Fluorinated lonomers

Fluorinated lonomers
Walther Grot
C. G. Processing, Inc.
Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
Contents
PDL Fluorocarbon Series Editor’s Preface
Preface
Acknowledge metits
1 Introduction
I . 1 Polymers
I .2 Physical Shapes
I .3 References
2 History
2.1 References
3 Manufacture
I tit roduct ioti
Perfluori nated Ionomers
3.2. I Monomer Synthesis
Properties of TFE
Perfluoro 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octetie
sulfotiyl fluoride (MW = 446)
TFE Sultone (3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro- I ,
2-oxathietane S,S-dioxide)
Methyl perfluoro 5-oxa heptenoate
(MW = 306)
Perfluoro-4-( fluorosul fony I ) buty I v i tiy I
ether (MW = 380)
Perfluoro-3-oxa-4-pentene su I fony I
fluoride (MW = 280)
Perfluoro-4,7-dioxa-5-1nethyl-8-nonene
sulfonyl fluoride (MW = 496)
Methy I perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methy I
noneoate (MW = 422)
Poly merizat ioti
Fabrication
Hydrolysis and Acid Exchange
Finishing and Testing
Liquid Compositions
3.7.1 Film Casting
Fluorinated Ionomers with Phosphonic or Sulfonyl
Itnide Functional Groups
vvi CONTENTS
3.9 Partially Fluorinated Ionomers 36
3.9. I Grafting of Non-fluorinated Monomers on
Fluorinated Films 36
3.9.2 Polymerization of Partially Fluorinated Monomers 37
3.9.3 Fluorinated Anion Exchange Polymers 38
Inorganic Oxides 38
3.10 Composite Materials of Ionomers and
3.1 1 Remanufactured Membranes 40
3.12 References 41
4 Properties 45
4.1 Properties of the Precursor Polymers 45
4.2 Properties of the Ionic Forms 49
4.2. I Swelling i n Water and Other Solvents 55
4.2.2 Wetting and Contact Angle 63
4.2.3 Solubility of Gases i n Fluorinated Ionomers 64
4.3 Morphology 65
4.3. I Morphology of Liquid Compositions 67
4.4 Transport Properties 69
4.4. I Transport Driven by an Electric Current 70
4.4.2 Transport Driven by a Concentration Difference 70
4.5 Optical Properties 70
4.6 Thermal Properties 71
4.7 Stability 71
4.8 References 72
5 Applications 75
5.1 Electrolysis 75

5. I . I Introduction, Electrolytic Cells 75
   5.1.2 NaCl Electrolysis 76
   5.1.2. I Uhde Cell 81
   5.1.2.2 ElectroCells 84
   5.1.2.3 Membranes 85
   5.1.2.4 Electrodes 87
   5.1.2.5 Process Description 90
   5.1.4 The Older Technologies: Mercury and Asbestos 98
   5.1.6 Potassium Gold Cyanide and Potassium Stannate 104
   5.1.7 Salt Splitting 106
   5.1.3 Related Technology: HCI electrolysis 97
   Electrolysis of Other Chlorides, Including
   Tetramet h y I A inmoniuin Chloride
   5.1.8 Chromic Acid Regeneration 108CONTENTS vii
   5.1.9 Nickel-Zinc Plating
   5.1. I0 Persulfuric Acid and Persulfates
   5.1 . I I Electro-winning of Metals
6. I . I2 Water Electrolysis (Including the Production
   of Ozone or Hydrogen Peroxide)
7. I . I3 Other Electrolytic Applications
   5.2 Sensors and Actuators
   5.3 Dialysis
   5.4 Gas and Vapor Diffusion
   5.5 Protective Clothing
   5.6 Catalysis
   5.7 References
   6 Fuel Cells and Batteries
   6.1 Introduction
   6.2 Operating Parameters
   6.3 Ionomer Stability
   6.5 Manufacture of MEAs
   6.6 References
   6.7 Further Reading
   7.1 Unreinforced Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Films
   7.2 Reinforced Perfluorinated Membranes
   7.2. I Sulfonic Acid Membranes
   8 Economic Aspects
   8.1 Chlor-Alkali Cells
   8.2 Fuel Cells
   8.3 References
   Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
   7 Commercial Membrane Types
   Sulfoti ic/Carboxy I ic Meinbra ties
   9 Experimental Methods
   9.1 Infrared Spectra
   9.4 Ion Exchange Equilibrium
   Hydrolysis, Surface Hydrolysis and Staining
   Other Reactions of the Precursor Polymer
   9.4. I Atiion/Cat ion Equ i I i briu in (Donnan Exclusion)
   9.4.2 Cation/Cation Equilibria
   9.5 Determination of EW by Titration or Infrared Analysis
   9.6 Determining Melt Flow
   9.9 Examination of a Membrane
   9.10 Determining the Permselectivity
   9.1 1 Measuring Pervaporation Rates
   9.12 Simple Electrolytic Cells
8. 13 References
   Distinguishing the Precursor Polymer from Various
   Ionic Forms
   Fenton’s Test for Oxidative Stability
   10 Heat Sealing and Repair
   10.1 Reference
   1 1 Handling and Storage
   I I . I Handling the Film
   1 I . I . I Mechanical Damage
   1 I . I .2 Chemical Contamination
   I I . I .3 Cutting
   I I .2 Pretreatment
   I I .3 Installation
   12 Toxicology, Safety and Disposal
   12.1 Toxicology
   12.2 Safety
   12.2. I Skin Contact
   12.2.2 Thermal Stability
   12.2.3 Thermal Degradation Product\
   12.2.4 Polymer Fume Fever
   12.2.5 Ventilation
   12.2.6 Flammability
   12.3 Disposal
   12.4 References
   Appendix A
   Appendix B Laboratory Chlor-alkali Cell
   Appendix C
   Appendix D Plastic-Based Bipolar Plates
   Suppliers and Resources
   Glossary and Web Sites
   Index
   A Chromic Acid Regeneration System
   Solution Cast Nafion Film
   INDEX
   Index Terms Links
   A
   Acetonitrile 15
   Acid catalysis 130
   Acid exchange, in fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 30
   Aciplex F 4221 (Asahi Chemicals) 55 160
   ACIPLEX® 10
   Actuators 122
   based on Nafion sulfonic ionomer 122
   Acyl Fluoride 221
   Adiponitrile 15
   Aldrich Chemicals 217
   Alfa Aesar 217
   Alkalinity loop 106
   Alkyl groups in perfluorinated ionomers
   manufacture 10
   Alkylations 130
   Anion exchange polymers 38
   Anion/cation equilibrium (Donnan exclusion) 175
   Applications, of fluorinated ionomers 75
   actuators 122
   see also individual entry
   catalysis 129
   Dialysis 123Index Terms Links
   Applications, of fluorinated ionomers (Cont.)
   see also individual entry
   electrolysis 75
   see also Electrolysis
   gas and vapor diffusion 125
   protective clothing 129
   sensors 119
   see also individual entry
   Asahi Chemicals perfluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 9
   Asahi Glass 217
   perfluorinated ionomers manufacture 9
   Asahi Kasei 217
   Asbestos cell 100
   B
   Ballard Power Systems 37 217
   Batteries, fuel cells and 137
   see also Fuel cells
   Bipolar plates 213
   see also Plastic-based bipolar plates
   C
   C.G. Processing, Inc. 217
   6-Carboethoxy-perfluoro-2-methyl-3-
   oxa-hexanoyl fluoride 18
   6-Carbomethoxy-perfluoro-2-methyl-
   3-oxa-hexanoyl fluoride 19Index Terms Links
   9-Carboethoxy-perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,
   6-dioxa-nonanoyl fluoride 19
   Carbon black catalyst, in fuel cells 139
   Carbon Black 221
   Carbon Fiber 221
   Carbon monoxide (CO) detector 123
   Carboxylic barrier layer 5
   Carboxylic ester precursor 171
   Casting, film, in fluorinated ionomers Manufacture 34
   Catalysis applications of fluorinated ionomers 129
   acid catalysis 130
   alkylations 130
   Nafion as nitration catalyst 130
   partially mercury-exchanged Nafion 131
   perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers 129
   Cation/cation equilibria 176
   multistage separation of cations 178
   Chemical contamination 195
   ChemTech, Inc. 217
   Chlor-alkali cells 5 187 188
   economic aspects 161
   laboratory chlor-alkali cell 203
   membrane technology 3
   Nafion® as a separator membrane in 3
   plate and frame design of 78
   Chlorides electrolysis 101
   lithium chloride 103
   potassium chloride 102
   tetramethyl ammonium chloride 101 103Index Terms Links
   Chlorine Engineers 217
   Chromic acid production 106
   regeneration system 108 201
   components 110
   nickel–zinc plating 111
   Commercial 5-kW fuel cell stack 144
   characteristics 144
   control 145
   emissions 145
   fuel 144
   operation 144
   performance 144
   physical 144
   safety 145
   sensors 145
   Commercial membrane types 157
   reinforced perfluorinated
   membranes 157
   see also individual entry
   unreinforced perfluorinated sulfonic
   acid films 157 158
   Contact angle, of fluorinated ionomers 63
   water contact angle as a function of
   pretreatment 63
   Copolymerization, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 24
   Current Efficiency (CE) 221
   Cutting 196Index Terms Links
   D
   Dehalocarbonylation 22
   Dehalocarbonylation 24
   Denier 221
   Dialysis, fluorinated ionomers in 123
   Donnan dialysis 123
   Nafion carboxylate polymer 124
   pervaporation 124
   Dictionaries of Electrochemistry 221
   Differential Scanning Calorimetry
   (DSC) 221
   Diglyme 15 222
   Dimethyl methylphosphonate 55
   Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 30
   1,4-Diodo octafluoro butane 17
   Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) 152
   methanol crossover in 152
   Nafion in reducing 153
   Dispersion 222
   dispersion polymerization 222
   Disposal 199
   Divinyl benzene (DVB) 36
   Donnan dialysis 123 222
   Donnan equation 175
   Dow Chemicals 5
   Dow synthetic route 22Index Terms Links
   DuPont Experimental Station 3
   perfluorinated ionomers manufacture 9
   DuPont™ Nafion® PFSA membranes
   NRE-211 and NRE-212 205
   description 205
   handling practices 209
   order and packaging
   information 206
   product labeling 208
   properties 207
   roll storage conditions 209
   scrap disposal 210
   static discharges 210
   Dyes 172
   Bromthymol blue 172
   carboxylic polymer 172
   crystal violet 172
   malachite green 172
   methyl violet 172
   Methylene blue 172
   Oil Red 173
   Sevron® Brilliant Red 4G (DuPont) 172
   E
   E.I. DuPont de Nemours 217 218
   Economic aspects 161
   chlor-alkali cells 161
   fuel cells 161Index Terms Links
   Economic aspects (Cont.)
   World chlorine capacity by process 162
   World chlorine capacity by type of process 163
   World chlorine consumption by region 162
   ElectroCells 84
   Electrochem, Inc. 218
   Electrochemical fluorination
   for perfluorinated ionomers preparation 5
   Electrode 222
   Electrolysis, fluorinated ionomers in 75
   chromic acid regeneration 108
   of chlorides 101
   electro-winning of metals 112
   HCl electrolysis 97
   hydroxylammonium nitrate production 118
   mercury or amalgam cell 98
   NaCl electrolysis 76
   see also individual entry
   on-site generation of chlorine dioxide 118
   Persulfates 112
   Persulfuric acid 112
   potassium gold cyanide and potassium stannate 104
   salt splitting 106
   see also individual entry
   sodium hydrosulfite 116
   water electrolysis 113
   see also individual entry
   Electrolytic cells 75
   ElectroProd cell 84
   ElIndex Terms Links
   Electro-winning of metals 112
   Eltech Systems 218
   Entegris bipolar plates 214
   Epoxides 222
   E-Tek 218
   Ethylene diamine (EDA) 126
   Europe membrane technology in 4
   EW determination by titration or infrared analysis 179 222
   Experimental methods 167
   EW determination 179
   see also individual entry
   Fenton’s test for oxidative stability 182
   hydrolysis, surface hydrolysis and staining 170
   infrared spectra 167
   see also individual entry
   ion exchange equilibrium 175
   see also individual entry
   melt flow determination 180
   membrane examination 183
   Permselectivity determination 184
   pervaporation rates measurement 185
   precursor polymer versus ionic forms 181
   simple electrolytic cells 186
   Extrusion 223
   F
   Fabrication, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 26
   fabric reinforcement 27
   vacuum lamination 29Index Terms Links
   Fenton’s reaction 150
   Fenton’s test for oxidative stability 182
   Finishing, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 31
   Flammability 199
   FLEMION® 10
   Fluorinated anion exchange polymers 38
   Fluorinated cation exchange polymers 172
   Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) 9 223
   Fluorinated ionomers 1
   see also Nafion®
   with phosphonic or sulfonyl imide
   functional groups manufacture 35
   Fuel cells and batteries 137
   benzene into 148
   carbon black catalyst 139
   commercial 5-kW fuel cell stack 144
   see also individual entry
   economic aspects 161
   ESR studies on Nafion 150
   ionomer stability in 146
   see also individual entry
   membrane development for 6
   membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 141
   operating parameters 142
   see also individual entry
   types of 137
   see also Chlor-alkali
   cells; Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
   (DMFCs); Membrane electrode
   bly (MEA); PEM fuel cellsIndex Terms Links
   Fumatech, GmbH 218
   G
   Gas and vapor diffusion, fluorinated ionomers in 125
   ethylene diamine (EDA) 126
   multi-tube dryers 128
   Silver ions 126
   single tube dryer 128
   tubular humidity exchanger 127
   Gas-diffusion cathodes (GDCs) 95
   HCl electrolysis using 98
   NaCl electrolysis with 96
   structure of 97
   Gas-diffusion electrode (GDE), in fuel cells 139
   Glucose sensors 120
   H
   Hagen–Poiseuille equation 180
   Handling 195
   chemical contamination 195
   cutting 196
   installation 196
   mechanical damage 195
   pretreatment 196
   HCl electrolysis 97
   using a GDE 98
   using ODC 99Index Terms Links
   Heat sealing 191
   commercial heat-sealing equipment 191
   melt fabrication of fluorinated
   ionomers 191
   Quiver heat sealer 191
   Heat Sealing 223
   Hexafluoro propylene epoxide (HFPO) 10 13 22 45
   addition to perfluorinated acid fluoride 15
   Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) 13 223
   Hydrogen peroxide, electrolytic generation 116
   Hydrogen sulfide 121
   Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell system benzene into 148
   Hydrolysis 170
   in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 30
   Hydroxylammonium nitrate prodcution 118
   Hyflon-ion precursor polymer 46
   heat of second fusion of 49
   water uptake of 60
   I
   Infrared spectra methods 167
   Dow precursor 168
   EW determination by 179
   Nafion 112F 168
   Nafion carboxylate precursor
   methyl ester form 170
   Inorganic oxides, composite materials of 38
   Installation 196Index Terms Links
   Ion exchange equilibrium 175
   anion/cation equilibrium (Donnan exclusion) 175
   cation/cation equilibria 176
   Ionic forms of fluorinated ionomers
   properties 49
   Aciplex F 4221 (Asahi Chemicals) 55
   contact angle 63
   Nafion 117 52
   Nafion 324 52
   Nafion 350 55
   Nafion 417 53
   Nafion 424 54
   Nafion 450 55
   Nafion 90209 55
   Nafion 954 55
   Nafion® perfluorosulfonic acid membranes 50
   solubility of gases 64
   swelling in water and other solvents 55
   see also Swelling property
   wetting 63
   Ionic forms versu precursor polymer 181
   Ionomer stability in fuel cells 146
   CO/air bleed and fluoride ion release 147
   hydroxyl radicals as degraders 146 148
   membrane decay 148
   mechanical properties loss due to 150
   mechanism 149
   using hydrogen peroxide vapors 151
   oxidative attack at the cathode 148Index Terms Links
   Ionomers, composite materials of 38
   dopant/filler incorporation into 39
   Ion-Power, Inc. 218
   J
   Japan 4
   membrane technology 5
   K
   Krupp-Uhde 218
   L
   Liquid compositions of fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 33
   film casting 34
   morphology 67
   film-forming ability 68
   viscosity 68
   Lithium chloride 103
   M
   3M 5 10 13 24
   26 59 71 148
   167 219
   Manufacture, fluorinated ionomers 99
   composite materials of ionomers
   and inorganic oxides 38
   fabrication 26Index Terms Links
   Manufacture, fluorinated ionomers (Cont.)
   see also individual entry
   finishing and testing 31
   leak testing 32
   fluorinated ionomers with
   phosphonic or sulfonyl imide
   functional groups 35
   hydrolysis and acid exchange 30
   liquid compositions 33
   film casting 34
   monomer synthesis 10
   see also Monomer synthesis
   partially fluorinated ionomers 36
   see also individual entry
   perfluorinated ionomers 9
   alkyl groups used in 10
   Asahi Chemicals 9
   Asahi Glass 9
   DuPont 9
   perfluorinated vinyl ether 9
   tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 9
   polymerization 24
   remanufactured membranes 40
   Mechanical damage 195
   Melt fabrication of fluorinated ionomers 191
   Melt flow (MF) determination 180
   Melt indexer 180
   Melt Processable Polymer 224
   Membrane damage, in NaCl electrolysis 91 94Index Terms Links
   Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 141 224
   components 154
   in fuel cells 141
   manufacture of 154
   continuous process for 154
   hot pressing 154
   Membrane examination 183
   Reinforced membrane 183
   unreinforced films 184
   Membrane technology 3
   see also Nafion®
   Membranes 157
   see also individual entries
   Commercial membrane types
   chlor-alkali cells 85
   fluorinated ionomers as 85
   fuel cells 148
   see also under Fuel cells
   Mercury or amalgam cell 98
   sodium amalgam 100
   Methanol as fuel 152
   see also Direct methanol fuel cells
   Methyl perfluoro 5-oxa heptenoate 17
   Methyl perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl noneoate 23
   Microemulsion process 25
   Monomer synthesis, in fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 10
   hexafluoro propylene epoxide (HFPO) 10Index Terms Links
   Monomer synthesis, in fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture (Cont.)
   see also individual entry
   methyl perfluoro 5-oxa heptenoate 17
   methyl perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl noneoate 23
   perfluoro 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-
   7-octene sulfonyl fluoride 14
   Perfluoro-3-oxa-4-pentene sulfonyl fluoride 22
   perfluoro-4-(fluorosulfonyl)butylvinyl ether 21
   perfluoro-4,7-dioxa-5-methyl-8-
   nonene sulfonyl fluoride 23
   steps in 11
   tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 9
   see also individual entry
   Morphology, fluorinated ionomers 65
   of liquid compositions 67
   see also Liquid compositions Nafion 66
   Mylar® films 4
   N
   NaCl electrolysis, fluorinated ionomers in 76
   bipolar electrolyzers 78
   ElectroCells 84
   electrodes 87
   anodes 89
   cathodes 89
   electrode spacing 90
   ElectroProd cell 84
   membranes 85Index Terms Links
   NaCl electrolysis, fluorinated ionomers in (Cont.)
   monopolar electrolyzers 79
   process description 90
   brine purification process 91
   calcium 90 93
   gas-diffusion cathodes or electrodes 95
   magnesium 90
   membrane damage 91 94
   nanofiltration 91
   Uhde Cell 81
   Nafion® 1
   see also Solution cast Nafion film 205
   applications 4
   discovery 3
   see also DuPont Experimental Station
   in chlor-alkali cell 3
   in fuel cells 140 143 146 149
   ESR studies 150
   liquid compositions of 6
   Nafion 1100 EW precursor 46
   Nafion 117 52
   Nafion 324 157
   Nafion 324 52
   Nafion 350 159
   Nafion 350 55
   Nafion 417 158
   Nafion 417 53
   Nafion 424 54
   Nafion 450 159Index Terms Links
   Nafion® (Cont.)
   Nafion 450 55
   Nafion 90209 160
   Nafion 90209 55
   Nafion 954 160
   Nafion 954 55
   Nafion carboxylate polymer, in dialysis 124
   Nafion electrolytes in sensors 120
   Nafion precursor polymer 46
   heat of second fusion of 49
   stress and strain curves for 47
   tensile properties 47
   Nafion sulfonic ionomer actuators based on 122
   Nafion® perfluorosulfonic acid membranes
   properties 50
   as nitration catalyst 130
   partially mercury-exchanged Nafion 131
   trimethylsilyl ester of Nafion 132
   in reducing methanol crossover in DMFCs 153
   swelling in water and trimethyl phosphate 55
   swelling 57
   in organic solvents and water mixture 56
   water uptake of 60
   NAFION® 10
   Nickel–zinc plating 111Index Terms Links
   O
   On-site generation of chlorine dioxide 118
   Operating parameters, of fuel Cells 142
   current density 143
   gas humidification 142
   gas pressure and purity 142
   gas stoichiometry 142
   temperature 143
   Optical properties, of fluorinated ionomers 70
   Oxygen depolarized cathode (ODC) 98
   cell construction using 99
   HCl electrolysis using 99
   Ozone production, electrolytic generation 115
   P
   Partially fluorinated ionomers manufacture 36
   fluorinated anion exchange polymers 38
   non-fluorinated monomers grafting
   on fluorinated films 36
   radiation grafted pTFE or FEP 38
   polymerization 37
   Partially fluorinated polymers 1
   PEM fuel cells 138
   activity by function 164
   global applications for 164
   principle 138Index Terms Links
   Perfluorinated acid fluoride HFPO addition to 15
   Perfluorinated ionomers 1
   commercial uses 1
   containing phosphonic acid synthesis 1
   electrochemical fluorination for preparation 5
   manufacture 9
   see also Manufacture physical shapes 2
   Perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) 129 195
   Perfluorinated vinyl ether 9
   Perfluoro 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene
   sulfonyl fluoride 14
   safety 14
   Perfluoro dimethyl cyclobutane 26
   Perfluoro methyl vinyl ether (PMVE) 9
   Perfluoro propyl vinyl ether (PPVE) 9
   Perfluoro vinyl ethers 3
   Perfluoro-3-oxa-4-pentene sulfonyl fluoride 22
   Perfluoro-4-(fluorosulfonyl)butylvinyl ether 21
   Perfluoroalkyl Vinyl Ether (PAVE) 225
   Perfluorosulfonic acid copolymer
   degradation products of 198
   PermaPure, Inc. 219
   Permselectivity determination 184
   Persulfates 112
   Persulfuric acid 112
   Pervaporation 124
   rates measurement 185
   Thwing Albert pervaporation cup 186
   Plastic-based bipolar plates 213
   EIndex Terms Links
   Plug Power 219
   Poly tetrafluoro ethylene (pTFE) 24 27 28
   Polyethylene 4
   Polymer fume fever (PFF) 198
   Polymerization, in fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 24
   Polymers 1
   see also Partially fluorinated polymers
   Perfluorinated ionomers
   Polytetrafluoroethylene (pTFE) 4 45 225
   Potassium chloride, electrolysis 102
   Potassium gold cyanide electrolysis 104
   Potassium stannate electrolysis 104
   Precursor polymers 174
   properties 45
   hyflon-ion precursor polymer 46
   Nafion precursor polymer 46
   uniaxial draw of 46
   reactions of 174
   with ammonia or amines 174
   oxidative cleaving 174
   reduction 174
   versus ionic forms 181
   Pretreatment 196
   Properties, fluorinated ionomers 45
   ionic forms 49
   see also Ionic forms morphology 65
   see also individual entry
   optical properties 70Index Terms Links
   Properties, fluorinated ionomers (Cont.)
   of precursor polymers 45
   see also Precursor polymers
   stability 71
   thermal properties 71
   transport properties 69
   Protective Clothing, fluorinated ionomers in 129
   Q
   Quiver Ltd. 219
   R
   Reinforced membrane examination 183
   Reinforced perfluorinated membranes 157
   sulfonic acid membranes 157
   see also individual entry
   sulfonic/carboxylic membranes 159
   see also individual entry
   Remanufactured membranes 40
   Repair procedures 191
   final steps of 192
   first steps of 192
   Reverse orientation, in fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 29Index Terms Links
   S
   Safety 197
   flammability 199
   Polymer fume fever (PFF) 198
   skin contact 197
   thermal degradation products 198
   thermal stability 197
   ventilation 199
   Salt splitting, fluorinated ionomers in 106
   chromic acid production 106
   sodium sulfate production 107
   Sensors 119
   4-decyloxy-2-(2-pyridylazo)-1-naphthol 121
   carbon monoxide (CO) detector 123
   glucose determination 120
   hydrogen sulfide 121
   immobilized 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-
   5-(diethylamino) phenol 121
   Nafion electrolytes in 120
   optical sensors 121
   Silver ions 126
   Simple electrolytic cells 186
   Sintering 226
   Skin contact 197
   Skiving 226
   Sodium hydrosulfite 116
   Sodium sulfate production 107
   Solubility of gases in fluorinated ionomers 64Index Terms Links
   Solution cast Nafion film 205
   DuPont™ Nafion® PFSA membranes
   NRE-211 and NRE-212 205
   Solution Technology, Inc. 219
   Solvay-Solexis 23
   Solvay-Solexis 25
   Stability, of fluorinated ionomers 71
   Staining 170
   see also Dyes-Storage 195
   Sulfonic acid membranes 157
   Nafion 324 157
   Nafion 350 159
   Nafion 417 158
   Nafion 450 159
   Sulfonic/carboxylic membranes 159
   Aciplex® F 4221 (Asahi Chemicals) 160
   construction 159
   carboxylate polymer layer 159
   pTFE filaments 159
   sulfonate polymer layer 159
   zirconium dioxide coating 159
   Nafion 90209 160
   Nafion 954 160
   Surface hydrolysis 170
   Surface tension 226
   Surfactant 226Index Terms Links
   Swelling property, of ionic forms of
   fluorinated ionomers 55
   dimethyl methylphosphonate 55
   factors affecting 56 58
   nature of counter-ion 60
   Nafion swelling in a mixture of
   organic solvents and water 56
   water and other solvents 55
   water and trimethyl phosphate 55
   water uptake of Hyflon and Nafion 60
   temperature affecting 61
   T
   Teflon® 172
   Testing, in fluorinated ionomers Manufacture 31
   leak testing 32
   Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 9
   properties 11
   TFE Sultone (3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2-
   oxathietane S , S-dioxide) 14
   Tetraglyme 15
   Tetramethyl ammonium chloride electrolysis 101 103
   TFE Sultone (3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2-
   oxathietane S , S-dioxide) 14
   Thermal properties, of fluorinated ionomers 71
   Thermal stability 197
   Thwing Albert pervaporation cup 186
   Titration, EW determination by 179
   Toxicology 197Index Terms Links
   Transport properties, of fluorinated ionomers 69
   driven by an electric current 70
   driven by concentration difference 70
   Tubular humidity exchanger 127
   Tucker Products 219
   U
   Uhde Cell 81
   cell stack 81
   design 82
   Unreinforced films examination 184
   Unreinforced perfluorinated sulfonic acid films 157
   V
   Vacuum lamination, in fluorinated
   ionomers manufacture 29
   Ventilation 199
   Vinyl ethers 3
   Viscosity 226
   Voids 227
   W
   Warp 227
   Water electrolysis 113
   electrode/ionomer contact 114
   hydrogen peroxide production 116
   ozone production 115
   Wetting property, of fluorinated ionomers 63 227

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