Loading...Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines, Second Edition
Ahmed F. El-Sayed
Contents
Preface
Author
Section I Aero Engines and Gas Turbines
. History and Classifications of Aeroengines
. Pre–Jet Engine History
. Early Activities in Egypt and China
. Leonardo da Vinci
. Branca’s Stamping Mill
. Newton’s Steam Wagon
. Barber’s Gas Turbine
. Miscellaneous Aero-Vehicle’s Activities in the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
. Wright Brothers
. Significant Events up to the s
. Aero-Vehicle Activities
. Reciprocating Engines
. Jet Engines
. Jet Engines Inventors: Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir
Frank Whittle
. Sir Frank Whittle ( – )
. Dr. Hans von Ohain ( – )
. Turbojet Engines
. Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines
. Turbofan Engines
. Propfan Engine
. Pulsejet, Ramjet, and Scramjet Engines
. Pulsejet Engine
. Ramjet and Scramjet Engines
. Industrial Gas Turbine Engines
. Classifications of Aerospace Engines . Classification of Jet Engines
. Ramjet
. Pulsejet
. Scramjet
. Turboramjet
. Turborocket
. Classification of Gas Turbine Engines
. Turbojet Engines
. Turboprop
. Turboshaft
. Turbofan Engines
. Propfan Engines
. Advanced Ducted Fan
. Industrial Gas Turbines
. Non-Airbreathing Engines
. The Future of Aircraft and Powerplant Industries
. Closure
Problems
References
. Performance Parameters of Jet Engines
. Introduction
. Thrust Force
. Factors Affecting Thrust
. Jet Nozzle
. Airspeed
. Mass Airflow
. Altitude
. Ram Effect
. Engine Performance Parameters
. Propulsive Efficiency
. Thermal Efficiency
. Ramjet, Scramjet, Turbojet, and Turbofan
Engines
. Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines
. Propeller Efficiency
. Overall Efficiency . Takeoff Thrust
. Specific Fuel Consumption
. Ramjet, Turbojet, and Turbofan Engines
. Turboprop Engines
. Aircraft Range
. Range Factor
. Endurance Factor
. Specific Impulse
. Mission Segment Weight Fraction
. Route Planning
. . Point of No Return
. . Critical Point
Problems
References
. Pulsejet and Ramjet Engines
. Introduction
. Pulsejet Engines
. Introduction
. Valved Pulsejet
. Valveless Pulsejet
. Pulsating Nature of Flow Parameters in Pulsejet
Engines
. Pulse Detonation Engine
. Ramjet Engines
. Introduction
. Classifications of Ramjet Engines
. Subsonic–Supersonic Types
. Fixed Geometry–Variable Geometry Types
. Liquid-Fueled and Solid-Fueled Types
. Ideal Ramjet
. Real Cycle
. Case Study
. Nuclear Ramjet
. Double-Throat Ramjet Engine
. Solid-Fueled Ramjet Engine . Summary and Governing Equations for Shock Waves and
Isentropic Flow
. Summary
. Normal Shock Wave Relations
. Oblique Shock Wave Relations
. Rayleigh Flow Equations
. Isentropic Relation
Problems
References
. Turbojet Engine
. Introduction
. Single Spool
. Examples of Engines
. Thermodynamic Analysis
. Ideal Case
. Actual Case
. General Description
. Governing Equations
. Comparison between Operative and Inoperative
Afterburner
. Two-Spool Engine
. Non-Afterburning Engine
. Example of Engines
. Thermodynamic Analysis
. Afterburning Engine
. Examples for Two-Spool Afterburning
Turbojet Engines
. Thermodynamic Analysis
. Statistical Analysis
. Thrust Augmentation
. Water Injection
. Afterburning
. Pressure Loss in an Afterburning Engine
. Supersonic Turbojet
. Optimization of the Turbojet Cycle
. Micro TurbojetProblems
References
. Turbofan Engines
. Introduction
. Forward Fan Unmixed Single-Spool Configuration
. Forward Fan Unmixed Two-Spool Engines
. The Fan and Low-Pressure Compressor (LPC) on One
Shaft
. Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by
the HPT
. A Geared Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor
Driven by the HPT
. Examples for This Configuration
. Forward Fan Unmixed Three-Spool Engine
. Examples for Three-Spool Engines
. Forward Fan Mixed-Flow Engine
. Mixed-Flow Two-Spool Engine
. Mixed Turbofan with Afterburner
. Introduction
. Ideal Cycle
. Real Cycle
. Aft-Fan
. VTOL and STOL (V/STOL)
. Swiveling Nozzles
. Switch-in Deflector System
. Cruise
. Takeoff or Lift Thrust
. Performance Analysis
. Geared Turbofan Engines
. Summary
Problems
References
. Shaft Engines: Internal Combustion, Turboprop, Turboshaft, and
Propfan Engines
. Introduction . Internal Combustion Engines
. Introduction
. Types of Aero Piston Engine
. Rotary Engines
. Reciprocating Engines
. Supercharging and Turbocharging Engines
. Aerodynamics and Thermodynamics of the
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine
. Terminology for the Four-Stroke Engine
. Air-Standard Analysis
. Engine Thermodynamics Cycles
. Superchargers/Turbochargers
. Aircraft Propellers
. Introduction
. Classifications
. Source of Power
. Material
. Coupling to the Output Shaft
. Control
. Number of Propellers Coupled to Each
Engine
. Direction of Rotation
. Propulsion Method
. Number of Blades
. Aerodynamic Design
. Axial Momentum (or Actuator Disk)
Theory
. Modified Momentum or Simple Vortex
Model
. Blade Element Considerations
. Dimensionless Parameters
. Typical Propeller Performance
. Turboprop Engines
. Introduction to Turboprop Engines
. Classification of Turboprop Engines
. Thermodynamics Analysis of Turboprop Engines
. Single-Spool Turboprop . Two-Spool Turboprop
. Analogy with Turbofan Engines
. Equivalent Engine Power
. Static Condition
. Flight Operation
. Fuel Consumption
. Turboprop Installation
. Details of Some Engines
. Performance Analysis
. Comparison between Turbojet, Turbofan and
Turboprop Engines
. Turboshaft Engines
. Power Generated by Turboshaft Engines
. Single-Spool Turboshaft
. Double-Spool Turboshaft
. Examples for Turboshaft Engines
. Propfan Engines
. Conclusion
Problems
References
. High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Engines
. Introduction
. Supersonic Aircraft and Programs
. Anglo-French Activities
. Concorde
. BAe-Aerospatiale AST
. Russian Activities
. Tupolev TU-
. The U.S. Activities
. The Future of Commercial Supersonic Technology
. Technology Challenges of Future Flight
. High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Propulsion
. Introduction
. Hybrid-Cycle Engine
. Turboramjet Engine
. Wraparound Turboramjet . Operation as a Turbojet Engine
. Operation as a Ramjet Engine
. Over/Under Turboramjet
. Turbojet Mode
. Dual Mode
. Ramjet Mode
. Turboramjet Performance
. Turbojet Mode
. Ramjet Mode
. Dual Mode
. Case Study
. Examples for Turboramjet Engines
. Hypersonic Flight
. . History of Hypersonic Vehicles
. . Hypersonic Commercial Transport
. . Military Applications
. Scramjet Engines
. . Introduction
. . Thermodynamics
. Intake of a Scramjet Engine
. . Case Study
. Combustion Chamber
. . Fuel Mixing in Parallel Stream
. . Ramp Injectors
. . Fuel Mixing in Normal Stream
. Nozzle
. Case Study
. Dual-Mode Combustion Engine (Dual Ram-Scramjet)
. . Aero-Thermodynamics of Dual-Mode Scramjet
Problems
References
. Industrial Gas Turbines
. Introduction
. Categories of Gas Turbines
. Types of Industrial Gas Turbines
. Single-Shaft Engine . Single Compressor and Turbine
. Ideal Cycle
. Real Cycle
. Regeneration
. Reheat
. Intercooling
. Combined Intercooling, Regeneration, and Reheat
. Double-Shaft Engine
. Free-Power Turbine
. Two-Discrete Shafts (Spools)
. Three Spool
. Combined Gas Turbine
. Marine Applications
. Additional Components for Marine Applications
. Examples for Marine Gas Turbines
. Offshore Gas Turbines
. Micro-Gas Turbines (μ-Gas Turbines)
. . Micro- versus Typical-Gas Turbines
. . Design Challenges
. . Manufacturing
. . Selection and Design of Bearings
. . Compressor and Turbine
. . Applications
Problems
References
Section II Component Design
. Powerplant Installation and Intakes
. Introduction
. Powerplant Installation
. Subsonic Aircraft
. Turbojet and Turbofan Engines
. Wing Installation
. Fuselage Installation . Combined Wing and Tail Installation
(Three Engines)
. Combined Fuselage and Tail Installation
. Turboprop Installation
. Supersonic Aircraft
. Civil Transports
. Military Aircraft
. Air Intakes or Inlets
. Subsonic Intakes
. Inlet Performance
. Performance Parameters
. Isentropic Efficiency (ηd)
. Stagnation-Pressure Ratio (rd)
. Turboprop Inlets
. Supersonic Intakes
. Review of Gas Dynamic Relations for Normal and
Oblique Shocks
. Normal Shock Waves
. Oblique Shock Waves
. External Compression Intake (Inlet)
. Internal Compression Inlet (Intake)
. Mixed Compression Intakes
. Matching between Intake and Engine
. Case Study
Problems
References
. Combustion Systems
. Introduction
. Subsonic Combustion Chambers
. Tubular (or Multiple) Combustion Chambers
. Tubo-Annular Combustion Chambers
. Annular Combustion Chambers
. Supersonic Combustion Chamber
. Combustion Process
. Components of the Combustion Chamber
. Aerodynamics of the Combustion Chamber . Aerodynamics of Diffusers
. Chemistry of Combustion
. The First Law Analysis of Combustion
. Combustion Chamber Performance
. Pressure Losses
. Combustion Efficiency
. Combustion Stability
. Combustion Intensity
. Cooling
. Louver Cooling
. Splash Cooling
. Film Cooling
. Convection-Film Cooling
. Impingement-Film Cooling
. Transpiration Cooling
. Effective Cooling
. Material
. Aircraft Fuels
. . Safety Fuels
. Emissions and Pollutants
. . Pollutant Formation
. . NO
x Emissions
. . Sulfur Dioxide (SO ) Emissions
. The Afterburner
. Supersonic Combustion System
Problems
References
. Exhaust System
. Introduction
. Nozzle
. Governing Equations
. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
. Convergent Nozzle
. Variable Geometry Nozzles
. Afterburning Nozzles
. Calculation of the Two-Dimensional Supersonic Nozzle . Convergent Nozzle
. Divergent Nozzle
. Analytical Determination of the Contour of
a Nozzle
. Design Procedure for a Minimum Length
Divergent Nozzle
. Procedure of Drawing the Expansion
Waves inside the Nozzle
. Thrust Reversal
. Classification of Thrust Reverser Systems
. Calculation of Ground Roll Distance
. Thrust Vectoring
. Governing Equations
. Noise
. Introduction
. Acoustics Model Theory
. Methods Used to Decrease Jet Noise
. High-Speed Vehicles
. Conical Nozzles
. Bell Nozzles
. Advantages of Bell-Shaped Nozzle
. Disadvantages of Bell-Shaped Nozzle
. Annular Nozzles
. Radial Out-Flow Nozzles
. Radial Inflow Nozzles
Problems
References
. Centrifugal Compressors
. Introduction
. Layout of Compressor
. Impeller
. Diffuser
. Scroll or Manifold
. Classification of Centrifugal Compressors
. Governing Equations
. The Continuity Equation . The Momentum Equation or Euler’s Equation for
Turbomachinery
. The Energy Equation or the First Law of
Thermodynamics
. Slip Factor σ
. Prewhirl
. Types of Impeller
. Radial Impeller
. The Diffuser
. Vaneless Diffuser
. Incompressible Flow
. Compressible Flow
. Vaned Diffuser
. Discharge Systems
. Characteristic Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor
. Erosion
. Introduction
. Theoretical Estimation of Erosion
Problems
References
. Axial Flow Compressors and Fans
. Introduction
. Comparison between Axial and Centrifugal Compressors
. Advantages of the Axial Flow Compressor over the
Centrifugal Compressor
. Advantages of Centrifugal-Flow Compressor over the
Axial Flow Compressor
. Main Points of Comparison between Centrifugal and
Axial Compressors
. Mean Flow (Two-Dimensional Approach)
. Types of Velocity Triangles
. Variation of Enthalpy Velocity and Pressure in an
Axial Compressor
. Basic Design Parameters
. Centrifugal Stress
. Tip Mach Number . Fluid Deflection
. Design Parameters
. Three-Dimensional Flow
. Axisymmetric Flow
. Simplified Radial Equilibrium Equation (SRE)
. Free Vortex Method
. General Design Procedure
. Complete Design Process for Compressors
. Rotational Speed (rpm) and Annulus Dimensions
. Determine the Number of Stages (Assuming Stage Efficiency)
. Calculation of Air Angles for Each Stage at the Mean Section
. . First Stage
. . Stages from ( ) to (n – )
. . Last Stage
. Variation of Air Angles from Root to Tip Based on Type of
Blading (Either Free Vortex, Exponential, or First Power
Methods)
. Blade Design
. . Cascade Measurements
. . Choosing the Type of Airfoil
. . Stage Performance
. Compressibility Effects
. Performance
. . Single Stage
. . Multistage Compressor
. . Compressor Map
. . Stall and Surge
. . Surge Control Methods
. . Multi-Spool Compressor
. . Variable Vanes
. . Air Bleed
. Case Study
. . Mean Section Data
. . Variations from Hub to Tip
. . Details of Flow in Stage Number
. . Number of Blades and Stresses of the Seven Stages
. . Compressor Layout . Erosion
Problems
References
. Axial Turbines
. Introduction
. Comparison between Axial-Flow Compressors and Turbines
. Aerodynamics and Thermodynamics for a Two-Dimensional
Flow
. Velocity Triangles
. Euler Equation
. Efficiency, Losses, and Pressure Ratio
. Nondimensional Quantities
. Several Remarks
. Three-Dimensional Analysis
. Free Vortex Design
. Constant Nozzle Angle Design (α )
. General Case
. Constant Specific Mass Flow Stage
. Preliminary Design
. Main Design Steps
. Aerodynamic Design
. Blade Profile Selection
. Mechanical and Structural Design
. Centrifugal Stresses
. Centrifugal Stresses on Blades
. Centrifugal Stresses on Disks
. Gas Bending Stress
. Centrifugal Bending Stress
. Thermal Stress
. Turbine Cooling
. Turbine Cooling Techniques
. Mathematical Modeling
. Losses and Efficiency
. Profile Loss (Yp)
. Annulus Loss
. Secondary Flow Loss . Tip Clearance Loss (Yk)
. Turbine Map
. Case Study
. Design Point
. Mean Line Flow
. Three-Dimensional Variations
. Number of Blades for Nozzle and Rotor
. Chord Length at Any Section along Blade
Height for Nozzle and Rotor
. Blade Material Selection
. Stresses on Rotor Blades
. Losses Calculations
. Turbine Efficiency
. Summary
Problems
References
. Radial Inflow Turbines
. Introduction
. Thermodynamic
. Dimensionless Parameters
. Stage Loading
. Flow Coefficient
. Rotor Meridional Velocity Ratio
. Specific Speed
. Preliminary Design
. Breakdown of Losses
. Design for Optimum Efficiency
. Cooling
Problems
References
. Module Matching
. Introduction
. Off-Design Operation of a Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Driving a
Load
. Matching Procedure . Different Loads
. Off-Design of a Free Turbine Engine
. Gas Generator
. Free Power Turbine
. Off-Design of Turbojet Engine
Problems
References
. Selected Topics
. Introduction
. New Trends in Aeroengines
. Intercooler
. Intercooler and Recuperator
. Inter-Turbine Burner
. Double-Bypass/Three-Stream Turbofan
. D Printing as the Future of Manufacturing Aircraft
and Aircraft Engines
. Aviation Environmental Issues
. Introduction
. Sustainable Alternative Fuels
. Introduction
. Potential Second-Generation Biofuel
Feedstocks
. Key Advantages of Second-Generation
Biofuels for Aviation
. Commercial and Demonstration Flights
. Biofuels for Aviation Economic Viability
. Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles
. Introduction
. Categorization of UAV
. Based on Function
. Based on Range/Altitude
. Based on Size
. European Classifications (EUROUVS)
. Power Plant of UAV
. Electric Engine
. Internal Combustion (IC) Engines . Gas Turbine Engines
. Engine Characteristics
Problems
References
Section III Rocket Propulsion
. Introduction to Rocketry
. Introduction
. History
. Important Events
. Recent and Future Plans for Rocket and Space Flights
( and Beyond)
. Missile Configuration
. External Configuration
. Main Sections of a Missile Body
. Nose Section (Fore-Body)
. Mid-Section
. Tail Section
. The Auxiliary Components (Wings, Fins, and
Canards)
. Wings
. Fins
. Classification
. Propulsion
. Energy Source
. Types of Missiles
. Launch Mode
. Range
. Warheads
. Guidance Systems
. Number of Stages
. Application
. Military Rockets
. . According to Purpose and Use . . According to the Location of the
Launching Site and Target
. . According to the Main Characteristics
. Rocket Performance Parameters
. Thrust Force
. Effective Exhaust Velocity (Veff)
. Exhaust Velocity (ue)
. Important Nozzle Relations
. Characteristic Velocity (C*)
. Thrust Coefficient (CF)
. Total Impulse (It)
. Specific Impulse (Isp)
. Specific Propellant Consumption
. Mass Ratio (MR)
. Propellant Mass Fraction (ζ)
. Impulse-to-Weight Ratio
. Efficiencies
. . Thermal Efficiency
. . Propulsive Efficiency
. . Overall Efficiency (η )
. The Rocket Equation
. Single-Stage Rocket
. Negligible Drag
. Negligible Drag and Gravity Loss
. Multistage Rockets
. Rocket Equation for a Multistage Series Rocket
. Rocket Equation for a Parallel Multistage Rocket
. Advantages of Staging
. Disadvantages of Staging
. Space Flight
. Orbital Velocity
. Escape Velocity
Problems
References
. Rocket Engines . Chemical Rocket Engines
. Introduction
. Performance Characteristics
. Solid Propellants
. Introduction
. Composition of a Solid Propellant
. Basic Definitions
. Burning Rate
. Characteristics of Some Solid Propellants
. Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines (LRE)
. Introduction
. Applications
. Propellant Feed System of LREs
. Liquid Propellants
. Monopropellant
. Bipropellant
. Fundamental Relations
. Pump-Fed System
. Rocket Pumps
. Introduction
. Centrifugal Pumps
. Multistage Centrifugal Pumps
. Multistage Axial Pumps
. Performance of Centrifugal Pumps
. Pump Performance Parameters
. Pump Specific Speed (Ns)
. Features of Modules of the Space Shuttle Main Engine
(SSME)
. Axial Pumps
. Parallel and Series Connections
. Pump Materials and Fabrication Processes
. Axial Turbines
. . Single-Stage Impulse Turbine
. . Multispool Impulse Turbines
. . Reaction Turbines
. Hybrid Propulsion
. . Introduction . . Mathematical Modeling
. . Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Engines
. Nuclear Rocket Propulsion
. . Introduction
. . Solid-Core Reactors
. . Gas-Core Reactor
. Electric Rocket Propulsion
. . Introduction
. . Electrostatic Propulsion
. . Introduction
. . Mathematical Modeling
. . Multiply Charged Ion Species
. . Total Efficiency
. . Electrical Efficiency
. . Electrothermal
. . Introduction
. . Resistojets
. . Arcjets
. . Electromagnetic Engines
Problems
References
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix B: Turbofan
Appendix C: Samples of Gas Turbines (Representative Manufacturers)
Index
Index
A
AAI RQ- Shadow, –
A- Albatros aircraft, – ,
Acoustic jet engine, Valveless pulsejet engine
Acoustics model theory, –
Activity factor (AF), –
Actuator disk theory
assumptions and definitions,
axial inflow factor,
pressure and velocity distribution, –
propulsive efficiency, –
slipstream factor, –
thrust, –
Adaptive Engine Technology Development Program,
Adaptive versatile engine technology (ADVENT) engine, –
Adour Mk. afterburning engine,
Advanced supersonic transport (AST),
Advanced Technology Fan Integrator (AFTI), –
Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe (ACARE),
Aeolipile, –
Aerion company,
Aeroderivative engine, –
Aeroengines; Jet engines
aerospace engines, classifications of, –
evolution of,
historical events, –
pre–jet engines, history of, –
propulsion system and flight speeds,
reductions in
emissions,
fuel burn, –
fuel consumption, noise levels, –
sustainable biofuels, –
Aero piston engine
classification,
compression-ignition engine,
definition,
piston-powered aircraft and helicopters, –
reciprocating engines
horizontally opposed engine, –
H-type engine,
in-line engine, –
radial type engine, –
V-type engines,
X-type engines,
rotary engine
conventional types,
Wankel engine, –
spark-ignition engine,
supercharging and turbocharging, –
Aerospace engines, classifications of, –
Aft-engine, Fuselage installation
Afterburning nozzles,
Afterburning turbojet engine,
single-spool engine,
ideal cycle, –
operative vs. inoperative afterburner, –
real cycle, ,
statistical analysis, –
supersonic, –
thrust augmentation
pressure loss, –
thrust-specific fuel consumption, –
two-spool engine,
examples for, –
layout of,
stations and cycle for, –
thermodynamic analysis, – Afterburning two-spool turbofan engine, –
Aft-fan turbofan engines, , , – , –
AGM- ALCM, –
AGT gas turbine,
AI- ,
Air bleed, –
Airbreathing engines, – , –
Airbus A , ,
Airbus A M aircraft,
Aircraft-derivative gas turbines,
Aircraft fuels; Biofuels
combustion chamber requirements,
fuel system requirements,
operation requirements, –
safety fuels,
Aircraft propellers
axial momentum/actuator disk theory
assumptions and definitions,
axial inflow factor,
pressure and velocity distribution, –
propulsive efficiency, –
slipstream factor, –
thrust, –
blade element theory
dimensionless radius,
geometric pitch,
propulsive efficiency, –
three-bladed propeller, –
thrust and torque, –
velocity and force components, –
classifications
blades, number of,
contra-rotating propellers, –
direction of rotation,
fixed pitch, –
material, –
output shaft, propulsion method, –
source of power, –
variable pitch,
cross-sections, –
definitions,
dimensionless parameters
activity factor, –
advance ratio,
four-bladed propeller, –
Mach number,
power coefficient, –
power loading,
Reynolds number,
speed power coefficient, –
thrust coefficient, –
torque coefficient,
history,
installation, –
modified momentum/simple vortex model, –
performance
four-bladed propeller, –
NACA, –
power coefficient vs. advance ratio, –
propeller efficiency vs. advance ratio, –
speed-power coefficient, –
thrust coefficient vs. advance ratio, –
Aircraft range, –
Air defense rockets,
Airframe noise,
Airscrew turbine engine, Turboprop engines
Airship, ,
Air-standard analysis,
Air-standard diesel cycle, –
Air-to-air missile (AAM),
Air to fuel ratios (AFRs),
Air-to-surface missile (ASM),
Al- engine, Algae,
Allied Signal turbofan engines,
Allied Signal turbofan engines,
Allison -K engine,
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, ,
AN- aircraft,
AN- aircraft,
Anglo-French aircraft
BAe-Aerospatiale AST,
Concorde, –
Annular combustion chambers, –
Annular nozzles, –
radial inflow nozzles,
radial out-flow nozzles, –
Annulus loss,
Anti-ballistic missiles (ABM),
Antonov
An- , , ,
AN- , , ,
An- ,
An- – aircraft, –
Archytas,
Arcjets,
Ariane rocket, –
Armstrong Siddeley double Mamba,
Armstrong Siddeley Mamba,
Armstrong Siddeley Python,
Army rockets,
Assisted ignition engines,
Atlantik Solar UAV,
ATREX turboramjet engine, , –
Auxiliary power units (APUs), ,
Auxiliary rockets, –
Aviadvigatel D- KPV turbofan engines,
Axial-flow compressors and fans,
air angle determination at mean sectionfirst stage, –
last stage, –
stages from ( ) to (n − ), –
air angle variation, –
vs. axial turbines, – , –
blade design
airfoil type,
casecade measurements, –
stage performance, –
vs. centrifugal compressors, –
complete design process, –
compressibility effects, –
design parameters
centrifugal stress, –
degree of reaction, –
flow coefficient,
fluid deflection, –
stage loading,
tip Mach number, , –
erosion, , –
layout of,
mean flow (two-dimensional approach)
enthalpy velocity variations, –
tangential plane,
velocity triangle types, –
performance
compressor map, –
multistage compressor,
single stage, –
stall and surge, –
surge controls methods, –
rotational speed and annulus dimensions, –
seven-stage axial compressor
blades and stresses, ,
flow details, in stage number , –
layout, ,
mean section data, variations from hub to tip, –
stage determinations, –
three-dimensional flow, –
axisymmetric flow, –
free vortex method, –
general design procedure, –
simplified radial equilibrium equation, –
Axial rocket pumps, –
Axial rocket turbines,
multispool impulse turbines,
reaction turbines, –
single-stage impulse turbine, –
Axial turbines,
vs. axial-flow compressors, –
design point, case study, –
blade material selection,
blade numbers for nozzle and rotor, –
chord length, –
loss coefficients,
mean line flow,
stresses on rotor blades,
three-dimensional variations, – , –
turbine efficiency,
preliminary design
aerodynamic design, –
blade profile selection, , –
design steps,
loss and efficiency, –
mathematical modeling, –
mechanical and structural designs, –
turbine cooling, , –
three dimensional analysis
constant nozzle angle design, –
constant specific mass flow stage, –
free vortex design,
general case, –
simplified radial equilibrium equation, vortex blading,
three-stage, –
turbine map, –
two-dimensional flow, aerodynamics and thermodynamics
Euler’s equation, –
loss coefficient, –
nondimensional quantities, –
pressure ratio,
remarks, –
stage efficiency, – ,
velocity tirangles, –
B
BAe-Aerospatiale AST,
B- aircraft, –
Balanced-beam nozzle,
Balloon (aeronautics), –
Barber, John,
Barber’s gas turbine, –
Bell nozzles, –
Biofuels
aviation economic viability, –
commercial and demonstration flights, –
first-generation, –
second-generation,
types,
Bipropellant rocket, –
Blade element theory
dimensionless radius,
geometric pitch,
propulsive efficiency, –
three-bladed propeller, –
thrust and torque, –
velocity and force components, –
Blade material selection,
Blade numbers for nozzle and rotor, – Blade profile selection, , –
Bleriot, Louis, –
Boeing – / , –
Boeing – ,
Boeing aircraft, –
Boeing CH- Chinook, –
Boeing Dreamliner, –
Boeing Pelican ULTRA,
Boeing X- A,
Bombardier CSeries,
Bottom dead center (BDC), ,
Boundary-layer infrared suppression system (BLISS),
BPR, Bypass ratio
Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP),
Brake power, –
Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC),
Branca’s stamping mill, –
Breguet’s equation, –
Bristol , –
Bristol ,
Bristol Theseus,
British Aircraft Corporation (BAC),
Buckingham’s theory,
Buried wing installation, –
Burning rate, solid propellants, –
Bypass jet engines,
Bypass ratio (BPR), , – , – ,
C
Camelina,
Casing,
Cayley, Sir George,
Center-engine installation,
Central plug, nozzle,
Centrifugal bending stress,
Centrifugal compressors, – , ; Radial inflow turbinesaxial-centrifugal compressor,
characteristic performance of, –
classification of
dual-entry/double-face entry, –
impeller vanes,
inducers types,
shrouded/unshrouded impeller,
single-entry/single-face entry, –
single/multiple stages, –
discharge system, –
erosion
brittle mode erosion,
compressor–pressure ratio and efficiency,
constants,
continuum approach,
discrete approach,
ductile mode erosion,
engine performance,
particle trajectories,
particulate flows, –
problems,
rate,
sand/dust particles,
target material,
theoretical estimation, –
turbomachines,
two-stage mechanism,
volcanic ash,
governing equations
continuity equation,
energy equation/first law of thermodynamics, –
impeller types, –
Mach number,
momentum equation/Euler’s equation, –
prewhirl, –
radial impeller, –
slip factor, – thermodynamics and velocities, –
T–S diagram, ,
velocity triangles,
layout of
bell casing,
diffuser, –
double-sided centrifugal compressor,
exit-guide vanes,
horizontally/vertically split casing,
IGVs,
impeller, – ,
inducer duct,
nomenclature,
scroll/manifold,
scroll/volute, –
PT turboprop engine,
vaned diffuser
channel diffuser, –
conical diffuser, –
isentropic vaned diffuser, –
performance maps, –
vs. vaneless diffuser, –
vaneless diffuser
compressible flow, –
incompressible flow, –
Centrifugal rocket pumps, –
Centrifugal stress, – ,
on blades, –
on disks
inner rim,
outer rim, –
segment,
CFM – C mixed high-BPR turbofan engine, –
CF turbofan engine,
Chang Zheng (CZ- ) rocket,
Chemical rocket engines, , –
Child-Langmuir’s law, Chimney jack,
Chinese fire arrows, –
Clamshell door system, –
Clearance volume,
Clustered rocket, –
Colloidal propellants,
Combat rockets,
Combustion chamber
aerodynamics
conical diffusers, –
diffuser, shapes of,
flow patterns,
ideal diffuser, ,
straight core annular diffuser, –
components, –
performance
combustion efficiency, –
combustion intensity, –
combustion stability,
convection-film cooling,
effective cooling, –
film cooling, –
impingement-film cooling, –
louver cooling,
pressure loss,
splash cooling, –
transpiration cooling,
subsonic combustion chambers
annular combustion chambers, –
tubo-annular combustion chambers, –
tubular/multiple combustion chambers, –
supersonic combustion chamber,
Combustion systems
afterburner, –
aircraft fuels, –
chemistry of, –
Arrhenius equation, combustion equation,
fuel–air ratio, –
gravimetric analysis,
reaction rate, –
stoichiometric ratio,
first law analysis of, –
materials,
pollutant formation
NO
x emissions, –
SO emissions, –
process, –
requirements, –
supersonic combustion system, –
Commercial supersonic technology (CST), –
Composite modified double-based propellants,
Composite propellants,
Compression-ignition (CI) engine, – ,
Compression ratio,
Compressor map, –
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD),
Computational fluid mechanics (CFD),
Concorde aircraft, , , – ,
Congreve, William,
Conical nose, missiles, –
Conical nozzle, –
Conservation of energy, ,
Conservation of mass, , , , ,
Constant nozzle angle design, –
Constant specific mass flow stage, –
Continuous turbine burners (CTBs),
Contra-rotating aft propfan,
Contra-rotating forward propfan,
Convair BJ- , –
Convection cooling, – , –
Convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzle, – , – , –
adiabatic efficiency, –
behavior of, – exit Mach number,
exit velocity,
mass flow rate,
pressure ratio,
T–S diagram,
velocity and static pressure distribution,
Convergent nozzles, , – , , –
chocked nozzle, variations of
flow, aerodynamic and thermodynamic properties of,
Mach number,
static density,
static pressure,
static ratios,
static temperature,
static total pressure,
total density,
design steps, –
efficiency,
pressure ratio,
temperature ratio,
Conway engine,
Cooling technique, –
Counterrotating advanced ducted fan, –
Critical point (CP), –
Cruise, switch-in deflector system,
afterburner,
combustion chamber,
compressor,
fan, –
HPT,
intake,
LPT,
mixing process, –
nozzle,
thrust force,
Cs- engine,
CST, Commercial supersonic technologyCTBs, Continuous turbine burners
Cylindrical grain, definition,
D
D- , –
da Vinci, Leonardo,
Dawn spacecraft,
DC- aircraft,
Degree of reaction, – , –
DeHaviland Comet ,
Desert Hawk UAV,
Diffuser efficiency, , , – ,
Divergent nozzle
expansion Mach number,
expansion waves inside nozzle, drawing procedure,
expansion zone,
graphical design,
Mach angles distribution, –
minimum length divergent nozzle, design procedure, –
nozzle contours
analytical determination of, –
and expansion waves,
parallel flow, –
sharp corner nozzle,
straightening section, –
Double-shaft gas turbine engine
free-power turbine, – , – , –
regenerative cycle, –
thermal efficiency of gas, –
two-discrete shafts (spools)
combustion chamber,
high-pressure spool,
HPT,
low-pressure spool, –
LPT, –
Double-throat ramjet (DTR) engine, Down-pitch thrust vectoring, –
Dual annular combustor (DAC),
Dual-mode ramjet (DRM), Dual ram-scramjet engine
Dual ram-scramjet engine
aero-thermodynamics, –
configuration and station, –
isolator, –
T–S diagram of, –
Du Temple, Felix,
Dynamic compressors,
E
ecoDemonstrator flight test airplane,
Ejector nozzle, –
Electrical generator,
Electric engines, –
Electromagnetic rocket engines, , –
Electron Beam (EB)-welded rotor, –
Electrostatic rocket propulsion, –
charged ions, –
electrical efficiency, –
mathematical model, –
total efficiency,
Electrostatic thrusters,
Electrothermal rockets, ,
arcjets,
electromagnetic engines, –
resistojets, –
Elevators, –
Endurance factor (EF), –
Enthalpy of combustion,
Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST)
program,
Equal time point (ETP), Critical point (CP)
Equivalent brake-specific fuel consumption (EBSFC),
Equivalent shaft horsepower (ESHP), – Equivalent shaft power (ESP),
Equivalent thrust power (ETP),
Erosion, , –
brittle mode erosion,
compressor–pressure ratio and efficiency,
constants,
continuum approach,
discrete approach,
ductile mode erosion,
engine performance,
particle trajectories,
particulate flows, –
problems,
rate,
sand/dust particles,
target material,
theoretical estimation, –
turbomachines,
two-stage mechanism,
volcanic ash,
ETV, External-thrust vectoring
Eulerian solution technique,
Euler’s equation, – , – ,
European classified UAV (EUROUVS),
European hypersonic transport vehicle (EHTV),
Exhaust system
for afterburning engines, ,
for low BPR afterburning turbofans, ,
noise, , –
nozzles
annular nozzles, –
axisymmetric nozzles,
bell nozzles, –
C-D nozzle, – , –
conical nozzles, –
convergent nozzle, , – , –
divergent nozzle, – mass flow rate, –
requirements,
variable geometry nozzles, –
supersonic aircraft, –
thrust reversal, , –
thrust vectoring, , , –
Expansion-deflection (E-D) radial outflow nozzle,
External-thrust vectoring (ETV), –
F
Fabri, Henri, –
Fan laws,
Fan-on-blade (Flade) engine,
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR),
F- engine,
F- engine,
F- engine,
Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) model, –
Fieseler Fi- Reichenberg (Fi R),
Film cooling, – , ,
Fire arrows, – ,
Fire turbine,
First-generation biofuels, –
Fixed geometry ramjets, –
Fixed pitch propellers, –
Flameholding,
Flap blowing turbofan engine, –
Flight fuel available (FFA),
F- Lightning II,
Flow coefficient, ,
definition,
vs. temperature loading and, –
Fluidic-thrust vectoring, ,
Flying bombs, , , –
F Nighthawk, Ford Trimotor, –
Foreign object damage (FOD),
Forward fan mixed-flow turbofan engine
single-spool engine, –
two-spool engine, –
CFM – C mixed high-BPR, –
energy balance, –
layout, –
mixed and unmixed types, –
with mixer, –
mixing process, –
temperature-entropy diagram, –
Forward fan unmixed turbofan engines
single-spool configuration
BPR, , –
combustion chamber,
compressor,
fan nozzle, –
forward fan,
intake,
turbine, –
turbine nozzle, –
three-spool engine, –
two-spool engines
fan and LPC on one shaft, –
fan driven by LPT and compressor driven by HPT, –
geared fan driven by LPT and compressor driven by HPT, –
Four-engine fuselage installation,
Four-stroke engines, ,
diesel cycle
air-to-fuel ratio,
CI engine, –
constant pressure exhaust stroke,
constant-pressure heat addition,
constant-volume heat rejection,
fuel injection process,
isentropic compression, , isentropic expansion,
P–v and T–S diagrams, –
thermal efficiency, ,
Otto cycle
air/fuel and fuel/air ratios, –
constant pressure exhaust stroke,
constant pressure suction,
constant-volume heat addition,
constant volume heat rejection,
isentropic compression stroke,
isentropic power/expansion stroke, –
performance parameters, –
power generation and fuel consumption, –
propulsive efficiency,
P–v and T–S diagrams,
SFC, –
thermal efficiency, – ,
vs. two-stroke engines, –
volumetric efficiency, –
terminology
compression ratio,
piston execution, –
pressure–volume diagram, –
TDC and BDC, ,
F- Raptor,
Free power turbine
and gas generator turbine,
map of,
mass flow parameter, –
matching procedure for, ,
operating line for,
parameters,
pressure ratio,
Free turbine engine, off-design of
free power turbine, –
gas generator, –
temperature–entropy diagram, – Free vortex design, – , – , ,
Friction mean effective pressure,
Front frame, –
F. / turbofan engines,
Fuel burn reductions, –
Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) system,
Fuselage installation, , –
military aircraft,
over/under turboramjet, –
G
Gas bending stress, –
Gas-core rocket,
Gas generator matching
flowchart for, –
parameters, –
Gasoline engine,
Gas turbine engines, , ; Industrial gas turbine engines
advanced ducted fan, –
Barber’s gas turbine, –
propfan engines, –
representative manufacturers, –
turbofan engine, –
turbojet engines, –
turboprop engines, –
turboshaft engines, –
Geared turbofan engines, –
advantages,
Lycoming ALF R, –
PW G, –
fuel mass flow-rate,
overall efficiency,
propulsive efficiency, , –
specific thrust, , – , –
thermal efficiency, – ,
thrust, TSFC, , , –
General Electric (GE)
ADVENT engine, –
CF engines, ,
CT ,
F -GE- ,
GE- ,
GE CF – C ,
GE CF turbofan engine,
GEnx turbofan engine,
I-A engine, –
I- engine,
J- engine,
J- engine, , –
J- engine,
J- engines,
J -GE- ,
LM , –
LM Series,
SNECMA CFM engines,
T- ,
T ,
T ,
T /CT ,
T engine,
TF- ,
variable stator concept, –
General electric unducted fan (GE UDF), –
German sänger space transportation systems,
Gliders
human-carrier glider,
Lilienthal, Otto,
triplane glider,
Wright brothers,
Gloster E / aircraft, – ,
Gnome-Monosoupape, –
Goddard, Robert, Gravesand, Jacob,
Green diesel,
H
Halophytes,
Harpoon missile, –
Harrier engine, –
Hartzell propeller, –
Hawker Siddeley Nimrod,
Hayabusa- spacecraft,
Heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG),
Heavy-duty gas turbines,
Heinkel He aircraft, – ,
Hemisphere nose, missiles, –
Hero, ,
He S- engine,
Heterogeneous propellants,
High altitude, long endurance, long range (HALE) UAVs,
High-bypass turbofan engine, ,
High-pressure compressor (HPC), , – , , – ,
High-speed civil transport (HSCT), ,
High-speed supersonic and hypersonic engines, –
hypersonic flight
commercial transports, –
history of, –
military applications,
propulsion
hybrid-cycle engine, –
multi-stage vehicle,
scramjet engine, –
supersonic aircraft
Anglo-French activities, –
Bell X- , –
Blackbird SR- , –
CST, future of, –
NACA, conceptual design of, Russian activities,
U.S. activities, –
technology challenges,
turboramjet engine, –
ATREX turboramjet engine, , –
case study, –
dual mode, –
over/under turboramjet, , –
P&W J – ,
ramjet mode,
turbojet mode, , –
wraparound turboramjet, –
High-thrust class turbofan engines, –
Homogeneous propellants,
Horizontally opposed engine, –
Hot-air balloon, –
HPC, High-pressure compressor
H-type engine,
Human-carrier glider,
Hybrid-cycle engine, –
Hybrid propellant rockets, –
advantages and disadvantages, –
combustion process,
empirical relation, –
fuel–oxidizer combinations,
Hybrid Propulsion Demonstration Program (HPDP),
Hybrid Technology Options Project (HyTOP),
HYCAT- aircraft, –
Hydraulic/water turbines,
Hydravion, –
Hydrogen-filled balloon,
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB),
Hyper-soar aircraft, –
Hypersonic aurora aircraft, ,
Hypersonic flight
commercial transports, –
history of, – military applications,
I
IC engines, Internal combustion (IC) engines
Ideal Brayton cycle
air inlet assembly,
CBT,
combustion chamber,
compressor, –
single-spool gas turbine,
temperature-entropy and pressure-specific volume diagrams,
turbine, –
Impeller
absolute velocity, , –
aerodynamic performance,
backward-leaning blades, –
forward-leaning blades,
impeller isentropic efficiency,
pressure ratio, –
radial impeller, –
shrouded/unshrouded impellers,
slip factor,
swirl velocity ratio,
temperature rise, –
Impingement cooling, – , –
Impingement-film cooling, –
Impulse-to-weight ratio,
Impulse turbine, ,
Industrial gas turbine engines, –
advantages, –
classification of, –
combined gas turbine, –
disadvantages,
double-shaft engine
free-power turbine, – , – , –
regenerative cycle, – thermal efficiency of gas, –
two-discrete shafts (spools), –
GE- B gas turbine, –
GE- H combined-cycle gas turbine, –
history of, –
marine gas turbines
additional components for, –
advantages,
examples, –
split-shaft gas-turbine engines,
micro-gas turbines
bearings, selection and design of,
compressor and turbine,
electric generation, –
manufacturing process,
power generation,
vs. typical-gas turbines,
offshore gas turbines,
single-shaft engine
combined intercooling, regeneration, and reheat, –
ideal cycle, –
intercooling, –
real cycle, –
regeneration, –
reheat, –
three-spool gas turbine
aeroderivative gas turbine, –
equal efficiencies,
free-power turbine, intercooler, regenerator and reheater, –
overall compression work,
types of, –
Inlet guide vanes (IGV), , ,
In-line engines, ,
Intercoolers
applications, – ,
design technologies,
drawbacks, effectiveness, –
Intermediate-pressure turbine (IPT),
Internal combustion (IC) engines, –
aerodynamics and thermodynamics
air-standard analysis,
four-stroke diesel engine, –
four-stroke engine, terminology, , –
four-stroke spark ignition Otto cycle, –
piston engines,
superchargers/turbochargers, –
aero piston engine
classification,
compression-ignition engine,
definition,
piston-powered aircraft and helicopters, –
reciprocating engines, –
rotary engine, –
spark-ignition engine,
supercharging and turbocharging, –
airship,
aviation statistics, –
development of,
single-cylinder gas engine,
Internal thrust vectoring (ITV), –
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA),
Inter-turbine burners (ITB)
pollutants reduction,
thermodynamic analysis, –
turbofan engine, cycle calculation for, –
Inward-flow radial (IFR),
Iris variable nozzle,
Isentropic compression, ,
Isentropic flow,
Ishikawajima Ne- ,
ITB, Inter-turbine burners
JJatropha,
Jet Bomb (JB- ),
Jet engines
advantages, –
axial compressors,
performance parameters
aircraft range, –
endurance factor, –
mission segment weight fraction, –
overall efficiency, –
propeller efficiency,
propulsive efficiency, –
range factor,
route planning, –
specific fuel consumption, –
specific impulse, –
takeoff thrust, , –
thermal efficiency, –
reaction engines,
thrust force
air mass flow rate,
airspeed, –
air temperature and pressure, –
altitude, –
control volume, –
fuel-to-air ratio,
inlet air mass flow rate,
jet nozzle,
net thrust,
outlet gas mass flow rate,
ram effect, –
thrust, lift, drag, and weight,
thrust power, –
turbojet engine, –
turboprop engines,
for two-stream engines, Joint Government/Industry Research and Development (JIRAD) program,
Joint strike fighter (JSF),
JT ,
JT ,
Jumo B turbojet engines, –
Junker Jumo turbojet engines,
Jupiter Flyer, –
K
Kirchhoff (K) equation,
Kuznetsov NK- ,
Kuznetsov NK- triple-spool afterburning mixed turbofan engine, –
L
Lagrangian approach,
Lift-to-drag ratio, –
Lilienthal, Otto,
Liquid-fuel ramjet (LFRJ),
Liquid oxygen–liquid hydrogen rocket engine, –
Liquid-propellant rocket engine (LRE), –
combustion products,
liquid fuels,
oxidizers,
propellant feed system
pressure-fed engines, –
pump-fed system,
Liquid propellants
bipropellant, –
liquid oxygen–liquid hydrogen rocket engine, –
monopropellant, –
Lockheed Martin
Desert Hawk III UAV,
F- Lightning II,
F- Raptor, X- ,
X- ,
Lockheed Tristar,
LoFlyte,
Loss coefficient, , –
Louver cooling technique,
Low emissions combustor (LEC),
Low-pressure compressor (LPC), , , – ,
Low-thrust class turbofan engines,
LRE, Liquid-propellant rocket engine
Luna-Glob spacecraft,
Lycoming ALF R, , –
Lyulka AL- ,
Lyulka AL- ,
M
Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) accelerator,
Marine gas turbines
additional components for, –
advantages,
examples, –
split-shaft gas-turbine engines,
Mass ratio (MR),
MAVEN spacecraft,
Mean effective pressure (MEP), –
Mean flow (two-dimensional approach), –
enthalpy velocity variations, –
tangential plane,
velocity triangle types, –
Mechanical thrust vectoring, –
Medium altitude, long endurance, long range (MALE) UAVs,
Messerschmitt Me jet fighter,
Micro air vehicles (MAVs), ,
Micro-gas turbines
bearings, selection and design of,
compressor and turbine, electric generation, –
manufacturing process,
power generation,
vs. typical-gas turbines,
Micro turbojet engines
C missile,
cross-section of, –
data for, –
dimensions and weight,
Harpoon missile, –
Storm shadow missile, –
US Tomahawk missile,
Military rockets
auxiliary rockets, –
characteristics,
combat rockets,
launching site, location of,
target type,
Mini-unmanned air vehicles (MUAVs), –
Missiles
auxiliary components
fins, –
wings, –
external configuration,
mid-section,
nose section, –
range,
tail section, –
types of, –
warheads,
Mission segment weight fraction, –
Mixed-flow turbofan (MFTF) engine,
single-spool engine, –
two-spool engine, –
CFM – C mixed high-BPR, –
energy balance, –
layout, – mixed and unmixed types, –
with mixer, –
mixing process, –
temperature-entropy diagram, –
Mixed turbofan with afterburner, –
Adour Mk. ,
high specific thrust engines, –
ideal cycle, –
RD- ,
real cycle,
Modified momentum model, –
Module matching
definition,
off-design operation
of free turbine engine, –
of single-shaft gas turbine, –
of turbojet engine, –
Momentum equation, –
Monopropellants, –
MQ- B Fire Scout rotor wing, –
MUAVs, Mini-unmanned air vehicles
Multiple-stage centrifugal rocket pumps, ,
Multi-spool compressor, –
Multispool impulse rocket turbines,
Multistage aircraft,
Multistage axial rocket pumps, ,
N
NACA, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Nano air vehicles (NAVs),
NASA AD- , –
NASA Helios,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), – ,
National Aerospace Plane (NASP), –
Naval rockets,
Navier–Stokes equations, Nene turbojet engine, –
Net positive suction head (NPSH),
Neutral burning, definition, –
New Aero Engine Corp Concepts (NEWAC),
Newton, Sir Isaac, , ,
Newton’s steam wagon, –
Nimrod aircraft,
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, – , ,
Noise, – , –
acoustics model theory, –
aircraft, sources of, ,
corrugated perimeter noise suppressor,
definition,
eccentric coannular nozzle,
ejector-suppressor,
exhaust mixing and shock structure, –
FAA regulations,
jet engine,
lateral noise level, improvement in, –
lobe-tube nozzle, –
sonic boom, –
suppressor-reverser,
turbofan engines, – ,
turbojet engines, –
unit,
Non-airbreathing engines, – , , ; Rocket engines
Nonchemical rockets,
Non-nuclear turbojet engine, –
North American Aviation,
Northrop Grumman RQ- Global Hawk, –
Nose installation,
Nose-mounted turboprop engine,
Nozzles
aft-fan,
annular nozzles, –
axisymmetric nozzles,
bell nozzles, – C-D nozzle, – , –
conical nozzles, –
convergent nozzle, , – , –
mass flow rate, –
requirements,
rocket engine, –
scramjet engine, – ,
single-spool turbojet engine
ideal cycle, –
real cycle, –
switch-in deflector system
cruise,
takeoff/lift thrust,
thrust vectoring, , , ,
two-dimensional supersonic nozzle
convergent nozzle, –
divergent nozzle, –
two-spool turbojet engine, –
variable geometry nozzles
for afterburning engine,
central plug,
ejector nozzle, –
iris nozzle,
Nuclear-powered jet engines, –
Nuclear ramjet engine, , –
Nuclear rocket propulsion
gas-core reactor,
solid-core reactor, –
sources,
Nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP),
Nuclear turbojet engine, –
O
Offshore gas turbines,
Ogival nose, missiles, –
Otto cycle engines, air/fuel and fuel/air ratios, –
constant pressure exhaust stroke,
constant pressure suction,
constant-volume heat addition,
constant volume heat rejection,
isentropic compression stroke,
isentropic power/expansion stroke, –
performance parameters, –
power generation and fuel consumption, –
propulsive efficiency,
P–v and T–S diagrams,
SFC, –
thermal efficiency, – ,
vs. two-stroke engines, –
volumetric efficiency, –
Overall efficiency
definition,
ramjet engines, , ,
rocket engine,
scramjet engine,
turbofan engines, –
turbojet engine,
Over-oxidized, definition,
Over/under turboramjet, ,
dual mode, –
fuselage installation, –
layout of,
ramjet mode,
T–S diagram of,
turbojet mode,
wing installation,
P
Parabolic series nose, missiles, –
Particulate matter (PM),
Pegasus booster rocket, – Pegasus engine, –
Perforation, definition,
Piaggio P- Avanti Rennes,
Piston engines, , , , –
Piston speed,
Pluto reactor,
Point of no return (PNR), –
Pollutants
NO
x emissions, –
SO emissions, –
Power Jet W., –
Power loading (PL),
Powerplant installation
airframe manufacturer,
air intakes/inlets,
intake and engine, –
propulsion-airframe integration,
subsonic aircraft
turbojet and turbofan engines, –
turboprop installation, –
subsonic intakes
inlet performance, –
isentropic efficiency,
pitot intakes, –
stagnation-pressure ratio,
turbojet/turbofan engines,
turboprop inlets, , –
supersonic aircraft
civil transports,
military aircraft, –
supersonic intakes
axisymmetric and two-dimensional intakes,
diffuser design, –
examples, –
external compression intakes, –
fixed-geometry intakes,
internal compression inlet, – internal, external and mixed-compression, –
mixed compression intakes, –
normal shock waves, –
oblique shock waves, –
stratosphere adiabatic efficiency,
variable-geometry intakes, –
turbo ramjet engine
eight-oblique-shocks, , –
fighter aircraft (F- A), –
four oblique shocks, – ,
intake geometry,
Power plants, UAVs
electric engines, –
engine characteristics, –
gas turbine engines,
internal combustion engines, –
Power series nose, missiles, –
Pratt & Whitney
FT- ,
J- engine,
J -P- ,
JT D- engine,
JT D engine, –
powerplant developments, –
PT and PT A engine, – ,
PW , –
P&W JT D- As,
PW series, ,
Predator B,
Pre–jet engines
airship,
Barber’s gas turbine, –
Branca’s stamping mill, –
da Vinci’s chimney jack,
Du Temple’s airplane,
fire arrows, –
Ford Trimotor, – four-stroke engines,
glider of Otto Lilienthal,
Hero’s aeolipile, –
hot-air balloon, –
human-carrying glider,
hydravion, –
internal combustion engines, development of,
marine flying,
Newton’s steam wagon, –
reciprocating engines, –
reciprocating hot-air engine,
single-cylinder gas engine,
triplane glider,
Vickers Gunbus, –
Wan Hu’s chair, –
Wright brothers, –
XI monoplane, –
Zeppelin airships,
Pressure-fed rocket engine, –
Pressure loss factor (PLF),
Prewhirl
axial velocity,
bending stress,
curved-beam nomenclature,
IGV,
iteration procedure, –
Mach number,
radial compressors,
stress, curved beams, –
velocity triangle
constant inlet relative angle, –
constant prewhirl angle, –
inlet with slip,
no prewhirl, –
Primary combustion zone,
Profile loss, –
Progress D- engines, – Progressive burning, definition,
Propellant feed system
pressure-fed engines, –
pump-fed system,
Propellant mass fraction,
Propeller efficiency,
Propfan engines
counterrotating propfan, –
D- , –
-DX engine,
F. / ,
features of,
GE UDF, –
NASA HamStan,
NK- ,
Progress D- propfan, –
propulsive efficiency, –
single rotation, –
thermal efficiency,
vs. turboprop engines,
types,
UDF, –
-DX,
GE UDF, ,
MD- , –
UHB,
Propulsion-airframe integration, Powerplant installation
Propulsion rocket system
electrostatic, –
charged ions, –
electrical efficiency, –
mathematical model, –
total efficiency,
hybrid, –
advantages and disadvantages, –
empirical relation, –
nuclear, gas-core reactor,
solid-core reactor, –
Propulsive efficiency, , –
aircraft range,
definition,
effective jet velocity, –
external efficiency,
ramjet engines, – , , ,
rocket engine, –
scramjet, –
single and contrarotating propfan engines, –
turbofan engine, – , –
turbojet engines, –
turboprop engines, –
Prox Dynamics Picoflyer,
PT turboshaft engine,
Pulse detonation engine (PDE),
Pulsejet engines, ,
Fieseler Fi- Reichenberg,
flow parameters, pulsating nature of, –
JB- ,
Jumo ,
Ka- ,
operation, –
PJ- – ,
pulse detonation engine,
combined cycle,
example, –
hybrid PDEs, –
objective of,
pure PDEs,
specific impulse for, –
thermodynamic cycle, –
RD- /D- ,
stationary modules,
in tethered and radiocontrol model aircraft,
valved enginecombustion chamber,
cycle, –
drawback of,
examples, –
German V- missile, , –
intake/diffuser, –
one-way/check valves, –
valveless engine, – , –
Pump-fed rocket engines, , –
Pumps, rocket,
axial pumps, –
centrifugal pumps
configurations, –
elements of, –
head and flow rate,
performance, –
velocity triangles,
materials and fabrication process,
multiple-stage centrifugal pumps,
multistage axial pumps,
parallel and series, –
pump-fed system, –
specific speed, –
SSME,
R
Radial engines, , –
Radial inflow turbines
applications,
characteristics, ,
cooling techniques, –
dimensionless parameters
flow coefficient,
rotor meridional velocity ratio,
specific speed,
stage loading, history,
isentropic efficiency,
layout of, –
losses, breakdown of, –
one-dimensional design procedure, –
operating conditions,
power, –
preliminary design, –
thermodynamics
temperature–entropy diagram, –
total-to-total efficiency,
velocity triangles in, –
Ram effect, – , –
Ramjet engines, ,
advantages,
contributors,
disadvantages, ,
DTR engine,
elements,
fixed geometry, –
ideal ramjet
fuel-to-air ratio,
modules, states of, –
specific thrust, , –
thermal efficiency, –
thermodynamic cycle, –
thrust force, –
TSFC, ,
isentropic flow,
Leduc ,
liquid-fuel ramjet,
nuclear ramjet engine, , –
in operational missile programs,
performance parameters, –
pioneers,
ram effect,
Rayleigh flow, – real ramjet, – , –
shock waves
normal shock wave, – ,
oblique shock wave,
solid-fuel ramjet, , –
speed, – ,
subsonic ramjets, , , –
supersonic ramjets, – , – , –
thermal efficiency,
variable geometry, – , –
Ramp injectors,
Range factor (RF),
Rankine-Froude theory, Actuator disk theory
Rayleigh flow, –
RD- afterburning turbofan TVC engine,
RD- K booster turbojet engines, –
Reaction engines,
Reaction rocket turbines, –
Real Brayton cycle
combustion chamber, –
compressor,
turbine, –
Rear frame,
Reciprocating engines,
examples, –
horizontally opposed engine, –
H-type engine,
in-line engine, –
radial type engine, –
V-type engines,
X-type engines,
Recuperative turboshaft engines,
Recuperators
applications, ,
drawbacks,
performance requirements,
turbofan engine, thermodynamic cycle of, – Regressive burning, definition,
Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), –
Resistojets, , –
Rocket engines; Rocket pumps
advantages,
axial turbines,
multispool impulse turbines,
reaction turbines, –
single-stage impulse turbine, –
chemical rockets, , –
classification of, –
application, based on,
energy source,
guidance systems,
launch mode,
military rockets, –
missiles, types of,
number of stages,
propulsion,
range,
warheads,
definition,
electrostatic propulsion, –
charged ions, –
electrical efficiency, –
mathematical model, –
total efficiency,
electrothermal,
arcjets,
electromagnetic engines, –
resistojets, –
history of
important events, –
recent and future plans, –
hybrid propulsion, –
advantages and disadvantages, –
combustion process, empirical relation, –
fuel–oxidizer combinations,
liquid propellants, –
bipropellant, –
liquid oxygen–liquid hydrogen rocket engine, –
monopropellant, –
missile configuration
external configuration,
factors affecting,
fins, –
mid-section,
nose section, –
tail section, –
wings, –
nonchemical rockets,
nuclear rocket propulsion
gas-core reactor,
solid-core reactor, –
sources,
performance characteristics,
performance parameters, –
characteristic velocity,
effective exhaust velocity, –
exhaust velocity, –
impulse-to-weight ratio,
mass ratio,
nozzle relations, –
overall efficiency,
propellant mass fraction,
propulsive efficiency, –
specific impulse, –
specific propellant consumption,
thermal efficiency, –
thrust coefficient, –
thrust force, –
total impulse,
pump-fed system, – solid propellants, –
advantages, –
burning rate, –
characteristics,
composition,
data for,
definitions, –
disadvantages,
features,
liquid-propellant rocket engine, –
motor, –
space flight
escape velocity, –
orbital velocity, –
staging
advantages and disadvantages,
Ariane rocket, –
multistage series rocket, –
parallel multistage rocket, –
single-stage rocket, –
three-stage rocket, –
Rocket pumps,
axial pumps, –
centrifugal pumps
configurations, –
elements of, –
head and flow rate,
performance, –
velocity triangles,
materials and fabrication process,
multiple-stage centrifugal pumps,
multistage axial pumps,
parallel and series, –
specific speed, –
SSME,
Rolls-Royce, –
AE C-Liberty, Avon and Olympus engines,
Conway engine,
DART, ,
Gem,
Industrial Trent,
MT ,
Nene engine, – ,
Pegasus, –
Proteus gas turbine engines,
RB , , ,
RB Trent,
Spey engine,
Tay engine,
Trent ,
Trent series,
Tyne,
Rolls Royce/SNECMA Olympus turbojets, , , – ,
Rosetta spacecraft, –
Rotary engines, – , ,
conventional types,
Wankel engine, –
Rotational speed (RPM) and annulus dimesnsions, –
Rotor blade, – , ,
characteristics,
hub-to-tip variations in,
material selection,
mechanical stresses,
row layouts, –
stresses on,
vibration analysis,
vibration stresses, –
Rotor meridional velocity ratio,
Rotor-wing unmanned air vehicles (RUAVs), –
Route planning, –
CP/ETP, –
PNR/PSR, –
track, Rudders, –
S
Safety fuels,
Sand-erosion tests,
Saturn V rocket, ,
SCR, Selective catalytic reduction
Scramjet engine, – ,
applications,
combustion chamber, – , –
disadvantages, –
dual-mode,
dual ram-scramjet engine
aero-thermodynamics, –
configuration and station, –
isolator, –
T–S diagram of, –
intake of, –
layout of, ,
nozzle, – ,
overall efficiency,
vs. ramjet, –
schematic representation, –
thermodynamics,
thrust force,
X- A,
Secondary flow loss,
Second-generation biofuels,
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), –
Selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), –
SFC, Specific fuel consumption
SFRJ, Solid-fuel ramjet
Shaft horsepower (SHP),
Shaft power (SP),
Shenyang J- Chinese fighter,
Shock loss model, Shock thrust-vector control,
Short takeoff and landing (STOL), Vertical/short takeoff and landing
(V/STOL)
Simple vortex model, –
Simplified radial equilibrium equation (SRE), –
Single-cylinder gas engine,
Single-expansion ramp nozzle (SERN),
Single-shaft gas turbine engine, –
combined intercooling, regeneration, and reheat, –
different loads,
intercooling, –
layout,
procedure, –
regeneration, –
reheat, –
single compressor and turbine
ideal cycle, –
real cycle, –
Single-spool turbofan engines, –
BPR, , –
combustion chamber,
compressor,
fan nozzle, –
forward fan,
intake,
turbine, –
turbine nozzle, –
Single-spool turbojet engine
at altitude of km for inoperative afterburner
afterburner fuel-to-air ratio, variations in, –
fuel-to-air ratio and propulsive efficiency, variations in, –
specific thrust and TSFC, variations in,
at altitude of km for operative afterburner
fuel-to-air ratio and afterburner fuel-to-air ratio, variations in, –
propulsive efficiency, variations in, ,
specific thrust and TSFC, variations in, – axial/centrifugal compressors, –
examples of, –
ideal cycle,
afterburner, –
combustion chamber,
compressor, –
examples, –
intake/inlet,
nozzle, –
turbine, –
layout and modules of,
operative vs. inoperative afterburner, –
real cycle
adiabatic efficiencies,
combustion chamber,
compressor,
examples, –
general description, –
inoperative afterburner, ,
intake, –
nozzle, –
operative afterburner, ,
turbine, –
at sea level for inoperative afterburner
fuel-to-air ratio and propulsive efficiency, variations in, –
specific thrust and TSFC, variations in, –
at sea level with operative afterburner
fuel-to-air ratio and propulsive efficiency, variations in, –
specific thrust and TSFC, variations in, –
statistical analysis,
thermodynamic analysis,
Single-stage centrifugal rocket pump,
Single-stage impulse rocket turbine, –
Slip phenomenon, –
SNCR, Selective noncatalytic reduction
Solar-electric Helios Prototype, –
Solar Impulse aircraft, – Solar-powered UAV,
Solid-core rocket engine, –
Solid-fuel ramjet (SFRJ), , –
Solid-propellant rocket
advantages, –
burning rate, –
characteristics,
composition,
data for,
definitions, –
disadvantages,
features,
liquid-propellant rocket engine, –
motor, –
Solid rocket boosters (SRBs), –
SoLong UAV,
Space Electric Rocket Test-II (SERT-II) spacecraft,
Space Electric Rocket Test-I (SERT-I) spacecraft,
Space flight
escape velocity, –
orbital velocity, –
Space shuttle main engine (SSME),
Space shuttles, , ,
Spark-ignition (SI) engine, ,
four-stroke engine
air/fuel and fuel/air ratios, –
constant pressure exhaust stroke,
constant pressure suction,
constant-volume heat addition,
constant volume heat rejection,
isentropic compression stroke,
isentropic power/expansion stroke, –
performance parameters, –
power generation and fuel consumption, –
propulsive efficiency,
P–v and T–S diagrams,
SFC, – thermal efficiency, – ,
volumetric efficiency, –
two-stroke engines, –
Specific fuel consumption (SFC),
four-stroke engine, –
ramjet, turbojet, and turbofan engines, –
turboprop engines,
UAV,
Specific impulse, –
vs. Mach number, –
for pulse detonation engine, –
rocket engines, –
Specific propellant consumption (SPC),
Spey engines,
Spike Aerospace,
Spike motion, ,
Spike nozzles,
Splash cooling, –
Sputnik I,
Sputnik II,
SR- aircraft, –
SRBs, Solid rocket boosters
SSME, Space shuttle main engine (SSME)
SSTs, Supersonic transports
Stage efficiency, – ,
Stage loading,
Stamping mill, –
Stanitz formula,
Stanton number, –
Starship aircraft,
Stator blade, – , –
Steady-state stress,
Steam turbine, – ,
Steam wagon, –
Storm shadow missile, –
Subsonic aircraft
turbojet and turbofan enginescombined fuselage and tail installation,
combined wing and tail installation, –
fuselage installation, , –
wing installation, –
turboprop installation, –
Subsonic intakes
inlet performance, –
performance parameters
examples, –
isentropic efficiency,
stagnation-pressure ratio,
pitot intakes, –
turbojet/turbofan engines,
turboprop inlets, –
Subsonic ramjet engine, , , –
Suction specific speed,
Sulfur dioxide (SO ) emissions, –
Super Caravelle,
Supercharging engine
aerodynamics and thermodynamics, –
aero piston engine, –
Supersonic aircraft
Anglo-French activities
BAe-Aerospatiale AST,
Concorde, –
Bell X- , –
Blackbird SR- , –
civil transports,
CST, future of, –
exhaust system, –
military aircraft, –
NACA, conceptual design of,
Russian activities, Tupolev Tu- ,
U.S. activities
Boeing – / , –
Boeing – ,
Convair BJ- , – HSCT,
Lockheed L- , –
NASA AD- , –
Supersonic combustion ramjet, Scramjet engine
Supersonic ramjet engines, – , – , –
Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee (STAC),
Supersonic transports (SSTs), – , – ,
Supersonic turbojet, –
Super VC- ,
Surface film ejection,
Surface-to-air missiles,
Surface-to-surface missiles (SSM),
Sustainable biofuels, Biofuels
Switch-in deflector system
cruise, –
takeoff/lift thrust, , –
vectored thrust engine, –
Swiveling nozzles, –
T T
akeoff/lift thrust, , – ,
afterburner, –
combustion chamber,
compressor, –
fan,
HPT,
intake,
LPT,
mixing process,
nozzle,
thrust force,
Tay engine,
TBE, Turbine bypass engine
Teledyne CAE J turbojet engine, –
Temperature drop coefficient
definition, vs. flow coefficient, –
Thermal efficiency, – , – ,
internal efficiency,
ramjet engines, , – , , ,
rocket engine, –
turbofan and propfan engine,
turbojet engine,
turboprop/turboshaft engine,
Thermal stress, ,
Three-dimensional flow, –
axisymmetric flow, –
free vortex method, –
general design procedure, –
simplified radial equilibrium equation, –
D printing,
Three-spool gas turbine engine
aeroderivative gas turbine, –
equal efficiencies,
free-power turbine, intercooler, regenerator and reheater, –
overall compression work,
Three-spool turbofan engine, – , –
Three-stream turbofans,
Thrust coefficient, –
Thrust force,
airbreathing engine, –
air mass flow rate,
airspeed, –
air temperature and pressure, –
altitude, –
control volume, –
convergent nozzles,
fuel-to-air ratio,
inlet air mass flow rate,
net thrust,
outlet gas mass flow rate,
ram effect, –
ramjet engines, – rocket engine, –
scramjet engine,
specific thrust,
switch-in deflector system
cruise,
takeoff/lift thrust,
thrust, lift, drag, and weight,
thrust power, –
turbojet engine
constant mass flow rate, variations with, –
exhaust and flight speed,
idling engine, forward thrust,
single-spool axial-flow engine, –
variable mass flow rate, variations with, –
turboprop engines,
for two-stream engines,
Thrust reversal, , –
aircraft engine, control volume, –
blocker doors, –
bucket-type doors, –
civilian transport, –
clamshell door system, –
conditions,
exhaust jet, control volume, –
ground roll distance calculation, –
military aircraft,
turbojet engines,
Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC), , – , , , ,
pulsejet engine, , ,
ramjets
different fuel heating values, ,
different maximum temperatures, –
ideal ramjet, ,
real cycle,
subsonic ramjets,
for single-spool turbojet at altitude of km
inoperative afterburner, operative afterburner, –
for single-spool turbojet at sea level
inoperative afterburner, –
operative afterburner, –
vs. specific thrust,
turboramjet engines
dual mode,
hybrid engine, – , –
ramjet mode,
turbojet mode,
Thrust vectoring
applications,
definition,
fluidic-thrust vectoring, ,
forces on aircraft,
mechanical thrust vectoring, –
-D thrust vectoring, –
two-dimensional nozzles, , , ,
Tin Goose,
Tip clearance loss, –
Tip Mach number, , –
T Lycoming engine,
Top dead center (TDC), ,
Total equivalent horsepower (TEHP),
TPF turboprop engine,
Trailing edge ejection,
Trans-Atlantic flight,
Transpiration cooling,
Trent turbofan engines,
Triplane glider,
Triple-spool unmixed turbofan engine (Trent ), –
TSFC, Thrust-specific fuel consumption
Tsiolkovsky rocket equation,
Tubo-annular combustion chambers, –
Tupolev Tu- aircraft,
Tupolev TU- aircraft, –
Turbine-burner engines, Turbine bypass engine (TBE), –
Turbine cooling
convection,
film cooling,
impingement cooling, –
Turbine map, –
Turbocharging engine
aerodynamics and thermodynamics, –
aero piston engine, –
Turbofan engines, , – , , , –
advantages, , –
aft-fan, –
AI- TD,
CF engines,
CFM engines,
classification of
aft fan, ,
booster turbojets, –
double-spool turbofan engines,
forward-fan, –
F- two-spool afterburning turbofan engine,
geared fans,
low/high bypass ratio, , –
mixed engine,
nuclear and nonnuclear engines,
single-spool turbofan engines,
three-spool engines,
unmixed turbofan,
combined fuselage and tail installation,
combined wing and tail installation, –
Conway engine,
D- ,
D- KP,
D- P,
D- series , E, A and A,
D- T Series and ,
forward fan mixed-flow enginesingle-spool engine, –
two-spool engine, –
forward fan unmixed
single-spool configuration, –
three-spool engine, –
two-spool engines, –
fuselage installation, , –
GE ,
geared turbofan engines, PW G, –
advantages,
fuel mass flow-rate,
overall efficiency,
propulsive efficiency, , –
specific thrust, , – , –
thermal efficiency, – ,
thrust,
TSFC, , , –
GP series,
high-thrust class,
hybrid PDEs, –
JT D- ,
JT D, –
layout, –
low-thrust class,
mixed turbofan with afterburner, –
Adour Mk. ,
high specific thrust engines, –
ideal cycle, –
RD- ,
real cycle,
noise, – ,
overall efficiency, –
performance analysis
aft-fan, –
AGM- ALCM, –
forward fan,
GE , – high-bypass turbofan, –
Kuznetsov NK- triple-spool afterburning mixed turbofan engine,
–
new and deteriorated high-BPR engines, –
propulsive efficiency and TSFC, , –
TIT and OPR, effect of, –
unmixed three-spool engine (Trent ), –
propulsive efficiency, – , –
RB ,
Spey engine,
TF- ,
TFE ,
thermal efficiency,
transonic speeds,
Trent ,
types, –
V ,
V/STOL, –
switch-in deflector system, –
swiveling nozzles, –
wing installation
above the wing, –
buried in the wing, –
pod installation, –
Turbojet engines, , , – ,
centrifugal compressor for,
combined fuselage and tail installation,
combined wing and tail installation, –
Comet,
double-spool engine,
afterburning, –
layout and modules of,
non-afterburning, –
statistical analysis,
front frame in,
fuselage installation, , –
gas generator, GE I-A engine, –
GE I- engine,
GE J- engine,
GE J- engine,
GE J- engine,
GE J- engine,
Ishikawajima Ne- ,
J engine,
Jumo jet engine, –
Lyulka AL- ,
Lyulka AL- ,
microengines
C missile,
cross-section of, –
data for, –
dimensions and weight,
Harpoon missile, –
Storm shadow missile, –
US Tomahawk missile,
module matching off-design, –
with afterburner, –
between compressor and turbine, –
exhaust speed and specific thrust vs. rotational speed ratio, –
between fan and low-pressure modules,
ground test, –
nozzle map,
performance,
three-spool turbofan engine, –
Nene engine, –
noise, –
nuclear/non-nuclear engine, – , –
overall efficiency,
performance map, –
Pratt & Whitney J- engine,
propulsive efficiency, –
RDT- /VDR- , Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus turbojet,
Shenyang J- Chinese fighter,
single-spool engine
axial/centrifugal compressors, – , –
examples of, –
ideal cycle, –
layout and modules of,
operative vs. inoperative afterburner, –
optimization, –
real cycle, –
statistical analysis,
thermodynamic analysis,
supersonic, –
S- /VDR- ,
Tay engine,
thermal efficiency,
thrust augmentation methods, –
afterburning engine, –
water injection, –
thrust reversal,
variable stator concept, –
Viper,
von Ohain, Hans, , –
Whittle, Frank, Sir, , –
wing installation
above the wing, –
buried in the wing, –
pod installation, –
Turboprop engines, – ,
advantages, –
AI- ,
AI- D Series,
Allison T -A- ,
Armstrong Siddeley Mamba and double Mamba,
Armstrong Siddeley Python,
Bristol Theseus,
classificationengine-aircraft configuration, –
Hartzell propeller, –
intakes, –
propeller-engine coupling,
propeller type,
spools,
core engine and propeller,
counterrotating propellers
empennage installation,
nose installation,
disadvantages,
equivalent engine power
flight operation, –
static condition,
free-power turbine, , –
fuel consumption, –
GE T- , T , T ,
hp Bastan,
hp Marcadau,
installation, –
Jendrassik Cs- ,
Kuznetsov NK- ,
performance analysis
ESHP and ESFC, ,
flight Mach number, ,
thrust and power contribution, –
propeller requirements,
propulsive efficiency, –
PT , –
PT A- A pusher engines,
PT B,
PW puller engines,
PW , –
RB Trent,
RR Dart puller engines,
Russian Tu- ,
– shp Astazou, single-spool engine, –
combustion chamber,
compressor,
enthalpy-entropy diagram,
exhaust gas speed, ,
fuel-to-air ratio and bleed ratio,
intake,
layouts, –
power transmission,
propeller thrust,
shaft power,
temperature–entropy diagram, ,
turbine,
specific fuel consumption,
speed,
thermal efficiency,
T -IHI- ,
T -IHI- ,
T -P D,
TP -D ,
TPF ,
Tu , –
turbine driving compressor and propeller, –
turbofan engines, – ,
vs. turbojet,
TV- engines,
TV VK- ,
two-spool engine
combustion chamber,
compressor,
free power turbine, –
gas generator turbine,
intake,
Tyne,
Turbopump system, –
Turboramjet engine, – , , –
ATREX turboramjet engine, , – hybrid engine
air mass flow rate, ,
fuel mass flow rate, ,
HYCAT- -A,
procedure, –
propulsive, thermal, and overall efficiencies, ,
regions, –
specific thrust,
thrust vs. drag, –
TSFC for, – , –
over/under turboramjet, , –
performance
dual mode, –
ramjet mode,
turbojet mode, , –
P&W J – ,
wraparound turboramjet, –
Turborocket engine,
Turboshaft engines,
AE C-Liberty turboshaft,
definition, ,
double-spool turboshaft, – , –
D- Series ,
D- V,
free power turbine, –
GE CT ,
Gem,
GE T /CT ,
land and sea applications,
PT ,
shp ,
single-spool turboshaft, – , –
T ,
TB – BMA,
thermal efficiency,
Two-dimensional supersonic nozzle
convergent nozzle, – divergent nozzle, –
Two-engine fuselage installation,
Two-spool afterburning turbojet engines, –
examples for
Al- ,
J -GE- ,
Pratt & Whitney J -P- ,
Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus Mrk , –
layout of,
stations and cycle for, –
thermodynamic analysis, –
Two-spool mixed afterburning engine, –
Two-spool non-afterburning turbojet engine
cycle for,
GE J -P- WB, –
layout of, , –
thermodynamic analysis
combustion chamber, –
high-pressure compressor,
high-pressure turbine,
intake,
jet pipe,
low-pressure compressor,
low-pressure turbine, –
nozzle, –
Two-spool turbofan engines, –
fan and LPC, one shaft, –
combustion chamber,
fan,
flap blowing engine, –
high-pressure turbine,
HPC,
intake, –
LPC,
LTP, –
LPT and compressor driven, HPT
fan driven, – geared fan driven, –
Two-stroke engines,
diesel cycle,
Otto cycle, –
U
UAVs, Unmanned aerial vehicles
Ultra-bypass ratio (UBPR),
Ultra-high bypass (UHB) engines,
Underoxidized, definition,
Unducted fan (UDF) engine, –
-DX,
GE UDF, ,
MD- , –
United States, supersonic aircraft
Boeing – / , –
Boeing – ,
Convair BJ- , –
HSCT,
Lockheed L- , –
NASA AD- , –
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),
benefits,
categorization
European classifications,
function,
range/altitude, –
size, –
vs. manned aircraft,
military and civil applications,
power plants
electric engines, –
engine characteristics, –
gas turbine engines,
internal combustion engines, –
solar-and fuel-cell systems, V V
alved pulsejet engine
combustion chamber,
cycle, –
drawback of,
examples, –
German V- missile, –
intake/diffuser, –
one-way valve/check valves, –
Valveless pulsejet engine, – , –
Vaned diffuser
channel diffuser, –
conical diffuser, –
isentropic vaned diffuser, –
performance maps, –
vs. vaneless diffuser, –
Vaneless diffuser
compressible flow, –
incompressible flow, –
Variable-cycle engine (VCE), –
Variable geometry nozzles
for afterburning engine,
central plug,
ejector nozzle, –
iris nozzle,
Variable geometry ramjets, – , –
Variable pitch propellers,
Variable stator vanes (VSV),
VCE, Variable-cycle engine
Vectored thrust engine, –
Velocity triangles, ,
for axial turbine, – , , – , ,
and blade shape, –
for different degree of reaction, –
of first stage, –
for high turning supersonic impulse cascade,
low turning supersonic compressor cascade, – over stage, –
in radial inflow turbines, –
single stage, inlet and outlet of, –
types, –
Venera- ,
V engine, ,
Vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL), –
switch-in deflector system
cruise, –
takeoff/lift thrust, , –
vectored thrust engine, –
swiveling nozzles, –
V- flying bomb, – , –
Vickers Gunbus, –
Viper, turbojet engine,
Volumetric efficiency, –
Volute
geometry,
shapes of,
Von Karman series nose, missiles, –
von Ohain, Hans, , – ,
von Ohain engine,
V- Osprey aircraft, – , , – ,
V- rocket, –
V-type engines, ,
W W
AC Corporal,
Wan Hu, – ,
Wankel engine, –
Water injection, –
Westland Wyvern TF MK long-distance ship airplane,
Wet rating,
Whittle, Sir Frank, ,
patent of, –
W. engine and Gloster E / , – Whittle engine,
Williams F -WR- turbofan engine, –
Wind turbines,
Winged rocket, –
Wing installation,
above the wing, –
buried in the wing, –
over/under turboramjet,
pod installation, –
turboprop engine, –
Wraparound turboramjet engine, –
in Convair BJ- and SR- aircraft,
operation
as ramjet engine, –
as turbojet engine, –
temperature-entropy plane, –
Wright brothers
Flyer I, , –
Flyer II and III,
Gliders I, II, and III,
Wright type A,
W. turbojet engine,
X- A scramjet,
XB- aircraft,
XB- engine,
XI monoplane, – X nuclear turbojet engine, –
X-planes,
X-type engines,
Z
Zeppelin LZ- airship,
Zero-lift drag coefficient,
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