9.13. Economics of Hydro-electric Power Plants … 452
    9.14. Economics of Combined Hydro and Steam Power Plants … 452
    9.15. Performance and Operating Characteristics of Power Plants … 453
    9.16. Economic Load Sharing … 454
    9.17. Tariff for Electrical Energy … 455
    9.17.1. Introduction … 455
    9.17.2. Objectives and requirements of tariff … 455
    9.17.3. General tariff form … 456
    Worked Examples … 458
    Additional/Typical Examples … 482
    Highlights … 484
    Theoretical Questions … 485
    Unsolved Examples … 485
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 491
  10. NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION AND DIRECT ENERGY
    CONVERSION … 494–535
    10.1. Introduction to Energy and Energy Sources … 494
    10.1.1. Energy … 494
    10.1.2. Non-conventional energy sources … 497
    10.2. Wind Power Plants … 497
    10.2.1. Introduction … 497
    10.2.2. Characteristics of wind … 497
    10.2.3. Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy … 497
    10.2.4. Sources/Origins of wind … 498
    10.2.5. Wind availability and measurement … 498
    10.2.6. Wind power … 499
    10.2.7. Terms and definitions … 500
    10.2.8. Types of wind mills … 501
    10.2.9. Wind-electric generating power plant … 502
    10.2.10. Types of wind machines … 503
    10.2.11. Utilisation aspects of wind energy … 503
    10.2.12. Generating systems … 504
    10.2.13. Wind-powered battery chargers … 505
    10.2.14. Wind electricity in small independent grids … 505
    10.2.15. Wind electricity economics … 505
    10.2.16. Problems in operating large wind power generators … 506
    10.2.17. Considerations for selection of site for wind energy conversion systems … 506
    10.3. Tidal Power Plants—Ocean Energy Conversion … 506
    10.3.1. Ocean energy sources—General aspects … 506
    10.3.2. Tidal power plants … 506
    10.3.3. Wave energy … 508
    10.3.4. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant … 509
    10.4. Solar Power Plants … 510
    10.4.1. Solar energy—General terms and introduction … 510
    10.4.2. Collectors in various ranges and applications … 511
    10.4.3. Flat plate collectors … 512
    10.4.4. Focusing (or concentrating) collectors … 513
    10.4.5. Solar pond technology … 513
    10.4.6. Low temperature thermal power generation … 514
    10.4.7. Medium temperature systems using focusing collectors … 516
    10.4.8. High temperature systems—solar farm and solar power plant … 516
    Chapter Pages
    ( xiii )10.5. Geothermal Power Plants … 516
    10.5.1. Geothermal energy … 516
    10.5.2. Geothermal sources … 517
    10.5.3. Geothermal power estimates … 518
    10.5.4. Environmental problems … 518
    10.5.5. Applications of geothermal energy … 518
    10.5.6. Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy over
    other energy forms … 518
    10.5.7. Geothermal energy in India and abroad … 518
    10.6. Biogas Plants-Biomass … 519
    10.6.1. Introduction to biomass … 519
    10.6.2 Biomass conversion processes … 519
    10.6.3. Biogas plants … 520
    10.7. Direct Energy Conversion Systems … 525
    10.7.1. Thermoelectric conversion system … 525
    10.7.2. Thermionic conversion system … 526
    10.7.3. Photovoltaic power system … 527
    10.7.4. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system … 529
    10.7.5. Electrostatic mechanical generators … 531
    10.7.6. Electro gas-dynamic generators (EGD) … 531
    10.7.7. Fuel cells … 532
    10.7.8. Nuclear batteries … 533
    Highlights … 534
    Theoretical Questions … 534
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 535
  11. PLANT INSTRUMENTATION … 536–557
    11.1. General Aspects … 536
    11.2. Classification of Instruments … 536
    11.3. Pressure Gauges … 537
    11.3.1. Pressure … 537
    11.3.2. Types of pressure measurement devices … 537
    11.3.3. Mechanical type instruments … 537
    11.3.4. Electrical transducers … 540
    11.4. Thermometers … 541
    11.4.1. Temperature … 541
    11.4.2. Temperature measuring instruments … 541
    11.5. Liquid Level Gauges … 545
    11.5.1. Gauge glass … 545
    11.5.2. Electrical level gauges … 546
    11.6. Flow Meters … 547
    11.7. pH Measuring Instruments … 547
    11.8. Gas Analysers … 547
    11.9. Humidity Measuring Instruments … 550
    11.10. Impurity Measuring Instruments … 552
    11.11. Speed Measuring Instruments … 553
    11.12. Steam Calorimeters and Fuel Calorimeters … 553
    11.12.1. Steam calorimeters … 553
    11.12.2. Fuel calorimeters … 555
    Highlights … 557
    Theoretical Questions … 557
    Chapter Pages
    ( xiv )12. MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN POWER PLANTS … 558–629
    12.1. Introduction … 558
    12.2. Generating Equipment … 558
    12.2.1. Classification … 558
    12.2.2. Two-wire direct current generators … 558
    12.2.3. Alternator current generators … 577
    12.3. Transformers … 590
    12.3.1. General aspects … 590
    12.3.2. Basic definitions … 591
    12.3.3. Working principle of a transformer … 591
    12.3.4. Transformer ratings … 591
    12.3.5. Kinds of transformers … 592
    12.3.6. Transformer construction … 592
    12.3.7. Transformer windings, terminals, tappings and bushings … 594
    12.3.8. Transformer cooling … 596
    12.3.9. Three phase transformer … 597
    12.3.10. Instrument transformers … 603
    12.3.11. Constant current transformers … 605
    12.4. Switchgear … 605
    12.4.1. Functions of a switchgear … 605
    12.4.2. Switches … 605
    12.4.3. Fuses … 606
    12.4.4. Circuit breakers … 607
    12.4.5. Types of switchgear … 609
    12.5. Protection of Electrical Systems … 609
    12.5.1. General aspects … 609
    12.5.2. Different types of relays … 610
    12.5.3. Alternator protection … 612
    12.5.4. Transformer protection … 613
    12.5.5. Bus protection … 613
    12.5.6. Protection of transmission lines … 614
    12.6. Short-circuits in Electrical Installations and Limiting Methods … 615
    12.7. Control Room … 616
    12.8. Earthing of a Power System … 617
    12.9. Electrical Equipment-Layout … 619
    12.10. Voltage Regulation … 620
    12.11. Transmission of Electric Power … 620
    12.11.1. System of transmission … 620
    12.11.2. Line supports … 621
    12.11.3. Conductor material … 622
    12.11.4. Line insulators … 622
    12.11.5. Distribution systems … 622
    12.11.6. Underground cables … 623
    12.12. Substations … 624
    12.12.1. Classification of substations … 624
    12.13. Indian Electricity Act … 625
    Highlights … 627
    Theoretical Questions … 628
    Competitive Examinations Questions … 629
    Chapter Pages
    ( xv )13. POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL … 630–636
    13.1. Introduction … 630
    13.2. Pollution from Thermal Power Plants … 630
    13.2.1. Gaseous emission and its control … 630
    13.2.2. Particulate emission and its control … 632
    13.2.3. Solid waste disposal … 634
    13.2.4. Thermal pollution … 634
    13.3. Pollution from Nuclear Power Plants … 635
    13.4. Pollution from Hydro-electric Power Plants and Solar Power
    Generating Stations … 635
    Highlights … 636
    Theoretical Questions … 636
  12. ‘GATE’ AND ‘UPSC’ EXAMINATIONS’ QUESTIONS (Latest-selected) WITH
    ANSWERS/SOLUTIONS … 637–661
    A. Conventional Questions with Answers/Solutions … 637
    B. Multiple-Choice Questions with Answers and “Explanations” … 652
    OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS BANK … 663–688
    INDEX … 689–691
    STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM (SI UNITS) … 1–20
    Chapter Pages
    CONTENTS
    Table No. Page No.
  13. Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) Tables I … (iv)
  14. Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) Tables II … (vi)
  15. Superheated Steam at Various Pressures and Temperatures III … (xiv)
  16. Supercritical Steam IV … (xviii)
  17. Conversion Factors V … (xix)
    SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED IN THE TABLES
    t = Temperature, °C
    t
    s = Saturation temperature, °C
    p = Pressure, bar
    h
    f = Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg
    h
    fg = Specific enthalpy of evaporation (latent heat), kJ/kg
    h
    g = Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg
    s
    f = Specific entropy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg K
    s
    fg = Specific entropy of evaporation, kJ/kg K
    s
    g = Specific entropy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg K
    v
    f = Specific volume of saturated liquid, m3/kg
    v
    g = Specific volume of saturated steam, m3/kg
    A
    Air preheater, 113
    Ash handling, 82
    B
    Binary vapour cycle, 40
    Boilers, 97
    Babcock and Wilcox, 103
    boiler terms, 99
    classification of, 97
    Cochran, 100
    essentials of a good steam, 98
    high pressure, 97, 105
    – Benson, 108
    – LaMont, 106
    – Loeffler, 107
    – Velox, 109
    Lancashire, 101
    Locomotive, 102
    performance of, 118
    – boiler efficiency, 119
    – equivalent evaporation, 118
    – evaporative capacity, 118
    selection of, 98
    simple vertical, 99
    Striling, 104
    supercharged, 110
    supercritical, 109
    Boilers Act (Indian), 187
    C
    Cetane number, 237
    Chimney draught, 90
    artificial draught, 93
    natural draught, 90
    Chimney height, 91
    Cinder catchers, 633
    Coal, 2
    analysis of, 2
    properties of, 3
    ranking of, 3
    grading of, 3
    Cooling ponds and cooling towers, 164
    Cyclone burners, 77
    D
    Diesel cycle, 48
    Diesel engine power plant, 218
    advantages and disadvantages, 218
    applications, 219
    essential components, 224
    introduction, 218
    layout, 242
    operation, 241
    Diesel knock, 237
    Draft tubes, 333
    Dual combustion cycle, 50
    Dulong’s formula, 5
    Dust collection, 85
    E
    Economiser, 112
    Economics of power generation, 442
    cost analysis, 445
    economic load sharing, 454
    location of power plant, 444
    selection of equipment, 448
    terms and definitions, 442
    Excess air, 9
    F
    Feed pumps, 111
    Feed water heaters, 115
    Feed water treatment, 176
    Index
    689690 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
    Fluidised bed combustion, 81
    Fuels, 1
    calorific values of, 4
    classification of, 2
    combustion of, 8
    gaseous, 4
    liquid, 3
    solid, 3
    Fuel cells, 532
    G
    Gas burners, 80
    Geothermal energy, 7
    Generating equipment, 558
    alternator current generators, 577
    – constructional details, 578
    – voltage regulation, 620
    classification, 558
    direct current generators, 558
    electrical equipment-layout, 619
    – double busbar system, 619
    – ring busbar system, 620
    – single busbar system, 619
    protection of electrical systems, 609
    – types of relays, 610
    reactors, 615
    substations, 624
    switchgear, 605
    – circuit breakers, 607
    – functions of, 605
    – fuses, 606
    – switches, 605
    transformers, 590
    – cooling methods, 596
    – current, 604
    – kinds of, 592
    – potential, 603
    – three phase, 597
    – windings, 594
    – working principle, 591
    Geothermal power plants, 516
    Geothermal sources, 517
    H
    Hydro-plant auxiliaries, 357
    average life, 358
    controls, 358
    cost, 357
    electrical and mechanical equipment, 358
    underground hydro-plants, 360
    Hydraulic turbines, 337
    cavitation, 351
    classification of, 337
    governing of, 354
    impulse turbines, 338
    performance of, 352
    reaction turbines, 341
    selection of, 356
    specific speed, 348
    Hydrology, 362
    flow duration curve, 365
    hydrograph, 364
    hydrologic cycle, 363
    introduction, 362
    mass curve, 366
    I
    I.C. engines, 219
    classification, 219
    different parts of, 220
    terms connected with, 220
    Injector, 111
    M
    MHD system, 529
    N
    Nuclear batteries, 533
    Nuclear fuel, 402
    Nuclear fusion, 404
    Nuclear power systems, 405
    Nuclear radiation, 397
    Nuclear reactions, 400
    Nuclear reactors, 406
    boiling water reactor, 411
    breeder reactor, 407, 415
    CANDU reactor, 412
    essential components, 407
    gas-cooled reactor, 413
    liquid metal cooled reactors, 414
    pressurised water reactor, 410
    O
    Oil burners, 78
    Otto cycle, 44
    P
    Plant instrumentation, 536
    flow meters, 547
    fuel calorimeters, 555
    gas analysers, 547
    humidity measuring instruments, 550
    impurity measuring instruments, 552
    liquid level gauges, 545INDEX 691
    pH measuring instruments, 547
    pressure gauges, 537
    speed measuring instruments, 553
    steam calorimeters, 553
    thermometers, 541
    – optical pyrometers, 545
    – radiation pyrometer, 545
    – thermocouple thermometers, 543
    R
    Rankine cycle, 21
    Regenerative cycle, 35
    Reheat cycle, 31
    S
    Solar energy, 6
    Solar power plants, 510
    flat plate collectors, 512
    focusing collectors, 513
    solar pond technology, 513
    Sources of energy, 1
    Steam power plant, 58
    accessories, 111
    ash handling, 82
    boilers, 97
    capacity of, 62
    classification of, 59
    fuel handling, 63
    – coal handling, 64
    – layout of, 59
    governing of, 144
    – by-pass governing, 145
    – nozzle governing, 145
    – throttle governing, 144
    layout of a, 59
    pulverised fuel burners, 76
    – cyclone burners, 77
    – long flame burners, 76
    – tangential burners, 77
    – turbulent burners, 77
    pulverised fuel firing, 73
    steam condensers, 157
    – condenser efficiency, 162
    – jet condensers, 157
    – surface condensers, 157, 159
    – vacuum efficiency, 162
    steam nozzles, 123
    steam turbines, 130
    – compounding, 133
    – Parson’s reaction turbine, 141
    – reaction turbine, 133
    – simple impulse turbine, 132
    Supercharging, 239
    Surge tanks, 331
    T
    Tangential burners, 77
    Thermal discharge index (TDI), 634
    Thermoelectric power, 7
    Tidal power, 6
    Tidal power plants, 506
    classification of, 507
    advantages and limitations of, 508
    W
    Wind power plants, 497
    types of wind mills, 501
    wind availability and measurement, 498
    wind-powered battery chargers, 505

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